Vdi bo dU lieu khao sdt mitc sdng ho gia dinh cdc nam 2006-2012, s^ dung phUcfng phdp phdn tach he so'Gini ve bdt binh ddng thu nhap vd di/a vdo Mt qud nghien citu thUc nghiem, bdi viet
Trang 1Phan ttch he so Gini theo nguon thu nhqp
d Viet Norn giai doqn 2002 - 2012
T R A N QUANG TUYEN
S d i vie't nghien cihi mdi quan he giiia cdc ngudn thu nhap va bdt binh ddng thu nhap d Viet Nam trong thdi gian ti£ 2002-2012 Vdi bo dU lieu khao sdt mitc sdng ho gia dinh cdc nam 2006-2012, s^ dung phUcfng phdp phdn tach he so'Gini ve bdt binh ddng thu nhap vd di/a vdo
Mt qud nghien citu thUc nghiem, bdi viet diXa ra bdng chiing thitc nghiem mdi ve dong gop va tdc dong cua cdc ngudn thu nhap tdi bdt binh ddng trong cdc ndm gan ddy, dong thdi di xuat mot sdgdi y chinh sdch giup ndng cao mi2c sdng ngiidi dan trong khi khong Idm gia tdng ddng
ke tinh trang bdt binh ddng ve phdn phdi thu nhdp 6 Viet Nam
1 Gicfi t h i § u
Bang chUng thiic te' eho tha'y viec t h a m
gia vao cac boat ddng phi ndng nghiep, bao
gdm viec lam cdng an lUdng va tU lam, cd
tac dpng tdi giam ddi ngheo va n a n g cao
cha't lupng cudc sdng eho rapt bd p h a n Idn
cae hd gia dinh Viet N a m (Ngan h a n g T h e
gidi-WB, 2012) Ty le vide lam phi ndng
nghiep d ndng t h d n da t a n g tii 20% n a m
2001 len tdi 40% vao n a m 2011 va k h o a n g
37% trong tdng so' hd d ndng t h d n cd n g u d n
t h u n h d p chinh tU hoat dpng phi ndng
nghiep (Tong cue Thdng ke-GSO, 2011a)
B a n g chUng tU nghien cUu k i n h te' lUdng
cua Van de Walle va C r a t t y (2004) eho tha'y
k h a n a n g rdi vao t i n h t r a n g ddi ngheo eao
hdn n h i e u vdi cac hd k h d n g t h a m gia vao
boat ddng phi ndng nghiep tU lam Ben
canh do, P h a m va cpng sii (2010) Ude t i n h
rflng, t i n h t r u n g b i n h va giU nguyen cac
n h a n to' khac khdng doi, mdt hd gia d i n h
ehuyen tU mdt ddn vi san xua't t h u a n ndng
sang mdt ddn vi s a n xud't t h u a n phi ndng se
gia t a n g t h e m mUe chi tieu binh q u a n t r e n
d a u ngUdi, va ket qua n a y cd xu hUdng t d n g
deu theo thdi gian
Tuy nhien, trong khi da d a n g hda t h u
n h a p theo cac ngudn phi ndng nghiep cd tac
ddng tich cUe tdi giam ngheo va cai t h i e n
t h u n h a p cho hd gia dinh, q u a t r i n h n a y lai
l a m eho gia t a n g b a t b i n h d a n g t h u nhSp
S\t d u n g cae bd dii lieu tii h a i cudc dieu tra
mUc sd'ng hd gia d i n h Viet N a m (VHLSS) cac n a m 1993 va 1998 va phUdng phap
p h a n t a c h h e so' Gini ba't dinh dang theo
n g u d n t h u n h a p , G a l l u p (2002) chi r a rang,
t h u n h a p tU viec l a m edng a n lUdng ddng gdp vao h e sd' Gini ve t h u n h a p vdi mUc do tUdng dUdng so vdi cac n g u d n t h u n h a p phi
ndng n g h i e p k h a c (chu ye'u la t h u nhap tii
d o a n h n g h i e p hd gia d i n h va cae khoan thu
n h a p t u tien giii ve eua ngUdi t h a n trong va ngoai nUdc) B e n c a n h do, n g h i e n ciiu nay chi r a r a n g , t h u n h a p tU ndng nghiep la
n g u d n duy nha't lam giam ba't binh dang
t h u n h a p S\i d u n g bd dii lieu tU cudc dieu
t r a mUc sd'ng bp gia d i n h Viet N a m nSm
2002 va 2004 vdi phUdng p h a p nghien cdu gid'ng vdi G a l l u p (2002), C a m va Akita (2008) cung t h u dUdc mot sd' ke't qua nhil
t r e n Nghien cUu ciia h a i tac gia nay cho
t h a y t h u n h a p n d n g n g h i e p l a m giam tinh
t r a n g ba't b i n h dang, t r o n g k h i dd t h u nhfip
t u b o a t ddng phi ndng n g h i e p tU lam v&
n g u d n t h u n h a p k h a c ngoai lao ddng lam gia t a n g ba't b i n h d a n g Xu hUdng tUdng tii eiing dUde p h a t hien t r o n g n g h i e n ciiu cua
N g a n h a n g T h e gidi q u a viec sii d u n g bp dii Trfin Quang Tuye^n, TS., Tnrcmg dai hoc Kinh t^, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Nfli
Trang 2Ptian tich he sd Gini
heu VHLSS eac nam 2004 va 2010 (WB, 2012)
Hdn niia, n g h i e n ciiu ciia Ngan h a n g T h e
gidi (2012) con p h a t hi$n r a r a n g t h u n h a p
tir h o a t dpng ndng nghi$p ed vai trd q u a n
t r p n g nha't t r o n g viec giam t h i e u c h e n h
lech t h u n h a p nhUng vai trd n a y da giam
d^n tii n a m 2004 tdi n a m 2010
Viec tdng q u a n t a i lidu ndi t r e n cho tha'y
hien cdn t h i e u cac nghidn ciiu cung ca'p
b a n g chUng vi ba't b i n h d i n g do ngudn t h u
n h a p cac n a m g^n day d Viet N a m Cu t h e ,
vdi d e lieu s i n cd, c h u n g t a ed t h e t i n h t o a n
ba't b i n h d a n g theo ngudn t h u n h a p cae
n a m 2006, 2008 va 2012 Hdn nUa, hien
chUa cd cdng t r i n h nao nghien ciiu ba't binh
d a n g theo nguon t h u n h a p d Vidt N a m mdt
each lien tuc t r o n g mdt k h o a n g thdi gian
dai hdn de lam rd dupc xu hudng ddng gdp
va xu hudng tac ddng ciia cae ngudn t h u
n h a p khac n h a u tdi ba't binh ddng trong
t h a p ky qua Day chinh la ly do de tac gia
thiic hidn nghien ciiu nay Bai vie't nay sii
d u n g phUdng p h ^ p p h a n tach hd sd' Gini
theo nguon t h u n h a p (Gini decomposition
by income source) vdi bd dU lieu khao s a t
mUc scTng hd gia dinh Viet Nam cae n a m
2006, 2008, 2010 va 2012 Ben canh dd, tac
gia Cling sii d u n g cac p h a t hien nghien eUu
trUdc do de xem xdt tac ddng eiia tUng
ngudn t h u n h a p tdi b a t binh dang trong
mdt t h a p ky q u a d Viet N a m Do vay, edng
t r i n h nghien nay ed nhflng ddng gdp mdi ve
m a t khoa hoc nhU sau: thU nhd't, nghien
eflu nay cung ca'p cac bang chUng thiie
nghiem mdi ve mdi q u a n he gifla ngudn t h u
n h a p va ba't binh d a n g t h u n h a p d Viet
Nam trong thdi gian gan day; thU hai,
t h d n g qua viec nghien eflu ba't binh dang
theo ngudn t h u n h a p t r o n g vdng 10 n a m
qua, bai viet chi r a xu hudng ddng gdp cung
n h u xu h u d n g tac ddng ciia eac ngudn t h u
n b ^ p k h a c n h a u tdi ba't binh d a n g d Viet
Nam t r o n g t h a p ky qua Cac p h a t hien
nghien eflu nky se gdp p h ^ n n a n g cao sU
hieu bid't ve ba't binh d a n g t h u n h a p cd tac
di^ng hflu ich cho boat ddng p h a n tich
chfnh sach kinh te, thie't ke cac chUdng
t r i n h giam ngheo va binh d a n g xa hdi d Viet N a m
2 P h i f d n g p h a p n g h i e n c i i u
2.1 Nguon da lieu
Nghien cUu n a y sii d u n g dfl lieu tfl k h a o
s a t mUe sd'ng hd dinh d Viet N a m (Tdng cue Thd'ng ke thiie hien) cac n a m 2006, 2008,
2010 va 2012 Trong nghien cUu nay, t h u
n h a p b i n h q u a n hd gia dinh va cac ngudn
t h u n h a p dupc t i n h toan tU m a u k h a o s a t
hd gia dinh dai dien cho 64 tinh, t h a n h eua
ea nUdc Day ciing la ngudn dfl lieu tin cay dUdc Chinh p h u Viet N a m va n h i e u td chUe qud'c td' sii d u n g dd t i n h toan cac chi so' ciing n h u p h u c v u muc tieu nghien eflu, hoach dinh, b a n b a n h eac ehinh sach va thie't ke'cae ehUdng t r i n h giam ngheo
2.2 Phuang phdp phdn tich dU lieu
Bat binh dang t h u n h a p cd t h e dUdc do ludng theo nhieu phUdng p h a p khac n h a u (Babatunde, 2008) Trong eac phUdng p h a p
dd, he so' Gini dUdc sii d u n g phd bie'n nha't
de do ludng bat binh dang p h a n phdi t h u
n h a p , tieu dung va cac ehi sd' phuc Idi khac (Ldpez-Feldman, 2006), Bai vie't nay ap dung each tiep can nghien cUu ciiaVan Den Berg va Kumbi (2006) de p h a n tich md'i quan he giUa ngudn t h u n h a p va ba't binh dang, vdi viec sii dung phUdng p h a p p h a n tach he sd' Gini theo ngudn t h u n h a p (Lerman va Yitzhaki, 1985; Shorrocks, 1982)
L e r m a n va Yitzhaki (1985) da p h a t trien ket qua nghien cUu cua Shorrocks (1982) va chi r a r a n g be sd' Gini cua bat binh dang
t h u n h a p (G) ed t h e dUde bieu thi n h u sau:
^ = 2fe=i-5^ G^ fi^ Qj
Trong dd S^ la ty le eua nguon t h u n h a p
k t r o n g tdng t h u n h a p , G^ la he sd' Gini eua
p h a n phdi t h u n h a p tfl ngudn t h u n h a p k,
va i?;i la md'i q u a n he giUa t h u n h a p tfl
ngudn k va p h a n phdi cua tdng t h u n h a p ( R = C<,v{y^,F(,,}/C<^{y;„F(^„}) ^^^^^ ^,
^ " ^ i " w J la hiep phKdng sai cua so luong
thu n h a p tuC nguon t h u nhap k va thil hang
Trang 3Phan tich he sdGini
cua tdng t h u nhap; Coviyj^.F^j^^jla hipp
phUdng sai ciia sd lUdng t h u n h a p tfl nguon
t h u n h a p k va thfl h a n g t h u n h a p cua ngudn
k (Adams, 1991)
Ci = GkRk dupc biet n h u la ty le tdp t r u n g
eua ngudn t h u n h a p k, trong khi do W* la ty
le hay ddng gdp cua ngudn t h u n h a p k tdi
tdng ba't binh dang (G) dUdc bieu thi la:
W'fc^C^fcGAVG (2)
Theo Adams (1991) thi ty le t a p t r u n g
tUdng ddi eua ngudn t h u n h a p k trong tdng
ba't binh d i n g dUde tinh bang cdng thUc sau:
^"^ G G (3)
Neu gk> 1 thi nguon t h u n h a p k se lam gia
tang ba't binh dang; neu gk < 1 thi ngudn t h u
nhap k se lam giam ba't binh dang; va neu gk =
1 thi ngudn thu n h a p k se khdng cd tac dpng
tdi bat binh dang (Adams,1991; WB, 2012)
Ldpez-Feldman (2006) chi r a rang tac ddng
cua mdt ngudn t h u n h a p nao dd tdi tdng ba't
binh dang phu thude vao ba yeu to: ty trpng
cua ngudn thu nhap do trong td'ng t h u n h a p
(iSJ; mUc dp binh d i n g trong phan phdi ciia
ngudn t h u nhap dd (G*); md'i quan he giiia t h u
nhap tfl nguon k va tdng t h u n h a p {Rj)
Neu mdt ngudn t h u n h a p ddng gdp p h a n
Idn vao tdng thu nhap, nd cd the ed tae ddng
dang ke tdi ba't binh dang Tuy nhien ne'u
ngudn t h u n h a p nay p h a n phd'i hoan toan
binh dang thi nd khdng the tac ddng tdi ba't
binh dang Ne'u mdt ngudn t h u n h a p chie'm
ty trpng Idn va phan phd'i ba't binh dang, nd
cd the lam tang hoac giam ba't binh dang va
dieu dd tuy thude vao ngudn t h u n h a p do
dupc p h a n phd'i tap t r u n g cho ngUdi giau hay
ngUdi ngheo Neu mot ngudn t h u n h a p cd
phan phd'i bat binh dang va t a p t r u n g vao
nhflng hd giau cd thi ngudn t h u n h a p nay se
lam gia tang ba't binh dang NgUpc lai, ne'u
ngudn t h u n h a p do tuy phan phd'i ba't binh
dang nhung tap t r u n g ve phia ngUdi ngheo
thi ngudn t h u nhap dd cd the lam giam ba't
binh dang (Ldpez-Feldman, 2006) Trong
nghien ciiu nay, p h a n mem STATA phien
b a n 11 dupe s i d u n g di ti'nh t o a n cae chi e&
n e u t r e n ' B e n canh dd, p h i n m e m Excel dUde sLt d u n g d^ lap eac b a n g bieu minh hoa
ve x u hudng v a n ddng cua cae chi so ndi tren
3 Ket q u a t i n h t o a n v a t h a o l u a n
Trong cac nghien cUu trUde day ve phan
t a c h ba't b i n h d a n g theo ngudn t h u nhap h
Viet N a m , t h u n h a p hd gia dinh thUdng dUdc
p h a n chia theo eac ngudn khac nhau, bao gdm t h u n h a p tfl l a m cdng an lUdng, thu
n h a p t u viec lam phi ndng nghiep tU lam, thu
n h a p tfl ndng nghiep va cac ngudn t h u nh|ip
k h i e (Adger, 1999; Cam va Akita, 2008; Gallup, 2002) Day cung la each p h a n chia cd
b a n ve" ngudn t h u n h a p eiia ho gia dinh dU^c
Tdng cue Thd'ng ke sk d u n g de p h a n tich ve
ed ca'u t h u n h a p cua hd gia dinh trong cac bao cao ke't qua dieu t r a mUc sd'ng hd gia dinh^ D u a theo each p h a n chia nay, bai vig't cung p h a n chia ngudn t h u n h a p eua ho gia dinh theo bdn ngudn sau day (bang 1)
BANG 1: T h u n h a p h o g i a d i n h theo
c a c n g u o n k h a c n h a u Nguon
l.NOng nghiep
2 Phi nflng nghiSp tu lam 3.T11U nhap tii viec lam cflng an luong (tien cflng) 4.'niu nhap khac
Mfl ta nguon thu nhap tir cac cong
viec
Viec tu lam cua hfl gia dinh trong trong trot, chan nuoi, thuy san, lam nghiep, san bat va thuSn dudng dflng vat,
va cac hoat dflng djch vu nOng nghifip
Viec lam X\i lam trong ciia thanh vifin
hfl gia dinh va cua ho gia dinh trong cac hoat dflng phi nOng nghiSp
Vi6c lam cong an luong cua cac thanli vien hfl trong khu vuc nha nuflc, tit nhan, nudc ngoai va cac td chiic khac Thu nhap tilr cac ngudn khac ngoM ba ngufln neu tren nhu thanh toan chuyen
nhuong til Chi'nh phu hay ur nh^n, thu
nhap tit tien giii, cho thue nha va
dS't, -Nguon: Tong hop cua tac gia tir Cam va Akita (2008)
va GSO (2010, 2013a)
1 Cach tinh loan cac chi sfl' phan t^ch Gini theo nguon ihu nhap bang p h i i mSm STATA cfl th^ lha» khao tai lieu cua Lopez-Feldman (2006)
2 Xem them tai http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.asiHt tabid=444&idmid=5
Trang 4Phdn tich he stf 6ini ,
Bang 2 t r i n h bay ket qua p h a n tach hd 50*
Gini ve b a t binh dang theo ngudn t h u n h a p
cac n a m tH 2002 tdi 2012 D l de theo ddi hdn
xu hiidng v a n ddng ciia cae chi sd 6 bang 2,
tac gia da lap h i n h 1 (cd ca'u t h u n h a p eua
hp), h i n h 2 (gia tri h e sd' Gini), hinh 3 (ddng
gdp vao ba't binh dang theo ngudn t h u nhap)
va h i n h 4 (tac ddng cua nguon t h u n h a p vao
ba't binh dang) Ve cd ca'u ngudn t h u n h a p ,
H I N H 1: C d c a u t h u n h a p c u a
hinh 1 cho tha'y ty trpng t h u n h a p tii ndng nghiep da giam m a n h va ddng thdi ty trong
t h u n h a p tii viec lam edng da t a n g dang ke trong thdi gian 2002-2012 Ty trpng t h u
n h a p tii boat ddng phi ndng nghiep tii giam 2 diem ph^n t r a m thdi ky tren Trong khi dd,
ty trpng t h u n h a p tii cac ngudn khac da t a n g dang ke vao cac n a m 2004 va 2006 va sau dd giam dang ke cac n a m gan day
h o g i a d i n h g i a i d o a n 2002-2012
1,0-1
0,9-&
0,8-f
0,7-t
0,6-•s
0,5-1
0,43! 0 , 3
-•^ 0,2 •
0,1 •
Q Ndng nghiSp
-.-_-_-
M
0,18
0,3
0,22
0,3
• , 1
-j 1 -j -j
i
D Phi n6ng nghidp
0,24
- 0,28
1 0,21
; 0,27
^
0,225
0,305
0,208
0,262
m , : ! :
a Tien cong
0,217
0,311
0,205
0,267
.-_-_-_-» -_-_-_-»
-r!
^
0,163
0,407
0,211 0,219
13 Khac
X-X-!
- » > ;
",",'"'/
0,164
0,42
0,202 0,214
2001 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
NguSn: Tinh toSn cua tac gi
BANG 2: P h a n t a c h h e
a c^c nam 2006-2012 va tmh toan cua Cam va Akita (2008) cac nam 2002-2004
so' G i n i ve b a t b i n h d a n g t h e o n g u d n t h u n h a p tii 2002-2012
Ngu6n thu nh$p
Ndng nghiep/n^m
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
Phi ndng nghiep tu Ikn/nSm
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
Ty le trong t^ng thu
nhap S,
0,214 0,219 0,267 0,262 0,270 0,300 0,202 0,211 0,205 0,208 0,210 0,220
Gini
0 ,
0,72 0,72 0,67 0,64 0,61 0,58 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,83 0,83 0,83
Tuong quan vdi phan ph6'i cda
tong thu nh$p R^
0,31 0,32 0,36 0,29 0,27 0,27 0,62 0,64 0,67 0,65 0,65 0,66
Dong gop vao tong bat binh dang IV
0,120 0,116 0,146 0,120 0,120 0,110 0,262 0,266 0,266 0,280 0,280 0,310
He so tap trung tuomg dtfig 0,600 0,530 0,540 0,460 0,400 0,400 1,300 1,260 1,300 1,320 1,330 1,390
Afc/i«n aiu Kinh Ifsias- nOng SOOit 17
Trang 5Phan tich h$ s(eini
Nguon thu nhap
Thu nhap tu lam cOng (tien cfing) /nam
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
Cac ngu6n khac/nam
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
T6ng/nam
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
T j te trong tong thu
nhap St
0,420 0.407 0,311 0,305 0,280 0,300 0,164 0,163 0,217 0,225 0,240 0,180 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
Gmi
0,65 0,68 0,72 0,71 0,72 0,73 0,76 0,79 0,77 0,75 0,76 0,79 0,407 0,433 0,437
0407 0,410 0,390
Tuong quan vdi phan phoi ciia
tong thu nhap R^
0,66 0,69 0,64 0,61 0,59 0,61 0,57 0,62 0,68 0,67 0,72 0,65
Dong gop vao tdng bat binh
ding W,
0,443 0,436 0,327 0,320 0,290 0,340 0,175 0,182 0,261 0,280 0,320 0,240 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
He so tap trung tuong doig, 1,054 1,071 1,050 1,060 1,040 1,113 1,072 1,127 1,210 1,230 1,350 1,300
Ngudn: Ti'nh toan cua tac gia cac nam 2006-2012 dita
2004 tii Cam va Akita (2008) Tinh toin
Hinh 2 cho tha'y he sd Gini t h u n h a p la
0,407 vao n a m 2012, tha'p hdn so miic 0,433
nam 2010 va miie 0,437 n a m 2008 Dieu dd
eho tha'y miie dp ba't binh dang trong p h a n
phd'i t h u n h a p eua eac hd gia dinh Viet Nam
da giam nhe trong thdi ky tii n a m 2008 tdi
nay Kd't qua tUdng tii ciing dUde p h a n a n h
trong phan phd'i ve chi tieu khi he so' Gini chi
tieu giam tii 0,393 n a m 2010 xud'ng cdn 0,356
vao n a m 2012 (GSO, 2013b) Ve p h a n phoi
eiia tiing ngudn t h u nhap, hinh 2 eho tha'y
gia tri cua he sd Gini theo tiing ngudn t h u
n h a p Idn hdn k h a nhieu so vdi gia tri he so'
Gini cua tdng t h u n h a p Dieu nay b a t ngudn
tii thiic te' la ed nhieu hd ehi tap t r u n g vao
mdt boat ddng kinh te' nha't dinh va do vay
hp se khdng ed hoac cd it t h u n h a p tii cac
ngudn khac Chinh vi vay, p h a n phd'i ciia
tiing ngudn t h u n h a p se bat binh dang bdn
theo da lieu tCr VHLSS 2006-2012 Ti'nh toan cSc nSm 2002 vi dua trgn miic thu nhap binh quan/ngir6i/nam
so vdi p h a n phd'i eua tdng t h u n h a p Hinh 2 cho tha'y ngudn t h u n h a p tii ndng nghidp nay cang dUde p h a n phd'i ba't binh dang hdn, the hien q u a vide gia t a n g gia tri cua he so' Groi til 0,58 n a m 2002 len 0,72 n a m 2012 Dieu do
cd the dupc ly giai do da't ndng nghiep ngay cang dUde p h a n phd'i ba't binh dang hdn (GSO, 2013b) do q u a t r i n h tich t u va tap
t r u n g rudng da't trong san xua't ndng nghie|^ thdi gian qua Ngudn t h u n h a p tii phi nong nghiep tii lam ludn dUde p h a n phd'i it cong
b a n g n h a t va miic dp b a t binh dang gan nhil khdng t h a y ddi trong thdi ky 2OO2-2012 Tudng tii, t h u n h a p tii cac ngudn khac cung
cd miic dp b a t binh dang eao va hin rM
khdng t h a y ddi trong ciing thdi gian tren Sau cilng, miic dp binh dang dupc cai thifin dang ke trong p h a n phd'i t h u n h a p tit lam cdng an lUdng khi he sd' Gini eiia ngudn thu
Trang 6nhdp aky da giam trong thdi gian gin day va c6 gia t r i t h a p n h a t vao n a m 2012
HINH 2: H e s o Gini t o n g t h u n h a p v a t h e o n g u o n t h u n h a p g i a i d o a n 2002-2012 1,0
0,8
•s 0,6
i 0,4
0,2
-0,0
*
2002
a
= * =
2004
= « =
2006
M
— M j^
2008
C3
2010
o
= »
2012
nghiSp
— Q — Phr nong nghigp
— * — T i e n cdng
—»<—Thunhgp khac
— • - T6ng thu
Nguon: Ti'nh toSn cua tac gia cac nam 2006-2012 va ti'nh toan ciia Cam va Akita (2008) cac nam 2002-2004
N h u da p h a n tich d muc 2.2, viec sii dung
phUdng p h a p p h a n tach hd so Gini theo
ngudn t h u n h a p cho phdp chiing ta biet
diidc: thU nhdt, miic dp ddng gdp eua tiing
ngudn t h u n h a p va tdng ba't binh dang; thiC
hai, ngudn t h u n h a p nao se lam t a n g hay
giam hoac khdng t h a y doi tdng bd't binh
d^ng Hinh 3 cho tha'y t h u n h a p tii lam cdng
ddng gdp n h i l u nha't vao he sd' Gini va miie
dp ddng gdp nay gia t a n g theo thdi gian tcf
2002-2012 Didu nay cd t h e dupc giai thich
r a n g do ngudn t h u n h a p tii vide lam edng an
luong ngay cang chie'm ty trong cao trong tdng t h u n h a p Tuy nhien, h i n h 4 cho tha'y
t h u n h a p tii lam cdng cd tae ddng kha nhd tdi ba't binh d&ng so vdi t h u n h a p tir phi ndng nghiep tii lam va t h u n h a p khac, thd hien d gia tri ciia chi sd'^^ Idn hdn 1 ra't it trong thdi gian tif 2004-2012 Dieu nay ed the dupc ly giai rang, mac dii ngudn t h u
n h a p nay chie'm ty trpng Idn nha't, nhung lai
ed p h a n phd'i k h a binh dang hdn eac ngudn khac n h u phi ndng nghiep tii lam va t h u
n h a p khac
HINH 3: T y le d o n g g o p v a o t o n g b a t b i n h d a n g (Gini) c u a c a c n g u o n t h u n h a p g i a i
d o a n 2002-2012
•E
0,9-(9 0,8
"S 0,7
S-
0,6-1 0,5
%
0,4-S
0,3-S
0,2•» 0,1
-Q Ndng nghi$p
SS:
i
0,24
0,34
0,31
0,11
-:-:-:-:
' : :
• Phi nOng
0,31
0,29
0,28 0,12
ss
=
ngtligp
0,28
0,32
0,28 0,12
-_ -_-_ -
:>:>
:;- "
:;;;;;;;;
HTI^ncdng
0,26
0,33
0,27 0,15
:o:>^
W?:
'"""",
DKhSc
0,18
0,44
0,27 0,12
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
:-:-;-:
-_ '"/////;,
0,18
0,44
0,26 0,12
2012
Ngudn • Tinh todn cua tic gia c5c nam 2006-2012 va tinh toan cua Cam vS Akita (2008) cac nam 2002-2004
Trang 7Phan tich he so Gini
HINH 4: T a c d o n g c u a c a c n g u o n t h u n h a p v a o t o n g b a t b i n h d a n g (Gini) g i a i dojin
2002-2012
- Phi ndng nghiep
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Ghi chu: gi-l: khong tac dong t6i Gmi; g^ >I: tang Gini vhgt<l: giam Gmi
Nguon Ti'nh toan cua tac gia cac nam 2006-2012 va tinh toan ciia Cam va Akita (2008) cac nam 2002-2004
Hinh 3 cho thliy t h u nhap td phi ndng
nghiep tii lam ddng gdp nhieu thii hai vao
tdng bat binh dang va hinh 4 ehi r a r a n g
ngudn t h u nhap nay lam gia tang dang ke ba't
binh dang bdi gia tri g/, ludn ed gia tri t r u n g
binh Idn nha't trong thdi ky 2002-2012 Ly do
la vi ngudn thu nhap nay tuy chie'm ty trpng
khdng nhieu nha't trong tdng t h u n h a p nhUng
lai cd miie dp phan phdi bat binh dang nha't
va ngudn thu nhdp nay phan phd'i t a p t r u n g
ve phia cae hd gia dinh kha gia hdn (R/, ed gia
tri tUdng doi cao) Hinh 3 va 4 cho tha'y miic
dp ddng gdp vao tong ba't binh dang cua ngudn
t h u nhap khac da giam 6 diem p h a n t r a m tii
n a m 2002 tdi nam 2012 va tac ddng lam gia
tang ba't binh dang ciia ngudn nay da giam
dan va xud'ng tha'p nha't vao nam 2012 Dd la
vi ty trpng ciia ngudn t h u n h a p khac trong
tdng thu nhap giam dan trong thdi gian tren
(hinh 1) va ngudn t h u n h a p ndy ngay cang
phan phdi tap trung cho eac hp ngheo hdn (Rf,
cua ngudn nay giam dan) trong thdi ky tren
Sau Cling, hinh 3 cho tha'y ddng gdp vao tdng
bat binh dang ciia ngudn t h u n h a p ndng
nghiep gan nbu khdng thay ddi trong thdi ky
2002-2012 Tuy nhien hinh 4 chi ra r a n g
ngudn t h u nhap ndng nghiep lai lam giam
manh bat binh dang vi he sd'^^ ludn cd gia tri
nhd hdn 1 ra't nhieu trong thdi ky nay He so'
tifdng quan giiia ngudn thu n h a p ndng nghiep
va tdng t h u n h a p ludn cd gia tri thap nhS^t so vdi cae ngudn khac va dieu dd chi ra r ^ g ngudn t h u n h a p nay t a p t r u n g ve phia cac ho gia dinh ngheo hdn Tuy nhien tac dpng lam giam ba't binh dang eua ngudn nay da giam
dan bdi gia tri g/, t a n g tir 0,4 n a m 2002 len 0,6
n a m 2012 Dieu n a y cd t h e dUdc ly giai rling
ty trpng ciia ngudn t h u n h a p ndng nghiep tuy giam dang ke nhiing miic dp ba't binh dang ciia ngudn n a y da t a n g m a n h trong thdi 1^ tren
Ve cd ban, p h a t hien trong nghien citu eua tae gia ddng t h u a n vdi cac nghien ciiu tntdc day eua Gallup (2002), Cam va Akita (2008)
va WB (2012) khi cac nghien citu nay eho thliy
trong khi t h u n h a p ndng nghiep lam giam h& binh dang, t h u n h a p td phi ndng nghiep tti
lam va cac ngudn khac lam gia tang ba't binh dang t h u n h a p d Viet N a m Bo sung them cho
cac phat hien nghien ciiu eua Cam va Akita
(2008) vao n a m 2002 va 2004, nghien ciiu nky chi r a r a n g ngudn t h u n h a p tii lam cdng Sn
lUdng Men dang ddng gdp nhieu nha't vao tdng
bat binh dang, do ngudn nay chie'm ty trong cao nha't trong t h u nhap Tuy nhien, ngu5n
t h u n h a p tic lam cdng a n lUdng lai khdng \kJS ba't binh ddng gia t a n g nhie'u trong thdi )s^
2004-2012 Hdn niia, nghien ciiu nay chi ra
r a n g tac ddng lam giam ba't binh dang cua thu n h a p ndng nghiep da giam d a n trong giai
Trang 8Phan tich he so Gini
doan 2002-2012 Do vay, nhiing phat hien nay
bo sung them nhiing phat hien nghien ciiu
ctia WB (2012) cac n a m 2004 va 2010 Sau
ciing, nghien ciiu nay chi r a rang, ngudn t h u
nhap phi ndng nghiep tii lam da lam gia tang
tihieu nha't tdi ba't binh d i n g Dieu dd h a m y
rang, ed hdi tiep can viec lam phi ndng nghiep
tii lam tap t r u n g nhie'u hdn eho cac nhdm giau
cd hdn P h a t hien tren phan nae hd trd gia
thuye't cua Adger (1999) eho rang, da dang
hda t h u n h a p vao cac boat ddng phi ndng
nghiep se gay ra ba't binh dang cao hdn ne'u
nhiing cd hdi vide lam phi ndng nghiep dd
thien lech tdi cac hd kha gia hdn
4 K e t l u a n v a h a m y c h i n h s a c h
Thdng qua viec phan tach he sd' Gini theo
ngudn thu n h a p vdi viec sii dung dii lieu dieu
tra ve miic sd'ng hd gia dinh trong cac nam tii
2006 tdi 2012, bai vie't nay da cung cap nhQng
bang chiing thiic nghiem mdi ve" ddng gdp
Cling n h u tac ddng eiia tiing nguon thu nhap
tdi td'ng ba't binh dang trong cac nam g^n day
Dac biet, vdi vide sii dung phUdng phap phan
tach he sd' Gini theo ngudn t h u nhap, tae gia
da ly giai dUdc nguyen nhan thay ddi ve miic
dp ddng gdp va miic dp tdc ddng cua tiing
ngudn t h u n h a p tdi ba't binh dang trong thap
ky qua
Nghien ciiu nay cho tha'y ngudn t h u nhap
tix lam cdng ngay cang chie'm vi tri quan trpng
trong sinh ke hd gia dinh Ty le hd t h a m gia
vao viec lam cdng da tang til 61% nam 2006
len 67% nam 2012'' va ty trpng thu nhap ciia
lam edng trong thu n h a p ciia hd gia dinh da
gia tang dang ke va ddng gdp nhieu nha't cho
tdng thu n h a p hd gia dinh trong thdi gian
2002-2012 c a c bang chifng kinh te liidng da
khang dinh ngudn thu nhap tii vide lam cdng
cd vai trd quan trpng trong giam ngheo d Viet
Nam trong thdi ky dd'i mdi (Ravallion va Van
de Walle, 2008) NhU da phan tich d tren
ngudn thu n h a p tif lam edng khdng lam gia
tang dang ke bat binh dang trong thdi gian td
2002-2012 Dieu nay ham y rang cae chi'nh
sach eiia Nha niidc treng khuyen khich tao
viec lam, dac biet la viec lam cdng ndi chung
36 giup giam ngheo cai thien thu nhap cho
cae hd gia (finh nhiing cd the khdng lam gia tang nhieu tdi b a t binh dang ve t h u n h a p d Viet Nam
Ke't qua nghien ciiu cho thay ndng nghiep
la ngudn duy nhat lam giam bat binh dang
t h u nhap Tuy nhien, trong bdi canh da't ndng nghiep ngay cang bi t h u hep do qud trinh dd thi hda va cdng nghiep hda, thi ty trong ciia ngudn nay trong tdng thu nhap bi giam di la khd t r a n h khdi Can cd mdt sd' ehinh sach kha thi de giam bdt tinh trang ba't binh dang thu nhap va nang cao t h u nhap ciia ngUdi dan d cac vung ndng thdn va ven dd bi thu hdi dat ndng nghiep d Viet./
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1 Adams, R H (199i),T/ie effects of international remittances on poverty, inequality, and development in rural Egypt' (Vol 86) Washington D.C: Intematinal
Food Policy Research Institute
2 Adger, W N (1999), Exploring mcome inequality
in rural, coastal Viet Nam , The Journal of Development Studies 35(5), 96-\\9
3 Babatunde, R O (2008), Income inequality in Rural Nigeria: Evidence from farming households survey
data , Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
2(1) 134-140
4 Cam, T V C , and Akua, T (2008), Urban and rural dimensions of income inequality in Vietnam (GSIR
working paper) Gradua'_e School of Intemaiional Relations, Intemational UmversUy of Japan
5 Gallup, J (2002), The wage labor market and inequality in Vietnam in the 1990s, World Bank Policy
Research Working paper No 2896 The World Bank Washington D.C
6 GSO (2008) Section 9: Participalion in poverty
reduction programs, In GSO (Ed.), The result of \urvey
Statistical Publishing House
7 GSO (2011a), The results of the 2011 rural, agricultural and fishery cencus, Hanoi, Vietnam:
Statistical Publishing House
8 GSO (2011b), Data results of the Viet Nam Household Living Standards Sun-ey 2010, Hanoi,
Viemam: Statistical Publishing House
9 GSO (2013a) Data results of the Viei Nam Household Living Standards Suney 2012 Hanoi,
Vietnam Statistical Publishing House
10.GSO (2013b), Poverty Profile Hanoi, Vicmam:
Staiistical Publishing House ,
3 Tfnh loan ciia tac gia lir Au heu VHLSS :006 v:i