A study of ziran (self so) in early medieval china 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS From the bottom of my heart, I would like to thank those mentioned below for their indulgence and patience with me all these years. My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my supervisor Professor Lo Yuet Keung, for his constant encouragement, meticulous suggestions, astute criticism and inexhaustible patience during the correction phase of this dissertation. He stimulated my interest in the field and helped me at virtually every stage of my thinking and writing. My gratitude also extends to the committee members, Prof. Xiao Chi and Prof. Lam Lap, for their profound and carefully aimed comments and suggestions put forth during my research. Special thanks to Prof. Ong Chang Woei, for lending an ear and giving me warm and sincere support whenever I approach him. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Prof. Fok Tou Hui and Mr. Kek Boon Leong, for their great encouragement that made continuing my studies possible. I am also indebted to all my friends, especially Zhang Jing (Cathy), Zhu Xingwei, Ji Ling, Shi Yan, Ma Ming, Li Hengjun and He Yanran. Thanks for your concern and company all these years, and all the best in your future endeavours. Finally, I wish to express my deepest thanks to my parents for their abiding love and unfailing support, without which I would never find the courage to overcome all the difficulties that arose during this work. I 目 录 致谢辞 英文摘要 导 论 第一节 研究对象：问题及缘起 ………………………………………… 第二节 研究时段的选择 ………………………………………………… 第三节 研究综述 ………………………………………………………… （一） 概念辨析 ………………………………………………………… 1. 作为语词的“自然” …………………………………………… 2. 作为思想概念的“自然” ……………………………………… 10 3. 作为观念形态的“自然” ……………………………………… 14 （二） “自然观”研究的三个面向 ………………………………… 15 1. 玄学自然观/道家自然观 ……………………………………… 16 2. 美学自然观 17 3. 对自然界的认识及看法 …………………………………………………… ……………………………………… 19 （三） 研究趋势及成果 ……………………………………………… 20 （四） 目前存在的问题 ……………………………………………… 22 ……………………………………………………… 23 第四节 研究意义 II 第五节 篇章结构 ……………………………………………………… 24 “自然”作为观念术语的形成 26 第一节 关于“新自然”概念的讨论 …………………………………… 27 第二节 古语“自然”的形成 …………………………………………… 30 第三节 气的隐喻：作为潜在观念形态的“自然” …………………… 36 第四节 “自然”与先秦道论的发展 …………………………………… 40 第一章 1. 唯“天”为大 ………………………………………………… 2. “天道”的探寻与“自然”的显现………………………… 第五节 《老子》“自然之道”的政治意涵 第六节 小 结 41 43 …………………………… 46 …………………………………………………………… 50 秩序与自由：政治视域下的“天道自然” 54 第一节 “天道”概念的演变 ………………………………………… 54 第二节 以“天道自然”为基础的政治秩序论 ………………………… 57 第三节 政治视域下的“天道自然” …………………………………… 63 1. 董仲舒的天人相副论 ………………………………………… 63 2. 王充的“自生”论 …………………………………………… 65 3. 王弼的新宇宙观 ……………………………………………… 67 4. 郭象之“独化”自然 第二章 ………………………………………… 72 第四节 必然与偶然： “自然”意涵的交涉 ……………………………… 76 第三章 第一节 越名教而任自然：生命的内在超越之径 86 奠基于“情性自然”的价值诉求 87 …………………………… III 1. 情性自然论的形成 …………………………………………… 88 2. 自然不可易也 ………………………………………………… 90 3. “自然”与“名教”之辨 ……………………………………… 92 庄学契入下的自然之境 ……………………………………… 97 1. 阮籍之“大人先生” …………………………………………… 97 2. 嵇康之养生工夫论 第二节 第三节 …………………………………………… 归去来兮：重返生命的本源 第四节 自然精神的内在超越 第四章 101 ………………………………… 109 …………………………………… 114 “自然”与文论体系的建构 117 ——自然思想演进的另一脉络 第一节 作为“文”之形上基础的“自然” …………………………… 118 1. “文”为何物 ………………………………………………… 119 2. 自然成文的悖论 ……………………………………………… 121 “文原于自然”的思想脉络 …………………………………… 122 3.1. “虎豹之文”的转喻 …………………………………… 125 3.1. “文”的内在化过程 …………………………………… 128 “自然”作为品评话语的形成 ………………………………… 138 1. 为仁者自然为美 138 2. 初发芙蓉，自然可爱 3. 第二节 ……………………………………………… ………………………………………… 143 “自然”作为美学概念的历史性 ……………………………… 147 1. 夔之一足 ……………………………………………………… 148 2. 陶、谢易位 ……………………………………………………… 149 第三节 IV 第四节 小 结 结论 …………………………………………………………… 153 自然观念的演进与汉魏之变 第一节 “自然”的歧义性与历史性 第二节 “自然”在政治视域下的哲学演进 第三节 151 …………………………… 154 ……………………… 155 内在超越的自然精神 ………………………………………… 156 第四节 玄学之外的“自然” ………………………………………… 158 第五节 余论与展望 …………………………………………………… 160 ………………………………………………………………… 161 参考书目 一 古典文献 …………………………………………………………… 161 二． 研究专著 …………………………………………………………… 165 （一） 中文 ……………………………………………………………… 165 （二） 西文 ……………………………………………………………… 171 …………………………………………………………… 172 （一） 学位论文 ………………………………………………………… 172 （二） 单篇论文 ………………………………………………………… 174 三 研究论文 V Abstract The term “ziran (Self-so)” has a broad spectrum of meanings in the tradition of the Chinese thoughts and culture, with its own long evolutionary history. Contemporary studies on “ziran” involve a variety of its renditions, such as “ziran guan (view on the nature)”, “ziran shuo (doctrine based on the nature)”, “ziran sixiang (thoughts on the nature)”, “ziran zhuyi (naturalism)”, “ziran sichao (naturalist trend)”, etc., with the period of the Wei-Jin in the spotlight due to its importance in the evolutionary history of the “ziran” concepts. Therefore, the meanings of “ziran” became an important perspective from which the Han-Wei paradigm shift can be viewed. However, scholars’ interpretations of the term, in fact, are vary widely, so much that very different issues have been discussed under very similar topics. In view of this confusing situation, this thesis endeavours to summarize three most common notions of “ziran” in the current academic circle and review the development of the Han-Wei shifts of thoughts viewed from these three perspectives. On the basis of this reevaluation, this article tries to reconstruct “ziran” in its own historical context, outlining the natural course of the development of “ziran” during the Han-Wei period. VI . to all my friends, especially Zhang Jing (Cathy), Zhu Xingwei, Ji Ling, Shi Yan, Ma Ming, Li Hengjun and He Yanran. Thanks for your concern and company all these years, and all the best in. Contemporary studies on ziran involve a variety of its renditions, such as ziran guan (view on the nature)”, ziran shuo (doctrine based on the nature)”, ziran sixiang (thoughts on the nature)”,. meanings of ziran became an important perspective from which the Han-Wei paradigm shift can be viewed. However, scholars’ interpretations of the term, in fact, are vary widely, so much that