Type Characteristics Paraffinic Paraffinic crude contains paraffin hydrocarbon as a major component, which has low octane number and high cetane number.. Naphthenic Naphthenic crude co
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Trang 7Type Characteristics
Paraffinic Paraffinic crude contains paraffin hydrocarbon as a
major component, which has low octane number and high cetane number High paraffin wax and less
asphalt is included.
Naphthenic Naphthenic crude contains naphthenic hydrocarbon as
a major component, which has high octane number of gasoline and low cetane number of diesel High
quantily of asphalt is included.
Mixture Most of the crude oil produced in the wold belongs to
this category Crude oil from Middle East has mixture crude.
Type of Crude Oil
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Classification by API Density
The American Petroleum Insitute (API) gravity is an American standard measurement of petroleum density High value of API density stands for ligh petroleum
Class Ligh crude Medium crude Heavy crude
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Classification by Sulfur Content
Sulfur compound is only harmful to human, but also accelerates corrosion of production facility during refinery process
Also it has mal-effect on catalyst in the reactors and acts as a major air pollutant when exhausted after combustion
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Do chất lượng quy cách dầu thô có thể thay đổi nhiều, tùy theo mỏ khai thác, người ta quy ước một số loại dầu thô làm chuẩn so sánh để tiện mua bán trao đổi, trên cơ sở có
tỷ lệ, thành phần tương đương, hoặc quy về tương đương Các loại đó là:
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Brent: được chia thành 4 loại nhỏ là Brent Crude, Brent sweet light crude, Oseberg và Forties Trong đó
Brent Crude là loại từ biển Bắc Tên này là thuật ngữ do Shell đặt, dựa trên chữ tắt của tên các tầng địa chất
Broom, Rannoch, Etive, Ness và Tarbert Brent được dùng làm chuẩn cơ sở trên tòan cầu
Đặc tính: 0.37% lưu hùynh, API 38.06 (tỷ trọng khỏang 0.835) Dễ chưng cất cho các sản phẩm nhẹ như xăng Khi đắt hàng, dầu Brent còn có thể được xuất từ các nhà máy lọc dầu ở Mỹ hoặc Địa Trung Hải Thường cao giá hơn OPEC basket một vài USD
Classification
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OPEC Basket: thuật ngữ này do tổ chức các nước sản xuất dầu mỏ (OPEC) xây dựng trên cơ sở bình quân có trọng số của giá dầu do các nước thành viên sản xuất:
- Saharan Blend (Algeria)
- Minas (Indonesia)
- Iran Heavy (Islamic Republic of Iran)
- Basra Light (Iraq)
- Kuwait Export (Kuwait)
- Es Sider (Libya)
- Bonny Light (Nigeria)
- Qatar Marine (Qatar)
- Arab Light (Saudi Arabia)
- Murban (UAE)
- BCF 17 (Venezuela)
Classification
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WTI: viết tắt từ West Texas Intermediate, dầu nhẹ và ngọt, sử dụng ở Mỹ để làm cơ sở tính giá; loại dầu này cho phép sản xuất các loại xăng và dầu diesel ít lưu hùynh
Đặc tính: hàm lượng lưu hùynh khỏang 0.24%, cao cấp hơn Brent Thường cao giá hơn Brent khỏang một vài USD
Dubai Crude : là loại được sản xuất từ tiểu vương quốc
Dubai thuộc UAE Còn được gọi là Fateh Thường dùng ở khu vực Trung Đông
Đặc tính: 2% lưu hùynh, API 31 (tỷ trọng khỏang 0.871)
Classification
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Petroleum industry
Large investment
Standardized technology
Sensitive to market fluctuation
Uniform and standardized product quality → easy for international trade
Largely depends on the cost of crude oil
Refinery Process PetrochemicalProcess PolymerizationProcess
Crude
Oil Naphtha Naphtha
Olefin Process Aromatic Process
Polyethylene Process Polypropylene Process
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POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGYAUXILIARY
CRUDE OIL STORAGE TANK
PRODUCTS STORAGE TANK
CRUDE OIL IMPORT
CRUDE OIL EXPORT
EXPLOITATION
OF OIL WELL
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Trang 1919
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Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) LPG, which consists
principally of propane anh butane, is produced for use as fuel and is an intermediate material in the manufacture of petrochemicals
Gasoline: the most important refinery product The important
qualities for gasoline are octane number (antiknock), volatility (starting and vapor lock), and vapor pressure (environmental control)
Kerosene: kerosene is a refined middle-distillate petroleum
product that fines considerable use as a jet fuel and around the word in cooking and space heating Kerosene, with less-critical specifications, is used for lighting, heating, solvents, and blending into diesel fuel
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Distillate Fuels: diesel fuels and domestic heating oils have
boiling ranges of about 400-7000F
Residual Fuels: many marine vessels, power plants,
commercial building and industrial facilities use residual fuels or combinations of residual and distillate fuels for heating and processing
Coke and Asphalt: coke is almost pure carbon with a variety
of uses from electrodes to charcoal briquets Asphalt, used for roads and roofing materials
Solvents These include benzen, tolune and xylene.
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Petrochemicals Ethylene, propylene, butylene, and
isobutylene are primarily intended for use as petrochemical feedstock in the production of plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubbers, and other products
Lubricants Special refining processes produce lubricating oil
base stocks Additives such as demulsifiers, antioxidants, and viscosity improvers are blended into the base stocks to provide the characteristics required for motor oils, industrial greases, lubricants and cutting oils
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Leaded Gasoline Additives Tetraethyl lead (TEL) and
tetramethyl lead (TML) are additives formerly used to improve gasoline octane ratings but are no longer in common use except in aviation gasoline
Oxygenates Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), methyl tertiary
butyl ether (MTBE), tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME), and other oxygenates improve gasoline octane ratings and reduce carbon monoxide emissions
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Caustics Caustics are added to desalting water to neutralize
acids and reduce corrosion They are also added to desalting crude in orther to reduce the amount of corrosive chlorides in the tower overheads They are used in some refinery treating processes to remove contaminants from hydrocarbon streams
Sulfuric Acid and Hydrofluoric Acid Sulfuric Acid and
Hydrofluoric Acid are used primarily as catalysts in alkylation processes Sulfuric acid is also used in some treatment processes
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