HỌC tốt TIẾNG ANH lớp 12

* 1 SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT VÀ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS * Thì Simple Present được dùng để chỉ một hành động diễn ra trong thời gian nói chung, không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện

Th.s TRƯƠNG THỊ QUỲNH NHƯ

I PRONUNCIATION: ‘S/ES’, ‘ED’

Phụ âm cuối s/es thường xuất hiện trong các danh từ và động từ chia ở thì hiện tại đơn với chủ ngữ là ngôi thứ 3 số ít.Có 3 cách phát âm phụ âm cuối s/es như sau:

s/es đọc là /iz/ nếu từ có tận cùng là các âm /s/, /z/, /∫/, /ʒ/, / t∫/, vµ /dʒ/ ( s,ce,x,z,

relax relaxes (x = /ks/ )

Nouns

price prices (c= /s/) size sizes

dish dishes

garage garages (ge = //ʒ/)

inch inches language languages

s/es đọc là /s/ nếu từ có âm tận cùng là /p/,/ θ/,/k/, /f/,/t/ (p,t,k,f,th)

Verbs

sleep sleeps hit hits

work works laugh laughs (gh

= /f/)

Nouns

grape grapes cat cats book books cuff cuffs fifth fifths

s/es đọc là /z/ nếu từ có tận cùng là nguyên âm và các phụ âm còn lại

Ngọai lệ: bình thường chữ s phát âm / s /, nhưng cĩ những ngoại lệ cần nhớ:

- Chữ s đọc / z /sau các từ : bu s y, plea s e, ea s y, pre s ent, de s ire, mu s ic,

plea s ant, de s ert, choo s e, rea s on, pre s erve, poi s on -Chữ s đọc /'∫/ sau các từ s ugar, s ure

CÁCH PHÁT ÂM “ –ED” CUỐ I : Đuôi –ed thường xuất hiện sau động từ có qui

tắc chia ở quá khứ hoặc quá khứ phân từ.Qui tắc phiên âm của -ed tận cùng sau một

động từø :

Ed được đọc là /id/ nếu động từ có chữ cái tận cùng là t hoặc d:

Ví Dụ: visited ['vizitid]; decided [di'saidid]

Ed được đọc là /t/ khi động từ tận cùng bằng phụ âm vơ thanh /k/, /s/, /∫/, /p/, / ʧ / /f /

Ed được đọc là /d/ khi động từ tận cùng là các nguyên âm và các phụ âm còn lại

Một số ngoại lệ: Wretched/ wret∫id /Khốn khổ, bần cùng, tồi tệ

Aged/ eidʒid /Cao tuổi lớn tuổi Blessed/ blesid /Thần thánh, thiêng liêng

Crooked/ krʊkid /Cong, oằn, vặn vẹo Dogged/ dɒgid /Gan gĩc, gan lì, bền bì Naked/ neikid /Trơ trụi Learned/ l ɜ:nid /Cĩ học thức, thơng thái,

uyên bác

Ragged/ rỉgid /Rách tả tơi, bù xù Wicked/wikid /Tinh quái, ranh mãnh,

nguy hại

* CÁCH THÊM “ING” VÀO SAU ĐỘNG TỪ:

Cách 1 love - loving , take – taking, write – writing, hate – hating Nhưng : free – freeing

Cách 2: stop – stopping, run – running

Nhưng : fix – fixing, play – playing (trừ x, y, w, h ta không gấp đôi) greet – greeting

Cách 3: begín – begínning, prefér – preférring

Nhưng: súffer – súffering, lísten – lístening, travel – traveling , travelling , signal –

signaling , signalling

Cách 4: die – dying , tie – tying, lie – lying

Cách 5: Những động từ sau đây phải thêm một ‘k ’trước khi thêm ING

traffic – trafficking, panic – panicking, mimic – mimicking

* CÁCH THÊM “ED” VÀO SAU ĐỘNG TỪ:

Cách 1 Thêm –d vào sau các động từ tận cùng bằng e hoặc ee: Ex: live – lived , agree – agreed

Cách 2 Những động từ 1 vần, tận cùng bằng 1 phụ âm, trước phụ âm là 1 nguyên âm (trừ h, w, x, y), chúng ta phải gấp đôi phụ âm trước khi thêm –ed Ex: fit – fitted, stop – stopped

Nhưng: stay – stayed, play – played study – studied, try – tried

heat – heated

TENSES

A HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN

(+) S + am/is/are

S + V/ Vs/es (-) S + am/is/are + not +O S + do/does + not+V (?) Am/is/are + S + O ? Do/does /Can…+ S + V ?

a Diễn tả trạng thái, tình huống, hay năng lực ở hiện tại.

b Diễn tả một thĩi quen hằng ngày.

c Diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên hay một chân lí.

d Nĩi về một hành động tương lai khi nằm trong một lịch trình của tàu, xe , máy bay, một thời gian biểu, một chương trình.

e Dùng trong các mện đề thời gian sau các liên từ as soon as, after, before, until… để diễn tả hành động trong tương lai.

1 Dùng với các trạng từ thường xuyên : always, frequently, usually, normally, generally, often,sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, hardly, ever, never.

B HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN

(+) S + am/is/are + Ving (-) S + am/is/are + not + Ving (?) Am/is/are + S + Ving?

a Diễn tả hành động hay sự việc đang diễn ra ở thời điểm đang nĩi.

b Diễn tả hành động tạm thời ở hiện tại.

c Diễn tả một dự định sẽ thực hiện ở tương lai gần

d Diễn tả một hành động có tính chất tạm thời, không thường xuyên.

- Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn được dùng với các cụm từ thời gian sau: at the moment,now, just

now,today,at present,right now,this week, this month,currently,nowadays,these days

- Các nhĩm động từ sau khơng dùng cho thì hiện tại tiếp diễn:

 Be

 Động từ chỉ cảm xúc: like, dislike, hate, want, love, prefer, admire

 Động từ chỉ nhân thức: think, believe, understand, remember,forget, know, need,

imagine, suppose, recognize

 Động từ chỉ xúc giác: look, seem, appear, taste, smell

 Động từ chỉ sở hữu: have, own, belong

C QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN

(+) S + was/were S + V2/ed(-) S + was/were + not S + did/(could) + not + V1(?) Was/were + S… ? Did + S + V1?

a. Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ và chấm dứt ở quá khứ có thời gian xác định.

b. Hành động xảy ra suốt một quảng thời gian trong quá khứ.

c. Hành động theo thói quen trong quá khứ.

d. Diễn tả một loạt hành động xảy ra kế tiếp nhau trong quá khứ.

Các trạng từ sau đây thường xuất hiện trong thì quá khứ đơn:

D QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN

(+) S + was/were + Ving (-) S + was/were + not + Ving (?) Was/were + Ving?

a. Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại một điểm thời gian xác định trong quá khứ.

b. Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra và kéo dài (hành động dài) thì có một hành động khác đồng thời xảy ra (có thể là hđ dài hoặc hđ ngắn) HĐ dài chia ở thì quá khứ tiếp diễn, HĐ ngắn chia ở thì quá khứ đơn

c. Hành động lặp đi lặp lại trong quá khứ gây cho người nói bực mình, khó chịu.

Những cụm từ thời gian thường sử dụng với thì quá khứ tiếp diễn:

at this time last week during the summer all week

E HIỆN TẠI HỒN THÀNH

(+) S + have/has + V3/ed (-) S + have/has + not + V3/ed (?) Have/has + S + V3/ed ?

a Diễn tả một hành động hay sự việc ra ở một thời điểm khơng xác định.

b Diễn tả hành động lập đi lập lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ.

c Diễn tả hành động hay sự việc bắt đầu trong quá khứ, kéo dài liên tục đến hiện tại

và cịn cĩ thể tiếp tục trong tương lai.

d Diễn tả hành động vừa mới xảy ra, thường dùng với just.

e Diễn tả những sự việc hay kinh nghiệm xảy ra trong đời.

Những cụm từ thời gian Already, ever, just, recently, still, yet, so far, up to now, once, twice, several times, many time, this is the first time, since + mốc thời gian, for + khoảng thời gian, in the last two years,how long, up to present…

F THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN:

S + HAS / HAVE (not )BEEN + V-ING + O.

Diễn tả một hành động diễn ra bắt đầu trong quá khứ kéo dài đến hiện tại một cách liên tục

Khác với thì hiện tại hoàn thành ở chổ là thì HTHT nhấn mạnh đến kết quả của hành động còn thì HTHTTD nhấn mạnh yếu tố liên tục của hành động cho đến hiện tại

G QUÁ KHỨ HỒN THÀNH

(+) S + had + V3/ed (-) S + had + not + V3/ed (?) Had + S + V3/ed?

Diễn tả hành động xảy ra và đã hoàn tất trước một thời điểm trong quá khứ, hoặc trước một hành động khác cũng đã kết thúc trong quá khứ

Những cụm từ thời gian

 By + (the past time): by 2003, by last year

 By the time + clause: by the time we got there, by the time you went to bad…

 Before, after, when, already

H QUÁ KHỨ HỒN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN

S + HAD (not)BEEN + VING + O

Cách dùng giống như thì quá khứ hoàn thành nhưng Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn nhấn mạnh yếu tố liên tục của hành động

I TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN

(+) S + shall/will + V1 (-) S + shall/will + not + V1 (?) Shall/will + S + V1?

a Dùng để diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai.

b Dùng để diễn tả một hành động sẽ diễn ra và kéo dài trong một quãng thời gian

ở tương lai

Những cụm từ thời gian Next week/ year / month , tomorrow, in future = in the future, in 5 minutes, một số động từ chỉ tương lai: think, hope, promise, believe, sure …

J TƯƠNG LAI TIẾP DIỄN

(+) S + shall / will + be + Ving (-) S + shall / will + not + be + Ving (?) Shall / Will + S + be + Ving?

Diễn tả hành động đang xãy ra vào một thời điểm trong tương lai, hoặc đang xảy ra thì một hành động khác xảy đến

Những cụm từ thời gian At this time next week, at 9:00 tommorrow, this time next

month…

K TƯƠNG LAI HỒN THÀNH

(+) S + wil have + V3/ed (-) S+ will have + not + V3/ed (?) Will + S + have + V3/ed?

a Diễn tả hành động xãy ra trước một thời điểm hoặc trước một h/động khác trong tương lai.

b Một hành động xảy ra và kéo dài cho đến một thời điểm trong tương lai.

By + (the future time): by 2020, by next year

By the time + clause: by the time we get there, by the time you go to bad…Before, after, when, already

L THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN

S + SHALL/ WILL + HAVE BEEN + V-ING …

Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra và kéo dài cho đến một thời điểm trong tương lai nhưng nhấn mạnh yếu tố liên tục của hành động

* 1 SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT VÀ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS

* Thì Simple Present được dùng để chỉ một hành động diễn ra trong thời gian nói chung,

không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện tại Thời gian nói chung là thời gian mà sự việc

diễn ra (every day),(every week), (every month), (every year), (every spring / summer /

autumn / winter)…

* Thì Present Continuous được dùng để chỉ một hành động đang xảy ra (a current activity)

hay một sự việc chúng ta đang làm bây giờ (now/ at present/ at this moment), (today), (this week), (this year)…

* CHÚ Ý :

(1) + Thì Simple Present thường được dùng với verbs of perception như : feel, see, hear… know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…

+ Ngoài ra chúng ta còn dùng thì Simple Present với động từ : be, appear, belong, have to…

+ Thì Simple Present còn dùng với always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely, never…

+ Chúng ta cũng dùng thì Simple Present để chỉ mộät chân lý hay một sự thật (a general truth)

(2) Thì Present Continuous còn được dùng để chỉ hành độäng ở một tương lai gầàn (a near future action) và thường đi với các trạng từ chỉ tương lai như : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer…

* 2 THÌ PRESENT PERFECT- SIMPLE PAST

* Thì Present perfect được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ không rõ thời điểm còn liên lạc với

hiện tại

* Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ có thời điểm rõ rệt cắt

đứt với hiện tại

+ CHÚ Ý :

(1) Thì Present Perfect thường đi với những từ như : up to now, up to the present,so far (cho tới nay), not … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever (đã từng), never, several times

(nhiều lần), just (vừa), recently (vừa mới), lately (mới đây)

(2) * Thì Simple Past thường đi với những tiếng chỉ thời gian quá khứ xác định như :

yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last summer, ago.

* Thì Simple Past còn được dùng để chỉ một chuỗi các hành động kế tiếp xảy ra trong quá khứ

* 3 PRESENT PERFECT - PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ kết quả của mộttình trạng

ở hiện tại (the result of the present state), một việc xảy ra trong quá khứ không rõ thời

điểm, lập đi lập lại nhiều lần và kéo dài đến hiện tại.

+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) được dùng để chỉ sự

tiếp diễn của một hành động (the continuity of an action) cho tới hiện tại.

+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous còn được dùng với các động từ như : lie, wait, sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…

* 4 SIMPLE PAST - PAST CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động ngắn (thình lình) xảy

ra trong q/ khứ

- I met him in the street yesterday

+ Thì Past Continuous (Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động kéo dài

trong quá khứ tương ứng với một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ

+ Thì Past Continuous còn diễn tả một hành động kéo dài tại điểm thời gian xác

định ở quá khứ hoặc hai hành động liên tiếp song song với nhau

* 5 SIMPLE PAST - PAST PERFECT

+ Thì Past Perfect (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành) dùng để chỉ một hành động xảy ra trướcmột hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ (past action).

- When he had finished his work, he went home

- By the time I arrived at the station, the train had gone

+ Thì Past Perfect còn diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước một điểm thời gian xác định ở quá khứ

* 6 PAST PERFECT - PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động trước khi một hành động quá khứ khác xảy ra Hãy so sánh :

- It had been raining when I got up this morning (Mưa đã dứt khi tôi thức dậy.)

- It was raining when I got up this morning (Mưa vẫn còn khi tôi thức dậy.)

* 7 SIMPLE FUTURE FUTURE CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Simple Future (Tương Lai Đơn) diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra (có hoặc không có thời gian xác định ở tương lai); còn thì Future Continuous (Tương Lai Tiếp Diễn) diễn tả một hành động liên tiến tại điểm thời gian xác định ở tương lai

- I shall not go until I see him.- If he comes tomorrow, he will do it

+ Chú ý : WILL còn được dùng cho tất cả các ngôi.

* 8 FUTURE PERFECT - FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Future Perfect (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước một hành động khác trong tương lai hay một điểm thời gian ở tương lai

+ Để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động, chúng ta dùng thì Future Perfect Continuous (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn)

SỰ KẾT HỢP THÌ TRONG MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ THỜI GIAN

V2, V-ed) when +Simple past (V2/ V-ed)

when+Present

perfect

(has/have+V3/-ed) when +S present( V/

V-s, es) when+ s present( V/

V-s, es)

- Đang diễn ra- xen vào.-2 h/động diễn ra liên tiếp, gần kề nhau, chỉ thói quen quá khứ

-Hành động xảy ra hành động xảy ra sau

trước Sẽ xảy ratrước nhấn mạnh

tính hoàn tất của hànhđộng

- 2 hành động sẽ xảy ratrong tương lai

-Chỉ họat động do thóiquen

was/were+V-ing) while +S + is,am, are+V-ing

- Đang diễn ra- xen vào,cắt ngang

- Hai hành động diễn rasong song., Cùng lúc

- Chỉ hành động do thóiquen-nhấn mạnh tính liêntục của hành động

- 2 hành động sẽ xảy ratrong tương lai

- 2 hành động sẽ xảy ratrong tương lai

Present perfect

(has/have+V3/ed)

since+ simple past( V-ed/ V2)

until+simple present(V/ V-s, es)

-Hành động xảy ra

trước-hđ xảy ra sau

-Sẽ xảy ra- nhấn mạnh

tính hoàn tất của hànhđộng

-2 h/động sẽ xảy ra trongtương lai

trước-SỰ HỊA HỢP THÌ

Các liên từ chỉ thời gian hay xuất hiện trong việc hòa hợp thì sau:

1 Hiện tại đơn-Tương lai đơn

1 after After she graduates, she will get a job.

2 before I will leave before he comes

3 until We will wait here until he returns.

4 as soon as I will call you as soon as she arrives

5 when When I finish this project, I will take some days

off

2 Hiện tại hoàn thành- Quá khứ đơn

since I haven’t seen him since he left this morning.

We have been friends since we were students.

2 Quá khứ đơn- Quá khứ hoàn thành

1 when When they arrived, he had finished his work.

2 before She had sent him two weeks before he came.

3 by By the time he arrived, the plane had taken off.

4 until The party had ended until she came.

5 after After Jane had graduated, she got a job.

SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT

I Singular verb (Động từ số ít):

1 Danh từ khơng đếm được hoặc danh từ đếm được số ít

Milk is good for your health.This book is mine.

2 Mệnh đề, động từ nguyên mẫu, danh động từ

Learning English is difficult.What he told was interesting.To fly in the space is her

dream.

3 Each / Every / either/ neither/ one +{ danh từ số ít} / { of + danh từ số nhiều } →

Động từ số ít

Each of students has a book Every teacher likes teaching.

4 Someone, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, everyone, something,

nothing, anything, everything Everything looks bright and clean

5 Các danh từ chỉ mơn học, tên bệnh và tên quốc gia kết thúc là ‘s’:

news (bản tin), physics (mơn lý), ecnomics (kinh tế học), mathematics (tốn), politics (chính trị học), athletes (mơn điền kinh), meales (bệnh sởi), mumps (bệnh quai bị), the Philipines (nước Phi), the United States (nước Mỹ)… Physics is more difficult

than chemistry

6 Các từ chỉ số lượng, thờigian, khoảng cách và tiền:

Eight hours of sleep is enough.Twenty dollars is too much to pay.

7 Hai danh từ cùng chỉ một người, một vật, một thứ:

Salt and pepper is very delicious (Muối tiêu rất ngon).

II Plual verb (Động từ số nhiều):

1 danh từ số nhiều: Cats are animals.

2 Hai danh từ chỉ hai người, hai vật, hai thứ khác nhau: Water and oil do not mix

3 Tính từ được dùng như danh từ : The rich are not always happy

4 Các danh từ people (người ta), police (cảnh sát), cattle (súc vật)

The police have arrested the thieves.

5 Các từ a few, few, both, some , a lot of, most, many, plenty of, all, several, + danh từ

số nhiều

A few books I read are famous Many students are hard-working.

III Singular or plural verbs (Số nhiều hoặc số ít):

1 The number of + DT số nhiều → Động từ số ít

A number of + DT số nhiều → Động từ số nhiều

The number of students in this class is forty A number of children like cakes.

2 No + DT số ít → Động từ số ít

No + DT số nhiều → Động từ số nhiều

Ex: No student is in the hall No students are on the schoolyarD

3 All / some/ none /plenty/ half/ most/ a lot / lots + OF+ DT số ít → Động từ

số ít

All / some/ none /plenty/ half/ most/ a lot / lots + OF+ DT số nhiều → Động từ

số nhiều

None of the boys are good at English A lot of coffee has been hot.

4 There ( be) + N: There is a fire in this room

5 The committee (uỷ ban), group (nhóm), team (đội), class (lớp), family (gia đình→

thường đi với động từ số ít nhưng còn vài trường hợp được dùng với danh từ số nhiều nếu

nó hàm ý từng cá nhân trong danh từ tập hợp đó

IV Hợp với chủ ngữ gần: (Danh từ liên kết bởi cặp từ nối song song)

2. NEITHER + N1 + NOR + N2 + verb

Not only my brother but also my sister is here.

V Hợp với chủ ngữ xa: (Danh từ đựơc bổ nghĩa bởi cụm giới từ)

The woman with all the dogs

walks down my street.

AS WELL AS

The actress, along with her manager,is going to

the party tonight

The book, included with all the chapters in section, is interesting

The team captain, as well as his players, is

boring

The woman with all the dogs walks down my

street

The people who listen to that music are few.

MODAL VERB EXERCISES:

*Note:Những động từ theo sau động từ khiếm khuyết luôn là nguyên mẫu không

“to”.

- can: có thể - chỉ khả năng hiện tại

- could: có thể - chỉ khả năng trong qúa khứ

- may, might+V: có lẽ là….- suy đóan ở hiện tại(may có khả năng xảy ra nhiều hơn

might)

- may, might+ have +V3/ed: có lẽ là….- suy đóan trong qúa khứ.

- may: dùng để xin phép, cho phép( lịch sự)

-can, could: được dùng để yêu cầu, nhờ bảo, xin phép ở hiện tại(could lịch

sự hơn can)

- must: phải – chỉ sự bắt buộc ở hiện tại mang tính chất chủ quan(tự mình

cảm thấy )

- have to: phải – chỉ sự bắt buộc là do yếu tố bên ngịai

Dùng thay cho “must” trong các thì khác( will have to, had to…)

- mustn’t: cấm khơng được phép

- don’t / doesn’t / didn’t / won’t + have to : khơng phải

- must+ V1: chắc là…( để suy đĩan ở hiện tại)

- must+ have +p.p: chắc là…( để suy đĩan trong qúa khứ)

- should, ought to, had better + V1: nên… (đưa ra lời khuyên)

- had better not, ought not to, shouldn’t +V1: khơng nên…

- should + have +p.p; ought to + have +p.p: đáng lẽ phải……(chỉ hđộng/tình huống

trong q/ khứ)

+ need+ S +V1? +S +needn’t + V1 + Sngười+ need+ To + V1.

+ S+need+have +p.p: lẽ ra khơng cần phải….+ Svật + need + To +be V3/ed

+ would rather+V1 +would rather+V1+ than + V1

+ S+ would rather + S + V(simple past) – nĩi về điều trái với hiện tại.

DẠNG SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỬA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ

* Exercise 1:

1 There (be) plenty of milk in the fridge and there (be) plenty of eggs in the box

2 John , as well as you, (be) responsible for this act

3 Jim, with his four brothers , (be) in the car

4 Neither of them (never, be) there before

5 Saying good-bye to each other , I no less than she (be) unhappy

6 Both Tom and Mary (be) mistaken

7 Some of the girl (be) going to Canada

8 The question of weather to go to Wales or Scotland for the holidays (be) still beingdiscussed

9 A box of eggs (be) on the table

10 Mr Philips, together with some friends and neighbours , (be) planing a celebration

11 Soup and salad (be) too light a lunch

12 Learning English (be not) easy at all

13 To swim in that river (be) dangerous

14 That you are late (be) a pity

15 What I heard (be) very encouraging

16 Many a man (not want) to do housework

17 Seven and nine (make) sixteen

18 The number of men lost (be) astonishing low in that storm

19 Nobody in the class (know) the answer

20 Four times six (be) twenty- four

21 Two dollars (be) too much to pay for those flowres

22 Each of the five patients (be cure)

23 One half of the table (be) broken

24 One quater of the students (be) absent today

25 Two thirds of the cake (have) been eaten

26 None of the students (be) here

27 Neither the children nor their mother (have) flown before

28 Not only the principal but also the teachers (have) had their pay increased

29 Bread and butter (be) what she ask for

30 The old house with all its valuable pictures (have) been sold

31 A thousand dollars (be) more than I can afford

32 The team (be) discussing the game among themselves

33 Either Mary or I (be) to speak next

34 Joe and Henry (be) ready to help us

35 Jim and his four brothers (be) in the car

36 One of the boy who (be) going to America (be) my best friend

37 The number of students in the class (be) small

38 My uncle, accompanied by his wife and three children, (have) just arrived

39 The rich (live) in the West End of London

40 A large number of children (be) coming to the party

* Exercise 2: Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject.

1 Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school

2 Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting

3 The dog or the cats (is, are) outside

4 Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor

5 George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie

6 Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer

7 One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France

8 The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street

9 The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch

10 The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win

11 Either answer (is, are) acceptable

12 Every one of those books (is, are) fiction

13 Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen

14 (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?

15 Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite

subject

16 Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days

17 (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer?

18 Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's

19 There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag Now there (is, are) only one left!

20 The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully

21 The committee (leads, lead) very different lives in private

22 The Prime Minister, together with his wife, (greets, greet) the press cordially

23 All of the CDs, even the scratched one, (is, are) in this case

24 The man with his son (walk, walks) down my street.

25 One of the students (are, is) late.

* Exercise 3: Complete the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject.

1 .She and her friends (be) at the fair

2 The book or the pen (be) in the drawer

3 The boy or his friends (run) every day

4 His friends or the boy (run) every day

5 He (not like) it They (not like) it

6 One of the boxes (be) open

7 The people who listen to that music (be) few

8 The team captain, as well as his players, (be) anxious

9 The book, including all the chapters in the first section, (be) boring.10.The woman with all the dogs (walk) down my street.

11.Each of these hot dogs (be) juicy

12.Everybody (know) Mr Jones

13.Either (be) correct

14.The news (be) on at six

15.Five dollars (be) a lot of money

16.Dollars (be) often used instead of rubles in RussiA

17.These scissors (be) dull

18.Those trousers (be) made of wool

19.There (be) many questions

20.There (be) a question

21.The team (run) during practice

22.The committee (decide) how to proceeD

23.The family (have) a long history

24.My family (have) never been able to agree

25.The President, accompanied by his wife, (be) traveling to IndiA 26.All of the books, including yours, (be) in that box

27.The football team, including the goal keeper (be) 11 players

28.The news (be) on TV is very informative

PHẦN THỰC HÀNH -I PRONUNCIATION -A S- ENDING

2 A programs B individuals C subjects D celebrations

15.A decreases B differences C amounts D reaches

19.A pictures B months C inventions D troubles

27.A crops B fertilizers C strikes D cigarretes

28.A parents B enjoys C boys D speeds

B ED- ENDING

4 a reformed b appointed c stayed d installed

7 a attended b improved c dedicated d exhibited

8 a killed b developed c threatened d endangered

23.a admitted b deleted c controlled d intended

26.a.experimented b collected c needed d raised

II Grammar

1 We (have) a lot of fun at your birthday party yesterday

2 He usually (get) up early in the morning

3 I (not see him since I (meet) him 2 months ago

4 They (build) a new bridge in this province next year

5 Marta (do) the washing up when the phone (ring) last night

6 My brother and I (finish) our homework a few minutes ago

7 How many times you (see) him since he went to Edinburgh?

8 The students (do) their homework when one of their friends (call) on

9 You (see / not) her every day

10 I (meet) my best friend George in 2005.

11 George (fall) off the ladder while he (paint) the ceiling

12 I (see) that film several times because I like it

13 He often (wear) a black cap

14 Last night I (read) in bed when suddenly I (hear) a scream

15 She (visit) her grandma very often?

16 Sandra (lend) her brother $ 200 so far

17 My parents (go) to the theatre yesterday evening

18 He (send) the letter when he goes to the post office

19 We (go / not) to school on Sundays

20 Mary (lose) her hat for 2 days

21 He (watch) a very scary horror film last night

22 When I (finish) writing the reports, I will go out with my friends

23 She (not speak) to me since last week

24 When you come back, he (already buy) the house

25 He (not / spend) his holidays in Spain each year

26 Murat (visit) all his relatives before he joins the army

27 Emma (not go) to school when she was ill

28 We (study) English at this school for 4 years

29 The earth (circle) the sun once every 365 days

30 Peter (read) a very interesting book yesterday

31 We (study) every lesson in the book so far

32 The farmers (work) in the field now

33 He (not listen) to music after school yesterday

34 My brother (play) football at the moment

35 They went home after they (finish) their work

36 My father (buy) a new car after he saves enough money

37 They (visit) their grandparents last summer?

38 She said that she (already, see) Dr Rice

39 Phong (sleep) right now

40 Sarah (not enjoy) her piano lessons when she was seven

41 When we came to the stadium, the match (already, begin)

42 Don’t worry mom I will phone you as soon as I (arrive) Paris

43 Mother (cook) some food in the kitchen at present

44 Martha (watch) TV at seven o’clock last night

45 Where your father (work) in 1985?

46 Adrian (learn) the violin now

47 Before she watched TV, she (do) her homework

48 He (just see) her

49 They (see) lots of animals in the zoo yesterday

50 I (know) Jack when we (be) students but I (not meet) him since we (leave) school in 1998

51 We (make) a cake at the moment

52 We (not have) a holiday last year

53 Jane (watch) television at the moment

54 By the time we got there, the play (start) already

55 They (not start) the match until the rain stops

56 You (see) Ann last week?

57 Pay attention! The teacher (explain)

58 I (play) tennis yesterday afternoon

59 After they (go), I sat down and rested.

60 The film (end) by the time we get there

61 By this time next year they (write) a new essay

62 We will go out when the rain (stop)

63 They (watch) TV at the moment?

64 What time you (go) to bed last night?

65 Peter and Jane (swim) at the moment

66 When you come back, he already ( buy ) a new house

67 Miss Helen (help) you as soon as she finishes that letter

68 At this time tomorrow I (work) in this room

69 I usually (brush) my teeth before I (go) to bed

70 When I was a child, I (not like) sport

71 My grandmother died 30 years ago I (never/meet) her

72 She went to the department after her (clean) the floor

73 Don’t make noise! The baby (sleep) in the room

74 Last year we (go) to Finland for a holiday we (stay) there for three weeks

75 Ann (wait) for me when I (arrive)

76 I (wait) here until I (come) back tomorrow

77 When we were on holiday, the weather (be) awful

78 Jill (buy) a new car two years ago

79 Jose (write) a letter to his family when his pencil (break)

80 Last night I (arrive) home at 12.30, I (have) a bath and then I (go) to bed

81 You (visit) many museums when you were in Paris?

82 He (read) newspaper while his wife (prepare) the dinner in the kitchen

83 By the time you get there, they (go) home

84 I (smoke) a lot yesterday

85 John (write) his report last night

86 He (eat) dinner at 7 P.M Last night

87 Guillermo (call) his employer yesterday

88 At nine tomorrow we (plant) trees in our school

89 Peter and I (do) the exercise at this time last night

90 Last night before he (watch) TV, he (do) the exercise

91 The light (go) out while we (have) dinner

92 I (not drive) very fast when the accident (happen)

93 By next month I (leave) for India

94 We (not live) in England for 2 years now

95 This time next month I (sit) on a beach

96 I’m busy at the moment I (redecorate) the sitting room

97 Up to now, the teacher (give) our class 5 tests

98 At 4 p.m yesterday? Well, I (work) in my office at that time

99 He (do) his homework before he went to the cinema

100 We (not receive) any letters from him since he (leave) four months ago

PRACTICE TEST UNIT 1 + 2

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underline part

is pronounce differently from that of the rest in each of the following questions.

Question 1: A parents B enjoys C boys D speeds

Question 3: A photographs B speaks C soups D sometimes

Question 5: A hours B students C brothers D hospitals

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to show indicate the word that has the stress pattern different from that of the others.

Question 7:A generally B biologist C mischievous D secondary

Question 8:A obedient B hospital C possible D confidence

Question 9: A together B relationship C responsibility D whenever

interest

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to show indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Question 11: My mother take the for for running the household.

Question 12: A scientist who studies living things is a _

A biologist B biology C biologically D biological

Question 13: Parent have to try hard to understand the

younger _

A people B generation C teenagers D students

Question 14: Terrsa never gets angry with the children She is very .

Question 15: Chris is my close friend I trust on him He’s always to help me

when ever I have a problem

A responsible B charge C available D willing

Question 16: Robert _in three important water polo games so far

A is playing B has played C had played D played

Question 17: Many people _homeless after the earthquake in Haiti a few month

ago

A will become B are becoming C became D become

Question 18: He went back to work in his country after he

_his course in Advanced Engineering in London

A finishes B has finished C had finished D was finished

Question 19: I first met her two years ago when we _at Oxford University

A have been studying B had been studying C were studying D are studying

Question 20: As soon as I have a good look at the design, I

_them back to you

Question 21: have long hair when you were younger?

A Used you to B Did you use to C Have you used to D Do you use to

Question 22: When Henry arrived home after a hard-working day at work,his wife _

A was sleeping B has slept C is sleeping D will sleep

Question 23: I went out into the garden to fetch my bike, but I

that someone it

A found-had stolen B was finding-stole C found-stole D was finding-had stolen

Question 24: We haven’t had a holiday together .

C for several years D since a long time

Question 25: You’ll be able to return to your homes when the fire

under control

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to the underlined part that needs

Question 29: I can’t come out because I didn’t finish my homework yet

Question 30: When the film started, I already arrived ten minutes before

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the

correct words to each of the blanks from 31 to 35.

My mother and my father (31) divorced about ten years ago Six year later, mymother met a kind and considerate man called Tom and she remarried He had two sonsfrom his previous marriage, Michael and Harry, who are now my step brothers They(32) _to live with their mother, but now we live together in an enormous house(33) Tom bought and we are quite a loving family It’s nice having mothers to play withbecause otherwise I would have been an only child My father lives with woman(34) Sarah She is a very warm woman and friendly and I really like her She and myfather are thinking of adopting a child The problem is that Sarah works for an airline so she

is always flying around the world and sometimes she is away from home for a whole week.She says that she is not very ambitious and that she might stop working to look (35) _ ababy

getting

Question 34: A she is called B who is calling C to call D called

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the

correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 40

When I was younger, I hated being the oldest child and the only girl in my family Butnow I am older, I realize that being “Big sister” actually has its advantages First of all, I getspecial treament form my parents and brothers I get my own room, and brothers have to doall the heavy work around the house Another benefit is that, being the oldest, I havelearned to be responsible and dependable For example, my parents are often leavebrothers in my care when they go out I also try my best in whatever I do in order to be agood example for my brothers The experience I’ve had in taking care of my brother hasprepared me for my own family in the future So, even though I didn’t choose to be theoldest child and the only girl in my family, I have succeeded in making this situation work to

my best advantage

Question 36: The writer disliked _ when she was younger

A having too many brothers in her family B being the oldest child and the only girl in her family

C being the only child in her family D getting special treatment from her parents and her brothers

Question 37: “Big sister” means .

A the only child B the biggest sister C the eldest sisterD the oldest person

Question 38: She has to _ when her parents go out.

A look after her brothers B cook every meal C do heavy work around the house

D lay the table for dinner

Question 39: She has in making the situation work to her best advantage

A likedB failedC choseD succeeded

Question 40: When the writer grows up, she finds it is _to be a big sister

A boring B Enjoyable C unacceptable D miserable

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that has the same meaning as the given one.

Question 41: Michael took a deep breath and dived into the water.

A After Michael had taken a deep breath, he dived into the water

B Before Michael had taken a deep breath, he dived into the water

C After Michael took a deep breath, he had died into the water

D Before Michael took a deep breath, he had dived into the water

Question 42: We started working here three years ago

A We worked here for three years.B We have no longer worked here for three years

C We have worked here for three years.D We will work here in three years

Question 43: It’s a long time since we last went to the cinema

A We have been to the cinema for a long time.B We haven’t been to the cinema for a longtime

C We don’t go to the cinema as we used to.D We wish we went to the cinema now

Question 44: I haven’t finished reading this book yet

A I’m still reading this book B I have read this book before

C The book I’m reading hasn’t finishedD I will read the book some day

Question 45: I haven’t written to her for many years

A I last wrote to her for two year ago.B I haven’t written to her since two years.

C It’s is two years since I last wrote to her.D It has been two years when I last wrote to her

Choose the one option (A, B, C or D) corresponding to the best sentence that is made up from the sets of words and phrases given.

Question 46: Luis/ live/ city centre/ since 1996

A Luis lived in the city centre since 1996.B Luis has lived in the city centre since 1996

C Luis was living in the city centre since 1996.D Luis is living in the city centre since 1996

Question 47: This/ be/ first time/ I / be/ a plane

A This is the first time I am on a plane.B This is the first time I will be on a plane

C This is the first time I have been on a plane D This is the first time I was on a plane

Question 48: I / see/ yours/ moments/ ago

A I see a friend of yours a few moments ago.B I saw a friend of yours a few moments ago

C I have seen a friend of yours a few moments ago.D I was seeing a friend of yours a few moments ago

Question 49: What/ you/ do/ when/ I / phone you/ last night.

A What are you doing when I phone you last night?B What did you do when I had phoned you last night?

C What did you do when I phoned you last night?D What were you doing when I phoned you last night?

Question 50: I/ finish/ exams/ I have/ party tomorrow

A I finished my exams so I have a party tomorrow

B I have finished my exams so I have a party tomorrow

C I have finished my exams so I have had a party tomorrow

D I have finished my exams so I am having a party tomorrow

UNIT 3: WAYS OF SOCIALISING

A PHẦN LÍ THUYẾT

I PRONUNCIATION: STRESS IN TWO SYLLABLE VERB

a Nếu từ cĩ hai âm tiết là tính từ hay danh từ, trọng âm nhấn thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất.

Ex: student, table, sticker happy, random, courage

Ngoại lệ: machine , event

b Nếu từ cĩ hai âm tiết là động từ, trọng âm nhấn thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ hai.

Ex: to admit, to intent, to construct

c Nếu từ cĩ hai âm tiết động từ cĩ tận cùng là OW, EN, Y, EL, ER, LE, ISH, trọng âm nhấn

thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất

Ex: to open, to follow, to hurry, to struggle, to flatter, to finish

II GRAMMAR: REPORTED SPEECH

A KHÁI NIỆM

1 Lời nói trực tiếp: được dùng khi chúng ta tường thuật lại lời của người nói bằng cách lập

lại một cách chính xác lời nói ban đầu Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép EX: He asked, “ Where do you come from? ”

She cried: “ What an accident! ”

“ My cousin is a famous doctor”, he said

2 Lời nói gián tiếp: Thay vì lặp lại chính xác lời nói, chúng ta có thể diễn tả lời hoặc ý

nghĩ của người nói bằng lời lẽ riêng của chúng ta bằng cách sử dụng liên từ, thay đổi từhoặc thì của động từ Loại cấu trúc này được gọi là lời nói gián tiếp

Eg: Fiona said, “ It’s getting late.” → Fiona said(that) it was getting late

B CÁC NGUYÊN TẮC CHUNG

1 Thay đổi động từ trong câu tường thuật

Động từ tường thuật là động từ giới thiệu câu nĩi trực tiếp hay câu nĩi gián tiếp Khi đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, động từ tường thuật được thay đổi tùy theo trường hợp cụ thể Dưới đây là các động tường thuật dùng trong câu:

Said → said that, said to

Ex: He said, “I am twenty years old.”

He said that he was twenty years old.

He said to me, “I work in a factory.”

He told me that he worked in a factory.

2 Thay đổi thì trong câu tường thuật

Khi động từ tường thuật ở các thì quá khứ, chúng ta đổi thì trong câu gián tiếp như sau:

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Ex: He said, “I am a taxi driver.”

He said that he was a taxi driver.

He said, “I am living in London.”

He said that he was living in London.

He said, “I have visited many famous places.”

He said that he had visited many famous places.

He said, “I visited The Great Wall in China.”

He said that he had visited The Great Wall in China.

He said, “I will look for a better job.”

He said he would look for a better job.

4. Thay đổi về động từ hình thái trong câu tường thuật

had to (khi biểu thị sự cần thiết)

would have to (khi đề cập đếntương lai)

Eg: “ I must go now,” Alice said → Alice said that he must / had to go at that time

He said, “ I must finish it next week.”

He said that he would have to finish it thefollowing week.

She said, “ I can swim.”

She said she could swim.

5. Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu

Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp

Ngơi thứ nhất Đơỉ thành ngơi của người nĩi (cùng ngơi với

chủ từ trong mệnh đề chínhNgơi thứ hai Đổi thành ngơi của người nghe (cùng ngơi

với tân ngữ trong mệnh đề chính)Ngơi thứ ba Khơng thay đổi

Ex: He said, “ I like my job.”

He said that he like his job.

He said to me, “ You look like my sister.”

He told me that I looked like his siter.

6. Thay đổi về các trạng từ và cụm từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn

this year / month / week that year / month / week

last year / month / week the year / month / week before;

the previous year / month / week

next year / month /

week the year / month / week after; the following year / month / week

a year / month / week

ago the/a year / month / week before; the/a year / month / week earlier

Ex: He said, “ I am working hard today.”

He said that he was working hard that day.

They said, “We went to work late yesterday.”

They said that they had gone to work late the day before.

6 Trường hợp khơng thay đổi thì

a Câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3

- Bỏ dấu hai chấm, dấu phẩy và dấu ngoặc kép.

- Tìm tân ngữ (nếu cĩ) đặt sau động từ tường thuật.

- Dùng liên từ that sau động từ tường thuật để giới thiếu câu nĩi (cĩ thể bỏ that đi).

- Thay đổi thì trong câu nĩi

- Thay đổi đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu.

- Thay đổi các nhĩm từ thời gian nơi chốn.

- Cơng thức chung:* S + said + (that) + S –V / * S + told + O + (that) + S V

Nếu câu nĩi trực tiếp là câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3, ta chỉ thay đổi các đại từ, tình từ…mà khơng đổi thì trong câu

Ex: “If I were older, I would retire.”, he said

He said if he were older, he would retire.

“If I had heard the whole story, I would have acted differently.” ,he said

He said that if he had heard the whole story, he would have acted differently.

d Câu trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lí, hay một thĩi quen ở hiện tại

Nếu câu nĩi trực tiếp nĩi về một sự thật, một chân lí hay một thĩi quen thường xuyên lặp đi, lậplại ở hiện tại, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta phải giữ nguyên thì của câu trực tiếp

Ex: Trực tiếp: I get up at seven o’clock every morning.

Gián tiếp: He said that he gets up at seven o’clock every morning.

Trực tiếp: My wife always drinks coffee for breakfast

Gián tiếp: He said that his wife always drinks coffee for breakfast

c Động từ tường thuật

nếu động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hồn thành, tương lai, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ta khơng thay đổi thì và các cum trạng từ và cụm từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn, mà chỉ thay đổi các đại từ hay tính từ…

Eg: He says/ He is saying/ He has said/ He will say, “ The bus is coming.”

→ He says the bus is coming

I REPORTED SPEECH : STATEMENTS (Câu trần thuật) Nếu câu nĩi trực tiếp là một

câu bình thường hay một lời phát biểu, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ngồi các nguyên tắc chung,

ta

cần thực hiện các bước sau:

Ex: He said, “I have just bought a computer today.”

He said that he had just bought a computer that day.

Linda said, “There is someone at the door, Bill.”

Linda told Bill that there was someone at the door.

II REPORTED SPEECH : QUESTIONS ( Câu hỏi)

a Yes-no question

Nếu câu nĩi trực tiếp là câu hỏi dạng Yes-No, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ngồi các nguyên tắc

chung, ta cần lưu ý thêm một số điều sau đây:

Ex: He said to me, “Are you from Canada?”

He asked me if/whether I was from Canada.

The man said to her, “Did Bill tell you my address?”

The man asked her if/whether Bill had told her his address.

The girl said, “Do you live near here, David?”

She asked David if/whether he lived near there.

e Wh- Question

Nếu câu nĩi trực tiếp là câu hỏi bắt đầu bằng một từ để hỏi như who, when, where, when,

why, how…, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ngồi các nguyên tắc chung, ta cần lưu ý thêm một số

điều sau đây:

Ex: He said to them, “ Where are you going?”

He asked them where they were going.

The teacher said, “When do you do your homework, Tom?”

The teacher asked Tom when he did his homework.

The tourist said to me, “How often does the train get in?”

The tourist asked me how often the train got in.

III REPORTED SPEECH : COMMANDS/REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh/ Câu đề nghị)

Nếu câu nĩi trực tiếp là một mệnh lệnh hay một lời đề nghị, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ngồi các nguyên tắc chung, ta cần lưu ý thêm một số điều sau đây:

Statements

(Câu phát biểu) * S + said + (that) + S V* S + told + O + (that) + S V

Commands

(Câu mệnh lệnh) * S + told/asked + O + to V* S + told /asked+ O + not + to V0 0

Wh-questions * S + asked + (O) + wh-… + S V

- Đổi động từ tường thuật said, said to thành asked/wanted to know.

- Thay dấu chấm hỏi thành dấu chấm hết câu.

- Tìm tân ngữ (nếu có) và đặt sau động từ tường thuật.

- Dùng liên từ if hoặc whether để giới thiệu nội dung hỏi.

- Đưa câu hỏi trực tiếp về dạng câu khẳng định (nghĩa là không còn dạng đảo ngữ chủ từ và trợ

động từ Dạng S + V.

- Cơng thức chung:

* S + asked + (O) + if / whether + S V

* S + wondered + if /whether + S V

* S + wanted to know + if / whether + S V

- Đổi động từ tường thuật said, said to thành asked/wanted to know.

- Thay dấu chấm hỏi thành dấu chấm hết câu.

- Tìm tân ngữ (nếu có) và đặt sau động từ tường thuật.

- Giữ nguyên từ để hỏi (Wh- word)

- Đưa câu hỏi trực tiếp về dạng câu khẳng định (nghĩa là không còn dạng đảo ngữ chủ từ và trợ

- Đổi động từ tường thuật said, said to thành asked/told/ordered.

- Tìm tân ngữ (nếu có) và đặt sau động từ tường thuật.

- Tìm động từ chính của câu mệnh lệnh và chuyển về dạng (not) to V 0

- Cơng thức chung: * S + told/asked + O + to V 0 * S + told /asked+ O + not + to V 0

(Câu hỏi nội dung) * S + wondered + wh-… + S V

* S + wanted to know + wh-… + S V

Yes-no questions

(Câu hỏi có không) * S + asked + (O) + if / whether + S V* S + wondered + if /whether + S V

* S + wanted to know + if / whether + S V

IV REPORTED SPEECH WITH SPECIAL VERBS (Câu tường thuật với các động từ đặc biệt)

A Câu tường thuật với động từ theo sau bằng “to-V”

1 Tường thuật mệnh lệnh: told sb (not) to do sth.

“Put your books away ,” said the teacher. The teacher told us to put our books away

2 Tường thuật lời yêu cầu: asked sb (not) to do sth.

“Please, don’t smoke in this room,” said the clerk. The clerk asked me not to smokr in that room

3 Tường thuật lời khuyên: advised sb (not) to do sth.

“If I were you, I wouldn’t drink so much wine,” he said. He advised me not to drink so much wine

4 Tường thuật lời hứa: promised to do sth.

“ I’ll give you a hand, if you like,” said Darian. Darain promised to give me a hand, if I liked

5 Tường thuật lời đe dọa: threaten to do sth’.

“Get out or I’ll call the police,” said the woman

 The woman threatened to call the police if he didn’t get out

6 Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warned sb (not) to do sth.

“Don’t touch that wire,” he said

 He warned me not to touch that wire

7 Tường thuật lời mời: invited sb to do sth.

“Come for inner with us tonight, will you?” Bill said

 Bill invited me to come for dinner with them that night

8 Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở: remindered sb to do sth.

“Remember to pot my letter on your way,” Wendy said

 Wendy reminded me to post her letter on my way

9 Tường thuật lời động viên: encouraged sb to so sth.

“Go heard, you must enter for the contest, Jill!” said Pam

 Pam encouraged Jill to enter for the contest

10 Tường thuật lời khẩn cầu: begged/implored sb to do sth.

“Please, do me a favor,” said the beggar to Carol

 The beggar beggared/imployed Carol to do him a favor

11 Tường thuật lời tự nguyện: offered to do sth.

“Shall I help you with the housework?” said Tim to hiss wife

 Tim offered to help his wife with the housework

12 Tường thuật sự đồng ý: agreed to do sth.

“OK, I’ll take you to work in my car, Sue” said Carl

 Carl agreed to take Sue to work in his car

B Câu tường thuật với động từ theo sau bằng “gerund”

1 Tường thuật lời buộc tội: accused sb of doing sth.

“you damaged my new laptop, Dan,”said Susan

 Suasan accsed Dan of damaging her new laptop

2 Tường thuật lời thú nhận: admitted doing/having done sth.

“I didn’t tell you he truth, Ron,” said Kim

 Kim admitted not telling/not having told Ron the truth

3 Tường thuật lời phủ nhận: denied doing/having done sth.

“I didn’t break that vase,” said Tom

 Tom denided breaking /having broken that vase

4 Tường thuật lời xin lỗi: apolozied (to sb) for doing sth.

“I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting,” said Amanda

 Amanda apolozied for having kept me waiting

5 Tường thuật lời khen: congratulated sb on doing sth.

“Congratulations! You won the game!” said the principal

The principal congratulated the students on winning the game

6 Tường thuật lời nài nỉ, khăng khăng: insisted on doing sth.

“I must pay for this damage,” the man said

 The man insisted on paying for that weekend

7 Tường thuật lời đề nghị: suggested doing sth.

“Let’s have a picnic this weekend,” Maud suggested

 Maud suggested having a pinic that weekend

8 Tường thuật lời cảm ơn: thanked sb for (doing sth).

“Thank you very much for your advice,” he said

 He thanked me for my advise

9 Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warned sb against (doing) sth.

“Don’t invest in that business,” said my lawyer

 My lawyer warned me against investing int hat business

10 Tường thuật lời đỗ lỗi: blamed sb for (doing) sth.

“You are responsible for this failure,” said the director

 The director blamed his deputy for that failure

11 Tường thuật lời thú nhận: confessed to (doing) sth.

“It was me who stole the money,” said Jack

 Jack confessed to stealing the money

BẢNG TÓM TẮT Một số động từ dùng để tường thuật Gerund:

admit + Ving : thừa nhận đã làm việc gì

deny + Ving: phủ nhận đã làm việc gì

suggest + Ving: đề nghị làm việc gì

apologise for + Ving: xin lỗi vì đã làm gì

insist on + Ving : khăng khăng đòi làm gì

dream of + Ving: mơ tưởng tới cái gì

think of + Ving : nghĩ tới ai/ cái gì

look forward to + Ving: mong đợi

accuse O of Ving: buộc tội ai về việc gì

congratulate O on Ving: chúc mừng ai về

warn O against Ving: khuyến cáo (ai) đừng làm điều gì

thank O for Ving : cảm ơn ai về việc gì

prevent O from Ving: ngăn ai khỏi việc gì

Một số dộnh từ dùng để tường thuật infinitive:

1 “My name is Tom”, he said

2 “He works in a bank”, she said

3 “We went out last night”, she told me

4 “I’m coming!”, she said

5 “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived”, she told me

6 “I’d never been there before”, she said

7 “I didn’t go to the party” she told me

8 “Lucy’ll come later”, she said

9 “He hasn’t eaten breakfast”, she told me

10 “I can help you tomorrow”, she said

11.“Do you live in London?” she asked me

12.“Did he arrive on time?” she asked me

13.“Have you been to Paris?” she asked me

14.“Can you help me?” she asked me

15.“Are you working tonight?” she asked me

16.“Will you come later?” she asked me

17.“Do you like coffee?” she asked me

18.“Is this the road to the station?” she asked me

19.“Did you do your homework?” she asked me

20.“Have you studied reported speech before?” she asked me

21.“How old are you?” she said

22.“When does the train leave? Tom asked

23.“How are you?, she asked me

24.“Who did you see at the meeting?” my mother aske

25.“What are you reading?”, she asked

26.“Why didn’t you telephone?” my father asked me

27.“ Who do you want to talk to?” the boy asked Mary

28.“What time do you get up every morning?

29.“How do you get to school?” Tom ask me

30.“Where is your father?” my mother asked me

31.She said, "Go upstairs." she told me

32."Close the door behind you," he told me

33."Don't be late," he advised us

34."Stop staring at me," she said She told him

35."Don't be angry with me," he said He asked her

36."Leave me alone," she said She told me

37.Don't drink and drive," she told us

38."John, stop making noise,” John’s mother ordered

39."Don't worry about us," they said They told her

40.“Meet me at the cinema." he said He asked me

41.“The doctor said to me, “You should lose weight.” The doctor said to methe doctor

advised me

42.“I won’t help you with your homework Never! ” Jane said to me Jane refused

43.Joe said, “Please come to my party.” Joe invited

44.Mr Gray said, “Don’t play in the street.” Mr Gray told the children Mr Gray warned the children not

45.“Would you like to come on a picnic with us? They told meThey invited

46.“Let’s go for a walk.” John saidJohn suggested

47.“You’d better not waste your time, Betty”, Tom saidTom advised

48.“I am sorry I didn’t invite her to my party last night”, John said John regretted

49.“I am sorry I couldn’t come to your birthday party last Sunday, John.” Mary apologized (to john)

50.“It was nice of you to invite me to your birthday party Thank very much.” Mike saidMikethanked for

TEST UNIT 3

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underline part

is pronounce differently from that of the rest in each of the following questions:

Question 1:A concerned B raised C developed D maintained

Question 2: A appeared B agreed C coughed D loved

Question 3: A laughed B weighed C helped D missed

Question 4:A sacrificed B trusted C recorded D acted

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to the underlined part that needs

correction.

Question 6: Thomas promised going to the cinema but he didn’t turn up.

Question 7: My mother asked me where had I gone the night before.

Question 8: Lan says she is leaving here for Hanoi the next day.

Question 9: They said that we had finished writing their reports.

Question 10: Mary asked there was anything interesting on TV to see that night

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the

correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 15

Communication in general is process of sending and receiving messages that enableshumans to share knowledge, attitudes, and skills Although we usually identify communicationwith speech, communication is composed of two dimensions - verbal and nonverbal

Nonverbal communication has been defined as communication without words It includesapparent behaviors such as facial expressions, eyes, touching, tone of voice, as well as lessobvious messages such as dress, posture and spatial distance between two or more people.Activity or inactivity, words or silence all have message value: they influence others andthese others, in turn, respond to these communications and thus they are communicating

Commonly, nonverbal communication is learned shortly after birth and practiced andrefined throughout a person's lifetime Children first learn nonverbal expressions by watchingand imitating, much as they learn verbal skills

Young children know far more than they can verbalize and are generally more adept at

reading nonverbal cues than adults are because of their limited verbal skills and their recent

reliance on the nonverbal to communicate As children develop verbal skills, nonverbalchannels of communication do' not cease to exist although become entwined in the totalcommunication process

Question 11: According to the writer, .

A Nonverbal language is only used by the deaf and the mute

B One cannot communicate in both verbal and nonverbal language

C Those who can listen and talk should not use nonverbal language

D People communicate with both verbal and nonverbal language

Question 12: Which is not included in nonverbal communication?

A words B spatial distance C facial expressions D tone of voice

Question 13: We can learn from the text that

A nonverbal can never get any responsesB most people do not like nonverbal communication

C even silence has message value D touching is not accepted in communicating

Question 14: Human beings

A have learnt how to communicate in nonverbal language through books

B can communicate in nonverbal language only when they are mature

C have learnt how to communicate in nonverbal language since a child

D communicate in nonverbal language much less than they do in verbal language

Question 15: The word reading has a close meaning to _.

A looking at the words that are written.B saying something aloud

Question 21: “I don’t go to this shop very often.” she said

A She said she didn’t go to that shop very often B She said I didn’t go to that shop very often

C She said she wouldn’t go to that shop very often D She said I wouldn’t go to that shopvery often

Question 22: ”I am going to the theatre tonight” he said to me

A He told me he was going to the theatre that night B He told me I was going to the theatre that night

C He told me he is going to the theatre that night D He told me I am going to the theatre that night

Question 23: Mike said “I spoke to Mr Brown this morning

A Mike said he spoke to Mr Brown that morning B Mike said he had spoken to Mr Brown that morning

C Mike said he has spoken to Mr Brown that morning.D Mike said I had spoken to Mr

Brown that morning

Question 24: “Could you translate this for me?” I asked the official

A I asked the official to translate it for me B I asked the official translate it for me

C I asked the official translating it for me D I asked the official he translated it for me

Question 25: “I will pay back the money, Gloria,” said Ivan.

A Ivan apologised to Gloria for borrowing her money.B Ivan offered to pay Gloria the money back

C Ivan promised to pay back Gloria’s money.D Ivan suggested paying back the money to Gloria

Question 26: She regretted to tell him that _

A she was living the ticket at home B the tickets at home would be left

C she would have left the ticket at home D she had left the ticket at home

Question 27: During the lecture yesterday, he _ the importance of a good education.

A has stressed B have stressed C stressed D stresses

Question 28: He asked me _ the film called “Star Wars”

A have I seen B if I had seen C have you seen D if had I seen

Question 29: John asked how much _A how much that bike cost B how much this bike cost

C how much this bike costs D how much this bike costs

Question 30: William _Chris to see a doctor.A advised B promised C

Question 33: Our teacher came in when we _noisily.

A had talked B were talking C are talking D have been talking

Question 34: The lecturer explained the problem very clearly and is always

in response to questions

A attention B attentive C attentively D attentiveness

Question 35: In most social situations where some is allowed, a brief raise of

the hand and a small wave is fine A formal B informal C formality D informality

Question 36: “You have not done your work well”, said the teacher to me.

A The teacher told me I hadn’t done my work well.B The teacher told me I haven’t done my work well

C The teacher told me I hadn’t done your work well.D The teacher told me I hadn’t done his work well

Question 37: Peter said to them, “Don’t leave the room until I come back.”

A Peter told them not to leave the room until he came back

B Peter told them not to leave the room until he comes back

C Peter told them not to leave the room until they came back

D Peter told them not to leave the room until they come back

Question 38: Peter apologised _.A me for phoning not earlierB not to phone me early.

C for not phoning me early D not for phoning me early

Question 39: My father told us _.A not keeping the door locked

B keep the door locked C to keep the door locked D to keeping the door locked

Question 40: “I sent a letter to my brother.”, Jane said.

A Jane said that she has sent a letter to her brother.B Jane said that she had sent a letter to her brother

C Jane said that I have sent a letter to my brother D Jane said that I had sent a letter to my brother

Face-to-face conversation is a two-way process: you speak to me, I reply(41) _you and so on Two-way communication depends on having a coding systemthat is understood by both sender (42) _ receiver, and an agreed convention aboutsignaling the beginning and end of the message In speech, the coding system is the(43) like English or Spanish; the convention that one person speaks at a timemay seem too obvious to mention In fact, the (44) that people use inconversations and meeting are often non-verbal.(45) _, lowering the pitch ofvoice may mean the end of a sentence; a sharp intake of breath may signal the desire tointerrupt , catching the chairman’s eye may indicate the desire to speak in a formal setting like

a debate, a clenched fist may indicate anger When these auditory signals are not possible, moreformal signals may be needed

Question 42: A and B or C nor D also

signal

Question 44: A signs B signals C symptoms D symbols

D so

Question 46: John/ invite/ Jerry/ come/ birthday pretty

A John invited Jerry to come to his birthday party.B John invited Jerry to coming his birthday party

C John invited Jerry to his birthday party coming D John invited Jerry’s coming to his

birthday party

Question 47: lady/ say/ call/ police/man/ not leave/ house

A The lady said she would call the police not to leave the man’s house

B The lady said she will call the police if the man doesn’t leave her house

C The lady said she would call the police if the man didn’t leave her house

D The lady told that she would call the police if the man didn’t leave her house

Question 48: teacher/ know/ we/ finish/ assignment

A The teacher wanted to know we had finished the assignment

B The teacher wanted to know if had we finished the assignment

C The teacher wanted to know if we finished the assignment

D The teacher wanted to know if we had finished the assignment

Question 49: nobody/ see/ Peter/ since/ day/ party

A Nobody has seen Peter since the day of the party.B Nobody hasn’t seen Peter since the day

of the party

C Nobody saw Peter since the day of the party.D Nobody have seen Peter since the day of the party

Question 50: My friend/ suggest/ go out/ for a walk.

A My friend suggested to go out for a walk.B My friend suggested going out for a walk

C My friend suggested to going out for a walk.D My friend suggested go out for a walk

UNIT 4: SCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTERM

A PHẦN LÍ THUYẾT

I PRONUNCIATION: STRESS IN THREE SYLLABLE WORDS AND MORE THAN THREE -SYLLABLE WORDS

a Nếu một từ gồm ba âm tiết hoặc ba âm tiết trở lên, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ ba

tính từ âm tiết cuối

Ex: decorate difficult geography carefully

b Nếu một từ tận cùng là ic, tion, al, ial, ian, ious,ience,ia, … thì nhấn âm tiết phía trước nó.

Ex: economics geographic discussion musician education

c Nếu một từ tận cùng là ade, oon, eel, ese, ette, oo, esque,aire … thì nhấn âm tiết đó.

Chú ý: Trọng âm của một từ có thể không thay đổi hoặc thay đổi tùy theo từ gốc của nó và các

tiền tố, hậu tố thêm vào (thường là không đổi)

Ex: nation national decorate redecorate

II GRAMMAR* Quy taéc:

- Chuyển O trong câu chủ động về làm S trong câu bị động.

- Chia động từ to be trong câu bị động cùng thì với câu chủ động

- Chuyển động từ chính trong câu chủ động về dạng V3 / Ved trong câu bị động

- Chuyển (S) trong câu chủ động về làm (O) trong câu bị động , đặt sau giới từ “BY”

LƯU Ý:

- Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn đặt trước “BY + O”.

- Trạng từ chỉ thời gian sẽ đặt sau “BY + O”

- Nếu sau “BY” là đại từ tân ngữ (me, him, her, ) hoặc people, someone, ta có thể bỏ.

1 Thì hiện tại đơn: S + am/ is / are + V3 /Ved + by + O

2 Thì quá khứ đơn: S + was/ were + V3 /Ved + by + O

3 Thì tương lai đơn: S + will/ shall + be + V3 /Ved + by + O

4 Thì tương lai gần: S + am / is /are + going to be + V3 /Ved + by + O

5 Thì hiện tại hoàn thành: S + has / have + been + V3 /Ved + by +O

6 Thì quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had + been + V3 /Ved + by + O

7 Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn: S + am/is/ are + being + V3 /Ved + by + O

8 Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn: S + was / were + being + V3 /Ved + by + O

9 Nếu động từ trong câu chủ động dùng với các động từ như sau: can, may, must, have

to, used to, should thì câu bị động sẽ là: S + CAN , MAY , + BE + V3 /Ved + BY + O

10 THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG VỚI CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ TƯỜNG THUẬT:

Pattern 1:

Active: S1 + V1 + I.O + THAT / WH + S2 + V2

Passive: S (I.O) + BE + P.P (V1) + THAT/WH + S2 + V2

He told me that you had won the race – I was told by him that you had won the race

He asked me who broke the window – I was by him who broke the window

Pattern 2:

Active : S1 + V1 + THAT + S2 + V2

Passive: IT + BE + P.P (V1) + THAT + S2 + V2

He reported that I had won the race – It was reported by him that I had won the race

He proved that the project was necessary – It was proved by him that the project was necessary

Pattern 3:

Active: S1 + V1 + THAT + S2 + V2

Passive: S2 + BE + P.P (V1) + TO + Vo (nếu V2 chia thì hiện tại đơn và tlai đơn)

+ TO + HAVE + V3/ ED (nếu V2 chia thì QKĐ, )

He belived that I pass the exam – Iwas belived by him to pass the exam

He thins that I am the best pupil – I thought by him to be the best pupil

Pattern 4: câu bị động với thể sai bảo:

Active: S + HAVE + chỉ người + VO + O chỉ vật

S + GET + O chỉ người + TO + VO + O chỉ vật

Passive: S + HAVE/GET + O chỉ vật +VED/V3 + BY O chỉ người

A: I have the machanic repair my car

P:I have my car repaired by the machanic

A: I get the machanic to repair my car

P: I get my car repaired by the machnic

CÁC CẤU TRÚC THỤ ĐỘNG ĐẶC BIỆT:

1/ Câu mệnh lệnh:

Ex: Give the order – Let the order be given Do not insult the weak – Let not the weak be insulted

2/ Let (để cho):

Ex: They let her go – she was let go He let people cheat him – He let himself

be cheated

3/ Cấu trúc It + be + adj + to + Vo +

Ex: It is impossible to do this now – It is imposible for this to be done now

4/ Cấu trúc bị động với : It is said that , He is said

Khi cấu trúc chủ động dùng các động từ: acknowledge (thừa nhận), assume (cho rằng), believe, claim(thỉnh cầu, đòi), consider, estimate (đánh giá, ước lượng), feel, find, know, presume ( cho là, coi như là), report, say, think, undertand với cấu trúc:

People/They consider/think that + S + V ta có hai dạng bị động tương đương:

a/ It be + considered / thought + that + S + V (nhấn mạnh ý)

b/ S + be considered / thought + to – infinitive (nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ)

+ to have + VED/ V3

B PHẦN THỰC HÀNH

1 We don’t allow smoking in this restaurant.

2 About thirty million people are watching this program.

3 We invited two hundred people to the wedding.

4 His boss has transferred him to another department.

5 Somebody had already reported the accident before I phone.

6 They will finish the work next week.

7 The thief has stolen a valuable picture.

8 My little sister will make lunch.

9 A storm has destroyed the village.

10.They had fastened his whole body to the ground.

11.We send the newspapers to the Scotland by train.

12.You should open the window.

13.Jeremy has decorated the room.

14.Sheila is drinking a cup of tea.

15.I was repairing their bikes.

16.I can answer the question.

17.He could not read the sentence.

18.Someone will drive your car to Ha Noi on Monday.

19.The boy broke a vase of flowers yesterday.

20.They will build a big hospital tomorrow.

21.Somebody told me to wait outside.

22.Somebody has driven them to the airport.

23.They will complete the new high way from north to south next year.

24.My aunt made this sweater for her son.

25.My teacher asked me to be here at 10 am.

26.Thomas Edison invented the electric light bulb.

27.People should send their complaints to the main office.

28.A short circuit could cause the fire.

29.The government will rebuild the memorial monument.

30.The teacher won’t accept papers written in pencils.

31.The principal might interview her.

32.Has someone decorated my bedroom?

33.Nobody has invited her to the party.

34.They believed that he went abroad to study English.

35.People say that you send your application form to the university.

36.It is said that many people are homeless after the flood.

37.It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall.

38.It is believed that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.

39.It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.

40.It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.

41.People suppose that the film was very good.

42.People think that many people were killed in the accident.

43.People think that about a million puppies are born each year.

44.People say that the factories are much worse.

45.People say that those dogs are dangerous.

46.It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow.

47.It is said that he speaks English very well.

48.People think that he is very clever.

49.People believe that the wanted man is living in New York.

50.People know that he is very rich.

TEST UNIT 4

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to the underlined part that needs

correction.

Question 1: When, where and by whom has the automobile invented ?

Question 2: The students helped by the clear explanation that the teacher gave.

Question 3: The winner of the race hasn’t been announcing yet.

Question 4:The state school system is paying for by the state.

Question 5: This dictionary was being published in 1997.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to show indicate the word that has the stress pattern different from that of the others

Question 6: A September B general C division D dependent

Question 7: A usually B separate C tuition D educate

Question 8: A national B difficult C primary D affective

Question 9: A disruptive B similar C different D carefully

physical

Instructors at American colleges and universities use many different teaching methods.Some instructors give assignments everyday They grade homework Students in their classhave to take many quizzes, a midterm exam, and a final exam Other instructors give onlywriting assignments Some teachers always follow a course outline and usually use thetextbook Others send students to the library for assignments

The atmosphere in some classrooms is very formal Students call their instructors “ProfessorSmith”, “Mrs Jones”, and so on Some teachers wear business clothes and give lectures Otherclass rooms have an informal atmosphere Students call them by their first names Americanteachers are not alike in their teaching styles

At most American colleges and universities, facilities for learning and recreation areavailable for students Students can often use typewrites, taper recorders, video machines, andcomputers at libraries and learning centers They can buy books, notebooks, and other things at