Vai trò của chính sách phát triển văn hoá đối với vùng biên giới phía bắc

THU'C TIEN - KINH NGHIEM Vfll TRO CUfi CHINH S^CH PHfTT TRIEN V^N HO^ DOI Vdi VCING BIEN Q\<f\ PHIfi B^C TS NGUYEN VAN THANG* (^^heo quan niem ciia UNESCO, chinh ^^ sich phit trien van hda la "mdt tdng the cdc nguyen tdc hoqt ddng, cdc cdch lam thue tiin vd cdc phuong phdp qudn ly hdnh chinh hay ngdn sdeh dimg lam ca sd cho hoqt ddng vdn hda cua mdt nude"' Theo quan niem nay, cac ca quan nhi nude chilm vi tri trung tam, cd tinh chien luge trong co cau cua chinh sach phat trien van hda. Tuy nhien, chinh sich phat trien van hda la khi bien, tuy thudc rit nhieu vao nhin thirc cua gidi chinh trj va cic nha hoach djnh chinh sich vl vj tri, vai trd cua van hoa ddi vdi sy phat trien kinh te xa hdi, doi vdi nhu ciu sing tao vi hudng thy vin hda ciia con ngudi trong mdi giai doan ljch sir khic nhau vi nhiing the che chinh trj khic nhau. Chiing tdi xin dua ra mdt quan niem ve chinh sich phat trien vin hda nhu sau: Chinh sdeh phdt triin vdn hda la tap hap cdc chit truong, quyit sdeh, biin phdp do mdt chit the di ra, dua trin eac tiin di vi dinh hudng chinh tri, phdp ludt, diiu kien kinh ti - xd hdi nhdm dat duoc muc dich phdt trien nin vdn hda, thoa mdn nhu * Hpc vi?n CT - HC quoc gia Hd Chi Minh edu sdng tqo vd hucmg thu vdn hda cita nhdn ddn. 1. Chinh sich phit trien van hda la mdt trong nhiing ylu td then chdt phit huy vai trd dpng lyc vin hda trong phit triln bin viing ciia viing bien gidi phia Bic. Viing bien gidi phia Bic la noi sinh sdng cua ban 5 trieu ngudi, vdi nhilu dan tdc sinh sdng. Qua 25 nim thyc hien cdng cupc ddi mdi, tien hinh CNH, HDH, viing bien gidi phia Bac da dat dupe nhirng thinh tyu quan trpng ve nhieu mat, timg budc phit huy cic the manh, tao ra nhung viing chuyen canh ldn, lim ra ngay cing nhilu ndng sin, lam sin xuit khiu, md mang cdng nghiep, tieu thu cdng nghiep. Bd mat ndng thdn miln niii viing bien gidi phia Bac cd nhirng chuyen bien rd ret, mdt sd thinh phd, thj xa, thj tran dugc hinh thanh va mang tim vdc hien d^i Dat dugc thinh qua do, trudc bet phii khang djnh Ding da cd nhiing quyet sich diing din trong cdng cupc ddi mdi toin dien dat nude. Trong dd, chinh sich phit trien van hda cd vai trd dac biet quan trpng trong viec ning cao dan tri, chit lugng ngudn nhan lyc cua viing bien gidi phia Bac. TAP CHi LjCH SLf OANG - S6 2/2012 73 THUC TltN • KINH NGHIEM Do ddi sdng kinh tl ciia nhan din nhit la d viing sau, viing xa cdn gap rat nhieu khd khan (ti le hd ngheo binh quan tren 20%, nhilu noi tren 30%, ea biet cd noi gin 60%), nen tinh trang hgc sinh bd hgc cdn cao. Theo thdng ke chua diy dii, 5 nam qua cic tinh trong viing cd khoang 200.000 hgc sinh bd hpc. Tinh Cao Bing din bet nim 2010 cd 140/199 xa dat chuin phd cap tiiu hpc dung dp tudi. Den nam 2010, ci tinh Cao Bing cflng mdi chi cd 20 trudng (d tit ci cac cip hpc) dat chuan qudc gia. Cic tinh nhu Hi Giang, Lai Chau cung cd tinh trang tuong ty. Khdng the phat trien ben viing neu nhu tinh trang din tri thip khdng dugc cii thien mdt cich nhanh chdng trong thdi gian tdi. C) tim vT md. Ding va Nhi nude da cd nhilu chu truang, chinh sich uu tien cho phat trien van hda cua vung bien gidi phia Bic, dac biet li uu tien phit triln giio due - dio tao. Ddi vdi cic dja phuong, dai hdi Ding bd cic tinh: Lai Chau (lan thii XII, 2010), Cao Bing (lin thii XVII, 2010), Hi Giang (lin thii XV, 2010), Lang Son (lin thii XV, 2010) cflng diu die biet nhan manh chinh sich phit trien vin hda, nhit la chinh sich phit trien giio due dio tao. Trong Van kien dai hdi Ding bd cic tinh, phin "Phit triln vin hda xa hdi", nhiem vu "Nang cao chit lugng giio due dio tao'' bao gid cflng dugc dit len hing diu. Nhu vay, ddi vdi vung bien gidi phia Bic, phit triln giao due dio tao dugc xem li "chia khoa" md ra sy phat triln nhanh chdng vi ben vung. Chi cd day manh phit trien giio due - dao tao mdi cd the "xoi ddi" ve van hda cho ddng bao, ban che tinh trang tii mil chii, tinh trang bd hpc giiia chirng, phd cap giio due tieu hgc, trung hgc co sd diing do tudi, tien tdi phd cap giio due trung hpc phd thdng vao nam 2020. Phit trien giio dye - dio tao khdng chi vdi muc tieu nang cao dan tri, ma cdn gin vdi ning cao chat lugng ngudn nhin lyc phue vu sy nghiep CNH, HDH, hpi nhap quoc te. Theo Bao eio chinh tri tai Dai hpi Ding bd tinh Ha Giang lin thir XV (2010), ti le lao dpng qua dao tao cua tinh mdi ehi dat 30%; ty le nay d tinh Lang San dat khoang 32%. Vi vay, neu nhu giio due - dao tao khdng di trudc mdt budc, thim chi phii "di tit, ddn dau" thi chit lugng nguin nhan lyc eua cic tinh viing bien gidi phia Bic tiep tue bj tut hau so vdi chat lugng ngudn nhan lyc chung cua ci nude, kho vugt qua dugc lyc cin de phit trien. Thyc tl cho thiy tren 50%i cin bd tir thdn, ban trd len d cic dia phuong trong viing la ngudi dan tdc thieu sd, trinh dp hpc vin chi het bac THCS (ci biet cd cin bd chii ehot cip xa chi hpc hit bac tiiu hpc), trinh dp ly luan chinh trj vi chuyen mdn nghiep vy cdn nhilu ban chl. Do vay, trong cdng tie lanh dao, quan ly, nhieu dia phuong gip nhieu khd khan nhiing sai sdt chu yeu cflng phit sinh tir thuc tl nay. Khdng the chuyin djeh ca ciu kinh te trong GDP theo hudng tang nhanh ty trpng cdng nghiep va djeh 74 TAP CHi LjCH SLf OANG - S6 2/2012 THUC TIEN-KINH NGHIEM vu, giam ti trpng ndng nghiep khi ma chit lugng ngudn nhin lyc trong cac ITnh vyc niy khdng dap iing dugc yeu cau cua sy nghiep CNH, HDH, hdi nhap qudc tl. Cung vdi viec dat len hang dau vai trd ciia chinh sich phat trien giio dye dao tao, khdng the khdng de cap den vai trd cua chinh sach phat trien khoa hpc, cdng nghe ddi vdi viing. Dan tri thap la mdt trong nhung lyc can eua viec ip dung cic tiln bp cua khoa hpc, cdng nghe vio sin xuit va ddi sdng. Nhin chung, tilm lyc khoa hpc. cdng nghe cua tit ci cic dja phuong trong viing cdn qui mdng, khdng cin ddi giiia khoa hpc tu nhien va khoa hpc xa hdi - nhan van. Trong bdi cinh md rpng giao luu qudc te, giai bai toin nan giii nay ddi vdi vung bien gidi phia Bic khdng the chu quan, ndng vdi va lam qua loa hinh thiic, chay theo phong trio ma phai hudng vao thyc chit, cd tinh den cic yeu td chu quan va khach quan. Tiem ning phat triln kinh te (ke ca sin xuit va djeh vu) cua vung la rit ldn, nhung tinh trang sin xuit khep kin, ty cung ty cap van kha phd bien, trong bdi canh hing hda vd cimg phong phii, gia ci phii chang, tham chi li khi re tir ben kia bien gidi trin vio ci bang dudng chinh ngach vi tieu ngach, nlu khdng day nhanh ip dung tiln bp khoa hpc. cdng nghe vao sin xuat va dich vu, thi tilm ning phit trien cua vung vin chi dimg d tilm ning. Vi vay, phai xem phit triln khoa hoc, cdng nghe cung vdi giio due \a dao tao li nhirng khau dot phi dl tao ra ddng lyc phit trien ciia viing trong bdi cinh md rdng giao luu qudc te. Tuy nhien, chinh sich phit trien giio due va dio tao, khoa hpc, cdng nghe phai gan bd chat che vi ddng bd vdi cic chinh sich khic, nhit li cic chinh sich vl an sinh xa hdi nhu y te, lao ddng vi viec lim, dan sd, ke hoach hda gia dinh v.v thi mdi bao dam cho sy phit trien ben vung cua vung bien gidi phia Bic ci trudc mat vi lau dai. 2. Chinh sich phit trien vifi hda li co sd dim bao nguyen tie va hieu qui cho nhiem vy bio tdn, phit buy bin sic van hda cua viing bien gidi phia Bic trong bdi cinh md rdng giao luu qudc te. So sinh vdi cic vung khic cua ci nude nhu Tay Nguyen, duyen hai mien Trung, Ddng Nam Bd, Tay Nam Bd virng bien gidi phia Bic ed rat nhieu lgi the. Vung bien gidi phia Bac vira cd cic dja phuong nim trong viing vin hda Tiy Bic, vira cd dja phuong nam trong viing van hda Ddng Bac. Sy giao thoa van hda nay cung vdi sy da dang van hda cua cic tdc ngudi tao nen ban sac vin hda dan tdc, vira cd nhiing net rieng dde dio, dac sic, khdng dl gi trdn lin vdi van hda eiia cic viing khic trong ca nude. Nhu viy, bio tdn phit huy bin sac van hda vung bien gidi phia Bac cung cd nghTa la bio tdn, phit huy ban sac vin hda din tde da va dang hien dien trong vung. Trong bdi canh md rdng giao luu qudc tl, ip lyc ddi vdi viec bao tdn, phit huy ban sac van hda dan tdc la khdng he nhd. Neu khdng cd nhiing chinh sich phit trien van TAP CHi LICH SU OANG - S6 2/2012 75 THUC TitN - KINH NGHIEM hda mdt cich kip thdi, khoa hpc, ddng bd thi trudc nhiing tic ddng du: dpi cua mat trai nin kinh tl thj trudng cung sy giao luu ty phit, thilu tinh djnh hudng se din den tinh trang bin sic van hda din tdc bj mai mdt, pha tap mdt cich tuy tien. Chinh sich phit triln van hda diing din se giiip mdi dja phucmg va toan viing nhin dien dugc thyc trang sy phit trien, biln ddi, cai manh, cii yeu, cii rieng, cii chung ciia ddi sdng vin hda, cii cdn, cii mit, cai nguy CO mit Tir dd, cic nha hoach djnh chinh sich phit trien van hda, cap uy dang, chinh quyen lay lam ca sd de xie djnh muc tieu, phuong hudng, giai phap cho viec bio tdn, phit buy bin sic van hda dan tdc. Vai trd "bi dd" cua chinh sich phit trien van hda ddi vdi viec bio tdn bin sac van hda virng the hien tren rat nhieu binh dien, rat nhieu viec lim cu the. Chinh sich phat trien vin hda vdi cic muc tieu chung se giiip cic dja phuong trong vung xie djnh mye tieu, ddi tugng cu the cin bio tdn nhirng gi, nhung gi can tip trung bao tdn khan cap trudc nguy cd mai mdt, nhiing gi can bio tdn trong tuong lai vdi mdt chien luge lau dii vi budc di thich hgp. Chinh sich phit trien vin hda gidng nhu nhiing nguyen tac tao ra hanh lang phip ly cua viee bio tdn ban sic van hda virng bien gidi phia Bac. Dieu dd ciing cd nghTa la khdng thi bao tdn mdt cich tuy tien. chu quan, thilu co sd khoa hpc va tinh chat phip ly, bio tdn bin sic vin hda vung phai dya tren nhung dac diem \ e dja Iy. ljch sii, phong tuc, tip quan. cic dieu kien vl chinh trj, kinh te. van hda hien nay cua toan virng va cua mdi dja phuong. Trong bdi canh vimg bien gidi phia Bac cd nhieu diem nhay cim ve din tdc, ton giio, ve di dan tu do, ve sy phin cyc giau - ngheo, ve tdi pham va te nan xa hdi xuyen bien gidi thi chinh sich phit trien vin hoa vung trd thanh mpt thii cim nang de soi chieu, tir dd ma de ra Id trinh hgp ly nhit de bio tdn ban sic van hda din tdc. Chinh sach phat trien van hda ciing giu: vai trd "bi dd" cho viec phit huy bin sac vin hda dan tdc cua viing bien gidi phia 'Bac. Vai trd nay the hien d chd chinh sich phit trien van hda se djnh hudng cho viec phit huy nhiing gi, nhim muc dich gi trong truyen thdng vin hda cua toan viing, ciia cic dja phuong, cua cic din tdc ngudi. Phit huy d day phii tren co sd nguyen tic dat lgi ich cua qudc gia cua cdng ddng len tren het, hai hoi giiia lgi ich cua quoc gia vdi lgi ich ciia cac tdc ngudi, cic dja phuong, khdng mau thuan giiia qua khii vdi hien tai va tuong lai, khdng khep kin trong viing, mi md cira vdi qudc gia vi tiep thu tinh hoa van hda thi gidi. Chinh sich phit trien van hda se dinh hudng de tranh viec phat huy mdt cich x6 bd nhiing gia trj van hda khdng cdn phii hgp vdi hien tai, hoac phu hgp vdi tpc ngudi nay ma khdng phu hgp vdi tdc ngudi khac, phii hgp vdi dia phuong nay ma khdng phu hgp vdi dja phuong khac. Chinh sich phit trien van hda se giup cho cic nha lanh dao, quan ly tim ra dugc cic giii phap 76 TAP CHi UCH SUOANG - S6 2/2012 THUC TIEN-KINH NGHIEM khi thi ddi vdi timg vin dl cu the cin phat huy, khdng ngd nhan, cao bing. Ban sac van hda dan tdc tdn tai trong cic gii tri van hda vit thi vi phi vat the, cd mat trong mdi di tich ljch sir - van hda, moi sinh hoat cdng ddng, gan vdi mdi bin ling De phat huy bin sic van hda dan tdc, chinh sach phit trien van hda se la ca sd de xiy dyng cic de an khdi phue tinh hoa vdn cd, tu bd, tdn tao cic di tich vin hda vit thi, xay dyng cic chuang trinh, muc tieu, quy hoach vao dao tao ngudn nhan lyc cho cic dja phuong trong vung. 3. Chinh sich phit trien vin hda viihg bien gidi phia Bac se lam cho cic dja phuong trong viing chuyen dpng nhanh vi manh me hon ve mpi mat, mpi ITnh vyc, tir kinh te den vin hda - xa hdi, hudng den sy phit trien ben viing. Trong qua trinh hgp tic, mudn binh ding vi khdng ty dinh mat minh thi cac dja phuong cua Viet Nam deu phii ty vugt len, vuon len, manh bon, ngang tam vdi ddi tic. Chinh sich phit trien vin hda timg budc nang cao chat lupng ngudn nhan lye cua cae dia phuong trong viing, trudc het li nhan lyc dip ung yeu ciu ciia cic cdng ty lien doanh hoac cdng ty 100%) vdn nude ngoai. Trong qui trinh hgp tie kinh tl, can khic phye tinh trang mdt thdi phia Viet Nam gdp vdn chi bing dit dai dl xay dyng co sd ha ting, ma dilu quan trpng bon la phia Viet Nam "gdp von" bing dugc nhiing nhi quin ly gidi. nhirng ngudi thg lanh nghe, lam chu cac phuong tien sin xuit tien tiln, hien dai. cd khi nang lim chu khoa hpc, cdng nghe de khang djnh dugc "thuong hieu" ngudn nhan lyc trong nude. Vi the, ning cao dan tri ludn ludn la khau dot phi ci trong thdi gian trudc mit va liu dai. Chinh sach phit trien van hda gdp phin nang cao bin ITnh, y chi, dao diic, ldi sdng, nghe nghiep va tie phong cdng nghiep cho ngudn nhan lyc, cich thiic ung xir vira theo thdng le, luat phip qudc te, vira vin giii dugc nhung net thdng minh, tinh te trong vin hda iing xir cua ngudi Viet Nam trong qui trinh hgp tic kinh te. Trong qui trinh hgp tic kinh te, yeu td "van hda" khdng nhung khdng the xem nhe, mi cdn phii di dau de ting them tinh hap dan ddi vdi cic nhi diu tu, lam eho yeu td vin hda trd thanh ndi lyc ben trong cua sin xuit, cua qui trinh hgp tic kinh tl. Chi cd nhu vay Viet Nam mdi ban chl dugc nii ro, khdng bi thua thiet trong qui trinh "lam in" vdi ddi tic. Chinh sdeh phdt trien vdn hda lam edu ndi thdn thien, hieu nghi trong qud trinh triin khai su hap tdc vdi cdc nude trong khu vuc. Chinh sich phat trien van hda cho phep cic ben tim ra vi phit huy y nghTa, tic dyng cua nhiing diem tuong ddng ve dan tdc, tdn giio, phong tue, tip quin, nhiing nhu ciu van hda trong sin xuat, sinh boat va ddi sdng , tir dd tao ra sy tin cay lan nhau trong qua trinh hgp tic phat trien kinh te vi cic ITnh vyc khic. Chinh sich phit trien van hda edn tao ra siic de khing ddi vdi nhirng thu phi van hda. phan van hda cd the tran vao npi dja bing yyVP CHi UCH SLf OANG • SO 2/2012 77 THUC TllN - KINH NGHIEM nhilu con dudng khic nhau. Tren thyc te khdng phii mpi sy hgp tic deu dua den lgi ich va hieu qua nhu mong mudn. Trong hgp tic vin cd sy canh tranh, van cd chuyen ddi tic ddi khi gay khd de bang nhieu cich khac nhau, trong dd cd viee hoac do vd tinh, hoac do cd y "tudn" cho ben kia nhirng san pham phi vin hda, phin vin hda. Trong qui trinh hgp tie phat trien, chinh sich phit trien vin hda vira gdp phan tao ra "ciu", vira gdp phin tao ra "cung" cho cic ben hgp tic. Ve phuong dien nay, chinh sich phit trien van hda dieu chinh va kich thich nhu cau tieu dung van hda, hudng cic nha diu tu phit trien sin xuat vi td chiie he thdng djeh vu chat lupng ngay cing cao hon, phit trien cdng nghiep khdng khdi, cdng nghe xanh, cdng nghe sach, bio ve mdi trudng sinh thii vi mdi trudng van hda. Chinh sich phit trien van hda lim cho "chinh sich kinh te trong van hda" vi "chinh sich van hda trong kinh te" dugc ket hgp vdi nhau hai boi bon, tao nen sy dn djnh eua qui trinh hgp tic va phit trien. 1. Nguyen Van Kieu, Tran TiSn; Tong thudt chinh sdch van hda cita mot so nude tren thi gidi Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin, H, 1993, tr. 12 KET HOP PHONG TRAO THI DUA VOl TINH TH.\N YEU NU6C (Tiep theo trang 29) Thir ba, ddi ngu cin bd, ding vien, nhit li cin bd chii chdt cic td chirc Dang, co quan va chinh quyen cic cip cin ludn ludn quan tam, chi dao chat che phong trao thi dua trong don vj minh. dong thdi phii thyc sy neu guong di diu trong phong trao thi dua. Thic tu, cd CO chl, chinh sich khen thudng, tuyen duong kjp thdi va xung dang cho nhiing tap the, ci nhin cd thinh tich xuat sac trong cic phong trao thi dua, ding thdi chdng cac thii dp thi dua mdt each hinh thiie, dT boa vi quy hoac ken cya, hep hdi. Qua dd tuyen truyin, nhan rdng cic guong dien hinh ngudi tdt viec tdt. Diing tich cyc de day liii tieu cyc, nhin manh "xay" de tang cudng "chdng" Trong tinh binh hien nay, phong trio thi dua yeu nude vdi sy lanh dao cua Ding, Nha nude, sy tham gia sdi ndi, lien tuc vi ty giic ciia mgi ngudi dan, van la mdt ngudn lyc vd ciing can thiet gdp phan tbiic diy sy nghiep xay dyng dit nude ngiy cing giau manh,vin minh. Bdi le, nhu Hd Chi Minh da chi rd: "Mudn lam cho mpi cdng tic tien len nu:a, cin day manh phong trio thi dua yeu nude, va phai lam sao cho phong trio thi dua Iiic nio cung sdi ndi lien tuc, thinh boat ddng ty giac ciia mpi ngudi"'" 1. Lan thii nhat tir thang 6-1923 den thang 10- 1924, lin thir hai tir thang 6 den thang II-1927, lin thir ba tir thang 6-1934 den thang 10-1938 2. 4, 8, 9. Hd Chi Minh Todn tap, Nxb CTQG, H, 2000, T. 5 tr. 66, 444, 524, 445 3. Xem Hd Chi Minh Todn /dp T. 5, tr. 101 -104 5, 6, 7. Sdd, T. 6, tr. 473, 474, 524 \Q. Sdd.T. 10, tr. 160. 78 TAP CHi UCH SLf OANG - S6 2/2012 . HDH, hdi nhap qudc tl. Cung vdi viec dat len hang dau vai trd ciia chinh sich phat trien giio dye dao tao, khdng the khdng de cap den vai trd cua chinh sach phat trien khoa hpc, cdng nghe. Chinh sach phat trien van hda ciing giu: vai trd "bi dd" cho viec phit huy bin sac vin hda dan tdc cua viing bien gidi phia 'Bac. Vai trd nay the hien d chd chinh sich phit. din trong cdng cupc ddi mdi toin dien dat nude. Trong dd, chinh sich phit trien van hda cd vai trd dac biet quan trpng trong viec ning cao dan tri, chit lugng ngudn nhan lyc cua viing bien