Kim loại tiền Nhật Bản và chuyển biến kinh tế - xã hội Đàng ngoài thế kỷ XVII

x^ ^' KIM LOAI TIEN NHAT BAN VA CHUYEN BIEN KINH TE XA HOI DANG NGOAI THE KY XVII (Tiep theo vd het) . HOANG ANH TUAN* I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 3. Tac dong cua kim loai tien Nhat Ban den kinh te - xa hoi Dang Ngoai a. Tdc ddng de'n tigid bgc/tien dong NhQ da trinh bay cl cac phin trUdc, cac trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam tQ the ky XIII de'n the ky XVIII tim each giam tai sy thieu hut tien iQu hanh trong nQde bang each dung bae va vang de trao dd'i tien ddng Trung Quo'c. Cudi thap nien 1680, mdt nhd du hanh va thUdng nhan chau Au md ta boat ddng nay nhu sau: Mdt can trd khdc vdi boat dpng mau dich Id hp [trieu dinh Le-Trinh] cho phep mdt lUdng ldn bae do thudng nhan nude ngodi dem vdo vUdng qud'e (thudng khoang mpt trieu dd la mdi ndm) dUde xud't sang Bowes vd Trung Qude nhim dd'i Id'y tien ddng - vd'n len hay xud'ng tuy theo viec Chova [Chua] chi phdi theo ldi ich eiia Ong ta. Ngoai ra, be mat cac ddng tien ndy se bi bdo mdn trong mdt vdi ndm nen md't gia tri luu hanh, gay thiet hai Idn cho thUdng nhan vd tao dinh kien trong cdng ludn. Va the la bae chay ra ngodi ma khdng de thu ddi lUdng thUc - day qua Id mdt chinh sdch te hai (43). Mdt lUdng Idn kim loai Dang Ngodi dung trao ddi tien ddng Trung Qudc Id bae n6n Nhdt Ban, b ca'p dp tha'p hdn Id loai bae nen dUdc due tQ ddng bae rials Tay Ban Nha, eae loai ddng bae Ha Lan va rupees An Dp. Theo each phan loai cua thUdng nhan phUdng Tay, ve ed ban cd 4 loai bae chinh dUdc lUu hanh tren thi trUdng Dang Ngodi. Loai td't nhd't dUde gpi Id lysee 100% bae nguyen chd't; ba loai cdn lai Id ddng bae rials Tdy Ban Nha (94%), rixdollars (85%) vd bae nen Nhdt Ban schuytzilver (82%) (44). Cdc boat dpng mau dich quy md ldn cd the dung bae n6n de thanh todn trong khi budn bdn le vd tieu pha hdng ngdy can tien ddng. Bdi bae Nhdt chiem ti trpng ldn trong tdng sd' vdn dau tU ciia ngUdi Hd Lan va ngUdi Hoa, nd dUde cei Id loai bae "chuin" trong giao dich. Vi the, eho den trUde ndm 1668, loai "bae" thUdng nhdn ngoai qudc de cap den trong "ti gid hdi doai bac/tien ddng" nhieu kha nang la bae Nhdt Ban (45). Sy thieu byt cdc ngudn tU lieu ngan trd viec phuc dyng todn canh bQc tranh nhdp khau bae cua thQdng nhan ngoai qud'e vdo Ddng Ngodi. Tuy nhien, kho tQ lieu VOC eho chung ta mdt cdi nhin bao qudt ve kim ' TS. Khoa Lich sQ - TrQdng Dai hpc KHXH&NV- DHQGHN 54 Rghien cuu Lich siir. so 1.2010 ngach nhdp khau loai kim loai quy ndy tQ nam 1637 den nam 1668 - nam Mac Phii DQc Xuyen nghiem ed'm xuat khiu bae Nhat (46). Trong khoang thdi gian ndi tren, Qdc tinh khoang 2.527.000 lang ehu yeu la bae Nhdt (tQdng dQdng 7.000.000.000 guilders Hd Lan) da dQdc VOC dQa vdo Ddng Ngoai. Sau khi md't ngudn bae Nhdt Ban tQ nam 1668, VOC thu mua eae loai ddng bae khde nhau nhu provintiendaalder, kruisdaalder, Mexican rials va Surat rupees. TQ thdi diem nay, so' iQdng bae nhdp khau vdo Ddng Ngodi ciia VOC cung sut giam dan do ldi nhuan thu dQdc tQ nen mdu dich vdi vQdng qud'e hp Trinh ngdy cdng kem di trong nifa cudl the kyXVn(47). Mac du khdng ed ghi chep day dii ve sd' iQdng bae do cdc thQdng nhan ngdai qud'e khde nhdp khau vdo Ddng Ngodi the ky XVII, nhQng thdng tin trich iQde dQdc tQ kho tQ lieu VOC gdi y ring, ve dai the, sd iQdng bae (cung chii yeu la bae Nhdt Ban vd mdt sd' bae tQ My Latin qua kenh trao ddi Manila) md Hoa thQdng mang vao Dang Ngodi khdng k6m qua xa sd'lUdng bae ngUdi Hd Lan dUa den. Ben canh dd, cho de'n nifa dau thdp nien 1630 mdt sd' lUdng dang ke bae Nhdt da chay vdo Dang Ngodi theo thuyen budn eiia Hoa - Nhat thUdng vd ngudi Bd Ddo Nha. Bd qua cac so' lieu cdn thieu byt tren va ehi tinh den kim ngach khdp khau eiia ngUdi Ha Lan cung dii de eho tha'y tam quan trpng ciia ngudn bae tren ddi vdi he thd'ng tien te, vd rdng hdn la nen kinh te hang hda tren dd md rdng ciia Ddng Ngodi. Kim ngach nhdp khau bae hdng nam anh hudng ra't manh den ti gid quy ddi bae/tien ddng cung nhu gia ca mua bdn b Dang Ngodi. Mdt thudng nhan Anh tai Ke Chd nam 1696 da md ta rd't sinh ddng hien Bieu do 1: Nhap khau bae va tien zeni Nhat cua VOC va sU dao dong ti gia bac/tien ddng tai Dang Ngoai, 1637-1697 nrr i i r'l i i i ii i i i i i TI III I I I I I I I I T I I III I I I I'I r I I I I I I I I I I I •Ti j^ia hacltien ddn^ 'Bae nhap khdu •Zeni nhdp khdu NguSn: Bdng 1 \l 2; thfing tin trfch luge tiJ Overgekomen Brieven en Papieren, G/12/I7-1 de'n G/I2/171010 \hDagh-regi.ster Baiavii 1624-1682. Chii thich: TI j 1 gidbac/iien d6ng: d6ng ti^n/l lang bae; Bae nhap kh^u; x 100 lang; Ze/i/nhflp khdu: x 1.000 d6ng. ^ Kim loai tien Rljat B^n va chuyen bien 55 tUdng ndy: •''' ''••! i*.i : .'•. i,. , . : Gia tien ddng [cassies] ra't cao, mdt nen HO lang] bae ddi dUde 24.000-25.000 ddng. Ddi khi tieng dn cua mdt con tdu den [Ddng Ngodi] vdi sd lUdng ldn bae vd'n lam [cho gid tri cua bae] tut den 30-40 phdn tram, ldm tang gid ca hdng hda. Viec nay kinh mong cdc Ngdi [Ban Gidm dd'e Cdng ty Ddng An Anh tai Luan Ddn] xem xet vd, nhu da de trinh trQdc day, Cdng ty cua chung ta se ldi biet bao neu cd [ ] ngudn vd'n dy trQ cho budn bdn, bdi tien [ddng] d day khdng phai luc ndo cung cd the thu mua/ddi dQdc vdi ti gid phai chdng (48). Vdi ba nhdn to' dinh iQdng la bae nhdp khdu, zeni nhap khau vd ti gid bac/tien ddng, bieu dd 1 dUde xdy dyng nhim the hien cdc xu the dao ddng trong vd'n de ti gid hdi dodi qua ede thdi ky khde nhau. Cdn cQ theo bieu dd 1, khi VOC thiet lap quan he chinh thQc vdi Ddng Ngodi nam 1637, mdt lang bae tri gid khoang 2.000 ddng. Vdo cudi thap nien 1640, ti gid bac/tien ddng bit diu suy thoai, dQng d ngQdng 1/1.500 vdo dau thdp nien 1650, gin nhQ rdi ty do xud'ng cdn 1/800 vao thdng 4 ndm 1654, va cd nguy cd xud'ng thd'p den 1/700-500 trong nhQng thang tiep theo. Tinh trang am dam cua ti gid hdi dodi edn k6o dai den diu thap nien 1660, trQdc khi ngQdi Ha Lan va Hoa thQdng bdt dau thay ddi thanh phin kim loai nhdp khdu vdo Dang Ngoai. NhQ dQdc the hien sinh ddng trong bieu dd 1, ti gid bac/tien ddng suy thodi vao thdi diem san iQdng bae nhdp khdu vdo Ddng Ngodi dQng d mQc cao. Vd'n de dat ra la hai xu hQdng trai chieu nay cd quan he tUdng hd tdi mQc ndo? Chieu hQdng thay ddi eiia hai nhan to'bae vd ti gid hdi dodi trong bieu dd 1 gdi y ring sd' iQdng bae VOC nhdp khau vdo Ddng Ngoai den trQdc thap nien 1650 da tdc dpng rd't ldn den sy ma't gia cua bae, ddn den sy sut giam cua ti gid hdi dodi bac/tien ddng. Trong nam 1653, nhdn vien Hd Lan tai Thang Long nhan thd'y mpt xu the rat phd bien: ti gid bdi dodi thudng suy giam trim trpng vdo thdi diem tdu budn ngoai qud'e den Dang Ngodi. Vi the, nhan vien thQdng diem VOC tai Ke Chd lap ke hoach ddi bae trQdc hoac sau mua mau dich de giam bdt sy thua thiet. Day la mdt ke hoach thieu tinh kha thi bdi thUdng diem se rat thu dpng trong budn ban (49). Nam 1660, Resimon - thUdng nhan ngudi Nhdt - len tieng dd ldi viec ti gid hdi dodi xud'ng thd'p cho ngQdi Hd Lan, ket tdi viec VOC nhap khau qua nhieu bae vdo Dang Ngodi da ddn den tinh trang suy thodi vd rdi ty do cua ti gid bac/tien ddng (50). Vd'n de ndy phu thupc vdo gdc nhin cua mdi cd nhan. Sy khan hiem tien ddng tai Dang Ngodi thdp nien 1650 tac ddng rat ldn den sQ suy thodi ti gid hdi dodi, trong khi khdi iQdng ldn bae Nhdt Ban, chu yeu do thQdng nhdn Hd Lan vd Trung Qud'e dQa vao, da gdp phin ldm cho van de them trim trpng. Vi vay, ed the ndi ldi bude tdi cua Resimon danh eho ngUdi Ha Lan khdng phai Id khdng cd can cQ, mac du khdng hodn todn chinh xdc. Bieu dd-1 cung ddng thdi phan anh mdt hien tQdng thu vi khdc: trdi vdi xu the ti le ngbich giQa san iQdng bae nhdp khdu vd ti gia hdi doai, viec nhap khau tien zeni Nhat ti le thuan vdi - tham chi cdn kich thich - chieu hQdng hdi phuc cua ti gid hdi dodi bac/tien ddng. Sau khi thii nghiem tieu thu thanh cdng tien zeni nam 1661, ngQdi Ha Lan thQdng xuyen nhap khau tien zeni vdo Ddng Ngoai den tan nQa cudl thdp nien 1670. Khdng nghi ngd gi nQa, viec VOC (cung nhQ Hoa thQdng) gidi thieu thdnh cdng vd nhdp khau deu dan tien zeni trong hai thap nien 1660 vd 1670 da giup Ddng 56 Rghien curu Lich siir. sg 1.2010 Ngodi khic phue edn ban tinh trang khan hiem trim trpng tien ddng, ddng thdi binh dn ti gia hdi doai vd'n da vd dang dao ddng manh tQ diu thdp nien 1650. Bieu dd 1 cho thd'y mdt thyc te rd rang: cung vdi sy tang trudng ve sd' ludng zeni nhdp khau, ti gid hdi doai bac/tien ddng tai Ddng Ngodi ddng thdi hdi phuc. Vao nam 1672, ti gid hdi doai ve cd ban da tang den 1/1.200; dat ngUdng 1/1.450 vdo ndm 1676. Vdo diu thdp nien 1680, ti gid hdi dodi bac/tien ddng da cd ban trd ve ngudng cua thdp nien 1630, dQng b miic trung binh 1/2.200 (51). Nhd ngudn cung ed'p tien zeni ddi ddo, khdng chi sy khan hiem tram trpng tien ddng - vd'n da anh hQdng nghiem trpng nen kinh te Dang Ngodi trong sud't thdp nien 1650 - dUde giai quyet triet de, md ti gid bae hdi doai bac/tien ddng cung hdi sinh manh me trong cdc thdp nien cudl ciia the ky XVII. b. Tdc ddng de'n gid cd Khao sdt xu the chung eiia gid ea b Viet Nam the ky XVII va XVIII, nhd nghien cQu Nguyen Thdnh Nha da nhan xet rd't xac dang ring trong khi mat bing gid ca cd xu hudng dn dinh trong mdt thdi ky ddi, gid ca mdt so' san phim eu the ed xu the tdng giam trong nhQng thdi diem nhd't dinh (52). Ket ludn nay nhin chung phu hdp vdi nhQng thdng tin dQdc phan dnh trong nhdt ky budn bdn ciia thQdng diem Hd Lan (vd Anh) tai Dang Ngddi. Theo cac ngudn tQ lieu phUdng Tdy, sd ludng bae nhdp kha'u vdo Ddng Ngoai tdc dpng manh den ti gid hdi doai bac/tien ddng vd, nhu mdt he qua, dan den sy tang bode giam gid nhe ciia mpt sd mat hdng dia phudng vao nhQng thdi diem cu the. Tuy nhien, sd lUdng kim loai tien te do ngUdi nudc ngodi nhap khau vdo Ddng Ngoai ve cd ban khdng tdc ddng den chieu hQdng gid ca trong sud't the ky XVII. Vd bdi gao la san pham mang tinh ban le. gia ca cua cdc san pham khde cd chieu hQdng dao ddng xung quanh vipc tang hoac giam ciia gia gao. Ndi tdm lai, gia mua vd bdn cdc san pham phu thupc chat che vao sy hpi thu cua mua vu ndng nghiep, bao gdm ca thu hoach (Jau tim - vdn rd't can cho ngdnh thu cdng nghiep td vd lua. Gid ca thQdng tdng trong nhQng nam md't mua ddn de'n khan hiem hdng hda va lUdng thyc, nhung sdm trd lai trang thai binh dn khi mua vu sau dUdc mua. Gia ca cung bi anh budng nghiem trpng khi tien ddng khan hiem d Dang Ngoai. Cd hai nhdm gia ca chinh thu hut sy quan tam dac biet cua ngUdi Hd Lan cung nhu cdc thUdng nhan ngoai qudc khdc budn ban tai Dang Ngodi. Nhdm thQ nhd't - ddng thdi Id nhdm dUdc quan tdm nhd't - bao gdm ede thUdng pham dia phUdng ddnh cho xud't khau, dac biet la cdc san pham td lua. TQ nam 1637 de'n trUde khi Dang Ngodi gdnh chiu cuoc khiing hoang thieu tien ddng tram trpng dau thdp nien 1650, gia mua td sd'ng tai Ddng Ngodi dao dpng trong khoang 3,5 guilders/catty. Gia td tang manh trong hai thap nien 1650 va 1660, dQng d mQc trung binh 5 guilders/catty, trQdc khi trd ve mQc gid cua nhQng nam 1630 vd 1640 trong cdc thdp nien tiep theo (53). Td lua ra't re tai mien blc Viet Nam trong thap nien 1680 khi thi trQdng Nhdt Ban khdng edn man md vdi san pham Ddng Ngodi nQa. Vao nam 1687, gia td thu mua tai Dang Ngoai tham chi da rdt xudng tham hai, dQng cl mQc trung binh 2 guilders/catty cl thi trQdng ty do (54). Gia ca ciia cac mat hang xua't khau khac ciing dao ddng tQdng ty nhu gia td. Nhdm hang hda thQ hai chii yeu bao gdm nhu yeu phim hang ngdy. TQdng ty nhQ, bode tham chi cdn phy thupc chat che hdn, cac thQdng pham xud't khau, gid ca cac Kim loai tien Rl^al B&n va chuyen biefn 57 Bang 3: Gia mot so san pham tor lua xua't khau tai Dang Ngoai nam 1642 Td sd'ng Sittouw (taddu?) Que Sumongij Baa Hockiens (hoang quy in?) Pelings (linh ?) Zenuwasche [?] hockiens Nhung Chio 152.380 3.400 11.000 2.810 3.200 1.200 3.600 1.400 7.000 1.400 dong/picul - - ddng/ta'm - •~ -• • ,« • / • I'. 5i: ' _ ^ :M^ fi;. • - . ^ .,• • - - Nsnidn: Tfnh to^n lil VOC 1146, Governor Paulus Traudenius 10 Antonio van BrouckhorsI, Dec. 1642, fos. 708-711. Chii thich: 1 lang bae = 2 guilders 17 stuivers = khodng 2.000 dSng ti^n (500 dfing = 1 quan). loai thyc pham phy thupc rd't Idn vao tinh hinh mua vy thu hoach hang ndm. NhQng so lieu chit Ipc dQdc cho thd'y - ne'u khdng ke den nhQng thdi diem khd khdn do thien tai, md't mua vd chien tranh - gid ea eiia cdc loai iQdng thyc va thyc pham hau nhQ khdng thay ddi trong sud't the ky XVII. Vao diu thdp nien 1640, mot can gao cd gid xd'p xi 20 ddng trong khi mpt eon gd thit ed gid khoang 110 ddng. Den thdp nien 1670, gid tien mpt con gd thit vdo khoang 80 ddng (55). Theo phan dnh trong nhdt ky thQdng diem Ha Lan vd Anh, nhan vien ciia eae thQdng diem chau Au an ud'ng vd chi tieu khd xa hoa trong thdi gian iQu tni tai Dang Ngodi. Chi phi sinh hoat hdng ngdy rd't cao so vdi mQc song trung binh cua cQ dan Dang Ngodi cung thdi diem. Vao nam 1642, mdi ngay mpt nhan vien thQdng diem Ha Lan tai Ke Chd tieu trung binh 129 ddng; cac loai thyc phim thQdng dQdc mua la gd, ngdng, ca, gao, rau, trQng, eua, tdm, qua Ba mQdi nam sau, khau phin an hdng ngdy cua moi nhan vien thQdng diem Anh Id 223 ddng (56). •• LQdng ehi tieu tren Id qua cao so vdi mQc sd'ng cua dai da sd thQdng dan Ddng Ngodi, ndi mpt ngUdi thd mpc bode thd det dia phUdng khd ed the Idm ra 40 ddng mdi ngdy (57). Trong thap nien 1690, mdi chiee bat an edm cua Ddng Ngodi md ngUdi Anh thu mua de dUa sang An Dp ed gid trung binh 3,7 ddng. NhU vay, mpt ngudi thd gd'm can phai ban khoang 30 san phim bat an edm de cd dii tien mua mdt con gd, hoac it nha't 5 chiee de mua mpt can gao (58). Nhin chung, trong khi boat ddng mau dich xua't nhap khiu ciia thUdng nhan ngoai qud'e ed the dd tdc ddng de'n tinh hinh gia ea eiia eae thUdng phim xud't khiu, viec lUu tni va sinh boat hdng ngdy cua hp dUdng nhu khdng anh huSng den xu the gid ea eae loai lUdng thyc thyc pham. Mdt trong nhQng ly do ed ban Id sd iQdng thQdng nhan ngoai qudc IQU tru tai Ddng Ngodi tQdng ddi nhd nen khd cd the tac dpng den gia ca sinh boat vd dich vu tren pham vi ldn. c. Tdc ddng den nhdn liic Trong nghien cQu cua minh ve tac dpng ciia cdc cdng ty Ddng An chdu Au den kinh te Bengal sd ky cdn dai, nhd nghien cQu ngQdi An Dp Om Prakash ke't ludn: "hien thyc cua sy tdng trQdng ngoan mue trong thu nhdp, diu ra vd sQ dung nhan cdng xud't phdt tQ viec nen mdu dich giQa chdu Au vd Bengal khdng phai la mdt nen mdu dich 'Tainh thQdng" lien quan de'n boat ddng trao ddi hdng hda Id'y hang hda, ma la mpt nen mdu dich thien ve trao ddi kim loai quy ld'y hdng hda, ham nghla ve thdng dQ xud't khau cho Bengal" (59). Cin phai khdng dinh ngay tQ diu rang tQ than nen ngoai thQdng vdi phUdng Tay ciia Ddng Ngodi khdng the so sanh vdi Bengal ea ve quy md va thdi gian tdn tai. Tuy nhien, ban chat 58 Rghien cihi Lich sit, s61.2010 ngoai thUdng cua hai khu vyc cd nhieu n^t tUdng ddng neu ta dat va'n de phan tich ban chat eiia nen mdu dich kieu "kim loai ddi hdng hda" - ey the la bae vd ddng ddi lay td lua vd vai sdi - vd'n Id ddc trUng cd ban eho ed'u true thUdng mai giQa cdc Cdng ty Ddng An chau Au vdi ca Bengal vd Ddng Ngodi. Vi the, Bengal ed the dQdc sif dung nhQ mdt thyc the so sdnh phu h(?p trong nghien cQu cdc khia canh npi tai cua ngoai thQdng Ddng Ngoai, dac biet Id vd'n de nhdn cdng lao ddng, trong the ky XVII. De chi ra dQdc nhQng tac dpng cua ngoai thUdng den tinh hinh sil dung nhan lyc, nhd't Id nhan lyc trong ngdnh thu cdng nghiep td lua, thiet nghi cin khai qudt tinh hinh san xud't td lua vd vai vdc tai Ddng Ngodi the ky XVII. NhQng ghi chep cua ngQdi phQdng Tay cho thd'y san iQdng td lua san xua't hang ndm tai Ddng Ngodi da tdng len ddng ke trong nQa diu the ky XVII. Mdt so' trung tam td lua phat trien ngay trong hoac gan pham vi kinh thdnh Thang Long (60). Mae du vay, mot khdi iQdng ldn td sd'ng vd lua tam vdn dQdc ndng dan san xud't hdng nam d ndng thdn dQdi dang san pham thii cdng truyen thd'ng. Khoang diu thap nien 1640, Qdc tinh Dang Ngodi cd 953.810 hd gia dinh (khoang 4.769.050 ngQdi); phin ldn tap trung tai chau thd sdng Hdng vd eae vung phu can (61). Mac du phin da eae hp gia dinh tham gia hoac trye tiep hoac gian tiep vdo boat ddng san xud't td lua dQdi cdc quy md ldn nhd khac nhau, hp it khi ehu trQdng chuyen ddi hodn todn dd't canh tdc tQ lua sang dau. Td lua vi the vin chi xep b hdng thQ ye'u trong ke hoach canh tac thQdng nien ciia ndng dan Dang Ngoai. Tuy nhien, san iQdng td lua san xud't hdng ndm vdn rd't ldn, dap Qng dii nhu cau thu mua ciia ngQdi nude ngodi do mpt sdlUdng ldn hd gia dinh tham gia san xud't. Trong giai doan 1637-1699, VOC diu tU khoang 13.524.028 guilders chu yeu vao san phim td lua Dang Ngodi, tUdng dUdng vdi 215.000 guilders mdi nam (62). Thdi ky ndy cung chQng kien sy phdt trien manh me ciia nen mau dich ciia Hoa thUdng vdi mien blc Viet Nam. Mac du chung ta khdng ed tu lieu ehi tiet ve diu tU budn ban eua Hoa thUdng, nhQng thdng tin gidn tiep tQ ngudn tu lieu VOC cho tha'y tdng diu tU eua ngUdi Hoa vdo budn bdn vdi Ddng Ngodi ude tinh dat 2/3 tdng vd'n diu tU ciia VOC. Neu ude lUdng ndy Id chinh xdc, khoang 9.009.352 guilders da dUde Hoa thUdng diu tQ chii yeu vao td lya Ddng Ngoai trong khoang 7 thdp nien cudi eiia the ky XVII (63). NhQ vay, tdng diu tU vdo Dang Ngodi, ehu yeu vdo td lya, ciia rieng ngUdi Hd Lan vd ngQdi Hoa giai doan 1637-1700 da len tdi 22.523.380 guilders, tQdng dQdng vdi 350.000 guilder mdi ndm - chQa ke de'n cac khoan diu tU ciia eae thudng nhan ngoai qud'e khdc, ddng chu y Id ngUdi Nhdt vd ngUdi Bd Ddo Nha trong giai doan trUde dd cung nhu ngUdi Anh va Phdp trong khoang 3 thdp nien cudi the ky XVII (64). Vay khdi lUdng Idn vdn dau tU ndy da tac dpng nhu the ndo den nganh thii cdng nghiep td lya Dang Ngodi, cu the hdn Id sd lUdng nhan cdng lao dpng? Mae du khd cd the dUa ra con so' chinh xac cho cau hdi tren, hien thyc phat trien ngoan mue ciia ngdnh td lua Dang Ngodi trong niia diu the ky XVII gidn tiep cho thd'y nhu cau Idn cung nhu ngudn vd'n diu tU tQ ben ngodi dd vdo ngdnh thii cdng nghiep trpng ye'u ndy. Vao giQa thdp nien 1630 khi san pham td lya mien bae Viet Nam cdn dUde Ua chuong tai thi trudng Nhdt Ban va san lUdng td lua san xud't hdng ndm edn b mile tUdng ddi cao, ngUdi Hd Lan ude tinh hdng nam Ddng Kith loai H^n Tlftii B^n va chuyen biefn 59 Ngodi san xud't va xua't khiu khoang 1.500 pieul (tUdng dudng 90 ta'n) td sd'ng vd khoang 6.000 td'm lya cdc loai nhu pelings, baas, chio, sumongij, hockiens (65). Mpt dieu chac chin Id mpt sd' lUdng ldn nhdn lyc da tham dy, du trye tiep hay gidn tie'p, vdo viec san xud't khdi lUdng ldn san phdm td lua ndi tren. Viec cdc ngudn tU lieu khdng cung ed'p thdng tin chi tiet ve san lUdng td lya trung binh do mdi hp gia dinh san xua't bupe chung ta phai suy ludn tren cd sd nhQng dQ lieu lien quan va mang tinh dai dien. Theo ket qua khao sat gin day tai mdt sd hd san xud't td lya truyen thd'ng tai Vu ThQ (Thai Binh) thupc chau thd sdng Hdng, mdt hp ndng dan - ben canh canh tdc lua - thu hoach tdi da khoang 10 can td mdi nam tQ viec trdng dau nudi tim. Gia sQ moi hp gia dinh Ddng Ngodi the ky XVII cung thu hoach trung binh 10 can td nhQ tren, it nhd't 9.000 hd hoac 45.000 nhan cdng (tQdng dQdng 1% dan sd Ddng Ngodi luc dd) da tham gia vdo viec san xud't 90 tan (1.500 pieul) td sd'ng hdng ndm. Dd Id chQa ke den mdt sd' lUdng ddng ke nhdn cdng nhu thd det, nhudm, tay, theu tham gia vdo qua trinh san xud't lua tdm. Neu ta thyc hien mdt phep tinh ddn gian ring mdi hd gia dinh tham gia san xua't td lya (chua tinh den nhQng khoan diu tQ vd chi phi trong san xud't) thu hoach khoang 10 can (166,5 catties) td sd'ng mdi mua, d mQc gid trung binh 3,5 guilders/catty, moi hp thu nhdp khoang 60 guilders tQ boat ddng san xud't td lya. (3 mot xQ sd thuin ndng nhQ Dang Ngodi - ndi gid ca ede mdt hdng xoay quanh gid gao - 60 guilders ed the mua dQdc khoang 39 piculs (tQdng dQdng 2,3 tan) gao b mile gid 15 tien (khoang 1,5 guilders) moi pieul. Sd gao ndi tren nhin chung tQdng ddi dQ dat cho mpt hd gia dinh vdi trung binh 5 nhan khau. Phai IQU y mdt dieu Id ph6p tinh tren ddn thuan mang tinh cd hpc gian ddn bdi nd chQa xet den ede vd'n de lien quan nhQ ndng ddn trong thyc te thQdng phai bdn mdt iQdng san pham nhd't dinh eho chinh quyen d mQc gia thd'p nhieu gid thi trQdng kem thee eae khoan thue vd chi phi. Tuy nhien, nd dii sang td de cho thd'y ddng gdp quan trpng ciia ngdnh thii cdng nghiep td lua (vd gd'm sQ) trong viec thu hut nhan cdng lao ddng vdo san xud't hdng hda xud't khau, tdc ddng trQc tiep den sy md rdng eiia nen kinh te hang hda va ngoai thUdng Dang Ngodi the ky XVII. Dieu ddng tide Id cdc san pham td lua vd gd'm sQ Ddng Ngodi - nhQ da dQdc chi ra treng ede chuyen ludn nghien cQu gan ddy - nhin chung chi Id cac san pham ddng the cho cdc mat hdng td lua vd gd'm sQ den tQ Trung Qud'e (vd d chQng mye ndo dd Id td lua Bengal). Vi the, khi td lua vd gd'm sQ Trung Qud'e xud't hien trd lai tren thi trQdng khu vyc vd qudc te thi san pham Ddng Ngodi lai nhanh chdng ddnh md't vi the eua minh (66). Theo ghi nhdn cua ngUdi Hd Lan, tQ cudl thap nien 1660 ngQdi Dang Ngodi bat diu chuyen nhieu bai trdng dau sang canh tdc lua vd boa mdu - he qua cua mdt nen thu cdng nghiep td lya dang tren dd suy thodi do md't thi trQdng tieu thy Nhdt Ban. ThQdng diem Hd Lan cho biet nhQng ndm gan day thd det Ddng Ngodi thQdng khdng tien hdnh cdng viec mdt cdch ehu ddng md dpi den khi thQdng nhdn nQde ngoai dd den giao tien dat hdng. Vdo cudl thdp nien 1680, "thQdng nhdn thQdng phai iQu tru 3 hdac 4 thdng sau khi dat tien mdi cd the nhdn dQdc hang bdi vi ddm thd ngheo chi thue dQdc khi tdu vdo ben vd tien cdng da dQdc trao" (67). Sy suy thodi trong san xud't vd budn ban td lua tac dpng khdng chi den ndng ddn, thd thu cdng md ea ede giai tang 60 Rghien curu Lich sJr. sg 1.2010 khde nhu thUdng nhan, ngUdi mdi gidi Viec ngUdi Anh vd Ha Lan rdi bo Ddng Ngoai lln lUdt trong cac ndm 1697 vd 1700, ehUa ke den viec nhieu Hoa thudng da rdi bd Ddng Ngoai tQ cudl thdp nien 1680, da gdp phin ldm suy giam ddng ke sd' iQdng nhan cdng Dang Ngodi tham gia trye tiep bode gidn tiep vdo ngdnh san xua't td lua xud't khau. 4. Ket luan Do ban che ve thdi iQdng, bdi viet khdng the di vdo thao luan toan bp cdc khia canh kinh te - xa hdi dudi tac dpng ciia khoi lUdng Idn kim loai tien te Nhdt Ban do ngUdi Hd Lan va cdc thUdng nhan ngoai qude khdc nhdp khau vdo Dang Ngodi giai doan 1637-1700. Tuy nhien, viec phan tich ba vd'n de cd ban la ti gia hdi doai bae/tien ddng, gia ca hang hda vd ngudn nhan lyc tham gia vao mdt sd' ngdnh thii cdng nghiep mui nhpn (td lya, gd'm sQ) cung da cho thd'y hien thyc ve tdc dpng manh me, trye tie'p vd hang xuyen cua bae, ddng vd tien ddng den sy md rpng cua ngoai thQdng, vd rpng hdn Id todn bd nen kinh te hdng hda. Dang Ngodi the ky XVII. Thay vi lap lai cac ket ludn vd'n da dQdc dQa ra day dd trong bdi viet dan xen vdi viec phan tich dQ lieu, phan ket ludn xin khdi qudt ve mang ludi trao ddi kim loai tien te qud'e te the ky XVII vd dinh vi Dang Ngodi trong cac ludng mdu dich kim loai ndi tren. TQ vdi thap ky qua khai niem "toan cau hda giai doan cdn dai sd ky" (early modern globalization) da trd nen ngdy cdng thdng dyng trong gidi sit hpc qude te, nha't Id nhQng ngQdi nghien cQu lich sit todn elu (global history). Mot trong sd cdc nhan td then chd't gdp phin tao nen qua trinh toan cau hda sdm la sy hinh thanh eae nhip ciu thQdng mai va bang giao qudc te, ke't ndi khdng ehi chau Au md ca chau My vdi chau A. Gidi nghien cQu tQ lau cung da nhdn thQc ro tac dpng manh me ciia ngudn bae tQ Tan The gidi (chu ye'u tQ Peru va Mexico) de'n eupe "each mang gia ca" (price revolution) tai chau Au the ky XVI (68). Va gin day Gunder Frank da khai quat hoa mpt each thuyet phuc xu the va tac dpng ciia cac ddng di chuyen kim loai quy den kinh te' va xa hpi chau A, tieu bieu la xa hpi Trung Qude, giai doan can dai sd ky (69). Theo dd, xung lyc manh me vd tac dpng hang xuyen cua cac ddng kim loai tien te (ke ca cac ddng chay cua kim loai Nhdt Ban) de'n cac nen kinh te chau A thdi ky ndy la dieu khdng the phii nhan. Vdi Ddng Ngoai, ne'u nhU the ky XVI mien bae Viet Nam vdn hi cd lap tQ cac ludng hai thUdng quo'c te qua khu vyc Bien Ddng (70), the ky XVII chQng kien sy tham dy, du edn thieu chii dpng, cua Ddng Ngoai vdo he thd'ng thQdng mai chau A cung nhu cdc ludng hang hai A-Au. Ne'u nhu Surat (An Dp) tQ lau vin dUdc coi la "canh tay trdi" (linkearm) trong mang lUdi budn ban hUdng lieu cua VOC vdi khu vyc Moluccas (71), nhQng nghien cQu gin day ve quan h? VOC-Ddng Ngodi eho tha'y Dang Ngoai cung Id "canh tay trai" cua nen mau dich ciia VOC vdi Nhat Ban (72). Trong bdi canh td lua Trung Quo'c khan hiem tren thi trUdng khu vUc va quo'c te, td lua Dang Ngoai trd thanh chiee chia khda van nang de VOC mcl toang canh ciia thi trUdng kim loai quy Nhat Ban nhim thu mua bae, ddng, tien ddng, vang - loai vo'n dau tU khdng the thieu cho nen thUdng mai "kim loai ddi hang hda" (bullion-for-goods trade) ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan tai phUdng Ddng. ThUe te tren da gdp phan dUa Dang Ngoai trd thanh mot mIt xich tUdng ddi quan trpng trong mang ludi buon ban kim loai tien te lien hodn cl khu vue Ddng A the Kim loai Hen RI)a! B^n va chuyen bien 61 ky XVII nhu da dUdc John K. Whitmore chi ra rd't xac dang tQ nhieu nam qua (73). TUdng ty nhu tai cdc qud'e gia phUdng Ddng khdc the ky XVII, sy phdt trien ciia kinh te hang hda Ddng Ngodi mdt mat dudc kich thieh, mot mat hi tdc ddng manh, bdi khdi lUdng ldn kim loai tien te do thUdng nhan ngoai qud'e dUa vdo de ddi ld'y td lua vd cdc san pham xua't khau khde, nhu da dUde phan tich b tren. Hi vpng nhQng nghien cQu sau ndy ve sy md rdng eiia kinh te hang hda rieng, bien ddi kinh te xa hdi ndi chung, d Dang Ngodi the ky XVII se hQdng nhieu hdn den viec tim hieu ye'u td ngoai sinh nay ben canh nhQng ye'u to' npi sinh vd'n da vd dang dQdc phan tich khd ky trong cdc cdng trinh nghien cQu tQ trQdc de'n nay. CHU THICH (43). Samuel Baron, "A Description of the Kingdom of Tonqueen", in John Pinkerton (ed.), A Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in AU Parts of the World, Vol. 9. (London, 1811), p. 664. (44). BL OIOC G/12/17-1, Tonkin Factory to London, 7 Dec. 1672, fos. 41-55. (45). Nguyen Thanh Nha, Tableau economique du Vietnam aux XVIIe et XVIIIe Siecles (Paris: Cujas, 1970), Tham khao ban dich tie'ng Viet cua Tu heu Khoa Lich sQ, TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV, DHQGHN. , , .^, ,,, , (46). Xem so lieu chi tiet vi hoat dpng nh9p kha'u bae vao Dang Ngoai cua VOC tU Bang 1. (47). Xem cac phan tich ve hoat ddng nhllp kh^u bae vao Dang Ngoai ciia VOC d ph£n diiu cua bai viet. (48). BL OIOC G/12/17-9, Tonkin factory to Fort St. George, 24 Nov. 1696, fo. 460. (49). VOC 1197, Tonkin comptoir naar Batavia, Nov. 1653, fos. 598-611; Generate Missiven II, pp. 697-702. (50). Generate Missiven III, pp. 346-347. (51). Sd lieu trich lUdc tQ nhat ky va tai lieu kinh doanh ciia thudng diem Anh tai Dang Ngoai: BL OIOC G/12/17-1: fos. 41-55; G/12/17-3: fo. 169; G/12/17-6: fo. 272. Xem them hoat dong nhap khiu tien zeni Nhat vao Dang Ngoai trong cac ph£n trudc cua bai viet. (52). Nguyen Thanh Nha, Tableau economique du Vietnam, p. 200. (53). Xin xem cac thao ludn chi tiet vi hoat ddng xua't kha'u td lua Dang Ngoai sang Nhat Ban thong qua Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan VOC cung nhu gia mua vao (tai Dang Ngoai) va ban ra (tai Nhat Ban) tif: Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver, pp. 143-164. (54). Tinh toan til so' lieu trong Buch, "La Compagnie" (1937), pp. 183-184. (55). VOC 1140, Specificatie van de on- ende montcosten anno 1642 in Tonquin gevallen. (56). Tinh toan tU VOC 1140, Specificatie van de on- ende montcosten anno 1642 in Tonquin gevallen; BL OIOC G/12/17-1, Tonkin factory records, 20 Aug. 1672, fos. 29-30. (57). Ve va'n de nhan cdng va gia ca, cd the tham khao tit Nguyen Thua Hy, Economic History of Hanoi in the 17"', 18"' and 19"' Centuries (Hanoi: ST PubUshing House, 2002), pp. 221-270; Nguyen Thanh Nha, Tableau economique du Vietnam. (58). BL OIOC G/12/17-9, Tonkin factory records, 25 Dec. 1693, fo. 340. 62 Rghien eiiru Lich siir. so 1.2010 (59). Om Prakash, "Bulhon for Goods", pp. 159- 187; Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal 1630-1720 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 234-248. Xem them: Femme Gaastra, "Geld tegen Goederen: Een Structurele Verandering in het Nederlands-Aziatisch Handelsverkeer", Bijdragen en Mededelingen Betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nedertanden 91-2 (1976), pp. 249-272. (60). Xin xem Nguyen Thua Hy, Economic History of Hanoi, pp. 154-169. Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver (Chapter 2: An Economic Background) de co them thong tin chi tiet ve tinh hinh san xuS't td lua tai Dang Ngoai the'ky XVII. (61). Theo ude tinh eua Li Tana, Nguyen Cochinchina, p. 171. (62). Td'ng kim ngach dJiu tu eua VOC tai Xiem trong 62 nam (1633-1694) la 9.934.526 guilders, trung binh 160.234 moi nam (So'lieu tinh toan tii Smith, The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century Thailand, pp. 63, 70). Tuy nhien, c^n lUu y mot thue te la cfl'u true thUdng mai VOC-Xiem the ky XVII tUdng dd'i khac biet vdi cS'u tnic thUdng mai VOC-Dang Ngoai cung thdi diem. Trong nhiing nam dau ciia quan he vdi Ayutthaya (tii nam 1604), VOC toan tinh sQ dung Xiem nhu cQa ngd de md quan he vdi Trung Quo'c va thu mua thUdng pha'm Trung Hoa. Sau dd Xiem trd thanh nguon cung ca'p lUdng thuc (chu yeu la gao) eho Batavia va cac thudng pham xuS't kh£u sang Nhat, Formosa, Malacca, An Do, chau Au. Mae du vay, vin ed the nhan tha'y rang kim ngach cua VOC trong buon ban vdi Dang Ngoai the ky XVII diing d miie tUdng dd'i cao so vdi Xiem, dac biet la vdi Lao va Campuehia (Ve budn ban ciia VOC tai Lao va Campuehia, ed the tham khao tii Buch, "La Compagnie" (1937), pp. 195-237. (63). Theo nhiing thong tin trich lUdc dUdc tit tU lieu VOC, trong nhieu nam so' lUdng vdn dau tU vao budn ban vdi Dang Ngoai ciia Hoa thUdng tham chi VUdt qua sd vdn diu tU ciia ngUdi Ha Lan. Vi du, nam 1664 Hoa thUdng mang de'n Dang Ngoai 200.000 lang bae (xa'p xi 570.000 guilders) dl thu mua td lua cho thi trUdng Nhat Ban, trong khi ngUdi Ha Lan chi dUdc cung ca'p 347.989 guilders eho mila budn ban nam do. VOC 1252, H. Verdonk to Batavia, 23 Feb. 1665, fos. 209-248; Buch, "La Compagnie" (1937), pp. 161-162. (64). Iwao Seiichi Ude tinh rSng moi thuyen Chau An Nhat ra budn ban d Ddng Nam A mang theo trung binh 50.000 lang bae (hoac 155.000 guilders). Neu ta cha'p nhan con so Ude lUdng tren ciia Iwao, khoang 2.000.000 lang bae (hoac khoang 6.200.000 guilders) da dUdc thuy§"n Chau a'n Nhat dUa den Dang Ngoai tii nam 1604 den nam 1635. Seiichi Iwao, Shuin-sen Boeki-Shi no Kenkyu [Nghien cQu hoat dong mSu dich Chau An thuyen] (Tokyo: Kobundo, 1958), pp. 49, 269. (65). Dagh-register Batavia 1636, 69-74. Xin xem them tii Hoang Anh Tua'n, "Mau dich td lua cua Cdng ty Dong An Ha Lan vdi Dang Ngoai, 1637-1670", Tap chi Nghien ciu Lich si 3/2006, tr. 10-20. (66). Xin xem nhflng thao lucln ve va'n de ddng the cua san phim Dang Ngoai tren thi trUdng qudc te tii: Klein, "De Tonkinees-Japanse zijdehandel", pp. 152-177; Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver (Chapter 6); Ho Chumei, "The Ceramic Trade in Asia, 1602-1682", in, A. J. H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu (eds.), Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy (London and New York: Routledge, 1994), pp. 35-70; Bennet Bronson, "Export Porcelain in Economic Perspective: The Asian Ceramic Trade in the 17"' Century", in Ho Chumei (ed.). Ancient Ceramic Kiln Technology in Asia (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, 1990), pp. 126-150; Hoang Anh TuS'n, "Gd'm sQ Dang Ngoai xua't kha'u ra Dong Nam A th6' ky XVII: TU lieu va nhan thiic", T^p chi Nghien ciu Lich si 11/2007, tr. 26-39. ,v^ i i =r;! . -i^l,' n [...]...63 Kim logi Hdn R I } ^ B i n va ehuyin bi6i (67) William Dampier, Voyages and Discoveries (London: The Argonaut Press, 1931), p 49 , ,- _ (68) Earl J Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain (Cambridge, Mass., 1934) Xem them c6c tham luftn chuyen dl vl vft'n di kim loai tiln t$ trSn pham vi toin ciu vko trung dai m^t ky-cftn dai sd ky trong J F Richards... (69) Xin xem nhiing luftn diim thu vi vl cac dong chay cua kim lo^i tiln t§ vio chflu A trong: Frank, Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, pp 13 1-1 64 (70) Xem lufln diim vk khdi qudt hda vl Thang Long ciing nhU Dang Ngoai ndi chung trong bdi canh hai thudng khu vUc t h i ky XVI tQ: Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 145 0-1 680 (Vol II: Expansion and Crisis) (New Haven: Yale University... Femme Gaastra, De Geschiedenis van de VOC (Walburg Pars, 2002) (72) Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver, pp 219220 (73) Whitmore, "Vietnam and the Monetary Flow", pp 36 3-3 96 NCHi TAM Td NAM KY THdl THU$C PHAP (Tiep theo trang 27) •tn^sii -; i Mpt khi xu&'t k h ^ u dutjc td sdng, trien vong n g a n h t ^ m td N a m K^ se ra't Idn Theo mpt thong bao chinh thQc ciia Bp ThUdng mai P h a p , t r o n g n S m... cac p h e p h ^ m cua td t ^ m vao nu6c P h a p se t a n g len 340 tri$u francs V l nhQng budc cai tie'n tie'p theo, P h a i dodn cho rling: cac d y n g cy Udm td d$t l y a dang dU . 1.200 3.600 1.400 7.000 1.400 dong/picul - - ddng/ta'm - •~ - • ,« • / • I'. 5i: ' _ ^ :M^ fi;. • - . ^ .,• • - - Nsnidn: Tfnh to^n lil VOC 1146, Governor . pp. 34 6-3 47. (51). Sd lieu trich lUdc tQ nhat ky va tai lieu kinh doanh ciia thudng diem Anh tai Dang Ngoai: BL OIOC G/12/1 7-1 : fos. 4 1-5 5; G/12/1 7-3 : fo. 169; G/12/1 7-6 : fo trUdng kim loai quy Nhat Ban nhim thu mua bae, ddng, tien ddng, vang - loai vo'n dau tU khdng the thieu cho nen thUdng mai " ;kim loai ddi hang hda" (bullion-for-goods