Đặc trưng truyện trinh thám hậu hiện đại trong tiểu thuyết tin tức về một vụ bắt cóc của Gabriel Garcia Marquez

42 SO 05-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY VAN HOA - LiCH SU Dec TRtfNQ TRUYEN TRINH THfiM HQU HIEN D^l TRONG TIEU THUYET TIN TdfC VE MOT VCI BfiT COC Cdfi QfiBRIEL GfiRCIfi MfiRQaEZ H \: Phan Tua'n Anh Dai hgc Hue "Noi cho cung, cdu hoi cua triet hoc (ciing nhlt cua phdn tdm hoc) cdng gidng nhlt cdu hoi cua truyen trinh thdm: Id ke co tgi'? vd mgt sit dieu tra sit that phdi ehdng thitc Id: Nhitng ke CO tgi Id chung ta" (Umberto Eco) Sfl van dong ciia truyen trinh tham tfl hien dai den hau hien dai Truyen trinh tham ddi vad khoang gifla the ky XIX, tfl nhflng tien than la truyen phieu lflu, truyen truyen ky Cd the lay diem md'e 1841 lam nam ghi nhan eho sfl ddi cua truyen trinh tham hien dai, day ehinh la nam Edgar Poe - ngfldi dfldc gidi ly luan danh gia da ed cdng khai sinh truyen trinh tham hien dai, viet tac pham trinh tham d i u tien eiia minh vdi tfla de Vu giet ngitdi d pho'Morgue (The murders in the rue Morgue) Theo Todorov Logi hinh cda tieu thuyet trinh thdm [6,7], truyen trinh tham hien dai chu yeu phat trien qua ba hinh thflc ed ban Thd nhdt, "tieu thuyet an ngfl", day la loai tieu thuyet trinh tham mang tinh chat "nhi nguyen" vdi bai eau chuyen song hanh Mdt cau chuyen thflc sii da dien ra, dd la eau chuyen ve "tdi ac", nhUng day la mot cau chuyen "khiem dien", bdi nd da dUde ket thuc tae pham b i t diu Cau chuyen ve tdi ac chi ed the thUc sU dUde tai hien thdng qua cau chuyen thfl hai - cau chuyen ve "dieu tra tdi ac", day la mdt cau chuyen thflc sfl hien dien, nhflng nd lai la cau chuyen mang tinh chat "he qua", khdng thflc sfl tdn tai ma ddng vai trd kep, vfla dien ngdn cho chinh nd, vfla t r i n thuat lai eau chuyen thfl nhat (cau chuyen ve tdi ac) s:; i '> Thd hai, "tieu thuyet den", day la mdt loai truyen trinh tham vdi ket cau "nhat nguyen" Thdng qua viee ehu va de cao cau chuyen thfl hai (cau chuyen ve dieu tra tdi ac), lue nay, tdi ac va dieu tra tdi ac dfldng nhfl xay song hanh chfl khdng can ke tue ve mat thdi gian nhfl loai "tieu thuyet an ngfl" Thdi gian t r i n thuat cua tieu thuyet den ludn la thi hien tai, va nhiem vu chu yeu eua ngUdi t r i n thuat la mieu ta hanh ddng, hdn la ke phan tich ddng ed Tha ba, "tieu thuyet phan van hdi hop", ve ed ban day la sU ket hdp ea hai loai di trUde, vfla gifl lai ket ca'u "nhi nguyen truyen ke" nhfl tieu thuyet an ngfl, mat khac lai de cao CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2010 43 - Tdi ac ldn n h a t va ke p h a m tdi ldn n h a t nhUng cau chuyen t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai khdng phai la mdt thii eu t h e (mdt ea n h a n bay mdt bang nhdm), ma t h u d n g la mdt khai niem, mdt v a n de ciia xa hdi, mot quan niem ve tdn tai va n h a n sinh, ma thdng thUdng vao cud'i cau chuyen, ke t h u ac lai chinh la "chung ta" - ca tac gia va b a n doc Hoae theo dung vdi n h a n dinh eua S t e p h e n Schiff: "Chang may chd'e, ddc gia se dfldc t h a vao nhflng cao ehdng m a t cua gia tfldng sieu hinh, ndi cau hdi "Ai la t h u pham?" da bien t h a n h "Ai dang hdi the?" va "Rd't cudc thi cau hdi la t h u pham cd nghia la gi?" [1, bia 4] tinh n h u t r u y e n t r i n h t h a m hien dai, ma x u a t p h a t tfl nhflng nguyen n h a n ndi tai cua n e n van minh Cd the la bdi "sfl dam me dien cudng vdi tri thflc" n h u Ten cua doa hong (U.Eco), t h a m vong sd hflu nhflng bi an va tri t u e cd xfla n h a m xay dflng mdt t r a t tfl t h e gidi mdi Bieu titgng thdt truyen (Dan Brow), sfl truy tim b a n nga dich thflc Thdnh phd thuy tinh (Paul Auster) Nhin chung, t r u y e n t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai, van de cd't ldi khdng phai la k h a m p h a tdi ac ma la thdng hieu tdi ac, khdng phai t r u y diet h u n g t h u ma la t r u y tim ngfldi, khdng phai k h i c phuc h a u qua ma la canh tinh tfldng lai hoae c i t nghia thflc tai - Chu t h e ciia cau chuyen thfl hai (cau chuyen ve dieu tra) khdng n h a t thiet phai la ngfldi t h a m tii chuyen nghiep, day la mdt dac trflng dang chu y bdi r a t n h i e u t r u y e n trinh t h a m h a u hien dai, chinh n a n n h a n hoac nhflng t h a n n h a n cua nhflng vu an phai tfl m i n h t r u y tim lay t h u p h a m Cac tac p h a m t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai khdng cd cdng xay dflng nhflng h i n h tfldng ngfldi t h a m tii toan n a n g va tai hoa nhfl Sherlock Holmes, Dupin, Hercule Poirot, Philo Vance ma la nhflng t h a m tuf b a t d i e di, t h a m tuf u budn Ngfldi p h a an truyen t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai vfla la n a n n h a n , vfla la ke t r u y tim sfl that, t h a m chi la ca h u n g thu, bq vfla la ke truy dudi, vfla la ke hi truy dudi Sfl d a n h trao cac vai gifla n a n n h a n h u n g thu; t h a m tii - tdi pham; ngfldi bao ve cdng ly - ke gay r a tdi ac da the hien cho t i n h da tri quan niem ve ngfldi - Nguyen n h a n va ddng ed didn r a tqi ac khdng ddn t h u a n la sfl chiem doat tai s i n h a y t r a thfl ca n h a n bdi nhflng thdi thue ve tien bac h a y - Cd't t r u y e n cua t r u y e n trinh t h a m h a u hien dai n h i n chung v i n gifl dfldc t i n h gap gap, nhieu bfldc ngoat va nhflng sfl kien gay b a t ngd nhfl yeu truyen thfl h a i (truyen ve dieu t r a tdi ac), dfla nd len h a n g t r u n g t a m cau true t r u y e n ke Sfl v a n ddng cua ca hai cau chuyen eung dfldc lien tuc thuc day n h a u tien ve phia trfldc, ca hai cau chuyen vfla la nguyen n h a n , vfla la h a u qua cua n h a u qua trinh van ddng Truyen t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai dfldc ddi vao nhflng t h a p nien cudi cflng cua the ky XX cho de'n dau the ky XXI, vdi mdt loat nhflng cay but dang luu y nhU Stef Penney, Dan Brow, Umberto Eco, F r e d Vargas, L Castellani, R Walsch, A Bioy Casares, Carpentier, ma dac biet la Louis Borges va P a u l Auster Ve cd ban, truyen t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai la mdt the tai n i m chung trao lUu van hoc h a u hien dai d a n g mdt phd bien va trd t h a n h khdng gian va k h a tinh cua n e n van hda dUdng dai Mdt sd dac diem chinh yeu ciia truyen t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai ed the ke de'n nbU: 44 SO 05-2010 ciu ciia the tai Tuy nhien, so vdi truyen trinh tham bien dai, ro rang truyen trinh tham hau hien dai da di sau hdn vao ndi tam nhan vat, dae biet la ndi tam ngfldi pha an {Nhitng cdnh riing vinh citu), hoac nan nhan {Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc), tham ehi la ca thu {Bieu titgng thdt truyen) Td'e t r i n thuat thfldng bi keo dan theo nhip suy tU ndi tam cua nhan vat Tham ehi, mdt sd' truyen trinh tham bau hien dai, cd't truyen - yeu td' d i u tien va ed ban nhat cua the tai trinh tham da hi xda nbda, dae biet la nhflng sang tae cua Paul Auster va Marquez Nhan vat pha an va thu la nhflng nhan vat suy nghiem hdn la nhflng nhan vat hanh ddng - Nghe thuat t r i n thuat truyen trinh tham hau hien dai khdng dien tien theo sfl phat trien ciia qua trinh pha an hoac qua trinh tfldng thuat lai tqi ac ma chu yeu tuan theo ba nguyen tac: me Id, cflc han va manh doan Nguyen tac t r i n thuat me Id (maze) nham trinh bay vu an theo mdt hfldng phi logic, phi ly, ban than mdi truyen trinh tham hau hien dai cd hai me Id, me Id nhflng kha nang giai ma va truy t i m tdi ac va me Id cua tfl sfl Tac gia cd the xay dflng nhieu tuye'n t r i n thuat khac nhau, dfldi nhflng diem nhin va ngdi t r i n thuat khac nhfl Sit hien hba ciia soi (Stef Penney) n h i m tao mot vdng xoay vd ban dinh gifla ke truy dudi va ngfldi hi truy dudi Tinh me Id truyen trinh tham hau hien dai cdn the hien cd't truyen, ndi dien bien eua eac sfl kien bi xda nbda {Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc), hdac ban than cae nhan vat phai vat- ldn mdt me eung thflc sii ciia cae hfldng di va hfldng kham pha vu an {Ten cua doa hong) Dung vdi CHAU MY NGAY NAY nhan dinh eiia Stephen Shiff ve truyen trinh tham cua Paul Auster: "Khi bien ddi ban chat eiia cac diu md'i tfl hflu hinh sang sieu hinh, dng da kiem soat dfldc eai tinh than tim kiem eiia ddc gia trinh tham, dan nd ddi hfldng tfl viee truy tim thu pham binh thfldng sang dfldng truy tim ban nga hie'm hoi hdn" [1, bia 4] Tinh cflc ban (minimalism) truyen trinh tham hau hien dai the hien d chd ddn nen den td'i thieu sfl dien giai ve nguyen nhan va ddng ed tdi ac Tac gia ban che de'n td'i da viec xay dflng cac thu phap hfl eau, kha nang bao quat va kha nang dien giai, tham ehi chd'i tfl viec xay dflng mot cd't truyen cd nhieu tinh tiet giat gan, mdt van phong gap gap, mach lac va nhflng hinh tfldng ea tinh Tinh eiie ban truyen trinh tham hau hien dai dfldc the hien b i n g mdt thii phap nghe thuat rieng, dd la hoan du va quan he ngau nhien thay vi phfldng thflc bieu hien b i n g an du hay quan he nhan qua truyen trinh tham truyen thd'ng Nhin chung, truyen trinh tham hau hien dai viet theo loi cflc ban lay ket ca'u song song lam phfldng thflc trien khai tinh hud'ng, khac vdi each xay dflng theo Id'i tfldng phan truyen trinh tham truyen thd'ng Tinh manh vd (fragment) truyen trinh tham hau hien dai dfldc bieu hien thdng qua xu hfldng suf dung cae chu de va motip dat canh nhau, nhien cac chu de va motip dd khdng hfldng de'n sfl thd'ng nhat viec truy nguyen mdt y nghia nao dd ed' dinh, ma n h i m hfldng de'n nhieu y nghia khac {The New York Trilogy, Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc) Mqi thudc tinh va gia tri ehi la nhflng manh vd khac cua cudc sd'ng, nha van hau hien dai khdng cd cdng l i p ghep hoae tai tao eho chung CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2010 mdt trat tfl, ma tu di tim y nghia rieng tflng manh vd dd - Nhieu tac gia viet trinh tham hau hien dai khdng phai la nhflng cay bflt chuyen biet ve the tai nay, tfl Umberto Eco cho den Gabriel Garcia Marquez, tfl Paul Auster cho den Louis Borges Trfl mot so'it ngfldi nhfl Dan Brow, Fred Vargas, hay Nelson Demilie, cae tac gia viet trinh tham hau hien dai chi xem the tai nhfl mot qua trinh trai nghiem cam quan hau bien dai cua minh theo mdt hfldng khac Chinh vi vay, khdng hiem nhflng tac pham trinh tham hau hien dai xuat sic la nhflng tac pham trinh tham nhat hoac hiem hoi cua chinh tac gia Hien tfldng cung gid'ng nhfl cae tac gia ldn tren the gidi thdi hien dai deu thfl nghiem ngdi but cua minh vdi truyen ky ao Tren mot phfldng dien khac, truyen trinh t h a m hau hien dai chiu anh hfldng cua nam dac trflng ke tren da khdng cdn hoan chinh la mdt cau chuyen ve vu an va pha an nhfl quan niem ed dien ma chung ta van biet, ma thfldng chflng kien sfl nguyen bdp gifla truyen trinh tham vdi cac he hinh ly thuyet van hoc mdi nhfl Ten cua doa hong (truyen trinh tham vdi ly thuyet ki hieu hoc) Mat md Da Vinci (gifla truyen trinh tham vdi bieu tfldng hqc), Nhitng cdnh riing vinh ciiu (gifla truyen trinh t h a m vdi ly thuyet tam ly hoc mdi) Tdm lai, dd'i vdi truyen trinh t h a m hau hien dai, viec mieu ta tdi ac va qua trinh pha an ddi ehi la mdt "hinh thflc" nghe t h u a t ben ngoai, cau chuyen thflc chat ma cae tac gia de cap dd la nhflng nd Iflc kham pha ngfldi va the gidi mdi dfldi cai nhin va cam quan hau hien dai 45 Tieu thuyet Tin tiic ve mgt vu bdt coc ciia Marquez Trong sU nghiep cua Marquez - nha van vi dai cua van hqc My Latinh the ky XX vdi giai Nobel van hoc nam 1982, cud'n tieu thuyet trinh tham dam chat phdng sfl Tin tiic ve mgt vu bdt cdc {Notica de un secuestro) la mdt dda hoa nd mudn Khdng phai ngau nhien, vao chang cud'i sfl nghiep lay Iflng cua minh (nam 1996), sau nam vat ldn, Marquez lai ebon the tai trinh tham nham bieu dat quan niem nghe thuat mdi va each cit nghia the gidi rieng eua minh Nhfl vay, ban nhien Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc vfla cd vai trd la sfl ket tinh eua ngdi bflt va tam hdn Marquez hdn 49 nam cim but (tfl tac pham dau tien de'n tac pham mdi nhat), vfla la mdt bfldc ngoat ddi mdi nghe thuat khdng the bd qua, tac gia the nghiem tac pham ciia minh the tai mdi, vdi phong each nghe thuat mdi Tac pham ma theo Marquez la: "mdt nhiem vu cud'i mfla thu, mdt cdng viec khd nhqc va budn nhat ddi tdi", tai bien lai mdt each nghe thuat sfl kien 262 bat cdc lien tuc mfldi yeu nhan tren dat nfldc Colombia, nham ngan sfl thdng qua mdt dao luat dan tdi ma pham sang My 2.1 Cdt truyen vd ket cdu trdn thuat me 16 Cd't truyen ciia Tin tiic ve mgt vu bdt coc vfla rat ddn gian lai vfla cflc ky phflc tap Ddn gian d chd h i u nhfl nhflng ehi tiet hanh ddng (gay an va pha an) xuat hien it, cd xu hfldng chi tap trung vao d i u tae pham, sfl dau tranh triet tieu gifla hai phia (gay an va pha an) la khdng rd rang, tham ehi, ranh gidi xac dinh la ke gay an thflc sfl va la ke pha an thflc 46 SO 05-2010 sfl cflng h i u nhu khdng the xac dinh Nhin chung, xet theo ly thuyet "hai cau chuyen song hanh" mdt tae pham trinh tham ma nha ly luan M Burton de xua't thi Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc la mdt tac pham khdng rd cd't truyen Sfl phflc tap de'n tfl viec tae gia da trien khai tac pham cua minh theo "ket ca'u me Id" va "tfl sfl da ehu the" [thuat ngfl ciia Le Huy Bic] Y dd xay diing mdt me Id t r i n thuat va me Id cd't truyen da dfldc tae gia thflc hien mdt each xuat sic, tat ca nhflng thdng tin cung cap eho ban doe chu yeu den tfl hai phia: tam trang eac nan nhan va nhflng tin ddn xung quanh vu an Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc la tae pham ke ve sd' phan va tam trang cac tin bi b i t cde, tfl bi b i t cho den nhflng giam gifl va ket cue la bi giet hoae dfldc phdng thich Cd the chia cae nan nhan hi b i t ede theo ba tuyen ehinh nhfl sau (cd sd phan tuye'n la dfla vao ndi giam gifl chung eua nan nhan, ndi bq dfldc phep giao tiep va bay td cam xuc vdi nhau): - Tuyen cua hai chi em dau Maruja va Beatriz cflng Marina Montoya - Tuye'n cua Diana Turbay, Azueena, Hero Buss, R Beccera, Acevedo, J Vitta - Tuyen cua Francisco Santoa Toan bd tieu thuyet Tin titc ve mgt vu bdt coc xoay quanh sd' phan va tam trang cua ba tuyen nan nhan Trong dd, tac gia dac biet ehu trqng den viec mieu ta tam ly tin cung nhfl nhflng tin ddn xung quanh vu an Nhflng boat ddng giai cflu va yeu sach, muc dieh that suf cua phe b i t cdc dfldc phu dfldi mdt bien phap "nhidu "hda" dac trflng: tat ca ehi la nhflng kha nang thdng qua nhflng tin ddn hoae yeu sach gia Dae trflng chung eiia nhdm eon tin n i m d hai diem: ho deu la nhflng nha bao ndi tieng va ho CHAU MY NGAY NAY deu la nhflng ngfldi cd quan he, vi the ehinh tri dac biet quan trqng xa hdi Mae du ed chung xuat than va t i n g ldp xa hdi, nhflng thai va each flng xuf eua cac nhan vat hoan eanh hi b i t cdc lai hoan toan khac nhau: Beatriz dufng dflng, Marina Montoya phuc tflng, Maruja cfl tuyet va phan khang Chinh ba trang thai diing dflng, phuc tung va phan khang la ba each flng xfl dae thu ndi bat cua ngfldi dd'i vdi eac thiet ehe thdi hau hien dai Ky thuat me Id viec xay dflng cd't truyen cua tac pham cdn de'n ^^ viee Marquez da dfla vao nhflng sfl ki?n cd that thflc tai, dae biet la vdi hinh tfldng ten trflm ma P Escobar, ket hdp vdi nhflng hinh tfldng va sfl kien mang tinh hfl eau phdng dai rat dac trflng treng but phap cua tae gia Nam 1995, mdt sfl kien ky la da xay ra, Marquez vfla viet xong Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc, thi ea Colombia nin thd theo ddi tin tflc ve vu b i t cdc J Carlos Gaviria em trai Tdng thd'ng dfldng nhiem Bon bat cdc ddi dieu kien la chinh Marquez phai len lam tdng thdng, va ong da ehdi tfl dflt khoat, khdng de minh trd mdt rd'i chinh tri va tuyen truyen eua bon tdi pham Ve thvfc chat Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc la tieu thuyet trinh tham g i n vdi but phap phdng sfl, dfla tren cd sd h i u het nhflng vu b i t cde ed that, vdi nhflng nan nhan that va ddng cd chinh tri ro rang viee gay tdi ac Khi tiep can tac pham, ban doc h i u nhfl hi dat giiia mdt me cung cua nhflng dfl lieu cd that, dfl lieu hfl ca'u va dfl lieu phdng dai Dae biet hdn, nhflng dfl lieu phdng dai va dfl lieu hfl cau lai dMOc trinh bay "y nhu that" vdi thii phap quen thudc eiia tac gia: trinh bay nhflng hU cau va phdng dai ciia CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2010 minh vdi nhflng so, nhflng sfl kien rd rang va chinh xac Ky t h u a t tiep tuc dfldc tac gia sii dung Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc, dat biet la vdi sfl phdng dai nhflng vu d a n h bom bang thud'c nd (2600 kg) tfl phia phe k h u n g bd cua Escobar Con so 2600 kg thud'c nd rd r a n g la mdt t h u phap nghe thuat, nhflng h a u nhfl cflng de dang tin dd la sfl t h a t bdi nd qua cbinb xac va rd rang Marquez da xay dflng tac pham cua minh dfla t r e n vd so' cae chi tiet cd thflc lich sii Colombia, day cung la dac diem quen thude the gidi nghe t h u a t theo chu nghia hien thflc huyen ao ciia tac gia Trong Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc, binh tfldng chinh la Pablo Escobar, mot n h a n vat cd t h a t va la ngfldi da viet nen lich sU tdi ac d a m m a u d Colombia t h e ky XX P Escobar (1949-1993) la mdt nhUng t r u m ma k h e t tieng n h a t lich sii tqi pham the gidi Viec P Escobar cd mdt ghe Qud'c hdi n a m 1982, xay dflng h a n g t r a m ngdi n h a cho ngfldi ngheo, dfldc m e n h d a n h la Robin Hood cua My Latinh, a m sat Bd trfldng Tfl p h a p Rodrigo L a r a Bonilla, danh bom t r u sd c a n h s a t m a t vdi hdn 70 ngfldi thiet mang, la tac gia cua nhieu vu a m sat cbinb tri va ca n h a n , tflng trd'n t h o a t khdi n h a tfl dfldc xay dflng rieng n a m 1991, la nhflng sfl kien cd t h a t da dfldc M a r q u e z dfla vao tac p h a m Ngoai ra, cac td chflc da gay nhieu eude x u n g dot va ndi chien dam m a u xuyen sud't lieh suf Colombia dfldc de cap tae p h a m cung la nhflng Ifle lfldng ed t h a t : M19 (Phong trao each m a n g 19 t h a n g 4); FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolueionarios de Colombia - Lflc lfldng vu t r a n g each m a n g Colombia), ELN (Quan ddi giai phdng qud'c gia), Cac lflc lfldng n a y k h d n g chi cd vai trd 47 va da'u an q u a n trqng lich sii xung dot vu t r a n g d Colombia, ma cdn dai dien cho nhflng nhdm chinh tri, nhdm xa hdi t h u d n g xuyen da'u t r a n h va xung dot vdi chinh quyen t r u n g Udng, tao nen dien mao tU tudng va y thUc he phong phu, lai t a p va m a u t h u i n thfldng xuyen cua Colombia the ky XX Cd't t r u y e n me Id t r o n g tac p h a m k h d n g chi la r a n h gidi nhde md gifla sfl t h a t va hfl cau, m a cdn la sfl k e t hdp cua n h i e u t u y e n t r u y e n ke, cac t u y e n n a y k h d n g ngflng xen c i t , t h u c day hoac k i m h a m n h a u p h a t trien Cd bdn tuye'n t r u y e n ke chinh nhfl sau: - Tuyen t r u y e n ke ve cam xfle va nhflng h a n h ddng cua t h a n n h a n cac tin; - Tuyen t r u y e n ke ve cudc sd'ng va cam xfle cua eac tin; - Tuye'n t r u y e n ke ve sd' phan, tuyen bd' va yeu sach cua nhflng ke bat gifl tin; - Tuyen t r u y e n ke ve nhflng p h a t ngdn va nd lflc eiia chinh quyen va cac td chflc Trong cac t u y e n t r u y e n ke chinh tren, cdn cd t h e p h a n dinh vd so cac tuyen phu, gan lien vdi cac nhdm n h a n v a t k h a c n h a u Trong tuye'n thfl nha't (ve t h a n n h a n ) bao gdm nhflng nd lflc khac n h a u cua Nydia - me Diana, eua Alberto Villamizar (ehdng Maruja), cua cflu Tdng thd'ng Turbay (cha Diana) ; Tuyen thfl hai (ve cac tin) bao gdm t u y e n ciia Diana, tuyen cua Maruja, t u y e n cua Santoa; Tuyen thfl ba (ve nhflng ke b i t cdc) gdm tuyen ke ve Escobar, ve sd p h a n nhflng ten gac, ve M19, FARC, ELN ; Tuyen thfl tfl (ve cac nd lflc giai cflu cua chinh quyen va td chflc h e n quan) bao gdm cae tuyen ke ve bao ehi, eac ngdi sao, Tong thd'ng 48 SO 05-2010 dfldng nhiem Gaviria, cac nghi si, tudng Hnh quan ddi va eanh sat, Giao hoang va cac linh muc Tat ca lam nen mdt chinh the me Id cUc ky phflc tap cd't truyen va nghe thuat t r i n thuat Mdi quan he gifla cac tuyen truyen ke la cflc ky phflc tap, tfldng tac khdng ngflng len theo mdt me eung quan he Vi du, tuyen truyen ke ve cudc sd'ng va cam xuc cua tin thfldng xuyen mau thuan vdi tuyen truyen ke ve sd' phan, tuyen bd' ciia nhflng ke bat ede tin Trong tam trang va sflc khde eiia cac tin thflc sfl tdi te, va nhflng ke b i t gifl khdng ed y dinh phdng thieh bq, thi dfldng nhien, nhflng ke bat gifl eon tin mdt mat phai tuyen bd' trfldc cdng luan la cae eon tin dang khde manh, mat khac lai phai hfla hen sap den dfldc giai thoat vdi cae tin (de chd'ng lai tuyet thflc hoac am mflu trd'n chay) Tam trang va nhflng hanh ddng eua cac than nhan tin cung thfldng mau thuan vdi cac phat ngdn va nd lflc cua ehinh phu Mdt ben la nhflng tuyen bd' sudng, nang ve giai quyet bing bao lflc vfl trang (chinh phu), mdt ben la nhflng nd lflc tuyet vong, nang ve thfldng thuyet chinh tri (nhflng than nhan) Cflng mdt sfl kien, mdt hanh vi, mdt phat ngdn, nhflng theo tuyen truyen ke, vdi quan diem khac nhau, thi ban chat sfl viec dfldc dien giai hoan toan khac biet Dieu quan trqng nhat la, chung ta khdng the nao thflc sfl biet dau la sfl thflc, dau la nhflng phat ngdn nguy tao Cflng mdt sfl viee, hien tfldng, nhflng tfly thee diin ngdn khac ciia cac chu the tran thuat khac nhau, ban chat lai dfldc thay ddi theo mdt hfldng khac, phu hdp vdi y cua chu the t r i n thuat Ngay ea bon b i t cde va tdi pham cflng ed rieng nhflng CHAU MY NGAY NAY ed quan ngdn luan va ngfldi phat ngdn, bien hd cho nhflng chinh sach va hanh ddng eua chung Tinh tfl ngdn luan va da tri quan niem ve tin tflc eiia thdi hau hien dai da dfldc the hien rd each xay dflng ve me Id thdng tin eua Marquez Thdng tin khdng edn la thdng tin mdt chieu, va gia tri ciia thdng tin khdng cdn bi dat md'i quan he vdi thflc tai, ma dfldc cap y nghia bdi chu the phat thdng tin dd Vi du ve nguyen nhan eai chet cung nhfl ddng cd cudc dung vu trang giai cflu Diana Turbay gifla ba ben phat ngdn la hoan toan khac biet: Phe thdn nhdn: "Day la mdt cai chet, lich suf mdt eai chet da dfldc bao trfldc" - Ba (Nydia - me cua Diana PTA) tin chic r i n g , "Diana la nan nhan cua mdt boat ddng vu trang theo lenh cua Bogota - theo nhflng tin tflc ma ba dfldc thdng bao tfl Medellin" (trang 212) [Mqi trich d i n tac pham tfl day ve sau chung tdi chon ban dieh eua Doan Dinh Ca, Nha xua't ban Van nghe, nam 2001] Phe chinh phu: "Tfldng Gomez Padilla goi dien bao cho dng biet r i n g dd la mdt cudc cham t r a n bat ngd vdi Ddi dac nhiem qua trinh h a n h quan truy lung Escobar Nhflng ddn vi t h a m gia cudc hanh quan khdng he cd tin tflc gi ve viec nhflng ngfldi hi b i t cde dang hi giam gifl tai dd" (trang 210) Phe bdt coc: "Theo Escobar, canh sat tie'n h a n h cudc h a n h quan vi biet tin nhflng ngfldi hi b i t cdc dang hi giam gifl tai H i n ndi r i n g Diana hi chet canh sat ba chay trd'n va da dUdc giai thoat khdi tay bon b i t cdc Cud'i cung Escobar ndi r i n g cudc cham sung da lam ba ndng dan vd tdi bi chef, ma eanh sat da gidi thieu vdi bao chi CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2010 nhu nhflng ke giet thue da chet chien dau" (trang 216) Cud'i cflng, dieu xac thflc nhat ma chung ta dfldc biet me cung cac phat ngdn cua cac chu the t r i n thuat: dd la Diana Turbay da chet, va nguyen nhan chet la mdt vien dan dfldc b i n tfl phia sau, lam xfldng chau bi vd Cdn da b i n , va nguyen nhan cua cudc cham tran thflc sfl thi Marquez khdng de cap den tae pham Tat ea nhflng diin ngdn ciia cac ben khac lai cd nhflng each ly giai hoan toan dd'i lap Day chinh la nghe thuat t r i n thuat da chu the rat dac trflng but phap nghe thuat ciia Marquez, dac biet la truyen ngin Cu gid co doi cdnh khong 16 Nghe thuat tran thuat me Id tac pham khdng chi xay dUng dfla tren thu phap xen c i t cae tuyen ke va t r i n thuat da ehu the, ma cdn dfldc ap dung mdt each linh boat va phflc hdp cac dang thflc van ban t r i n thuat khac nhau, gdm eac dang chinh: - Ldi t r i n thuat mang tinh "khach quan" ciia ngfldi ke chuyen ngdi thfl ba - Nhflng bai bao ehi hoac tin tflc tren truyen hinh dfla tin ve vu an - Nhat ky, bflc thfl cua nhflng nan nhan va ngfldi than (Diana, Azueena, Nydia ) Ca ba loai van ban tren ed mat xuat hien khac tac pham, nhflng mdi loai van ban cd mot y nghia rieng, dac biet la hai loai van ban tin tflc bao ehi va nhat ky ciia cac tin Neu nhfl thdng tin bao chi cd vai trd cap nhat ve tin tflc va cac hanh dong cua cae ben thi cae hdi ky, nhat ky lai cd vai trd cap nhat ve tam trang va cam xuc Neu nhfl thdng tin tren bao chi la thdng tin ed muc dich ehinh tri hoac ddng ed eu the ben thi thdng tin nhat ky lai chan thflc nha't vdi suy nghi eua nhan vat Neu thdng 49 tin bao chi gdp p h i n thflc diy nhanh qua trinh dien bien vu an thi thdng tin nhat ky lai lam tram lang hda qua trinh dien bien dd Tuy nhien, cac loai van ban dfldc dat md'i quan he hai hda, tfldng tac va khdng the tach rdi tren phfldng dien ca'u trflc van ban lan phfldng dien ddng hien ndi dung Nghe thuat mieu ta tam trang nan nhan mdt each rd net va sau sac, vfla dam bao tinh chu quan, vfla mang tinh khach quan but phap xay dflng truyen trinh tham la mdt cd'ng hien cua Marquez Khach quan la bdi tac gia khdng tu suy dien tam trang ciia nhan vat (thdng qua ngfldi ke chuyen), ehu quan la bdi nhan vat v i n Ifla chon dfldc hinh thflc phat ngdn chan thflc va rd rang nhat (bflc thfl, nhat ky) Neu truyen trinh tham hien dai chu yeu di sau phan tich tam ly ngfldi pha an hoac thu pham, thi truyen trinh tham hau hien dai da di sau vao mdt chu the phan tich tam ly mdi: nhflng nan nhan 2.2 Cam quan da tri vd Carnaval hoa Mdt nhflng dinh nghia ve thdi hau hien dai phd bien va cd anh hfldng nhat dd la quan niem cua J.F Lyotard ve sfl mat niem tin vao cac dai tfl sfl (Grand-narrative): "Ndi mdt each that ddn gian, "hau hien dai" la sfl hoai nghi dd'i vdi eac sieu tfl sfl" [5,54.] Mat niem tin vao eac dai tfl sfl da mang lai cam quan hau hien dai (Postmodern sensibihty) vd'n xem trqng sfl bat tin nhan thflc (Epistemological), nghe thuat hau hien dai dfldc goi la cam quan da tri Cam quan da tri lam cho van hqc hau hien dai dfldc phep dat canh nhflng he hinh gia tri vd'n di dd'i lap, tfldng phan, n h i m xda nhda ranh gidi cao thap gifla chung Trong Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc, Marquez da 50 SO 05-2010 xem Chua ehe chd cho ca P Escobar va ca tfldng Maza Marquez: "Nhflng nhd sfl che chd cua Thanh Hai ddng nen dng (Maza Marquez - PTA) deu thoat nan Cung nhd chinh sfl ehe chd ciia Thanh Hai ddng ma Escobar khdng bi tfldng Maza Marquez sat" (trang 30) Lieh sii Colombia da chflng minh cd nhieu ngfldi chan dat eon chien va la sfl gia ciia Chua (linh muc), lai ddng thdi la thu linh phien quan chd'ng ehinh phu Sfl nghiep liy Iflng va dam mau eua linh mue Manuel Perez Martinez (1943 -1998) thu linh phien quan ELN hdn ba thap ky la mdt minh chflng Ngoai ra, viec hinh tfldng "linh muc" va tham chi giao hoang (Joan Pao de nhi) thudng xuyen dUde n h i c den Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc ndi rieng va cae sang tae cua Marquez ndi chung n h i m the hien cai nhin giai thieng va da tri cua tae gia ve nhUng nhdm ngUdi dai dien eho dao dflc va cdng ly xa hdi Tinh da tri dfldc the hien niem tin ve tdn giao, ea bon bat ede lan tin va nhflng ngfldi c i m quyen deu tin vao Chua, nhflng dao dflc tdn giao khdng he may may anh hfldng de'n hanh vi eua bq Ca Escobar cung la mdt eon chien ciia Chua, bon b i t cdc cung thfldng xuyen c i u nguyen, nhflng vdi chung Giao hoang ehi la mdt ke pha rd'i ngai keu goi tra tfl cho eac nan nhan: "Mdt nhflng ten gac da thd't len: "Tai cai lao Giao hoang chd de lai can thiep vao cdng viee ciia chung ta" (trang 81) Trong tae pham cua minh, Marquez tap trung xay dflng hinh tfldng cha ed' Garcia Herreros - vi linh muc vdi nhflng "nd liie khdng met mdi" n h i m giai cflu cac tin G Herreros la nhan vat trung gian hda giai, thUdng lUdng gifla Escobar CHAU MY NGAY NAY vdi ehinh phii, nhflng ban than hanh ddng cua dng ta lai mang tinh chat mdt trd he bdi tinh hen nhat va dam me gai dep Sfl gia tra va hen nhat ciia cha G Herreros da dfldc Id ro cudc gap gd trflc tie'p vdi P Escobar Khi cha than nhien ban phfldc lanh eho dng trum ma bang chiec me day bang vang ma cha van thfldng deo d cd, cflng quy gdi cau nguyen vdi bon budn ma tuy, va dinh diem la hanh ddng: "Cha yeu cau phai cd Idng khoan dung vdi Escobar "Neu khdng chung ta se that bai, dng ta trd t h a n h ngfldi k i e n t a o hoa b i n h " - cha ndi Va rflng micro c h i n g chit, khdng mdt chut dfl, cha tuyen bd': E s c o b a r la m o t ngifdri tot" (trang 363) But phap gieu nhai (pastique) ciia Marquez da the hien rd tinh " k h o i h a i p h e p h a n a n n g a m " vach mat nhan vat khdng phai b i n g nhflng nhan dinh, nhflng cau cam than, ma de cho nhan vat tfl to' cao minh qua nhflng phat ngdn va hanh ddng Tac gia ludn ban che td'i da viee de Id thai chu quan eua minh thdng qua ldi ngfldi t r i n thuat, day cung ehinh la dac trflng cua but phap viet theo chii nghia cflc ban (minimalism) Cam quan da tri cua tac gia edn dfldc the hien khdng chi qua sfl vach mat cae dd'i tfldng dao mao xa hdi nhu cac cha ed' dao dflc gia, vi tdng thd'ng lanh dam va thd d, ma edn tap trung phac thao xay dflng nhflng ten tdi pham, vd'n la nhflng ke te sd'ng ngoai vdng phap luat mot each khach quan, d i y tinh nhan van nhflng cung dam tinh hien thflc Ten tdi pham Monje (eanh gifl Marina Montoya, Beatriz va Maruja) da bat khde, bd an nghe tin Marina da hi giet chet Nhflng ten canh gifl khac thi than nhien nhd eon tin (Beatriz) cam hd CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2010 minh khau sflng, ten canh gifl Lamparon thi cdn tang Beatriz ca mot Iq nfldc hoa: "De ngfldi ba luc nao cung thdm phflc, ddn nhan mdt trieu eai hdn dfldc tra lai tfl do" (trang 162) Tham chi, gia dinh giam gifl Maruja edn td chflc ca mdt tiec sinh nhat cho ba vdi banh ngqt, rfldu sam banh va ddng hat bai Happy Birthday "khien Maruja sinh sfl mau thuan ve tinh cam" (trang 151) Nhdm canh gifl Hero Buss thi quyen tien mua qua tang eho anh trfldc trao tra tfl do, nhflng mdn tien mfldn H Buss cung dfldc tra diy dii vao cud'i cung giam gifl Nhflng ke b i t cdc, ben canh ban chat lieu linh, nghiem khac, manh ddng dac trflng, da dfldc tae gia phac boa nhfl nhflng ngfldi binh thfldng, ed Idng nhan ai, cd sfl ddng cam, cd tinh chung thuy va chan that tinh cam Tren mdt phfldng dien khac, cam quan da tri edn tap trung vao viee mieu ta cam xuc "lfldng phan" cua cac nhan vat Dd'i vdi cac tin, mdi ngfldi ban cflng hi giam gifl ciia minh dfldc tha thi bq lai bi dat mot mau thuan, gifla mdt ben la vui mflng hanh phue vi ban ciia minh dfldc tra tfl do, vdi mdt ben la sfl lo ling cho sd' phan ea nhan eua minh Bdi vi, nhflng ngfldi dfldc tha d i u tien thfldng la nhflng ngfldi it quan trqng van bai ma bon tdi pham dang mac ca vdi chinh phii Trong dd, giam gifl cang lau, than phan cang quan trqng, thi kha nang bi sat hai lai cang cao, mdt yeu sach ciia bon tdi pham khdng dfldc dap flng Sfl sd'ng ciia ngfldi lai la nguy cd cai chet cua ke kia, the gidi khdng cd du hanh phuc va may man eho ta't ea mqi ngfldi Ngay ca dd'i vdi nhflng ngfldi than cua cac tin eung chiu chung trang thai cam xuc lfldng phan dq: 51 "Villamizar thet len vi vui mflng Niem vui cua dng la chan thanh, nhflng lien sau dd dng nhan ring, mdt kbi Pacho va Diana dfldc giai thoat, tbi ngudi nhat cdn lai cd the se bi banh quye't la Maruja va Beatriz vi hai ngUdi cdn d tay Escobar" (trang 208) Cam xuc nude ddi cdn quy dinh tam trang cua nhflng tin dfldc mang di tha tfl Nhflng ke tdi pham thudng khdng bao trUdc nhflng vu hanh quyet, dd, nhflng cudc dan tin di thfldng mang lai bai ket cue: hanh quyet hoac trao tra tfl Chinh vi vay, cudc dan Marina Montoya la mdt cudc hanh quye't, cudc dan Beatriz va Maruja cflng nhdm nha bao Hero Buss la cudc trao tra tfl do, cudc dan Diana Turbay lai mang den ket cue la cai chet dung dac nhiem tat ea deu dfldc thflc thi vdi cflng mdt nghi thflc: cae eon tin bi bit m i t va chd di tren nhflng chuyen xe bi mat Cflng mdt nghi thflc nhflng so' phan va ket cue lai hoan toan khac nhau, do, cae nhan vat ludn dflng trfldc thfl thach tinh than khdc liet mdi dfldc dan Ngay ea nhflng nha chflc trach, eac tfldng linh va tdng thd'ng eung dflng gifla van bai lfldng phan nan giai cua rieng bq, hoae giai cflu bang vfl trang, hoac giai cflu bang dam phan va nhan nhfldng cae yeu sach cua bon tdi pham Hoat ddng vu trang ludn de dang nhat vdi nha cim quyen song lai nguy hiem nhat dd'i vdi nhflng tin Nhan nhfldng theo yeu sach bon tdi pham thi tin an toan song se vi pham hien phap cung nhfl mat long nfldc My (la nfldc chi tai trd ldn nhim dfla bd luat d i n tdi pham ma tuy) Su an nguy eua nhflng tin lai lien quan den sd' phan ciia nhflng gia dinh cd quyen lflc ehinh tri ldn tai 52 SO 05-2010 Colombia, dd, sflc ep nhfldng bd bon tdi pham nham bao toan tinh mang tin la khdng he nhd Lfla ebon phfldng an giai cflu nao la sfl thii thach va kiem dinh eho quan niem ve nhflng gia tri ngfldi eua nhflng ke cim quyen va ngfldi than eua cac eon tin Bon tdi pham cung dflng trfldc trang thai lfldng phan each flng xfl vdi eac tin Mdt mat khdng the giet mqi eon tin bdi dd la at cbii bai ma chflng ed the cd nham dfla yeu sach Mdt mat lai khdng the khdng giet mdt tin nao dd nham gay sflc ep ve dieu chflng ed the lam Bon tdi pham cflng khdng the giam gifl mai tin, nhflng cflng khdng the tha tin chflng nao yeu sach ciia chflng khdng dfldc dap flng NhQng tfl nhan la tin cua bon bat ede, nhflng bon bat ede eung la tin ciia nhflng tu nhan Vi ban than nhflng ke giam gifl eung cflng chiu chung sfl mat tfl do, cac hoan canh sd'ng khac nghiet va suf de doa tinh mang tfl nhflng eude giai cflu bing vfl trang cua ddi dac nhiem Khdng dfldc sinh de sd'ng mdt each de dang gifla cudc ddi Con ngfldi la nan nhan cua ngfldi, va mdi ngUdi la nan nhan cua ehinh minh, cudc sd'ng ludn la mdt phUdng trinh cua nbUng lUa ebon khdng hoan hao, cam thflc da tri da dfldc Marquez xay dflng met each nhan van sau sic chan ly nhan sinh phd quat tac pham eua minh nhfl the Ngoai cam xuc da tri, Marquez edn sii dung thii phap Carnaval hda n h i m lam cac vu bat cdc trd nen mdt "le hdi giai cflu" cua cae ben cd hdi, mud'n nhan sfl viee mflu dd nhflng ddng ed ea nhan Thdng qua thii phap Carnaval hda, chan tfldng cua chinh quyen va cac td chflc ca nhan dang "nd lflc" giai cflu da Id ehi la met CHAU MY NGAY NAY dam cd hdi, nhan sfl kien nham danh bdng ten tudi ca nhan Dfldi sii keu goi eua Dona Nydia Quintero, ngfldi ta da td chflc nhflng "Id hdi" "dieu hanh hda binh cflng chiec khan mau t r i n g va dd't mdt ngon dude t h i p sang lien tuc cho tdi nao nhflng tin binh yen vd sfl trd ve dai phat va truyen hinh bat d i u truyen di ten tudi ciia ta't ea nhflng ngfldi hi bat cdc, tinh tflng ho hi giam gifl trfldc bat dau nhflng tran bdng da ca nfldc, deu doe ban tin keu goi tra tfl cho nhflng ngfldi hi bat cdc " (trang 125) Ngay ca hoa hau toan qud'c 1990 - Maribel Gutierrez cung phat bieu ddi tra tfl cho nhflng ngfldi bi b i t cde Rd rang, Marquez vdi but phap khach quan tinh cflc han cua minh da ban che td'i da sfl binh p h i m ve cac sfl kien, nhflng nhflng heat ddng ma dng gan cho cac ca nhan va td chflc nd lflc giai cflu lai mang tinh hai hudc, mia mai t h i m kin Heat ddng dd't dud'c chay sang cho de'n sii viec ket thuc la ciia phong trao Olympic, mdi The van hdi didn Didu hanh vdi khan mau t r i n g la nhflng cudc bieu tinh thfldng nhat d My Latinh n h i m phan dd'i chinh phii, ddng hd dem ke tfl didn sfl kien, eac tran bdng da la khdng d Copa America (Vd dich chau My) hay giai Copa Libertadores (cup Cl chau My) mot vung dat cudng nhiet vdi bdng da nhfl Nam My, thi khdng chung mdt tran da'u dien la vd cung hao hflng, trai ban vdi tam trang lo au, cang t h i n g ciia mdt vu b i t cdc Viec met hoa hau dflng phat ngdn cung la sfl gilu nhai an n g i m dd'i vdi cac cd quan cdng quyen va lflc lfldng vu trang Marquez da lam rd sfl bat lflc, mau me cua cac ben tham gia b i n g cac "heat ddng va CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2010 tam ly mang tinh le hdi", mflng vui nhfl met dem Carnaval hda trang tren dfldng phd' Cam quan hau hien dai tac pham cdn dfldc Marquez khai trien thee chii de ldn nhat va cung la nhat sud't sfl nghiep cim but ciia minh dd la: viet ve ndi ed ddn Viec di sau vao trang thai tam ly cua cac cen tin hi bat ede but phap ciia minh da giflp tac gia "nghien cflu va xem xet" cam thflc ed ddn dfldi mdt gdc hoan toan mdi, khac ban vdi cam thflc ed ddn ve "cai dep cd dec" nhfl ngfldi dep Remedies, cam thflc cd ddn ve "sfl nghien nat cen ngfldi sau chien tranh" nhfl Dai ta Aureliano Buendia treng Tram ndm co dOn Ndi cd ddn cua cac tin Tin tdc vi mgt vu bdt coc cung mang quan niem ve nhflng cai tdi ben ria the gidi, cung la nhflng nan nhan nhflng ddng be chiu nhieu sfl chia tay, cai chet, nhflng ddng bq "hi ket an tram nam cd ddn khdng cd dip may lan thfl hai de trd lai lam ngfldi tren mat da't nay" {Tram ndm co dOn) Nhflng ndi cd ddn ciia cac nhan vat Tin titc ve mgt vu bdt coc cung cd net dac thfl rieng so vdi ndi cd ddn phd quat cac tac pham khac eua Marquez, bdi vi ndi cd ddn cua bq la cd ddn sfl ngap tran nhflng thdng tin "nguy tao" (simulacres) Ho khdng phai cd ddn vi khdng dfldc giao tiep, khdng dfldc cung cap thdng tin, ma ndi cd ddn eua ho den tfl nhflng nguyen nhan ben trong, bdi tat ea nhflng thdng tin ma ho cd, md'i giao tiep ma ho dfldc phep deu phai thdng qua mdt "bd loc", sfl kiem duyet gat gao va cd chii dich rd rang ciia bon tdi pham Cae eon tin gap gd gia dinh hang qua tivi, nhflng la thdng tin met chieu, va nhflng thdng tin dfldc dfla len cac ed quan truyen thdng dai chflng cung la 53 thdng tin "dfldc bien tap" ki cang Cac phfldng tien truyen thdng dai chung rd rang la met "vu trung tinh", bon tdi pham che phep cen tin xem tivi, doc bao cfl va nghe dai, nhflng chi nao chflng thay an toan va "phfl hdp" vdi muc dich giam gifl tin Tat ca the gidi thdng tin mang tinh "hien thflc tham phdn " (Hyper reality) ay da day ngfldi vao sfl cd ddn, bdi vi ho khdng the truy nguyen va kiem chflng tinh xac thflc cflng nhfl ngudn gd'c cua thdng tin Cen ngfldi met nghe nhieu hdn, biet nhieu hdn, giae tiep nhieu hdn va cflng cd ddn hdn treng the gidi hau hien dai The gidi la mdt ao giae khdng the dean dinh, khdng the chic chin r i n g chung ta dang d ndi dau, va nhflng ke dinh doat sd' phan ciia chflng ta nghi gi ding sau nhflng phat ngdn cua chung The gidi vfla la nhflng gia dinh "rat cd the cd", lai vfla la gia dinh "khdng cd gi chic chin" ve tinh minh xac ciia nd Ndi cd ddn ciia nhflng tin la ndi cd ddn dac thfl ve mat hinh thflc ciia ngfldi thdi hau hien dai, bdi chi cd d thdi hau hien dai mdi cd chu nghia khiing bd', chii nghia tdi pham b i t gifl tin vi ddng cd ehinh tri Ndi dung ben eua ndi ed ddn ay dd la sii trdng vang cen ngfldi treng met ma tran truyen thdng ma mdi ben deu suf dung chinh thdng tin lam vu nham danh van cd chinh tri Nhflng cudc tranh luan ve quyen thdng tin va tiep can thdng tin gifla eac nan nhan va bon bat cde eung la minh chflng cho sfl dau tranh gifla nhflng "dai tii sfl" vdi cac "tieu tfl sfl" Hinh tfldng ten trflm tdi pham Escobar cung la mdt treng nhflng cdng dac sac ve mat nghe thuat cua Marquez Escobar da lam phong phu them dang thflc hinh tfldng ma sud't ddi Marquez ap u: hinh tfldng ve 54 SO 05-2010 ten ddc tai Nhflng Escobar la mdt ten ddc tai - tdi pham, khac ban vdi kieu ddc tai nhfl Dai ta Aureliano Buendia, Ba me vi dai {Ddm tang cua bd me vl dgi) hay tfldng quan Simon Jose de la Santixia Trinide Boliva {Tiidng qudn gida me hon trgn) - nhflng kieu dde tai quan sfl, ddc tai cbinb tri hoae dde tai kinb te Dieu dae biet viec xay dflng hinh tfldng P Escobar dd la Marquez da hqc tap F Kafka n h i m phac thao mdt nhan vat mang tinh chat "khai niem", hdn la mdt nhan vat cu the, hflu hinh Cd the nhan dinh rang, P Escobar la mdt "nhan vat vang mat", ta't ea nhflng hanh vi va suy nghi thflc sfl cua ban ehu yeu chi dfldc tai thdng dien qua cac bflc thfl, tuyen bd' tren bao ehi va thdng qua ngfldi phat ngdn, luat sfl rieng Nhflng thdng bae dd lai thfldng mang nghia nfldc ddi, khdng rd rang ve y dinh va ngfl nghia Tuy nhien, P Escobar lai la nhan vat trung tam ehi phd'i sd' phan eac tin va dan d i t cac ngudn tin ve nhflng ngfldi bi bit, tham chi trflc tiep tranh luan ve cae dae luat va dao dflc -Escobar ludn phu nhan mqi tdi ldi va hanh vi bat ede cua ban, nhflng lai biet each gay sflc ep va de doa gian tiep len cac than nhan cflng nhfl chinh phii P Escobar nhfl the edn ddng vai trd la mdt "thii phap" da tri hda thdng tin Cd the ndi, P Escobar khdng ddn t h u i n la mdt nhan vat, ma la mdt an du, mdt thii phap nghe thuat, mdt bieu tfldng da dien va huyen bi ve eai ac Chung ta deu la nhflng "con tin" ehinh minh giam gifl, chinh vi the, nhflng vu "bit cde" phd bien Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc, khdng chi phan anh mdt hien tfldng thfldng nhat nen "van hda sung dan" tai Colombia, ma cdn the hien the gidi CHAU MY NGAY NAY quan cua tac gia Theo mdt nghia nao dd, ngfldi hau hien dai deu la nhflng "con tin" cua ehinh minh va cua ddng loai mdt each tfl nhien nha't Khdng hie'm sfl kien tae pham eiia minh, Marquez da de nhflng tin chi huy va an iii nhflng ten tdi pham Chinh vi the, ndi cd ddn eua ngfldi dieu kien hau hien dai la mdt tam thflc vfla mang tinh ban the, lai vfla mang tinh hoan canh Thdng qua nhflng vu bat cdc, Marquez da thuf thach va lam ndi bat ban chat nhflng nhan vat eiia minh, tfl ke bat cdc cho den eon tin, tfl chinh quyen ehe den than nhan ngfldi hi bit Nhflng vu bat cdc da la met canh gidi thuf thach pham chat va sfl nhan nai eua eon ngfldi Cai chet va sfl sd'ng ddi la mdt sfl rui may eiia sd' phan, khdng ehi dd'i vdi eon tin ma cdn vdi ea ke giam gifl tin Vdi but phap trinh tham hau hien dai vfla dac thfl, vfla phd quat, Gabriel Garcia Marquez da k h i c hoa va xay dflng dfldc sfl cd ddn tan eung cua eon ngfldi cflng nd lflc kien cfldng ciia he cudc chien vdi tdi ac va vdi "ehinh minh" mdt thdi dai bung nd thdng tin, "thdi dai eiia sfl thd bi danh mat" (Umberto Eco) • Tdi lieu tham khdo: Paul Auster (2007), Trdn trui vdi vdn chuang, Nxb PhuniJl,_Ha Noi 2.Lai Nguyen An va (bien soan) (2003), Vdn hqc hdu hien dai the gidi • nhiing van de ly thuyet, Nxb Hoi nha van, Ha Noi Le Huy Bic (2009), Chu nghia hien thiic huyen vd Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Noi Umberto Eco (2004), Di tim sU that biei ciidi, Nxb Hoi nha van Ha Noi Jean Francois Lyotard (2008), Hodn cdnh hau hien dqi, Nxb Tri thiic, Ha Noi Tzvetan Todorov (2004), Thi phdp vdn xudi, Nxb Dai hoc Su pham, Ha Noi  ... Tieu thuyet Tin tiic ve mgt vu bdt coc ciia Marquez Trong sU nghiep cua Marquez - nha van vi dai cua van hqc My Latinh the ky XX vdi giai Nobel van hoc nam 1982, cud''n tieu thuyet trinh tham dam... eua chung Tinh tfl ngdn luan va da tri quan niem ve tin tflc eiia thdi hau hien dai da dfldc the hien rd each xay dflng ve me Id thdng tin eua Marquez Thdng tin khdng edn la thdng tin mdt chieu,... eiia sd'' phan, khdng ehi dd''i vdi eon tin ma cdn vdi ea ke giam gifl tin Vdi but phap trinh tham hau hien dai vfla dac thfl, vfla phd quat, Gabriel Garcia Marquez da k h i c hoa va xay dflng dfldc