GRAMMAR I. Adjectives: 1. Adj. can come in two places in a sentence. Adj. + N: a beautiful girl, careful drives V + adj.: be, look, seem, appear, feel, find, taste, sound, smell E.g.: You seem happy. 2. Adjective clauses: S + be + Adjective + that clause (S + V) That clauses come after adjectives that refer to feelings or certainty: afraid, angry, bad, certain, disappointed, glad, happy, graceful, helpful, important, lucky, pleased, possible, sad, sorry, sure, thankful, true, wrong E.g.: Im disappointed that people have spoiled this area. II. Adverbs of manner: Adjective + ly Safe Careful Happy wide Safely Carefully Happily widely Some adjectives and adverbs are the same: hard, fast, early, late, far Hardly (hau nhử khoõng), lately (recently), mostly (chuỷ yeỏu laứ) are not adverbs of manner. Adverbs normally go after the direct object. E.g.:- I read the letter carefully. - She worked slowly. III. Adverb clauses 1. Adverb clauses of result with: so, therefore, consequently E.g.:- Plastic bags are very hard to dissolver, so they will cause pollution. - I stayed up late watching TV, therefore, Im tired now. 2. Adverb clauses of reason with: because, since, as E.g.: - Because/ Since/ As pollution is something that other folk do, were just enjoying our day. - Unfortunately my company does not produce recycle paper since/ because/ as it is more expensive to make than regular paper. 3. Adverb clauses of concession with though/ although/ even though E.g.: Thu Ha is not satisfied with her preparation for Tet, although/ even though/ though she has decorated her house and made a plenty of cakes. IV. Conditional sentences Type If - clause Main clause I: Real condition S + V (present simple) S + will/shall + inf. Can/ should/ must + inf. II: Unreal condition in the present / future S + V (past simple ) S + would/ could/ might + inf. E.g.: - If the rice paddies are polluted, the rice plants will die. - If you saw a UFO, what would you do? V. Relative clause: Relative pronouns: who/which/ that: relative pronouns, used to replace the pronouns. - Who used for people. - Which used for thing. - That replacing who or which in defining relative clauses + being used after the superlative, all, first, last, all, anything, everyone somebody, nobody, E.g. 1. Linda is the girl who/ that is giving her Mom a gift. 2. The shoes which/ that Linda is wearing are red. 3. The man and his dog that are sitting behind me came here from France. 4. There is nobody that was invited in the party. Types of relative clauses: Defining and non-defining Defining: Examples: - Tornadoes are funnel-shaped storms which pass overland below a thunderstorm. - The typhoon damaged the water pipes which supply our home. Not using commas before and after a defining clause. Non-defining: Examples: - It snowed in Lang Son, which is on the Ky Cung River, in the winter of 2002. - Pompeii, which is an ancient city of Italy, was completely destroyed in A.D. 79 by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Add commas to separate the non-defining relative clause from the rest of the sentence. That is not used to replace who or which in Non-defining relative clauses. VI. Review modal verbs. - There may be a power cut. - There must be having heavy rain or strong winds. VII. Structures I. Connectives - and, but, or: connecting words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence - and, but, or, so, because, however, although, therefore,…: connecting two independent clauses @ Group “and”: As well (as), Furthermore/ moreover, Besides, In addition, Not only … but also @ Group “but”: However, Yet, Nevertheless, though/ although, on the other hand @ Group “so”: therefore, consequently, as a result @ Group “because”: for, as, since II. Making suggestions: To suggest doing sth sb to do sth (that) + S + should do sth Examples: - I suggest giving lessons to poor children. - I suggest (that) you should speak English in class to improve your English. III. Phrasal verbs (Verb + preposition) Some phrasal verbs Bring back Belong to Look after Listen to Carry out Consist of Come out Come over Come down Depend on Dream about Look for Turn off Go on Talk to Put off: delay Put on =/= take off Turn on Want for Separable (Verb + O + preposition) Inseparable (Verb + preposition + O) - turn on =/= turn off - put on =/= take off - put away - put off - throw away - wake up - pay back … - look at - look for - look after - look out - look up/ down - go on - listen to - wait for … Examples: - If we go on wasting water, there will be a shortage of fresh water I a few decades. - Would you mind if I turned the TV on Must May Can should + inf. A VOCABULARY 1. Complete the passage, using the words in the box. which - raw sewerage – spills - polluted - waste - marine life - without - garbage Our oceans are becoming extremely (1) ___________. Most of this pollution comes from the land that means it come from people. First, there is (2) ___________ which is pumped directly into the sea. Many countries, both developed and developing, are guilty of doing this. Secondly, ships drop about six million tons of (3) ___________ into the sea each year. Thirdly, there are oil (4) ___________ from ships. A ship has an accident and oil leaks from the vessel. This not only pollutes the water, but it also kills (5) ___________. Next, there are waste materials from factories, (6) ___________ proper regulation, factory owners let the (7) ___________ run directly into the rivers, (8) ___________ then leads to the sea. And finally, oil is washed from the land. This can be the result of carelessness or a deliberate dumping of waste. 2. Complete the passage, using the words in the box. energy - nuclear power - electricity – instead - be - of - panels – pollution “Are you looking for a cheep, clean, effective source power that doesn’t cause (1) _______________ or waste natural resources? Look no further than solar energy from our sun. At present, most of our (2) _______________ comes from the use of coal and gas, oil or (3) _______________. This power could be provide by the sun. One percent of the solar (4) _______________ that reaches the Earth is enough to provide power for the total population. Many countries are already using solar energy. Solar (5)_______________ are placed on the roof of a house and the Sun’s energy is used to heat water. The energy can be stored for a number (6) __________ days, so on cloudy days you can use solar energy too. Sweden has an advanced solar energy program. There, all buildings will (7) __________ heated by solar energy and cars will use solar power (8) ___________ of gas by the year 2015” 3. Complete the passage, using the words in the box. heavy – earthquake – move – block – doorway – take –from - container If you live in an earthquake zone, you should (1) …………………… some time to look around your house. Place (2) …………………… books on the bottom shelf of your bookshelves. (3) …………………… the rollers on your fridge and washing machines to prevent them (4) …………………… moving. Put hanging potted plants in the plastic (5) ……………………… check the mirrors in your bathroom and bedroom. Make sure they can’t (6) ………………………. Don’t put your bed next to a window. Planning where you are going to be during an (7) …………………… is very important. The first thing to remember is to stay inside. Then you should sit under a strong table or (8) …………………… or stand in the corner of a room. 4. Fill in the each blank with the correct form of the word in parentheses: 1. We must learn about keeping environment ………………………… (polluted) 2. Environment ………………………… is everybody’s responsibility. (protect) 3. Scientists are looking for an ……………………way to reduce energy consumptions. (effect) 4. ………………………… is now a serious problem in many countries. (forest) 5. Can you tell me the reasons for ………………………… the Mother’s Day? (celebrate) 6. Passover of the Jewish people is a festival which celebrates …………………from slavery. (free) 7. I’m very ………………………… of my father and love him so much. (pride) 8. The earthquake caused terrible ………………………… (destroy) 9. Thousands of people were ………………………… killed in that morning. (disaster) 10. I’m afraid of the picture which shows a violent ………………………… (erupt) 5. Fill each gap in the sentences with a suitable word from the box: 1. ………………………… air can cause illness and even death. 2. We have to change the …………………………, it has gone. 3. Do you know next week is …………………………? It’s on October 31 4. Do you prefer cooking with …………………………or gas. 5. ………………………… visits children and brings them presents on Christmas’ Eve. 6. A tornado looks like a big, dark …………………… coming from the bottom of a storm cloud. 7. ………………………… is a song that is sung on New Year’s Eve. 8. There is no rain for two months. The ……… makes land so dry that farmers cannot grow anything . - to reduce energy consumptions: làm giảm sự tiêu dùng năng lượng Bulb, Santa Claus, funnel, polluted, electricity, Halloween, drought, Auld Lang Syne 1. II. Match the word in column A to its definition or meaning in column B (1) A B 1. plumber a. a very strong wind that goes quickly around in a circle 2. energy b. a sudden strong shaking of the ground 3. tornado c. a person whose job is to fit and repair things like water pipes and baths 4. typhoon d. of or using the sun 5. earthquake e. the power from electricity, gas, coal, etc, …that is used to make things work. 6. solar f. a tropical storm with strong winds 7. environment g. the cutting down of trees in a large area, the destruction of forests by people. 8. deforestation h. the air, water and Land in or which people, animals and plants live B GRAMMAR 1. Correct verb form: 1. They cannot swim in this part of the river because the water (pollute) highly. 2. Yesterday when you (phone), I (work) in my garden. 3. If she came before six, she (meet) her friends. 4. You (visit) One – pillar Pagoda when you were in Hanoi? 5. Look! It’s cloudy. It (rain) 6. These students (learn) English since they (be) six. 7. I suggest (organize) a show to raise money. 8. Kangaroo can (see) everywhere in Australia. 9. A new textbook (publish) next year. 10. If the climate (change), we (meet) with natural disasters. 11. Listen! Someone (knock) on the front door. 12. My brother (sell) his old motorbike because it (not be) economical. 13. I look forward to (hear) from you and (see) good respond from your company. 14. Many buildings in our city (heat) by solar energy in 2050. 15. I wish I (live) in a big city. It’s so boring in the country. 2. Complete the sentences below with appropriate adjectives or adverbs. Using the adjectives or adverbs in the box. Careful – fast – hot – badly – late – far – beautifully – sure 1. He behaved surprisingly ………………… at the party. 2. Oh, he’s running very …………………. I can’t catch up with him. 3. Is your school ………………… from here? – No, it’s just a short distance away. 4. You say that Mark is a ………………… driver? I can’t agree with you less. 5. I was ………………that he was having some trouble with his boss. 6. The room is ………………… decorated for Christmas. 7. The weather is getting …………………in the summer. 8. He got up so ………………… that he missed the bus this morning. 3. Rewrite the following sentences, using adjective + that clause 1. Everyone enjoyed the picnic. We were delighted. 2. Ann missed the match. Peter was disappointed. 3. I go to DALAT. I’m excited. 4. I’ve not phoned you. I’m disappointed. 5. George was waiting to meet me. I was pleased. 4. Make sentences, using the words given. Using adj. + that clause. 1. Her parents / be worried / she / come home / late / yesterday evening. 2. She / proud / she / win / race. 3. Children / happy / their / parents / buy / them / toys. 4. I / sorry / I / break / bike. 5. I/ amazed/ she/ win the first prize 5. Choose the suitable connectives to complete sentences: 1. Ba got wet (so / because / but) he forgot his umbrella. 2. It’s raining, (so / because / however) I can’t go to the beach. 3. Nam is very tired. (However / There fore / Although), he has to finish his homework before going to bed. 4. Hoa didn’t pass her Math test. (However / Therefore / Though) she had to do the test again. 5. I’d like to play soccer with you (and / but / or) I have to finish my homework first. 6. The Australians enjoy Christmas (and / but / although) Christmas season is in summer. 7. He likes playing chess (or / and / so) watching TV. 8. Hurry up (and / but / or) we’ll be late for the bus 6. Choose the suitable relative pronouns: 1. Tet is a festival (who / which / when) occurs in late January or early February. 2. Family members (who / whom / which) live apart try to be together at Tet. 3. Vietnam, (who / which / that) is in south – East Asia, exports rice. 4. Neil Armstrong, (who / whom / that) first walked on the moon, lived in the USA. 5. He is a generous man (whom / that / which) is loved a lot. 6. The typhoon may damage the water pies (who / that / things) supply our home. 7. Have you seen a man and his dog (who / which / that) are sitting over there? 8. Do you know the name of the tourist (whom / which / whose) Mr. Lam is talking to? 7. Combine these pairs of sentences, using the words given in parentheses: 1. Hanoi will be partially cloudy. It is the capital city of Vietnam. (which) 2. I couldn’t understands the dance. I saw it at the festival last spring (that) 3. This is the photo of the hero. Our teacher talked about him in the lecture. (who) 4. I’ll tell you about my dad. He is the best person in the world. (who) 5. Next Sunday is my mother’s birthday. I don’t know what to give her. (but) 6. They were very tired. They were sleepy. They went to bed early. (and, so) 7. I sang several songs. I told her many fairy tales. My baby sister didn’t fall into sleep. She missed my mother. (and, but, because) 8. He was thirsty. He didn’t want to drink the river water. (although) 9. Na is very tired. She has to finish her homework before bedtime. ( however) 10. Why don’t we use energy – saving bulbs instead of ordinary bulbs? ( suggest + that clause) 11. Students often listen to English programs on radio. They want to improve their listening skill. ( If) - Partially (adv): không hoàn chỉnh, từng phần, cục bộ - C REARING COMPREHENSION Read the following passages and do the exercise below them. I. It is now feared that the number of dead people following yesterday’s earthquake could be as high as 3000. Many of victims died when their home collapsed. The government has sent many rescue workers to search for survivors who many still be trapped under the fallen walls, although there is no hope that anyone is still alive now. - Survivor(s): người sống sót * True or false statement is. Correct the false 1. The earthquake happened three days ago. 2. The number of people who died could reach 3000 3. The collapsed houses killed many people. 4. The rescue workers are not working now because nobody who may be still alive. II. Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which man pollution his surroundings. Man dirties the air with gases and smokes, poisons the water with chemicals and other substances, and damages the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides. Man also pollutes his surroundings in various other ways. For example, people ruin natural beauty by scattering junk and litter on the land and in the water. They operate machines and motor vehicles that fill the air with disturbing noise. Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing humankind today. Air, water, and soil are necessary to the survival of all living things. Badly polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land growing food. Environmental pollution also brings ugliness to man’s naturally beautiful world. * Complete the sentences below. 1. The air is polluted with ……………………………………………………………… 2. ………………………………………………………… make the water polluted. 3. Man damages the soil with …………………………………………………………. 4. The survival of all living things needs………………………………………………… 5. Environmental pollution can cause ………………………………………………… III. Electricity is the most common form of energy today. In the modern world, electricity is very available at the touch of a switch. Electricity has many uses. The most common use of electricity is providing artificial lighting. In factories, electricity is used to light up the work place. It is also used to operate air conditioners, computers and many other machines. Electricity is also used to power the many appliances that we have in our homes such as appliances include television sets, computers, electric fans, irons and many others. The list is simply endless. Modern man will most probably be lost without electricity. * Answer the questions: 1. What is the most common form of energy today? 2. What is the most common use of electricity? 3. What do people use electricity for at home? 4. How would our life be if there was no electricity? IV. Viet Nam has many traditional religious holidays but none can be compared to New Festival, Tet Nguyen Dan, or in short, Tet, which may fall in late January or early February. Tet is the greatest festival in Viet Nam. It is said that it has been celebrated since at least 500 B.C. The exact origin is unknown The Vietnamese believe the first day and the first week of the New Year will determine the fortunes for the rest of the year. During the Tet festival, all stores are closed and businesses are interrupted for at least three days. The first sign of the holiday shows up a month before Tet. Many stores are built to sell holiday items such as New Year’s greeting cards, candied fruits and decoration. Prices for everything begin to rise. Houses and buildings get a coat of new paint. People buy new clothes, exchange greeting cards, wish Happy New Year to each other. They also buy flowers and ornamental trees to display on New Year days. * True or false statement is. Correct the false. 1. Tet is only one of the greatest festivals in Viet Nam. 2. Maybe people celebrated Tet over 2500 years ago. 3. People don’t sell anything at least three days during the Tet festival. 4. People can see the sign of Tet a few months before. 5. They buy flowers and ornamental trees on New Year days. * Answer the questions: 1. When does Tet Nguyen Dan occur? 2. Which time is considered as the fortunes or misfortunes for the rest of the year? 3. When do the Vietnamese start preparing for Tet? D WRITING I. Use the suggested words to write a complaint letter. 1. I / write / this letter / complaint / noise from Apartment 3C. 2. I / move into / Apartment 2C / November 1 st . 3. Since I / move in, / my upstairs neighbors / play / stereo / loudly / night. 4. I / ask / them / turn it down / several times already. 5. However, they / not stop / the noise yet. 6. I / be / a student / and / study / every night. 7. I / fail / final examination / next month / unless this noise stop. 8. Please talk / my neighbors / and ask / turn down their stereo / 9:00. 9. I / look forward / hear / you / and / see / how you / solve / problem. 10. Sincere / Lan Dear Mr. Jones, II. Write a speech about saving energy and protecting environment by using the cues. - I / want / tell / it be / necessary / save / energy / protect / environment. - You / reduce / by. - Reduce garbage/ reuse paper / save water. - If / follow / simple rules / not only / energy / but also / environment. - Good morning ladies and gentlemen, III. Use suggested words to write a short story. - Last night / when/ we / came down / hill / into/ town /, / see / strange / object / sky. - It / suddenly / appear / front / us. - We / stop / car / and / get out. - As / we/ watch / it /, /it/ suddenly/ fly away / disappear IV. Use suggested words to write a passage to support the idea of celebrating Mother’s day or Father’s Day. - It / important / have days / celebrate / our parents. - Main reason / children / have / special day / express/ feelings / memories / love / parents. - These days / children / should / given / parents / flowers / cards / gifts or a special cake. - In addition / children / party/ or / meal / with food / parents / best. - I / believe / my idea / support / because / every body / love / parents / wants / make / them / happy. In my opinion E MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the best answer. 1. Solar energy is clean because it doesn’t cause (pollution/ necessity/ population / garbage) 2. Nam forgot turning off the faucet (and/ but/ because / so) his bath is over flowing. 3. I’m (surprise/ surprising /surprised / to surprise) that you can come back so soon. 4. (However/ Therefore/ As/ But) plastic bags are very hard to dissolve, we should use tree leaves to wrap food. 5. Man is (slow/ slowly / carefully / happily) destroying the Earth. 6. If we go (up / on/ to/ for) throwing trash onto the water, there will be a shortage of fresh water in a few years. 7. She was very (interesting/ interested/ interestingly/ interest) in protecting the environment. 8. He was tired, (and/ but/ if/ so) he sat down and drank some water before continuing the work. 9. What will you do if you (pass/ passed/ passes/ will pass) the exam? 10. She was very (interesting/ interested/ interestingly/ interest) in protecting the environment. 11. What (will happen/ happen/ is happening/ does happen) if people go on destroying the environment? 12. I suggest (take/ should take/ taking/ took) a shower instead of a bath to save energy. 13. It’s too cold. Don’t turn (on/ off/ up/ down) the fan, please. 14. (However,/ Although/ Because/ Therefore,) he didn’t understand the matter, he didn’t ask for help. 15. _ That’s an excellent painting, Hoa. Well done./ You’re welcome/ It’s nice of you to say so./ I’m fine. 16. The person (that/ which/ who/ whom) invented the telephone is Alexander Graham Bell. 17. (Passover/ Halloween/ Easter/ Christmas) is celebrated in Israel by all the Jewish people. 18. _______ are funnel-shaped storms which pass overland below a thunderstorm. a. Hurricanes b. Tornadoes c. Tidal waves d. Volcanoes 19. His sense of humor __________ him from others. a. separates b. compares c. differs d. distinguishes 20. He lives very far from home. _______, he always returns home on Mother’s Day. a. Because b. Although c. However d. Therefore 21. Let me congratulate you ________ your nomination, Tuan. a. on b. in c. at d. to 22. I like reading books which _______ about different people and their culture. a. tells b. to tell c. telling d. tell 23. We should buy a ________ just in case we need to fix the roof. a. ladder b. canned food c. blanket d. door latch 24. On _________ Day, young children receive chocolate or sugar eggs – as long as they are good. a. Passover b. Easter c. Christmas d. Thanksgiving 25. ______________we don’t have a Mother’s Day in Vietnam, we have special gifts and flowers for our mothers every year on the 8th of March. a. However, b. Although c. Because d. Therefore, 26. I think we should buy some ________ before a typhoon. a. video movies b. canned food c. blankets d. door latches 27. The test wasn’t very difficult ______________, they didn’t finish it perfectly. a. because b. although c. however d. therefore 28. We can predict when a volcano will________________. a. abrupt b. abruptness c. erupt d. eruption 29. The boy __________ is wearing a blue shirt over there is my best friend. a. that b. who c. a and b d. which 30. In Australia, a tropical storm is known as _______. a. hurricane b. typhoon c. thunderstorm d. cyclone . plenty of cakes. IV. Conditional sentences Type If - clause Main clause I: Real condition S + V (present simple) S + will/shall + inf. Can/ should/ must + inf. II: Unreal condition in the present. giving lessons to poor children. - I suggest (that) you should speak English in class to improve your English. III. Phrasal verbs (Verb + preposition) Some phrasal verbs Bring back Belong to Look. to Carry out Consist of Come out Come over Come down Depend on Dream about Look for Turn off Go on Talk to Put off: delay Put on =/= take off Turn on Want for Separable (Verb + O + preposition) Inseparable