RELATIVE CLAUSES mệnh đề quan hệ A.. RELATIVE CLAUSES: - Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và tr
Trang 1RELATIVE CLAUSES
( mệnh đề quan hệ)
A RELATIVE CLAUSES:
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu
bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và
trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.
Danh từ
(Antecedent) Chủ từ (Subject) (Object) Túc từ (Possesive Case) Tính từ sở hữu
Vật (Things) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose
1 Relative Pronouns: ( Đại từ quan hệ)
a WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH =>
Ex1: - I need to meet the boy The boy is my friend’s son.
à I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.
Ex2: - The woman is standing over there She is my sister.
àThe woman who is standing over there is my sister.
b.WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH =>
Ex1:- I know the girl I spoke to this girl.
à I know the girl whom I spoke to.
Ex2:- The man is my teacher Your father is talking to him.
à The man whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
c WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex1: - She works for a company It makes cars
à She works for a company which makes cars.
Ex2: - The elephants are big People keep the elephants in iron cages.
à The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.
d WHOSE = OF WHICH : thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-,
its-, their-)
Ex1: - John found the cat Its leg was broken.
à John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.
Ex2: - This is the student I borrowed his book.
àThis is the student whose book I borrowed.
e THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH.
WHO + V
WHOM + S +V
WHOSE + N
Trang 2
Ex1: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.
Ex2: - The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister.
Ex3: - I know the girl that/ whom I spoke to.
Ex4: - The man that/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher Ex5: - She works for a company that/ which makes cars.
Ex6: - The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.
Note:
1 Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:
- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:
Ex1: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
- Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much
Ex2: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất : the most, only, first, second, last…
Ex3: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)
Ex4: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
2 Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:
- Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.
Ex1: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- Sau giới từ
Ex2: The house in that I was born is for sale.
f OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
Ex1: - Daisy has three brothers All of them are teachers.
à Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers
Ex2: - He asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them.
à He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer
2 Relative Adverbs: ( Trạng từ quan hệ )
a WHERE (in/ on/ at which): thay thế cho: the place, there, hometown, village
Ex1: - The movie theater is the place We can see films at that place.
à The movie theater is the place where we can see films.
b WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho: day, time, year, then
Ex1: - Do you remember the day We first met on that day.
à Do you remember the day when we first met?
c WHY (for which): thay thế cho: the reason
Trang 3
Ex1: - Tell me the reason You are so sad for that reason.
à Tell me the reason why you are so sad.
CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ:
DEFINING & NON – DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
I Defining Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa
Ex1: - I saw the girl She helped us last week.
à I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.
II Non- Defining Relative Clauses:
Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa
Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy
Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:
nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex1: - My father is a doctor He is fifty years old.
à My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor
Ex1: - Mr Brown is a very nice teacher We studied English with him.
à Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher
Ex1: The sun made the traveller thirsty It was hot at midday.
à The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty
Ex1: - The boys in the next room are my students They are making
noise
à The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students
B REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES: (Rút gọn MĐQH.)
MĐQH có thể rút gọn bằng cách đưa về hiện tại phân từ ( V_ing), và QKPT ( V 3/ ed ).
1 Present participle: ( V_ing ):
+ Đặc điểm:
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế = V_ing khi động từ trong mệnh đề
quan hệ đó ở dạng chủ động với các thì:
HTĐ,HTTD,QKĐ,QKTD,TLĐ,TLTD.
+ Cách rút gọn V_ing:
Trang 4- Bỏ đại từ quan hệ chủ ngữ (và “tobe” nếu có)
- Động từ ở các thì trên -> V_ing
Ex1: The man who is standing there is my brother.
=> The man standing there is my brother Ex2: The man who robbed you has been arrested
The man robbing you has been arrested.
2 Past participle: ( V 3 /ed )
+ Đặc điểm:
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế bằng V 3/ ed khi động từ trong mệnh
quan hệ ở dạng bị động với các thì: HTĐ, TLĐ, QKĐ.
+ Cách rút gọn: - Bỏ đại từ quan hệ.
- Bỏ dạng của động từ “tobe”, giữ lại V 3/ ed
Ex1: The English language which is spoken all over the world is the
most popular one
=> The English language spoken all over the world is the most
popular one
Ex2: This is the house which was built by my grandparents.
=> This is the house built by my granparents.
3 Infinitive ( to V 0 )
+ Đặc điểm:
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế = to V 0
- Mệnh đề quan hệ là các cụm từ: The fist, the second, the thirth,
the fourth, the last, the only… hoặc so sánh hơn nhất (the best… )
+ Cách rút gọn:
- Bỏ đại từ quan hệ:
- Động từ trong MĐQH => to V 0 (chủ động)
=> tobe + V 3/ ed (bị động)
Ex1: The last man who leaves the room must turn off the
lights
Trang 5=> The last man to leave the room must turn off the
lights
Ex2: The first man that we saw was a manager.
=> The first man to see a manager.
=> The first man to be seen was a manager.
EXERCISE:
A Combine these pairs of sentences, using WHERE, WHICH, WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT, WHEN, WHY…….
1 The girl is sitting by Jack She is Mary
………
………
2 The farm produces milk We visited it last Sunday
………
………
3 He didn’t receive the letter I sent him the letter last January
………
………
4 He often tells me something about his village He was born there
………
………
5 My sister wants to speak to you You met her at my birthday party
………
………
6 Jack London is a famous American writer He wrote “Iron heel”
………
………
7 The boy is sitting next to Mary He is Jack
………
………
8 The girl chatted with him yesterday She arrived here at 6:30
9 My father is a doctor He is fifty years old
…
10 The man speaks English very fast I talked to him last night
11 Students who arrive late will not be permitted to enter the classroom
12 The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress
Trang 613 John found the cat Its leg was broken.
………
………
14 Daisy has three brothers All of them are teachers
………
15 Most students who were punished last week are lazy
16 Fans who want to buy tickets started queuing early
17 The man who is waiting for the bus is wearing a red coat
………
………
18 This is the second person who was awarded this medal
………
………
19 The ideas which are presented by her are very unreal
………
………
20 The films can’t be shown to children The films have a lot of sex.
21 I’m going to the party The party is held in the biggest restaurant in the
town
22 The house has been sold I bought the house five years ago.
23 The students are from Thailand They are very nice
………
………
24 Jackson lives on the corner She is very intelligent
………
………
25 You are the last person who saw her alive
………
………
26 He was the second man who was killed in this way
………
………
27 Lady Astor was the first woman who took her seat in Parliament
………
………
28 She’s just bought a handbag which was made of crocodile skin
………
………
Trang 729 The teacher who takes the responsibility for the class is Ms Lan.
………
………
B Write who, that, which, where, when, or why to complete these sentences :
1 Have you got the money _ I lent you yesterday ?
2 Peter, _ I had seen earlier, wasn’t at the party
3 This is the machine _ cost half a million pounds
4 Mary, _ had been listening to the conversation, looked angry
5 Have you read the book _ I gave you ?
6 The house, _ they bought three months ago, looks lovely
7 Mrs.Jackson, _ had been very ill, died yesterday
8 The dog, _ had been very quiet, suddenly started barking
9 I didn’t receive the letters _ she sent me
10 We all looked at the place _ the fire had started
11 Did they tell you the reason _ they were late?
12 The cat sat on the wall _ it had a good view of the birds
13 They arrived in the evening, at a time _ we were all out
C Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1 The new shopping mall is advertised as a place you can find anything you want to buy
in that
2 “Have you ever met the man over there?”
“No, who is he?”
A stands B standing C is standing D who he
is standing
3 “Do you remember Mr Goddard, taught us English
compositions?”“Certainly I do.”
which
4 I have three brothers, are businessmen
A that all of them B all of whom C who they are D who all of them
5 “Were you able to locate the person wallet you found?”
that’s
6 “Have you seen the place the graduation ceremony will be held?”
“Yes It’s big enough to hold 5,000 people.”
which
7 “How’s your class in this term?”
“Great I have seventeen students, most of speak English very well.”
Trang 8A who B those C whom
D which
8 Some of the people to the party can’t come
A inviting B invited C who invited D they were invited
9 Do you know the woman lives next door?
10 The man answered the phone told me you were away
what
11 Do you still remember the day we first met?
A where B whom C which D when
12 Martin is someone with I usually agree
13 Is that the lawyer to you spoke?
which
14 David is the only person his help
A who offers B to offer C that will offer D
offering
15 Tom was the last member the club last night
who leaving
16 The building by Mr Pike looks terrible
A which decorated B decorating C whose decorating D decorated
17 Mrs Jackson, used to be very beautiful, is now suffering from a fatal disease
that
18 The live in the house they bought last year
where
19 The man house was destroyed in the war will tell us more about that
of which
20 Don’t you know the man wrote this letter?
where
21 Romeo and Juliet were lovers parents hated each other
which
22 Mr Smith I had come especially to see, was too busy to speak to me
whose
23 What is the place you stand and wait for a train?
Trang 9A where B when C which D what
24 The reason I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Saturday
as
25 Most customers go to supermarkets buy from a shopping list
which
26.The woman lives next door is a doctor
27 The boy _ Mary likes is my son
28 The boy _ eyes are brown is my son
29 The book _ is on the table is interesting
30 Dec 26th, 2005 was the day _ the terrible tsunami happpened
31 Do you know the reason _ 006 was killed ?
32 What was the name of the girl _ phoned you last night ?
33 What was the name of the girl you phoned last night ?
34 My brother Jim , lives in Houston, is a doctor
35 My English teacher comes from Australia, loves computers
II Choose the words or pharses that are not correct in standard English
1 What do you call a person who job is to edit a film ?
A B C D
2 Many film whose are about violence are harmful to our children
A B C D
3 The US, that is one of the most powerful countries, decided to declare a war
to Iraq
A B C D
4 The book whom I am reading is on information technology
A B C D
5 He is the man whom passort was stolen in Cambridge
A B C D
6 Dr James, which is the professor of this class, will be absent this week because of hisillness
A B C D
7 The car who I bought used to be my father’s
Trang 10A B C D
8 Do you know the reason when Englishmen travel to the left
A B C D
9 New Year Day is the day where all family members gather and enjoy it together
A B C D
10 At last they found the woman and her cat which were badly injured by the fire
A B C D
11 This novel, which written by a well known writer, should be read
A B C D
12 My friend George, that arrived late, was not permitted to enter the class
A B C D
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