RELATIVE CLAUSES ( mệnh đề quan hệ) A. RELATIVE CLAUSES: - Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN. Danh từ (Antecedent) Chủ từ (Subject) Túc từ (Object) Tính từ sở hữu (Possesive Case) Người (person) Who/That Whom/That Whose Vật (Things) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose 1. Relative Pronouns: ( Đại từ quan hệ) a. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH. => Ex1: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son. à I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son. Ex2: - The woman is standing over there. She is my sister. àThe woman who is standing over there is my sister. b.WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH. => Ex1:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl. à I know the girl whom I spoke to. Ex2:- The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him. à The man whom your father is talking to is my teacher. c. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH. Ex1: - She works for a company. It makes cars à She works for a company which makes cars. Ex2: - The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages. à The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big. d. WHOSE = OF WHICH : thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-). Ex1: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken. à John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken. Ex2: - This is the student. I borrowed his book. àThis is the student whose book I borrowed. e. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH. WHO + V WHOM + S +V WHOSE + N Ex1: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son. Ex2: - The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister. Ex3: - I know the girl that/ whom I spoke to. Ex4: - The man that/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher. Ex5: - She works for a company that/ which makes cars. Ex6: - The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big. Note: 1. Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT: - Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật: Ex1: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London. - Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much Ex2: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting. - Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất : the most, only, first, second, last… Ex3: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have. - Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …) Ex4: It is my friend that wrote this sentence. 2. Những trường hợp không dùng THAT: - Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định. Ex1: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher. - Sau giới từ Ex2: The house in that I was born is for sale. f. OF WHICH / OF WHOM: Ex1: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers. à Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers. Ex2: - He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them. à He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer. 2. Relative Adverbs: ( Trạng từ quan hệ ) a. WHERE (in/ on/ at which): thay thế cho: the place, there, hometown, village Ex1: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place. à The movie theater is the place where we can see films. b. WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho: day, time, year, then Ex1: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day. à Do you remember the day when we first met? c. WHY (for which): thay thế cho: the reason Ex1: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason. à Tell me the reason why you are so sad. CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ: DEFINING & NON – DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES I. Defining Relative Clauses: - Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa. Ex1: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week. à I saw the girl who/that helped us last week. II. Non- Defining Relative Clauses: Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa. Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy. Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi: Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/… Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn Ex1: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old. à My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor. Ex1: - Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him. à Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher. Ex1: The sun made the traveller thirsty. It was hot at midday. à The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty Ex1: - The boys in the next room are my students. They are making noise. à The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students. B. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES: (Rút gọn MĐQH.) MĐQH có thể rút gọn bằng cách đưa về hiện tại phân từ ( V_ing), và QKPT ( V 3/ ed ). 1. Present participle: ( V_ing ): + Đặc điểm: - Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế = V_ing khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ đó ở dạng chủ động với các thì: HTĐ,HTTD,QKĐ,QKTD,TLĐ,TLTD. + Cách rút gọn V_ing: - Bỏ đại từ quan hệ chủ ngữ (và “tobe” nếu có) - Động từ ở các thì trên -> V_ing Ex1: The man who is standing there is my brother. => The man standing there is my brother Ex2: The man who robbed you has been arrested The man robbing you has been arrested. 2. Past participle: ( V 3 /ed ) + Đặc điểm: - Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế bằng V 3/ ed khi động từ trong mệnh quan hệ ở dạng bị động với các thì: HTĐ, TLĐ, QKĐ. + Cách rút gọn: - Bỏ đại từ quan hệ. - Bỏ dạng của động từ “tobe”, giữ lại V 3/ ed Ex1: The English language which is spoken all over the world is the most popular one. => The English language spoken all over the world is the most popular one. Ex2: This is the house which was built by my grandparents. => This is the house built by my granparents. 3. Infinitive. ( to V 0 ) + Đặc điểm: - Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế = to V 0 - Mệnh đề quan hệ là các cụm từ: The fist, the second, the thirth, the fourth, the last, the only… hoặc so sánh hơn nhất (the best… ) + Cách rút gọn: - Bỏ đại từ quan hệ: - Động từ trong MĐQH => to V 0 (chủ động) => tobe + V 3/ ed (bị động) Ex1: The last man who leaves the room must turn off the lights. => The last man to leave the room must turn off the lights. Ex2: The first man that we saw was a manager. => The first man to see a manager. => The first man to be seen was a manager. EXERCISE: A. Combine these pairs of sentences, using WHERE, WHICH, WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT, WHEN, WHY……. 1. The girl is sitting by Jack. She is Mary. ………………………………………………………………………………… …………… 2. The farm produces milk. We visited it last Sunday. ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………. 3. He didn’t receive the letter. I sent him the letter last January. ………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… 4. He often tells me something about his village. He was born there. ………………………………………………………………………………… …………… 5. My sister wants to speak to you. You met her at my birthday party. ………………………………………………………………………………… …………… 6. Jack London is a famous American writer. He wrote “Iron heel”. ………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… 7. The boy is sitting next to Mary. He is Jack. ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………. 8. The girl chatted with him yesterday. She arrived here at 6:30. 9. My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old. … 10.The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night. 11.Students who arrive late will not be permitted to enter the classroom. 12.The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress 13.John found the cat. Its leg was broken. ………………………………………………………………………………… ……… 14.Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers. …………………………… 15.Most students who were punished last week are lazy. 16.Fans who want to buy tickets started queuing early. 17.The man who is waiting for the bus is wearing a red coat. ………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… 18.This is the second person who was awarded this medal. ………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… 19.The ideas which are presented by her are very unreal. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………. 20.The films can’t be shown to children. The films have a lot of sex. 21.I’m going to the party. The party is held in the biggest restaurant in the town. 22.The house has been sold. I bought the house five years ago. 23.The students are from Thailand. They are very nice. ………………………………………………………………………………… ………. 24.Jackson lives on the corner. She is very intelligent. ………………………………………………………………………………… ………. 25.You are the last person who saw her alive. ………………………………………………………………………………… ……… 26.He was the second man who was killed in this way. ………………………………………………………………………………… ……… 27.Lady Astor was the first woman who took her seat in Parliament. ………………………………………………………………………………… ……… 28.She’s just bought a handbag which was made of crocodile skin. ………………………………………………………………………………… ……… 29.The teacher who takes the responsibility for the class is Ms Lan. ………………………………………………………………………………… ……… B. Write who, that, which, where, when, or why to complete these sentences : 1. Have you got the money ___________ I lent you yesterday ? 2. Peter, ___________ I had seen earlier, wasn’t at the party. 3. This is the machine ___________ cost half a million pounds. 4. Mary, ___________ had been listening to the conversation, looked angry. 5. Have you read the book ___________ I gave you ? 6. The house, ___________ they bought three months ago, looks lovely. 7. Mrs.Jackson, ___________ had been very ill, died yesterday. 8. The dog, ___________ had been very quiet, suddenly started barking. 9. I didn’t receive the letters ___________ she sent me. 10. We all looked at the place ___________ the fire had started. 11. Did they tell you the reason ___________ they were late? 12. The cat sat on the wall ___________ it had a good view of the birds. 13. They arrived in the evening, at a time ___________ we were all out. C. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence. 1. The new shopping mall is advertised as a place you can find anything you want to buy. A. where B. which C. in where D. in that 2. “Have you ever met the man over there?” “No, who is he?” A. stands B. standing C. is standing D. who he is standing 3. “Do you remember Mr. Goddard, taught us English compositions?”“Certainly I do.” A. who B. whom C. that D. which 4. I have three brothers, are businessmen. A. that all of them B. all of whom C. who they are D. who all of them 5. “Were you able to locate the person wallet you found?” A. which B. that is C. whose D. that’s 6. “Have you seen the place the graduation ceremony will be held?” “Yes. It’s big enough to hold 5,000 people.” A. in that B. where C. is where that D. which 7. “How’s your class in this term?” “Great. I have seventeen students, most of speak English very well.” A. who B. those C. whom D. which 8. Some of the people to the party can’t come. A. inviting B. invited C. who invited D. they were invited 9. Do you know the woman lives next door? A. she B. who C. her D. whom 10. The man answered the phone told me you were away. A. whom B. he C. who D. what 11. Do you still remember the day we first met? A. where B. whom C. which D. when 12. Martin is someone with I usually agree. A. that B. which C. who D. whom 13. Is that the lawyer to you spoke? A. who B. what C. whom D. which 14. David is the only person his help. A. who offers B. to offer C. that will offer D. offering 15. Tom was the last member the club last night. A. that leaves B. left C. to leave D. who leaving 16. The building by Mr. Pike looks terrible. A. which decorated B. decorating C. whose decorating D. decorated 17. Mrs. Jackson, used to be very beautiful, is now suffering from a fatal disease. A. who B. whose C. she D. that 18. The live in the house they bought last year. A. who B. whom C. which D. where 19. The man house was destroyed in the war will tell us more about that. A. who B. who C. whose D. of which 20. Don’t you know the man wrote this letter? A. who B. whom C. which D. where 21. Romeo and Juliet were lovers parents hated each other. A. who B. whose C. whom D. which 22. Mr. Smith I had come especially to see, was too busy to speak to me. A. whom B. who C. that D. whose 23. What is the place you stand and wait for a train? A. where B. when C. which D. what 24. The reason I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Saturday. A. because B. why C. for D. as 25. Most customers go to supermarkets buy from a shopping list. A. who B. whose C. whom D. which 26.The woman ______ lives next door is a doctor. a. whom b. who c. which d. whose 27. The boy _______ Mary likes is my son . a. whom b. who c. which d. whose 28. The boy _____ eyes are brown is my son. a. who b. whom c. which d. whose 29. The book _____ is on the table is interesting. a. who b. whom c. which d. whose 30. Dec 26 th , 2005 was the day _____ the terrible tsunami happpened. a. when b. where c. why d. which 31. Do you know the reason _____ 006 was killed ? a. when b. where c. which d. why 32. What was the name of the girl_______ phoned you last night ? a. who b. whom c. which d. whose 33. What was the name of the girl ______ you phoned last night ? a. who b. whom c. which d. whose 34. My brother Jim , ______ lives in Houston, is a doctor. a. that b. who c. whom d. which 35. My English teacher ______ comes from Australia, loves computers. a. who b. whom c. which d. that II. Choose the words or pharses that are not correct in standard English 1. What do you call a person who job is to edit a film ? A B C D 2. Many film whose are about violence are harmful to our children . A B C D 3. The US, that is one of the most powerful countries, decided to declare a war to Iraq A B C D 4. The book whom I am reading is on information technology. A B C D 5. He is the man whom passort was stolen in Cambridge. A B C D 6. Dr. James, which is the professor of this class, will be absent this week because of hisillness. A B C D 7. The car who I bought used to be my father’s. A B C D 8. Do you know the reason when Englishmen travel to the left. A B C D 9. New Year Day is the day where all family members gather and enjoy it together. A B C D 10. At last they found the woman and her cat which were badly injured by the fire . A B C D 11.This novel, which written by a well known writer, should be read. A B C D 12.My friend George, that arrived late, was not permitted to enter the class. A B C D This is the only place which we can obtain scientific information . RELATIVE CLAUSES ( mệnh đề quan hệ) A. RELATIVE CLAUSES: - Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng. reason why you are so sad. CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ: DEFINING & NON – DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES I. Defining Relative Clauses: - Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ,. making noise, are my students. B. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES: (Rút gọn MĐQH.) MĐQH có thể rút gọn bằng cách đưa về hiện tại phân từ ( V_ing), và QKPT ( V 3/ ed ). 1. Present participle: (