Tài liệu bồi dưỡng HSG lớp 6

Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi lớp 6 TENSES Present simple S + V(s-es) (be): am- is- are S + don’t/ doesn’t +V 1 S+ am not/ isn’t/ aren’t Do/Does + S+V 1 ? Am/Is/Are + S+…? Everyday, usually, after school, never, often, sometimes, always, Present progressive S + am/is/are + V-ing S+am/is/are(not)+V-ing Am/ Is/Are +S+V-ing? Now, at the present, at the moment, at this time, Look! Listen, !Be careful!. Hurry up! Give the correct form of these verbs: 1. The sun (set) ……………………………………………………………………………in the West. 2. It usually (rain) ……………………………………………………………………………in the summer. 3. They (build) ……………………………………………………………………………. 4. Bees (make) ……………………………………………………………honey. 5. They (get) ……………………………………………………………………on the scale now. 6. The earth (circle) ………………………………………………………the Sun once every 365 days. 7. Rivers usually (flow) ………………………………………………… to the sea. 8. Don’t worry. I (give) ……………………………him your message when I (see) ………………………… him. 9. Look! Jane (play) ………………………… the guitar. Hurry up! The bus (come) …………………………… . 10. I (not talk) …………………………………………………… to her at present. 11. How often………………………… she (go) ………………………… fishing? - She (go) ……………………………………once a year. 12. your friends (be)………………………… students? -Yes, they (be) 13. the children (play)………………………………………… in the park at the moment? -No, they aren’t. They (learn) to play the piano. 14. …………………….you (go)………………………… to school on Sundays? – Yes, I do. 15. My mother (cook) ………………………………………a meal now. She ( cook)…………………… everyday. 16. What……………………… your mother (do)…………………………. at this time? - She (make)………………………………a dress. 17. she often (go)…………………………… to the cinema every weekend? 18. I don’t know. But she always (go) to the church on Sundays. 19. The students (not be) in class at present. 20. She always (wash) the dishes after meals. 21. I (do) an exercise on the present tenses at this moment and I (think) that I (know) how to use it now. 22. My mother sometimes (buy) vegetables at this market. 23. It (rain) much in summer. It (rain) now. 24. Daisy (cook) some food in the kitchen at present. She always (cook) in the morning. PARTS OF SPEECH OF WORD FORMS I. Danh từ (Nouns): 1. Đònh nghóa: Danh từ là những từ dùng để chỉ sự vật, sự việc hoặc con người. 2. Phân loại danh từ: 1 - Danh từ đếm được (countable nouns): book, student, table, - Danh từ không đếm được (uncountable nouns): water, grass, information, - Danh từ đơn (simple nouns): war (chiến tranh), bus (xe buýt), - Danh từ kép (Compound nouns): world peace (hòa bình thế giới), bus station (trạm xe buýt), 3. Chức năng: a. Làm chủ ngữ (Subject-): The children go to school every day. b. Làm tân ngữ động từ và giới từ: (Object): The mother gave a cake to her son c. Làm bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ (Sau keep / seem/ be/ feel/ look) (Complement): He is my best friend. d. Làm bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ (Sau call/ select/ name/ ) We call him Tom II. Đại từ (Pronouns): 1. Đònh nghóa: Đại từ là những từ dùng thay cho danh từ. 2. Phân loại đại từ: a. Đại từ nhân xưng (Personal pronouns): có 2 loại: - Đại từ làm chủ ngữ: I/ We/ You/ They/ She/ He/ It - Đại từ làm tân ngữ: me/ us/ you/ them/ her/ him/ it b. Đại từ chỉ đònh: This/ that/ these/ those c. Đại từ bất đònh: (Chỉ người) someone, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, everyone (Chỉ vật) something, nothing, anything, everything 3. Chức năng: Giống danh từ III. Tính từ (Adjectives): 1. Đònh nghóa: là từ dùng để miêu tả hoặc cho biết thêm chi tiết về danh từ . 2. Phân loại: a. Tính từ miêu tả: SIZE + SHAPE + AGE + COLOR + NATIONAL + MATERIAL . (kích thước + hình dạng + tuổi + màu + quốc tòch + chất liệu) b. Tính từ sở hữu: my/ our / your / their / her / his/ its c. Tính từ chỉ số lượng: much/ little/ few/ a lot of / plenty of / each/ every/ another 3. Chức năng: a. Bổ nghóa cho danh từ: A beautiful girl b. Bổ nghóa cho đại từ: Something new c. Đứng sau keep / seem/ be/ feel/ look vàbổ nghóa cho chủ ngữ; He looks happy. d. Đứng sau keep /make let + O + Adj vàbổ nghóa cho tân ngữ. We make our parents happy. IV. Trạng từ (Adverbs): 1. Đònh nghóa: là những từ dùng để diển tả tính cách, đặc tính, mức độ, và được dùng để bổ nghóa cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ khác hoặc cho cả câu. 2. Phân loại: a. Trạng từ chỉ thể cách: well, carefully, quickly, hard, fast b. Trạng từ chỉ thời gian: early/ late / yet/ now, today, yesterday, before, after, tomorrow c. Trạng từ chỉ mức độ: too much/ too little/ very / extremely/ a lot / nearly d. Trạng từ chỉ đòa điểm: here/ there/ upstairs/ at home / in the garden e. Trạng từ chỉ sự thường xuyên: always/ often/ usually/ sometimes/ hardly/ once a week 3. Chức năng: a. Bổ nghóa cho tính từ: A very beautiful girl b. Bổ nghóa cho động từ: walk slowly; study hard; play well c. Bổ nghóa cho trạng từ: walk very slowly; study so hard; play quite well WORD FORM 2 1. NOUN VERB ADJ PARTICIPLE ADV NOTE 3 Danh từ Động từ Tính từ Phân từ trạng từ Nghĩa 2. Anger Angry Angrily Giận 3. Attraction Attract Attractive Attracted Attractively Hấp dẫn 4. Beauty Beautify Beautiful Beautifully Đẹp 5. Business Busy Busily Bận việc 6. Care/ ful/ ness Care Careful/ less Carefully/ lessly Cẩn thận 7. Center Central Centrally Trung tâm 8. Collection Collect Collective Thu thập 9. Curiosity Curious Curiously Tò mò 10. Danger Endanger Dangerous Dangerously Nguy hiểm 11. Death Die Dead Cheat 12. Depth (độ sâu) Deepen (làm) Deep Deeply Sâu 13. Difference Differ Different Differently Khác nhau 14. Difficulty Difficult Difficultly Khó khăn 15. Excitement Excite exciting Excited/ ing Excitingly Hào hứng 16. Friend/ - ship Friendly Bạn bè 17. Fluency Fluent Fluently Trôi chảy 18. Harm Harm (gây hại) Harmful/ less Harmlully/lessl y Hại 19. Happiness Happy Happily Hạnh phúc 20. Health Healthy Healthily Mạnh khoẻ 21. Invention Invent Inventory Phát minh 22. Laziness Lazy Lazily Lười biếng 23. Length Lengthen Long Dài 24. Nation/ ality Nationalize National Nước/ qtòch 25. Nature Naturalize Natural Naturally Tự nhiên 26. Pollution Pollute Polluted Ô nhiễm 27. Practice Practice Practical Practically Thực hành 4 28. Prevention Prevent Preventable Ngăn cản 29. Reason Reason Reasonable Reasonably Lý do 30. Science/ Scientist Scientific Scientifically Khoa học 31. Strength Strengthen Strong Strongly Mạnh 32. Success Succeed Successful Successfully Thành công 33. Warmth Warn Warm Warmly Ấm áp 34. Width Widen Wide Widely Rộng 35. Wonder Wonder Wonderful Wonderfully Kì diệu IDENTIFICATION OF WORD FORMS I. Chọn danh từ: (đầu câu, sau độïng từ và giới từ) - A, AN, THE - THIS/ THAT/ THESE/ THOSE - MY/ OUR / YOUR / THEIR / HER / HIS/ ITS - EACH/ EVERY, BOTH , NO - FEW, A FEW, LITTLE, A LITTLE, ENOUGH - SOME/ ANY/ MANY, MUCH, A LOT OF THE MOST /BEST         −  + NOUN (Danh từ)   II. Chọn tính từ: Trước danh từ, sau linking verbs, - ADJ + NOUN - KEEP / SEEM/ BE/ FEEL/ LOOK + ADJ: A happy girl always smiles. (happiness) - Linking verbs: He’s heavy. ( heaviness) III. Chọn trạng từ: Giữa chủ ngữ và động từ / sau động từ thường, sau tân ngữ. đầu câu, - S + ADV + V(thường): - S + V (+ O) + ADV - ADV , S + V -I have recently received my friend’s letter. -The doctor told me to breathe in slowly. -Suddenly , he saw an accident. IV. Chọn động từ: đứng ngay sau chủ ngữ: - S + V: -My mother bought a new bike yesterday. V. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets. He feels very ………… ……….………so he talks ………… ………. Anger She looks………… ……….………in her new coat. Attract He plays soccer ………… ……….……… Beauty Nam is always ………… ………. He is on his …… ….……… this week. Business Mr. Han is a ………… ……….……… driver. He drives ………… … Care I live on ………… ……….……… highland in Dalak. Center Hoa has a fine ………… ……….……… of stamp. Collect 5 His ………… ……….……… helps him successful. Curious AIDS is a……… ……….disease Danger Her parents’ ………… ……….……… makes her very sad. Death Mai understands me ………… ……….……… Depth There is no ………… ……….……… between my answer and his. Differ We have a lot of ………… ……….……… in learning English. Difficult The is an………… ……….……… football match this afternoon. Excite We are very proud of our……… ………. Friend He speaks English ………… ……….……… Fluency If you smoke, it is ………… ……….……… to you. Harm She sent her best wishes for my future………… ……….……… Happiness He does exercise every morning, so he is very………… ……….……… Health Exercises ………… ……….………your health. Strong ………… ……….………students don’t often succeed in the tests. Laziness . ……… ……….are trying to find out new stars. Science Nam is very………… ……….……… and heavy. Strength I don’t like hot weather. I like………… ……….……… weather Warmth Ha Long Bay is a ………… ……….……… Bay. Wonder ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME & REASON A. ADVERD CLAUSES OF TIME: Là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian bắt đầu các liên từ When, while, after/ before, as (khi), until (đến khi ) S +V+ When/ while/ after/ before/ as/until + S + V Chỉ tương lai: When he comes tomorrow, we will welcome him. Chỉ hiện tại: When it’s hot, I go swimming. / As I come, he is eating. B. ADVERD CLAUSES OF REASON: Là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do hay nguyên nhân bắt đầu các liên từ: because/ since/ as (bởi vì) S + V + because/ since/ as + S + V Mr. Ba is late because/ since/ as she oversleeps. Because Lan and Ba don’t have a tent, they never go camping. C. Join two sentences into one, use because/ since/ as: 1. Lan and Ba never go camping. , so they don’t have a tent 2. I stay at home. It rains. 3. Tan is late for school. He misses the bus. 4. The weather is fine. We have a picnic on the mountain. 5. I don’t have a bike, so I walk. 6. Nhan is free, so he flies his kites. 6 D. Join two sentences into one, use when/ while/ after/ before/ as/until: 1. It is warm. I go fishing. (when) 2. My father is eating. My mother cooks. (while) 3. I take a bath first. Then I eat. (before) 4. Mr. Quang waits for the farmer. The farmer comes. (until) 5. He will come tomorrow. We will welcome him. (When) 6. You will go the museum. You will see a lot of valuable pictures. (When) ARTICLES A. Mạo từ không xác đònh: A,AN Examples 1. A An : đứng trước danh từ đếm được số ít để giới thiệu một điều gì chưa được đề cập hoặc lần đầu. A ball is round. I see a boy in the street. 2. An : đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu bằng nguyên âm. A : đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu bằng phụ âm. an apple, an inkpot, an engineer a book, a pen, house, a man, 3. Những danh từ ,luôn dùng với A European, uniform, universal, university, union, eulogy, euphemism 4. Những danh từ ,luôn dùng với AN hour, heir, herbal, honor B. Mạo từ xác đònh: THE Không dùng mạo từ xác đònh: THE Đứng trước danh từ đếm được hoặc không đếm được ở số ít hay nhiều để giới thiệu một điều gì đã được đề cập, được bổ nghóa cụm giới từ with / of + N hay điều mà ai cũng biết. The earth is round. (ai cũng biết) The boy in the corner is my friend. The sugar on the table is sweet. ( nghóa riêng biệt) The tigers in Vietnam are in danger. Trước danh từ không đếm được ở số ít/ đếm được ở số nhiều khi nói đên đặc điểm, chủng loại, giống nòi chung chung. Athletes must follow a well- balanced diet. Sugar is sweet. (nghóa chung chung) Tigers like fresh meat. 1. Tên Nhiều hồ: The great Lakes Các đại dương: the Atlantic Ocean Các dòng sông: The red River Các vùng biển: The red Sea Tên hồ số ít: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie Châu lục: Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia 2. Tên các dãy núi: the Andes, the rocky mountains Tên một núi: Mount Everest, Mount Pinatubo 3. Một vật/ người duy nhất: the earth, the moon, the sun, the Pope, the sky Tên các hành tinh: Venus, Mars, Danh từ trừu tượng: freedom, happiness 4. Tên các trường học có: the School of Florida Tên các trường đại học có: the University of Tên các trường cao đẳng có: the College of Tên trường học bắt đầu danh từ riêng: Quang Trung Secondary School Hung Vuong University, Hong Bang College 5. Số thứ tự đứng trước danh từ: the first World War Số đếm đi sau danh từ: World war one, chapter two 6. Tên các nước gồm nhiều từ: the U.S, the U.K Tên các nước gồm một từ: France, Vietnam 7. Tên các nhạc cụ: the guitar, the piano Tên các môn thể thao: baseball, volleyball, soccer 7 8. Tên các cuộc chiến: the Korean war Những từ không bò giới hạn nghóa: breakfast, lunch, dinner, church, school, college, home, work, hospital  A or An? The general rule is that we use a before a consonant and an before a vowel: a bowl, a car,a dog, but an ant, an elephant, an insect, an orange, an urn But, what is important here is not the way a word is written, but the way it sounds. We choose a or an depending on the sound at the beginning of the word and whether it is a vowel sound or a consonant sound. For example, take the word uniform. Although it begins with a vowel - u - when we write it, when we say it the first sound is /y/ which is a consonant: uniform is pronounced ‘/junɪfɔːm/ so we say a uniform One word which is often confused is hotel. Some people pronounce this word as /həʊˈtɛl/ so they would write: a hotel. But other people pronounce this word as /əʊˈtɛl/ and so they would write: an hotel  The Zero Article does not exist. It is a useful term to use when describing how to use articles. Essentially when we talk about the zero article, we mean that we don’t use any article in front of a noun. For example, when we use a noun with a preposition, we often do not use an article (that is, we just use the noun on its own): I went to school but left my books at home. Mother was in church and father at sea; Grandfather came to dinner later by train and Grandmother managed to escape from prison to join us. When we talk about an institution, we use the zero article.  The definite article doesn't change. It is always the whether the noun is masculine, feminine or neuter, singular or plural. We use the definite article - the - when we talk about a singular or plural noun which refers to a particular member of a a group. The woman.The man.The door.The doors. Prior Reference We often use the after the noun has already been mentioned. For example: An Englishman, an Irishman and a Sctosman walk into a pub. The Englishman ordered a bitter; the Irishman ordered a Guiness and the Scotsman ordered a whisky. The first time we mention the noun we use the indefinite article and from then on we use the definite article. Known Reference If both speakers know what they are talking about they can use the even though the noun may not have been mentioned before. In other words, it is implied that the noun has already been mentioned. Excuse me, do you know what the time is? Where's the toilet? In these examples, the speaker assumes that the listener knows what is being talked about. Miscellanous In addition, the is used in the following special circumstances Exceptions include: the Hague; the Matterhorn; the Mall; the White House, the United States of America We use the definite article - the - when we talk about a singular or plural noun which refers to a particular member of a a group. In this example the group is all men; we want to reference a particular man so we say: The man in the hat. Compare this with the indefinite article which refers to any man in the group: A man in a hat. parts of day/night midnight, midday, noon, night days Monday, Tuesday superlatives the highest, the biggest, the oldest festivals Easter ordinals the third man, the sixth wife seasons & months Winter, February oceans, seas the Pacific, the Black Sea years 1961, 1995, 2000 inventions the wheel, the internal combustion engine buildings Buckingham Palace, number 10 titles the Queen, the President, the chairperson streets Acacia Avenue, Pall Mall, Sunset Boulevard rivers & canals the Thames, the Nile, the Suez airports Heathrow, Gatwick public buildings the Sheraton, the Red Lion, the Natural History Museum cities & towns London, New York, Tokyo, Sydney, Cairo newspapers The Independent, The Daily Mirror, The Times mountains Everest, K2, Mont Blanc families the Browns, the Bushes countries America, Britain, Arabia countries of union the United States, the United Arab Emirates continents Africa, Asia, America, Europe jobs He is an artist and his wife is a plumber. 8 beliefs He is a Buddhist and his wife is an atheist. people Joe, Mrs Smith ships the Bismarck, the Lusitanian magazines Cosmopolitan, Time mountain chains the Alps, the Highlands games football, tennis, bar billiards instruments the piano, the bag pipes nationalities He is an American and she is a Swede. COMPARISONS A/ So sánh bằng: (equality) S + V + AS ADJ/ ADV AS + S B/ So sánh hơn: (Comparatives) Tính từ ngắn: S + V + ADJ/ADV- ER + THAN + S2 Tính từ dài: S + V + MORE + ADJ/ ADV + THAN + S2 C/ So sánh nhất; (Superlatives) Tính từ ngắn: S + V + THE ADJ –EST + N. Tính từ dài: S + V + THE MOST + ADJ + N. This new house is as expensive as that one. He ran faster than his friends did. Films are more interesting than plays. Ex: He is more intelligent than Peter. Nam is the youngest student in his class Winter is the coldest in the year. Note: - Tính từ ngắn: 1 vần và 2 vần như: happy, pleasant, quiet - Tính từ dài: các tính từ 2 vần trở lên như : interesting, beautiful, expensive - So sánh các tính từ đặc biệt: good → better/ the best; bad → worse/ the worst; little → less/ the least;many → more/ the most; far → farther/ further/ the farthest/ further PREPOSITIONS With IN: the morning, august, summer, 2006, uniform, hospital, bed, the world, debt, prison, English, the center of, the middle of, some ways, addition, Vietnam, London, ink, the past/ future, case With ON: Monday, Saturday morning, holiday, radio, subject, foot, a farm, a chair, the beach, the phone, Christmas Day, the occasion, the south coast of, a picnic, the way to, time, a street, a floor, the right/ left, sale, the corner With AT: 5 o’clock, first, last, present, the moment, 16 years old, the age of (15), home, school, the bus stop, the same time, a party, Mary’s house, the end of, the beginning of, night, least, once, times, work With others: for a week/ fun/ reading/ a walk - from Paris to London, from nine to five- By Nguyen Du, by shooting, by then, by the way, by far, by accident by car/ bus/ taxi/ plane - with smoke, with hands, out of date/ work/ order ADJ+ Prep: amazed, amused, delighted at – afraid of, angry with, bad at, good at, different from, fond to, familiar with, famous for, proud of, interested in, kind to/ of, pleased with, useful for, worried about, similar to, accustomed to VERBS + Prep: borrow from, compare with, crowd into, laugh at, look at/ after/ for/up, prepare for, participate, think of ,prefer to, succeed in, take part in, take care of, tell about, take to about, tune into, keep in touch, consist of NOUN + Prep: love for, habit of/ aspect of, sight of, means of, reason for, method of, pair of 9 SOME SENTENCE PATTERNS 1. S + V + Adj/ n ( be, look, keep, seem, taste, sound, become) Jack looked very worried. The food tastes delicious. 2. S + V + Adv (walk, drive, talk, close, rise. come) He is careful. He drives slowly. 3. S + V + O + adv ( watch, read, meet, make, see) He watched T.V every night. 4. S + V + O + C (make, elect, declare, consider…) ( think, believe, find) (keep, make, let, have) (regard, recognize, appoint, consider) We made Frank armchair. I find the lesson too boring. Sad movie makes me cry. They regard him as an excellent player. 5. S + V + I.O + D.O = S + V + D.O+ to/ for + I.O (give, teach, show, award, offer, lend +to // buy, make+ for) Mary teaches me English.= He teaches English to me My mother bought me a hat. = She bought it for me 6. S + V + prep + O (look at, wait for, cope with, rely on, depend on, complain/talk about, smile at…) I have been waiting for you for an hour. He looks at himself in the mirror. 7. S + V + prep + O = S + V + O (pro) + prep (put on/off, take off, turn on /off, throw away, see off He puts on his shoes. = He puts them on. I turn on the light, and then I turn it off. 8. S + V + O + noun clause (learn, know, show, discover, decide, understand…) I can understand what you said. He showed me where the bank was. 9. There (be) + noun + prep phrase There is some water in the jar. There were many students in the yard. EXPRESSIONS OF QUALITY 1 - SOME: Trong câu khẳng đònh/ lời mời: - Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được và sốâ nhiều đếm được: Ex: I like some milk. Would you like some milk? 2 - ANY: Trong câu phủ đònh và nghi vấn - Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được và sốâ nhiều đếm được: Ex: I don’t like any milk. Do you like any milk? * Các đại từ someone, somebody, something, noone, nothing, nobody, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody cũng dùng theo cách trên. Chú ý No = Not + any: nobody = not any body 3. MANY / A LARGE NUMBER OF/ A GREAT NUMBER OF/: (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ sốâ nhiều đếm được: Ex: He has many books. Ex: A large number of students in our school are good. 4. MUCH / A LARGE AMOUNT OF/ A GREAT DEAL OF /: (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được: Ex: He has much time to play. Ex: A large amount of * How much/ How many cũng dùng theo cách trên: Ex: How many eggs does she want? - She wants a dozen eggs. Ex: How much beef do you want? - I want 200grams of beef. 5. PLENTY OF/ A LOT OF / LOTS OF (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ đếm được và không đếm được: Ex: He has plenty of books. Ex: He has plenty of time to play. * Very/ too/ so/ as + many/ much + noun Ex: There is too much bad news on T.V tonight 6. FEW / A FEW/ LITTLE / A LITTLE: (ít, một ít, một vài) A. FEW: (rất ít → ý phủ đònh) C. LITTLE: (rất ít → ý phủ đònh) 10 . Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi lớp 6 TENSES Present simple S + V(s-es) (be): am- is- are S + don’t/ doesn’t +V 1 S+. ……………………………………………………………honey. 5. They (get) ……………………………………………………………………on the scale now. 6. The earth (circle) ………………………………………………………the Sun once every 365 days. 7. Rivers usually (flow) ………………………………………………… to the sea. 8 fine. We have a picnic on the mountain. 5. I don’t have a bike, so I walk. 6. Nhan is free, so he flies his kites. 6 D. Join two sentences into one, use when/ while/ after/ before/ as/until: 1.