Tài liệu bồi dưỡng HSG lớp 6

và được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ khác hoặc cho cả câu.. ADVERD CLAUSES OF TIME: Là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian bắt đầu các liên từ When, while, after/ before,

Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi lớp 6

TENSES

Present

simple

S + V(s-es) (be): am- is- are

S + don’t/ doesn’t +V1

S+ am not/ isn’t/ aren’t

Do/Does + S+V1? Am/Is/Are + S+…?

Everyday, usually, after school, never, often, sometimes, always,

Present

progressive S + am/is/are + V-ing S+am/is/are(not)+V-ing Am/ Is/Are +S+V-ing?

Now, at the present, at the moment, at this time, Look! Listen, !Be careful! Hurry up!

Give the correct form of these verbs:

1 The sun (set) ………in the West

2 It usually (rain) ………in the summer

3 They (build) ………

4 Bees (make) ………honey

5 They (get) ………on the scale now.

6 The earth (circle) ………the Sun once every 365 days

7 Rivers usually (flow) ……… to the sea

8 Don’t worry I (give) ………him your message when I (see) ……… him

9 Look! Jane (play) ……… the guitar Hurry up! The bus (come) ………

10 I (not talk) ……… to her at present.

11 How often……… she (go) ……… fishing?

- She (go) ………once a year

12 your friends (be)……… students?

-Yes, they (be)

13 the children (play)……… in the park at the moment?

-No, they aren’t They (learn) to play the piano

14 ……….you (go)……… to school on Sundays? – Yes, I do.

15 My mother (cook) ………a meal now She ( cook)……… everyday.

16 What……… your mother (do)……… at this time?

- She (make)………a dress

17 she often (go)……… to the cinema every weekend?

18 I don’t know But she always (go) to the church on Sundays.

19 The students (not be) in class at present.

20 She always (wash) the dishes after meals

21 I (do) an exercise on the present tenses at this moment and I (think) that I (know) how to use it now

22 My mother sometimes (buy) vegetables at this market

23 It (rain) much in summer It (rain) now

24 Daisy (cook) some food in the kitchen at present She always (cook) in the morning

PARTS OF SPEECH OF WORD FORMS

I Danh từ (Nouns):

1 Định nghĩa: Danh từ là những từ dùng để chỉ sự vật, sự việc hoặc con người

2 Phân loại danh từ:

- Danh từ đếm được (countable nouns): book, student, table,

- Danh từ không đếm được (uncountable nouns): water, grass, information,

- Danh từ đơn (simple nouns): war (chiến tranh), bus (xe buýt),

- Danh từ kép (Compound nouns): world peace (hòa bình thế giới), bus station (trạm xe buýt),

3 Chức năng:

a Làm chủ ngữ (Subject-): The children go to school every day

b Làm tân ngữ động từ và giới từ: (Object): The mother gave a cake to her son

c Làm bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ (Sau keep / seem/ be/ feel/ look) (Complement): He is my best friend

d Làm bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ (Sau call/ select/ name/ ) We call him Tom

II Đại từ (Pronouns):

1 Định nghĩa: Đại từ là những từ dùng thay cho danh từ

2 Phân loại đại từ:

a Đại từ nhân xưng (Personal pronouns): có 2 loại:

- Đại từ làm chủ ngữ: I/ We/ You/ They/ She/ He/ It

- Đại từ làm tân ngữ: me/ us/ you/ them/ her/ him/ it

b Đại từ chỉ định: This/ that/ these/ those

c Đại từ bất định: (Chỉ người) someone, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, everyone

(Chỉ vật) something, nothing, anything, everything

3 Chức năng: Giống danh từ

III Tính từ (Adjectives):

1 Định nghĩa: là từ dùng để miêu tả hoặc cho biết thêm chi tiết về danh từ

2 Phân loại:

a Tính từ miêu tả: SIZE + SHAPE + AGE + COLOR + NATIONAL + MATERIAL

(kích thước + hình dạng + tuổi + màu + quốc tịch + chất liệu)

b Tính từ sở hữu: my/ our / your / their / her / his/ its

c Tính từ chỉ số lượng: much/ little/ few/ a lot of / plenty of / each/ every/ another

3 Chức năng:

a Bổ nghĩa cho danh từ: A beautiful girl

b Bổ nghĩa cho đại từ: Something new

c Đứng sau keep / seem/ be/ feel/ look vàbổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ; He looks happy.

d Đứng sau keep /make let + O + Adj vàbổ nghĩa cho tân ngữ We make our parents happy.

IV Trạng từ (Adverbs):

1 Định nghĩa: là những từ dùng để diển tả tính cách, đặc tính, mức độ, và được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ khác hoặc cho cả câu

2 Phân loại:

a Trạng từ chỉ thể cách: well, carefully, quickly, hard, fast

b Trạng từ chỉ thời gian: early/ late / yet/ now, today, yesterday, before, after, tomorrow

c Trạng từ chỉ mức độ: too much/ too little/ very / extremely/ a lot / nearly

d Trạng từ chỉ địa điểm: here/ there/ upstairs/ at home / in the garden

e Trạng từ chỉ sự thường xuyên: always/ often/ usually/ sometimes/ hardly/ once a week

3 Chức năng:

a Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ: A very beautiful girl

b Bổ nghĩa cho động từ: walk slowly; study hard; play well

c Bổ nghĩa cho trạng từ: walk very slowly; study so hard; play quite well

WORD FORM

1 NOUN VERB ADJ PARTICIPLE ADV NOTE

Danh từ Động từ Tính từ Phân từ trạng từ Nghĩa

28 Prevention Prevent Preventable Ngăn cản

IDENTIFICATION OF WORD FORMS

I Chọn danh từ: (đầu câu, sau độïng từ và giới từ)

THE MOST /BEST

















+ NOUN (Danh từ)





II Chọn tính từ: Trước danh từ, sau linking verbs,

- ADJ + NOUN

- KEEP / SEEM/ BE/ FEEL/ LOOK + ADJ:

A happy girl always smiles (happiness)

- Linking verbs: He’s heavy ( heaviness)

III Chọn trạng từ: Giữa chủ ngữ và động từ / sau động từ thường, sau tân ngữ đầu câu,

- S + ADV + V(thường):

- S + V (+ O) + ADV

- ADV , S + V

- I have recently received my friend’s letter

- The doctor told me to breathe in slowly

- Suddenly , he saw an accident

IV Chọn động từ: đứng ngay sau chủ ngữ:

V Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.

He feels very ………… ……….………so he talks ………… ……… Anger

Nam is always ………… ……… He is on his …… ….……… this week Business

Mr Han is a ………… ……….……… driver He drives ………… … Care

His ………… ……….……… helps him successful Curious

Her parents’ ………… ……….……… makes her very sad Death

There is no ………… ……….……… between my answer and his Differ

We have a lot of ………… ……….……… in learning English Difficult

The is an………… ……….……… football match this afternoon Excite

She sent her best wishes for my future………… ……….……… Happiness

He does exercise every morning, so he is very………… ……….……… Health

………… ……….………students don’t often succeed in the tests Laziness

I don’t like hot weather I like………… ……….……… weather Warmth

ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME & REASON

A ADVERD CLAUSES OF TIME:

Là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian bắt đầu các liên từ When, while, after/ before, as (khi), until (đến khi )

S +V+ When/ while/ after/ before/ as/until + S + V Chỉ tương lai: When he comes tomorrow, we will welcome him

Chỉ hiện tại: When it’s hot, I go swimming / As I come, he is eating.

B ADVERD CLAUSES OF REASON:

Là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do hay nguyên nhân bắt đầu các liên từ: because/ since/ as (bởi vì)

S + V + because/ since/ as + S + V

Mr Ba is late because/ since/ as she oversleeps

Because Lan and Ba don’t have a tent, they never go camping

C Join two sentences into one, use because/ since/ as:

1 Lan and Ba never go camping , so they don’t have a tent

2 I stay at home It rains

3 Tan is late for school He misses the bus

4 The weather is fine We have a picnic on the mountain

5 I don’t have a bike, so I walk

6 Nhan is free, so he flies his kites

D Join two sentences into one, use when/ while/ after/ before/ as/until:

1 It is warm I go fishing (when)

2 My father is eating My mother cooks (while)

3 I take a bath first Then I eat (before)

4 Mr Quang waits for the farmer The farmer comes (until)

5 He will come tomorrow We will welcome him (When)

6 You will go the museum You will see a lot of valuable pictures (When)

ARTICLES

1 A An : đứng trước danh từ đếm được số ít để giới

thiệu một điều gì chưa được đề cập hoặc lần đầu.

A ball is round

I see a boy in the street

2 An : đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu bằng nguyên âm

A : đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu bằng phụ âm an apple, an inkpot, an engineera book, a pen, house, a man,

3 Những danh từ ,luôn dùng với A European, uniform, universal, university, union,

eulogy, euphemism

4 Những danh từ ,luôn dùng với AN hour, heir, herbal, honor

B Mạo từ xác định: THE Không dùng mạo từ xác định: THE

Đứng trước danh từ đếm được hoặc không đếm

được ở số ít hay nhiều để giới thiệu một điều gì đã

được đề cập, được bổ nghĩa cụm giới từ with / of

+ N hay điều mà ai cũng biết.

The earth is round (ai cũng biết)

The boy in the corner is my friend

The sugar on the table is sweet ( nghĩa riêng biệt)

The tigers in Vietnam are in danger

Trước danh từ không đếm được ở số ít/ đếm được ở số nhiều khi nói đên đặc điểm, chủng loại, giống nòi chung chung

Athletes must follow a well- balanced diet

Sugar is sweet (nghĩa chung chung) Tigers like fresh meat

1 Tên Nhiều hồ: The great Lakes

Các đại dương: the Atlantic Ocean

Các dòng sông: The red River

Các vùng biển: The red Sea

Tên hồ số ít: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie Châu lục: Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia

2 Tên các dãy núi: the Andes, the rocky mountains Tên một núi: Mount Everest, Mount Pinatubo

3 Một vật/ người duy nhất:

the earth, the moon, the sun, the Pope, the sky

Tên các hành tinh: Venus, Mars, Danh từ trừu tượng: freedom, happiness

4 Tên các trường học có: the School of Florida

Tên các trường đại học có: the University of

Tên các trường cao đẳng có: the College of

Tên trường học bắt đầu danh từ riêng:

Quang Trung Secondary School Hung Vuong University, Hong Bang College

5 Số thứ tự đứng trước danh từ: the first World War Số đếm đi sau danh từ: World war one, chapter two

6 Tên các nước gồm nhiều từ: the U.S, the U.K Tên các nước gồm một từ: France, Vietnam

7 Tên các nhạc cụ: the guitar, the piano Tên các môn thể thao: baseball, volleyball, soccer

8 Tên các cuộc chiến: the Korean war Những từ không bị giới hạn nghĩa: breakfast, lunch,

dinner, church, school, college, home, work, hospital

 A or An? The general rule is that we use a

before a consonant and an before a vowel:

a bowl, a car,a dog, but an ant, an elephant, an

insect, an orange, an urn

But, what is important here is not the way a word is

written, but the way it sounds We choose a or an

depending on the sound at the beginning of the word

and whether it is a vowel sound or a consonant sound

For example, take the word uniform Although it

begins with a vowel - u - when we write it, when we

say it the first sound is /y/ which is a consonant:

uniform is pronounced ‘/jun ɪfɔːm/ so we say a

uniform

One word which is often confused is hotel Some

people pronounce this word as /həʊˈtɛl/ so they would

write:

a hotel But other people pronounce this word

as /əʊˈtɛl/ and so they would write: an hotel

 The Zero Article does not exist It is a useful

term to use when describing how to use articles

Essentially when we talk about the zero article, we

mean that we don’t use any article in front of a noun

For example, when we use a noun with a preposition,

we often do not use an article (that is, we just use the

noun on its own):

I went to school but left my books at home Mother

was in church and father at sea; Grandfather came to

dinner later by train and Grandmother managed to

escape from prison to join us.

When we talk about an institution, we use the zero

article

 The definite article doesn't change It is always

the whether the noun is masculine, feminine or neuter,

singular or plural We use the definite article - the -

when we talk about a singular or plural noun which refers to a particular member of a a group

The woman.The man.The door.The doors.

Prior Reference

We often use the after the noun has already been

mentioned For example:

An Englishman, an Irishman and a Sctosman walk into a pub The Englishman ordered a bitter; the Irishman ordered a Guiness and the Scotsman ordered a whisky.

The first time we mention the noun we use the indefinite article and from then on we use the definite article

Known Reference

If both speakers know what they are talking about they

can use the even though the noun may not have been

mentioned before In other words, it is implied that the noun has already been mentioned

Excuse me, do you know what the time is?

Where's the toilet?

In these examples, the speaker assumes that the listener knows what is being talked about

Miscellanous In addition, the is used in the following

special circumstances

Exceptions include: the Hague; the Matterhorn; the

Mall; the White House, the United States of America

We use the definite article - the - when we talk about a

singular or plural noun which refers to a particular member of a a group

In this example the group is all men; we want to reference

a particular man so we say: The man in the hat.

Compare this with the indefinite article which refers to

any man in the group: A man in a hat.

parts of day/night midnight, midday, noon, night

days Monday, Tuesday superlatives the highest, the biggest, the oldest

festivals Easter ordinals the third man, the sixth wife

seasons & months Winter, February oceans, seas the Pacific, the Black Sea

years 1961, 1995, 2000 inventions the wheel, the internal combustion engine buildings Buckingham Palace, number 10 titles the Queen, the President, the chairperson

streets Acacia Avenue, Pall Mall, Sunset Boulevard rivers & canals the Thames, the Nile, the Suez

airports Heathrow, Gatwick public buildings the Sheraton, the Red Lion, the Natural History Museum

cities & towns London, New York, Tokyo, Sydney, Cairo newspapers The Independent, The Daily Mirror, The Times mountains Everest, K2, Mont Blanc families the Browns, the Bushes

countries America, Britain, Arabia countries of union the United States, the United Arab Emirates

continents Africa, Asia, America, Europe jobs He is an artist and his wife is a plumber.

beliefs He is a Buddhist and his wife is an atheist. people Joe, Mrs Smith ships the Bismarck, the Lusitanian

magazines Cosmopolitan, Time mountain chains the Alps, the Highlands

games football, tennis, bar billiards instruments the piano, the bag pipes

nationalities He is an American and she is a Swede.

COMPARISONS

A/ So sánh bằng: (equality)

S + V + AS ADJ/ ADV AS + S

B/ So sánh hơn: (Comparatives)

Tính từ ngắn: S + V + ADJ/ADV- ER + THAN + S2

Tính từ dài: S + V + MORE + ADJ/ ADV + THAN + S2

C/ So sánh nhất; (Superlatives)

Tính từ ngắn: S + V + THE ADJ –EST + N.

Tính từ dài: S + V + THE MOST + ADJ + N.

This new house is as expensive as that one

He ran faster than his friends did

Films are more interesting than plays

Ex: He is more intelligent than Peter.

Nam is the youngest student in his class

Winter is the coldest in the year

Note: - Tính từ ngắn : 1 vần và 2 vần như: happy, pleasant, quiet

- Tính từ dài: các tính từ 2 vần trở lên như : interesting, beautiful, expensive

- So sánh các tính từ đặc biệt: good → better/ the best; bad → worse/ the worst;

little → less/ the least;many → more/ the most; far → farther/ further/ the farthest/ further

PREPOSITIONS

With IN: the morning, august, summer, 2006, uniform, hospital, bed, the world, debt, prison, English, the center of,

the middle of, some ways, addition, Vietnam, London, ink, the past/ future, case

With ON: Monday, Saturday morning, holiday, radio, subject, foot, a farm, a chair, the beach, the phone,

Christmas Day, the occasion, the south coast of, a picnic, the way to, time, a street, a floor, the right/ left, sale, the corner

With AT: 5 o’clock, first, last, present, the moment, 16 years old, the age of (15), home, school, the bus stop, the

same time, a party, Mary’s house, the end of, the beginning of, night, least, once, times, work

With others: for a week/ fun/ reading/ a walk - from Paris to London, from nine to five- By Nguyen Du, by

shooting, by then, by the way, by far, by accident by car/ bus/ taxi/ plane - with smoke, with hands, out of date/ work/ order

ADJ+ Prep: amazed, amused, delighted at – afraid of, angry with, bad at, good at, different from, fond to, familiar

with, famous for, proud of, interested in, kind to/ of, pleased with, useful for, worried about, similar to,

accustomed to

VERBS + Prep: borrow from, compare with, crowd into, laugh at, look at/ after/ for/up, prepare for, participate,

think of ,prefer to, succeed in, take part in, take care of, tell about, take to about, tune into, keep in

touch, consist of

NOUN + Prep: love for, habit of/ aspect of, sight of, means of, reason for, method of, pair of

SOME SENTENCE PATTERNS

1 S + V + Adj/ n

( be, look, keep, seem, taste, sound, become)

Jack looked very worried

The food tastes delicious

2 S + V + Adv (walk, drive, talk, close, rise come) He is careful He drives slowly

3 S + V + O + adv ( watch, read, meet, make, see) He watched T.V every night

4 S + V + O + C (make, elect, declare, consider…)

( think, believe, find)

(keep, make, let, have)

(regard, recognize, appoint, consider)

We made Frank armchair

I find the lesson too boring

Sad movie makes me cry

They regard him as an excellent player

5 S + V + I.O + D.O = S + V + D.O+ to/ for + I.O

(give, teach, show, award, offer, lend +to // buy, make+

for)

Mary teaches me English.= He teaches English to me

My mother bought me a hat = She bought it for me

6 S + V + prep + O (look at, wait for, cope with, rely

on, depend on, complain/talk about, smile at…) I have been waiting for you for an hour.He looks at himself in the mirror

7 S + V + prep + O = S + V + O (pro) + prep

(put on/off, take off, turn on /off, throw away, see off He puts on his shoes = He puts them on.I turn on the light, and then I turn it off

8 S + V + O + noun clause

(learn, know, show, discover, decide, understand…)

I can understand what you said

He showed me where the bank was

9 There (be) + noun + prep phrase There is some water in the jar

There were many students in the yard

EXPRESSIONS OF QUALITY

1 - SOME: Trong câu khẳng định/ lời mời: - Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được và sốâ nhiều đếm được:

Ex: I like some milk Would you like some milk?

2 - ANY: Trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn - Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được và sốâ nhiều đếm được:

Ex: I don’t like any milk Do you like any milk?

* Các đại từ someone, somebody, something, noone, nothing, nobody, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody cũng dùng theo cách trên Chú ý No = Not + any: nobody = not any body

3 MANY / A LARGE NUMBER OF/ A GREAT NUMBER OF/: (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ sốâ nhiều đếm được:

Ex: He has many books

Ex: A large number of students in our school are good

4 MUCH / A LARGE AMOUNT OF/ A GREAT DEAL OF /: (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được:

Ex: He has much time to play

Ex: A large amount of

* How much/ How many cũng dùng theo cách trên:

Ex: How many eggs does she want? - She wants a dozen eggs

Ex: How much beef do you want? - I want 200grams of beef

5 PLENTY OF/ A LOT OF / LOTS OF (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ đếm được và không đếm được:

Ex: He has plenty of books Ex: He has plenty of time to play

* Very/ too/ so/ as + many/ much + noun

Ex: There is too much bad news on T.V tonight

6 FEW / A FEW/ LITTLE / A LITTLE: (ít, một ít, một vài)

A FEW: (rất ít →ý phủ định) C LITTLE: (rất ít →ý phủ định)