MCGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto CHEMICAL AND PROCESS DESIGN HANDBOOK James G. Speight FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:43 PM Page iii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Speight, J. G. Chemical and process design handbook / James Speight. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-137433-7 (acid-free paper) 1. Chemical processes. I. Title. TP155.7 .S63 2002 660′.2812—dc21 2001052555 Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval sys- tem, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1234567890 DOC/DOC 0987654321 ISBN 0-07-137433-7 The sponsoring editor for this book was Kenneth P. McCombs, the editing super- visor was David E. Fogarty, and the production supervisor was Pamela A. Pelton. It was set in the HB1A design in Times Roman by Kim Sheran, Deirdre Sheean, and Vicki Hunt of McGraw-Hill Professional’s Hightstown, New Jersey, composition unit. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. This book was printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a minimum of 50% recycled, de-inked fiber. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, Professional Publishing, McGraw-Hill, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstore. McGraw-Hill Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this informa- tion. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other pro- fessional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:44 PM Page iv ABOUT THE AUTHOR James G. Speight is the author/editor/compiler of more than 20 books and bibliographies related to fossil fuel processing and environmental issues. As a result of his work, Dr. Speight was awarded the Diploma of Honor, National Petroleum Engineering Society, for Out- standing Contributions in the Petroleum Industry in 1995 and the Gold Medal of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences for Outstanding Work. He was also awarded the Degree of Doctor of Science from the Russian Petroleum Research Institute in St. Petersburg. Index_Speight_HB1 6x9 11/8/01 3:43 PM Page I.11 CONTENTS Preface xiii Part 1 Reaction Types Alkylation / 1.3 Amination / 1.6 Condensation and Addition / 1.12 Dehydration / 1.13 Dehydrogenation / 1.14 Esterfication / 1.16 Ethynylation / 1.17 Fermentation / 1.18 Friedel-Crafts Reactions / 1.19 Halogenation / 1.21 Hydration and Hydrolysis / 1.24 Hydroformylation / 1.27 Hydrogenation / 1.29 Nitration / 1.32 Oxidation / 1.36 Oxo Reaction / 1.40 Polymerization / 1.41 Sulfonation / 1.43 Vinylation / 1.46 Part 2 Manufacture of Chemicals Acetaldehyde / 2.3 Acetal Resins / 2.7 Acetaminophen / 2.10 Acetic Acid / 2.11 Acetic Anhydride / 2.14 Acetone / 2.16 Acetone Cyanohydrin / 2.18 Acetophenetidine / 2.19 Acetylene / 2.20 Acrolein / 2.23 Acrylic Acid / 2.25 Acrylic Resins / 2.27 Acrylonitrile / 2.28 Adipic Acid / 2.30 Adiponitrile / 2.32 Alcohols, Linear Ethoxylated / 2.33 Alkanolamines / 2.34 Alkyd Resins / 2.36 v FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:44 PM Page v Alkylbenzenes, Linear / 2.38 Allyl Alcohol / 2.39 Alumina / 2.42 Aluminum / 2.44 Aluminum Chloride / 2.45 Aluminum Sulfate / 2.46 Amitriptyline / 2.47 Ammonia / 2.49 Ammonium Chloride / 2.52 Ammonium Nitrate / 2.53 Ammonium Phosphate / 2.56 Ammonium Picrate / 2.58 Ammonium Sulfate / 2.59 Aniline / 2.60 Anisaldehyde / 2.61 Antibiotics / 2.62 Antihistamines / 2.63 Argon / 2.65 Aspirin / 2.66 Barbital / 2.67 Barbiturates / 2.68 Barium Carbonate / 2.69 Barium Salts / 2.70 Barium Sulfate / 2.71 Barium Sulfide / 2.72 Bauxite / 2.73 Benzaldehyde / 2.74 Benzene / 2.75 Benzine / 2.80 Benzodiazepines / 2.81 Benzoic Acid / 2.83 Benzyl Acetate / 2.84 Benzyl Alcohol / 2.85 Bisphenol A / 2.86 Borax / 2.87 Boron Compounds / 2.88 Bromal / 2.89 Bromine / 2.90 Bromoacetaldehyde / 2.92 BTX Aromatics / 2.93 Butadiene / 2.95 Butane / 2.98 Butanediol / 2.99 Iso-butane / 2.102 Butene-1 / 2.103 Butenediol / 2.104 Iso-butene / 2.106 n-Butene / 2.107 Butyl Acrylate / 2.108 Iso-butyl Alcohol / 2.109 n-Butyl Alcohol / 2.110 t-Butyl Alcohol / 2.111 Butyl Vinyl Ether / 2.112 Butynediol / 2.113 Iso-butyraldehyde / 2.115 n-Butryaldehyde / 2.116 Butyrolactone / 2.118 Caffeine, Theobromine, and Theophylline / 2.119 vi CONTENTS FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:44 PM Page vi Calcite / 2.120 Calcium Acetate / 2.121 Calcium Arsenate / 2.122 Calcium Bromide / 2.123 Calcium Carbonate / 2.124 Calcium Chloride / 2.126 Calcium Fluoride / 2.127 Calcium Hypochlorite / 2.128 Calcium Iodide / 2.129 Calcium Lactate / 2.130 Calcium Oxide / 2.131 Calcium Phosphate / 2.134 Calcium Soaps / 2.135 Calcium Sulfate / 2.136 Calcium Sulfide / 2.137 Caprolactam / 2.138 Carbon / 2.141 Carbon Black / 2.146 Carbon Dioxide / 2.147 Carbon Monoxide / 2.150 Carbon Tetrachloride / 2.151 Cellulose / 2.152 Cellulose Acetate / 2.153 Cellulose Nitrate / 2.154 Cement / 2.156 Cephalosporins / 2.158 Chloral / 2.159 Chlorinated Solvents / 2.160 Chlorine / 2.161 Chlorine Dioxide / 2.164 Chloroacetaldehyde / 2.165 Chlorofluorocarbons / 2.166 Chloroform / 2.167 Chloroprene / 2.168 Chromic Oxide / 2.169 Cimetidine / 2.170 Cinnamic Aldehyde / 2.171 Citric Acid / 2.172 Coal Chemicals / 2.174 Cocaine / 2.179 Codeine / 2.180 Coke / 2.181 Copper Sulfate / 2.182 Cumene / 2.183 Cyclohexane / 2.185 Cyclohexanol / 2.186 Cyclohexanone / 2.187 Darvon / 2.188 Detergents / 2.190 Diazepam / 2.193 Diazodinitrophenol / 2.194 Diethylene Glycol / 2.195 Diethyl Sulfate / 2.196 Dihydrooxyacetone / 2.197 Dimethyl Sulfate / 2.198 Dimethyl Terephthalate / 2.199 2,4- and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene / 2.200 Diphenyl Ether / 2.201 CONTENTS vii FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:44 PM Page vii Dyazide / 2.202 Dyes / 2.203 Dynamite / 2.205 Epoxy Resins / 2.206 Erythromycin / 2.207 Ethane / 2.208 Ethanolamines / 2.209 Ether / 2.211 Ethyl Acetate / 2.212 Ethyl Alcohol / 2.213 Ethylbenzene / 2.218 Ethylene / 2.220 Ethylene Dichloride / 2.225 Ethylene Glycol / 2.227 Ethylene Oxide / 2.229 Ethylhexanol / 2.231 Ethyl Vinyl Ether / 2.232 Explosive D / 2.233 Explosives / 2.234 Ferric Oxide / 2.235 Ferrocyanide Blue / 2.236 Fertilixers / 2.237 Fluorine / 2.240 Fluorocarbons / 2.242 Formaldehyde / 2.244 Furosemide / 2.246 Gasoline / 2.247 Glass / 2.249 Glutamic Acid / 2.250 Glycerol / 2.251 Graphite / 2.254 Gypsum / 2.255 Helium / 2.256 Herbicides / 2.257 Hexamethylenediamine / 2.258 Hexamethylenetetramine / 2.259 Hexamine / 2.260 Hexanes / 2.261 Hexylresorcinol / 2.262 Hydrochloric Acid / 2.263 Hydrofluoric Acid / 2.265 Hydrogen / 2.266 Hydrogen Cyanide / 2.269 Hydrogen Peroxide / 2.270 Ibuprofen / 2.271 Insecticides / 2.272 Insulin / 2.274 Iodine / 2.276 Isoniazid / 2.279 Isoprene / 2.280 Iso-propyl Alcohol / 2.281 Isoquinoline / 2.282 Kerosene / 2.283 Kevlar / 2.284 Krypton / 2.285 Lactic Acid / 2.286 Lead Azide / 2.287 Lead Carbonate / 2.288 viii CONTENTS FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:44 PM Page viii Lead Chromate / 2.290 Lead Styphnate / 2.291 Lignon / 2.292 Lignosulfonates / 2.293 Lime / 2.294 Linear Alpha Olefins / 2.295 Liquefied Petroleum Gas / 2.296 Lithium Salts / 2.297 Lithopone / 2.298 Magnesium / 2.300 Magnesium Carbonate / 2.303 Magnesium Chloride / 2.304 Magnesium Compounds / 2.305 Magnesium Hydroxide / 2.307 Magnesium Oxide / 2.308 Magnesium Peroxide / 2.309 Magnesium Silicate / 2.310 Magnesium Sulfate / 2.311 Malathion / 2.312 Maleic Acid / 2.313 Maleic Anhydride / 2.314 Melamine Resins (Malamine-Formadehyde Polymers) / 2.316 Mercury Fulminate / 2.317 Metaldehyde / 2.318 Methane / 2.319 Methyl Acetate / 2.321 Methyl Alcohol / 2.322 Methylamines / 2.324 Methyl Chloride / 2.325 Methylene Chloride / 2.326 Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate / 2.327 Methyl Ethyl Ketone / 2.328 Methyl Mathacrylate / 2.330 Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether / 2.331 Methyl Vinyl Ether / 2.333 Molybdenum Compounds / 2.334 Monosodium Glutamate / 2.335 Morphine / 2.337 Naphtha / 2.339 Napthalene / 2.344 Natural Gas / 2.346 Natural Gas (Substitute) / 2.349 Neon / 2.351 Nicotine / 2.352 Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide / 2.353 Nitric Acid / 2.354 Nitrobenzene / 2.356 Nitrocellulose / 2.357 Nitrogen / 2.358 Nitroglycerin / 2.361 Nitrous Oxide / 2.363 Nonene / 2.364 Novocaine / 2.365 Nylon / 2.366 Ocher / 2.367 Iso-octane / 2.368 Oxygen / 2.369 Paints / 2.371 CONTENTS ix FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:44 PM Page ix n-Paraffins / 2.373 Paraldehyde / 2.374 Penicillin / 2.375 Pentaerythritol / 2.376 Peracetic Acid / 2.379 Perchloroethylene / 2.380 PETN / 2.381 Petrochemicals / 2.382 Phenobarbital / 2.388 Phenol / 2.389 Phenolic Resins / 2.392 Phenolphthalein / 2.394 Phenothiazines / 2.395 Phenylethyl Alcohol / 2.396 Phosgene / 2.397 Phosphoric Acid / 2.398 Phosphorus / 2.401 Phthalic Acid / 2.403 Phthalic Anhydride / 2.404 Phthalocyanine Blue / 2.405 Phthalocyanine Green / 2.406 Picric Acid / 2.407 Piperazine Citrate / 2.408 Polyacetaldehyde / 2.409 Polyamides / 2.410 Polycarbonates / 2.412 Polychlorinated Biphenyls / 2.413 Polyesters / 2.414 Polyesters (Unsaturated) / 2.416 Polyhydric Alcohols / 2.417 Polyimides / 2.418 Polysulfones / 2.419 Polyurethane Foams / 2.420 Potassium Chlorate / 2.421 Potassium Compounds / 2.422 Potassium Hydroxide / 2.423 Potassium Nitrate / 2.424 Potassium Perchlorate / 2.425 Producer Gas / 2.426 Propane / 2.427 Propanol Hydrochloride / 2.428 Propargyl Alcohol / 2.429 Propene / 2.431 Iso-propyl Alcohol / 2.433 Propylene Glycol / 2.434 Propylene Oxide / 2.435 Pulp and Paper Chemicals / 2.438 Pyridine / 2.440 Pyrophosphates / 2.441 Quinoline / 2.442 Iso-quinoline / 2.443 Rare Gases / 2.444 RDX / 2.446 Red Lead / 2.447 Reserpine / 2.448 Rotenone / 2.449 x CONTENTS FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:44 PM Page x Rubber (Natural) / 2.450 Rubber (Synthetic) / 2.451 Salicylic Acid / 2.453 Silica Gel / 2.455 Silver Sulfate / 2.456 Soap / 2.457 Sodium / 2.459 Sodium Bicarbonate / 2.460 Sodium Bisulfite / 2.461 Sodium Carbonate / 2.462 Sodium Chlorate / 2.465 Sodium Chloride / 2.467 Sodium Chlorite / 2.469 Sodium Dichromate / 2.470 Sodium Hydroxide / 2.472 Sodium Hypochlorite / 2.475 Sodium Metabisulfite / 2.476 Sodium Nitrate / 2.477 Sodium Perchlorate / 2.478 Sodium Phosphate / 2.479 Sodium Pyrosulfite / 2.480 Sodium Silicate / 2.481 Sodium Sulfate / 2.482 Sodium Sulfite / 2.483 Sodium Triphosphate / 2.484 Steroids / 2.485 Streptomycin / 2.489 Styrene / 2.490 Sulfonamides / 2.493 Sulfur / 2.494 Sulfur Dioxide / 2.496 Sulfuric Acid / 2.497 Sulfurous Acid / 2.500 Sulfur Trioxide / 2.501 Superphosphates / 2.502 Surfactants / 2.503 Surfactants (Amphoteric) / 2.504 Surfactants (Anionic) / 2.505 Surfactants (Cationic) / 2.506 Surfactants (Nonionic) / 2.507 Synthesis Gas / 2.508 Talc / 2.511 Tall Oil / 2.512 Terephthalic Acid / 2.513 Tetrachloroethylene / 2.515 Tetracyclines / 2.516 Tetrahydofuran / 2.517 Tetrazine / 2.518 Tetryl / 2.519 Titanium Dioxide / 2.520 Toluene / 2.523 Toluene Diisocyanate / 2.528 1,1,1-Trichloroethane / 2.529 Trichloroethylene / 2.530 Triethylene Glycol / 2.531 Trinitrotoluene / 2.532 Turpentine / 2.533 CONTENTS xi FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:44 PM Page xi