Cong ty Supe photphat va hoa chat Lam Thao - Phil Tho c6 nhiem vu san xuat phan Ian supe photphat dtmX phan bon hon hc^ NPK phuc vu cho nong nghiep ciia ca nuac.. Vi vay nhu cau ciia vi
Trang 1BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAG DAI HOG QLOG GIA HA NOI TRGONG DAI HOG KHOA HOG TGNHIEN
DANG THI HANG
KHAO SAT KHA NANG TACH LOAI PHOTPHAT TIJf
fl
DUNG njCH NUOC B A N G V O I , M U O I SAT (III) CLORUA, NHOM SIJNFAT VA CfNG DUNG DE XLf LY NUOC THAI CUA CONG TY SLPE PHOTPHAT VA HOA CHAT LAM THAO
Chuyen nganh: Hoa V6 co
Ma so: 1,04.01
LUAN VAN THAG SY KHOA HOG HOA HOG
Nguai hirorng d^n khoa hoc: TS NGO SY Ll/ONG
Trang 21.2 Trang thai photphat trong tir nhien
1.3 Vong tuan hoan ciia photphat trong tir nhien
1-4 Anh hirong cua photpho doi vai moi truong nircfc
Chirorng II Tinh hinh 6 nhiem nirac va nirac thai Nha may supe
photphat
II 1 Vai net ve vai tro niroc sach va tinh trang 6 nhifim niroc
II 1.1 Vai tro ciia niroc sach
11.1.2 Tinh trang 6 nhiem niTOc
II.2 Nuac thai Cong ty Supe photphat Lam Thao
11.2.1 Giai thieu so bo ve Cong ty Supe photphat Lam Thao
11.2.2 So do nguyen ly cong nghe san xuat supe photphat
11.2.3 Nguon nuoc thai cua Cong ty
Chirong HI Cac phirang phap xur ly nirac thai chiira photphat
III.I Cac phuong phap tach loai photphat trong niroc thai
III.LI Phuong phap sinh hoc
III 1.2 PhacTng phap hap phu
III 1.3 Phuong phap dien hoa
III-2 Tach loai photphat tir nuac thai theo phuong phap ket tua
111.2.1 Tach loai photphat b^ng cac muoi canxi
111.2.2 Dijng muoi nhom de tach loai photphat
111.2.3 Dung muoi Fe-^"" de tach loai photphat
III.3 Muc dfch va cac noi dunz n<:;hien cuu cua luan van
Ghirong IV Phucmg phap phan tich
IV 1 Cac phucmg phap xac dinh ham liiang photpho
IV 1.1 Cac phmmg phap hoa hoc
Trang 3IV.1.2 Cac phuong phap hoa ly
IV.2 Cac phuong phap xac dinh ion Fe-^^, AI'^, Ca"^, F
IV.2.1 Phuong phap xac dinh ion Fe-^""
IV.2.2 Xac dinh ion AI'^
IV.2.3 Xac dinh Ca'"" trong dung dich nuac
rV.2.4 Xac dinh nong do F"
PHAN B - THirC NGHIEM Chircmg V Thirc nghiem
V l Dung cu, thiet bi va hoa chat
V l L Thiet bi
V.1.2 Dung cu
V L 3 Hoa chat
V.2 Pha dung dich
V.3 Cac phuctng phap nghien cuu
V.3.L PhU(mg phap xac dinh nong do photphat trong dung
dich nuoc
V.3.2 Phucrng phap xac dinh nong dC) Al^"^ thco phUcmg phap
chiet-trac quang V.3.3 Phucmg phap xac dinh nong do ion sat trong dung dich
nuac V.3.4 Phuemg phap chuan do xac dinh nong do Ca""^ trong
dun^i dich nuac V.3.5 Xac dinh nonir do tlorua
Chirong VI Ket qua nghien curu va thao luan
VI 1 Ket qua phan tich nuac thai tii Nha may supe photphat
Lam Thao
VI 1.1 Nhan xet chung ve mSu nuoc thai
VI 1.2 Xac dinh nong do oclophotphat trong nuac thai
VI 1.3 Xac dinh nong do tong cong cua photphat trong mSu
nuoc thai
VI 1.4 Xac dinh nong do AI^"^ trong mau nuac thai
VI 1.5 Xac dinh nong do cua sat trong mau nuac thai
VI 1.6 Ket qua phan tfch nong do P troni: mau nuoc thai
Trang 4VI 1.7 Ket qua phan tfch mot so thanh phan co mat trong mSu
nuac thai nghien cuu VI.2 Kha nang tach loai photphat tren m^u gia
VI.2.1 Phuong phap thuc nghiem
VI.2.2 Khao sat qua trinh tach loai P04'~ b^ng tac nhan Al'^"" VI.2.3 Khao sat kha nang tach loai P04'^~ b^ng muoi Fe-^"*"
VI.2.4 Khao sat kha nang tach loai ion PO,-" b^ng Ca(OH), VI.2.5 Khao sat kha nang ket hcrp giua CaCOH) vai Fe-^ va
Al-^"" de tach ioai ion PO^-^" khi co mat F^ va SiF^'" n(5ng
do cao VI.3 Khao sat kha nang su dung voi de tach loai photphat
khoi nuac thai Cong ty Supe photphat VI.3.1 Tien hanh x u l y bang tac nhan Ca(OH)-,
VI.3.2 Tien hanh xu ly bing tac nhan Ca(OH) va FeCl^
VI.3.3 Tien hanh xu ly vai tac nhan Ca(OH)^ va muoi nhom
KET LUAN TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Trang 5MO DAU
Photpho la nguyen to co vai tro rat quan trong trong sir song No c6
trong thanh phan ciia cac chat giu vai tro tfch cue trong nhieu qua trinh sinh
hoc quan trong cua dong vat va thuc vat Vi vay dong, thuc vat phai duac cung cap nhung luang photpho nhat dinh hang ngay de duy tri sir song va phat trien Tuy vay khi co mat trong nuac nhung luc;tng qua kVn vircrt qua
giai han cho phep photpho lai gay ra nhieu tac hai cho moi truemg V\ vay
van de tach loai cac hcrpchat photpho trong nuac thai cong nghiep da duac nhieu nha nghien cuu quan tam
Cong ty Supe photphat va hoa chat Lam Thao - Phil Tho c6 nhiem vu
san xuat phan Ian (supe photphat dtmX phan bon hon hc^ NPK phuc vu cho nong nghiep ciia ca nuac San pham phan bon ciia Cong ty nay dong vai tro
het sue quan trong trong sir phat trien nong nghiep ciia nuoc ta Phan Ian
supe photphat dctn ciia Cong ty hien tai chiem xap xi 5/6 tong san luang phan bon cting loai ciia ca nuoc Trong boat dong san xuat hang ngay Cong
ty thai ra mot luang chat thai kha Icm a ca 3 dang ran, long, khf Cac chat thai nay da duac Cong ty quan tam xay dung qui trinh xu ly kha thfch hap Tuy vay qua trinh xu ly con co nhung van de bat cap chua dap ung duac yeu cau ve moi truang Chang han nuac thai cua Cong ty supe photphat Lam Tliao - Phii Tho tuy da duac xu ly van co chua nhieu chat gay tac hai cho moi tructng a nong do ktn trong do co cac ion photphat tlorua Nuac thai ciia Cong ty supe photphat Lam Thao - Phii Tho cung vai nuac thai Cong ty giay Bai Bang da gop phan lam o nhiem nuac song Hong va gay tac hai trong mot vung kha rong [1] Vi vay nhu cau ciia viec khao sat xay dung nhung qui trinh xu ly thich hcrp de tach loai c(3 hieu qua cac chat gay doc hai co trong nuac thai Cong ty bao dam tn^ng sach me)i tmang nuac la mot nhu cau can thiet
Trong ban luan van nay chung toi de cap den van de khao sat kha nang tach loai photphat bang voi, sat (UI) clorua, nhom sunfat tir dung dich nuac
va ap dung cac ket qua khao sat duac de xu ly mau nuac thai ciia Cong ty Super photphat va hoa chat Lam Thao - Phii Tho VI thai gian co han nen viec khao sat mai chi dilng lai a mot so nehien ciai cct ban ban dau Moni^ rang nhung ket qua nghien cuu ciia luan van se la nhung goi y tham khao
bo fch cho nhiimg nguoi quan tam
Trang 6A- PHAN TONG QUAN
CHUONG I - TRANG THAI PHOTPHO TRONG TlT NHIEN VA
ANH HUONG PHOTPHAT DOI VOl MOI TRUCING
I.l Gidi thieu sa lirac ve cac muoi photphat
Axit octo photphoric H^POj la mot axit 3 nac ung vai cac qua trinh dien li trong dung dich nuac [3] :
H3PO, + H3O ^ ^ H , 0 ^ + H P O ; K, = 7,6.10-^
H3PO; + H , 0 ^ ^ - ^ H 3 0 ^ + H P O , ' - Ki = 6,2.10"' HPO, + H.O ^ - ^ H,0^ + P O / - K, = 4,4 l(r^-^
VI vay axit nay tao nen 3 loai muoi tucmg ung: muoi dihidrophotphat (chua anion H-.PO4"), muoi monohidrophotphat (chua ion HPO4"") va muoi photphat trung ti'nh (chua anion POj"^")
Cac muoi photphat nhin chung khong c(') mau do cac ion photphat dcu khong mau Cac muoi dihidrophotphat deu de tan trong nuoc Trong cac muoi monohidrophatphat va photphat tioing tfnh chi co muoi cua kim loai kiem la de tan Trong cac muoi photphat tan thi muoi photphat trung tfnh ciia kim loai kiem bi thuy phan manh trong dung dich va cho moi truang kiem:
Na.PO, + H.O ^^=^ NaOH + Na.HPO,
Qua trinh nay xay ra manh han so voi qua tnnh phan ly ciia ion HPO^""
H P O / - + H.O ^ ^ H , 0 " + P C , - ' ' Nen dung dich Na3HP04 co moi trucmg kiem yeu Muoi NaH^P04 bi thuy phan yeu hctn Na^PO^ va qua trinh thuy phan xay ra kem han so vai qua trinh phan li axit cua ion H P O /
H.PO4" + H.O ^ ^ H,0^ -f Nen dung dich NaH.POj co moi tnrong axit vcu
HPO4-Khi CO mat ion Mg"", N H / trong dung dich NH„ ion P C / ' ' tao ket tiia mau trang NHjMgPO^ khong tan trong dung dich amoniac nhung tan trong
axit v6 ca
Trang 7N H / + Mg-^ + PO/- ^ ^ NH.MgPO^I ,4,,g
Khi CO mat mu(5i amoni molipdat (NH4).Mo04 trong dung dich axit HNO3, ion P O / ' tao ket tiia mau vang amoniphotpho molipdat (TIHJ3[PMoi304o] Ket tua nay khong tan trong HNO3 nhung tan trong kiem va dung dich NH3
3 N H / + PO/^- + 12M0O4 + 24H" = (NH4)3[PMoj,04o] + 1 2 H , 0
Phan ung tren duac diing de nhan biet va dinh luang ion PO4'" trong dung dich
Muoi photphat co nhieu ung dung trong cong nghiep, nong nghiep va
ky thuat Muoi photphat ciia canxi va amoni duac dijng lam phan bon v6 co Rieng CaHP04 duac diing lam thuc an gia siic Muoi Na3P04 duac diing lam mem nuoc, diing trong cac noi hoi cao ap va lam chat tay m a
Cac muoi photphat kim loai kiem thuang duac dieu che bang each cho axit H^P04 lucmg tac vai hidroxit hay cacbonat kim loai kiem Con cac muoi ph(^tphat ft tan duac dieu che bang phan ung trao doi
Cac photphat co Uong phan tu hoac ion cua n(') h(m mot nguyen tu P duoc goi la photphat ngung tu Cac photphat ngung tu duac cau tao iii nhijmg tu dien
deu, P04^" lien ket vcn nhau qua nhung dinh oxi chung, gio'ng nhu trong cac http chat silicat Kieu cau tiTic quan trong nhat ciia cac hctp chat photphat
n^un^ tu CO dan!:Z mach than^ chua anion, c6 conu thuc chun;^ P,0!""*":!~ Vf
du nhu muoi diphotphat (hay piro photphat) M4P2O- va triphotphat M^P^O^Q (a
day M la kim loai kiem) Cac ion nay c6 cau tao nhu sau:
aniofi I PjOy^' ^ anion [P ^O10' ^
Cac photphat ngung tu mach vong hay metaphotphat mach vong chua anion co cong thuc chung (P03),/'\ Vf du: triphotphat M^P^O,^ (M: la kim loai kiem), anion cua chiiniz co ca'u tao: I
Trang 8Cac photphat ngimg tu duac tao nen khi dun nong muoi ortho photphat a
nhGng nhiet do khac nhau de lam mat nirdc Chiing co nhirng cong dung khac nhau trong cong nghiep Muoi Na^P.O- diing lam chat tay nJa va lam chat toi
khi ren kim loai Muoi nay duoc tao nen khi nung ncmg Na.HPOj a 6(X)°C
Na.HPO, ^'^^^ Na.P.O, + H.O Muoi Na5P,0,o diing lam hot giat (ti le ^45%), lam mem niroc duoc tao nen khi dun nong h6n hcfp Na.HPO, va NaH.PO^ a 420°C
2 N a , H P 0 , + NaH.PO, = Na,P,Ojo + 2H3O
1.2 T r a n g thai p h o t p h o trong tir nhien
Photpho la nguyen to rat pho bien trong ty nhien chiem 0,04% tong so nguyen tu trong vo qua dat Photpho tao thanh khoang 200 loai khoang ton tai trong tir nhien voi cac loai cation: Ca""", Mg-^ Na"", Al '^ Pb-"", Fe-"", Fe-*"",
Ti le Ca/P
0,5
1
1 1,33 1,5
Trfr luctng khoang photpho trong tu nhien theo du doan co khoang
600.00MT Quang photphat duac tim thay a nhieu n(n tren he mat trai dat, phan 1(^ la dang da tram tfch va ft thay dang da phun xuat (vulcami)
Bang 2 Cung cap mot so so lieu ve nguon photpho trong moi tniong
Trang 9Bang 2: Nguon photphot trong moi truang
Nguon
Dia qiiyen
Quang photphat Dat
Can ISng trong nuac ngot Can lang trong bien sau
Da
Thuy quyen
Dai ducmg Nuac ngot
Khi quyen Sinh quyen
Dat Dai dU(mg
Khoi luong MT
60.10-' 16.10'
10'-10 uv
1000.10' 10'- 120.10-' 120.10- 90.10-' 0,1.10-' 2.10-'
<2.1()-' 140.10-'
Trong dat
Dong, thirc vat ^ ^ • - • ^ ^
Trong dai dwang
Dong, thi/c vat
I Bai ti^t Sinh vat chet
Photphat hoa Photphat trong dat
Photpho huru ca, vo ca hoa tan va lali/ng tren lap mat
0,2
Photphat trong tram tich (130.10^)
Hinh 1: Vong tiidn hodn cua photpho trong nuac vd tren can
S
Trang 10L3 Vong tiian hoan ciia photpho trong tir nhien
Hinh (1) mo ta vong tuhi hoan cua photpho trong moi truang Cac sinh vat bien nhan mot lugng dang ke photpho tir cac nguon thuc phim hoac cac ca the chet duai dang photpho huu ca kho hoa tan hoac photpho
vo ca hoa t^n Chi mot phan nho photphat duai dat (5%) la co the-cSy trong
dugc hap thu vi chi co dihidro phatphat (H-PO^) la co the hoa tan tot trong nuac Cac photphat vo ca kho hoa tan se ton tai trong dat va sau nay co the'
bi axit sunfuric hoa tan va di vao thanh phan cua cac nguyen sinh dong vSt
Cac photphat huu ca ton tai a goc rt cay trong se tu tir thuy phan a dang cac
khoang vi sinh do qua trinh photphat hoa [2]
Can bang H^O - H3 PO4 phu thuoc vao do pH cua dung dich O gia tri
pH = 7 ton tai can bang:
H.O + H,PO," ^ ^ HPO,-" + Up'
Hinh 2 : Sir phu thuoc vao pH cua cdc photphat kim loai
Trong dia quyen va thuy quyen cac ion kim loai nhu Ca-^ Fe^^, A l ^
kha nang hen ket d l dang voi cac ion photphat Hinh 3 mo ta anh h
CO
licjng
Trang 11cua pH den do tan cua cac muoi canxi photphat, nhom photphat (-\lPO4) va s^t photphat (FePO J
i^10(P0jg?:^
pH 6 8 W 12
Hinh 3 : Bg hod tan cua cdc photphat kim loai theo pH at""- 25 "Xl
Tii hinh 3 ta thay khi pH tang, do hoa tan Ca.iJX^J giam Nhung neng nhom photphat va s^t photphat co diem cue ti^a nam a vijng axjt Khi sang moi truang kiem cua muoi nay chuye'n sang dang ket tua hidroxit tuang ung [2]
'SAI phu thuoc cua do hoa tan cac photphat kim loai vao pH rat co y
nghTa doi vai qua trinh ket tua photphat trong cac ho nuac ngot co hien tuang phi duang (eutrophi cation) Nong do photphat thuc te cao han nhi6u
so vai nong dp a trang thai can bAng niang ung Dieu nay co the la do anh huang cua mot so ion la co kha nang hoa tan tot hoac do qua trinh ket tinh xay ra cham do sir co mat cua cac chat uc che ti'ong dung dich nuac
Lien ket cua cac ion kim loai vai photphat tao thanh tir cac phan ung ket tua va phan ung be mat Qua trinh hap thu photphat bing Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)^ hoac cac oxit ngam nuac tuan theo ca che lien hap va dat cue dai a gia tri pH ma tai do ton tai ion H2PO4" (hinh 2) Buac qua do chuyen sang moi truang kiem co tac dung nhu qua trinh khu hap thu Dae trung tong hop qua trinh chuyen pha cua photphat tu long sang ran la ty le giua kim loai va photpho trong san pha'm ket tua Ty le nay thuang Ian han 1, ket qua la mot phan Ian photphat dua vao dat duai dang phan bon khong chuyen hoa duac thanh chat dinh duang Vi vay tu)' theo tfnh chat cua timg loai dat (pH) ma mot phan photphat theo phan bon vao dat co the bi giil lai a dang hop chat
Trang 12khong tan va khong co tac dong tfch cue
TiJ cac hinh 2, 3 ta thay cac san pham phan ly cua H,PO^ trong dung dich nuac phu thuoc nhieu vao gia tri pH va a nhung dang khac nhau: H3PO,(ao), H.PO/Caj), H P O , " (a.) va P O / - ( a , ) Truac het cac goc thuc vat
se hap thu H P O / va HPO,'- 6 pH ^ 6 bat dau c6 xuat hien cac ket tiia cac
photphat baza cua Fe"^^ va AV' [ M ( ? 0 , ) , ( O H ) , ( I „ vai M la Al hoac Fe 6
pH > 7 bat dau ket tua cac canxi photphat nhu CaHPOj hoac cac hydroxyapatit Cajoi^OJ^COH) Do do khi su dung photphat lam chat dinh duang cho thuc vat thi yeu cau gia tri pH trong mot giai han hep vi neu a dieu kien khong thfch hop cac photphat se bi giu lai trong dat a dang cac hop chat ft tan
Cac photphat trong nguon nuac chay hoac nguon tinh thuc^^g la nguon goc dan den hien tucmg phi duang Nhung chat nay cf3 the la cac chat tay rua hoac lam mem nuoc cung di vao thuy quyen nhu pentanatn tripoly photphat (Na^PPjf)) Ngoai ra con co mot so chat nhu sat photphat tii cac hrp can lang c6 the bi hoa tan tnV lai khi trong cac nguon nUOc co chua nhieu chat dinh duong va chat 6 nhiem C(') the ton tai cac dieu kien khu (V
pH thap, qua trinh c(') the xay ra thco phuimg tiinh:
Fe(PO,),+ H^ +c^^ F e ^ „ , , , + HPO,^-„„,J
Cha't khu co the la H^S hoac mot so hctp cha't huu co trong nuac
Luetng photphat trong he sinh thai nuoc va sinh vat tren can khong du cung cap dinh duang cho thiic vat (luong photpho nay chi vao khoang
0.5^5% khoi luang) cho nen photpho thucmg duoc bieu thi nhu chat dinh
duoni^ han dinh Su thieu hut nav ducfc h6 sunjz boi cac boat don^ nhan tao
nhu viec san xuat cac phan bon photphat tu cac quang photphat (super photphat, disuper photphat, NPK) Lucmg photpho du trong phan b(3n duac
tham qua dat, qua song ra bien va lang lai o dcx Trong nuac mua nong do photpho nho tii l()-i-100mg/m~^ ( do bui, muoi bie'n hoc hc^i, cac qua trinh c6
nhict do cao va qua trinh chuyen hoa photpho trong khf quyen)
L4 Anh hiroTig cua photpho doi voi moi trirong nirac
Trong tat ca cac nguon nuoc tu nhien nhu nuoc ngam, nuoc mat, nong
do photphat thucmg nho va ton tai o dang H P O / , H P O / , PO,-' Nguon
photpho chu yeu ccS trong da ft hoa tan va xam nhap vao he sinh thai cham
Trang 13Tuy nhien trong cac thuy vuc xung quanh cac lang, thanh pho thi lai nhieu
photpho do nuac thai chua cac san pham tay rua va qua trinh rua troi phan bon trong nong nghiep, nuac thai cua Cong ty san xuat phan bon Photpho la mot nguyen to can thiet cho sir song, song neu qua nhieu se xiic tien qua trinh phat trien nhanh manh cua tao xanh hoac thuc vat km (macropkytes) gay tic nghen thuy vuc Qua trinh nay gcii la thira dinh duang hay "phii duang" Nhung thuy vuc thira dinh duang gay ra miii hoi thc^i do sir phat trien qua manh cua cac sinh vat phan giai lam can kiet oxi hoa tan, phan huy thc^'i rua tao thuc vat ion da chet Day la mc)t o nhi^m nguy hiem lam chet cac loai thuy sinh do sir giam DO, sir tang BOD va boc miji cac khf thoi
Tac hai cua ham luang photphat cao trong nude thai duac minh hoa bang sa do sau:
So 66 tac hai P C , "
Nuac thai chua P O , "
Nguon nuoc co ham lu(mg oxi hoa tan tot va ngheo chat dinh ducmg
Kfch thfch tao phat trien
Anh sang chieu vao giam
Tao chet tret lai
Oxi hoa tan giam
Thieu oxi nghiem trong va ca chet
I
NgucSn nucrc hi phu duang
> Oxi thoat ra
Trang 14Mot gam photpho co tac dung lam tang truang khoang lOOg tao va de phan huy chung can 140g oxi
Vi vay theo TCVN 5945-1995, nong do photphat toi da cho phep trong nu6c thai cong nghiep duac qui dinh nhu sau [ 1 ]:
- Nong do cho phep doi vai nude thai c6 the thai vao nude duac dijng lam nguon cap nude sinh hoat: Pi,^^^^ = 0,2mg/l P,^Sng ~ 4mg/l
- Nong do cho phep doi vclri nude thai chi duac thai vao nguon nucifc diing cho giao thong thuy, tudi tieu, bcri loi, thuy san va trong trot:
Phouca = 0,5mg/l ; P,.„^ = 6mg/l
- Vdi nong do P,,^„ ^^ > lmg/1, P,^,,^^ > 8mg/l nude thai bat buoc phai
dugc xu ly trudc khi thai vao nguon nuac thai chung
Trang 15CHITONG 11 TINH HINH 6 N H I 6 M N U ^ C VA NV6C THAI NHA
MAY SUPE PHOTPHAT
ILL Vai net ve vai tro nirdc sach va tinh trang 6 nhiem nirdc
II.I.L Vai trd cua nu&c sach
Trong tong the cac tai nguyen do con ngudi khai thac nuc^c chiem mc)t
vi tri quan trong vao loai bac nhat Nucl^c can thiet cho sir ton tai va phat trien cua he sinh thai dong vat va thuc vat NucVc quyet dinh dieu kien tho nhudng va khf hau Trong sinh hoat hang ngay nudc phuc vu cho nhu cau
an, uong, sinh hoat Cong nghiep va nong nghiep cua mot nucVc khc')ng the
phat trien dugc neu thieu nudc Vi the mot moi trudng nudc sach la cue ki
can thiet [5]
II.L2 Tinh trang 6 nhiem nixac
II 1.2.1 • Vai net ve tinh hinh 6 nhiem moi tiin'm^ tren the gidi
1 o c^
Mac dii da cd nhung c6 gang lam sach nudc d nhieu na\ nhung sir d
nhiem nudc van dien ra (V hau het cac qudc gia tren the gi(')i NinVc (V cong ranh do thi dugc chay ra cac dong nuc'tc, canh dong lan can Nhiing hoat dong cLia cac nha may, su khai thac ciia cac ham md da lam tang so lugng cac chat thai cd kim loai, hoa chat dc)c hai Cac chat thai nay deu
do vao nudc va gay d nhiem nguon nudc
O cac nudc phat tnen nhu Bac My, chau Au, Nhat Ban nan 6 nhiem moi trucmg tuy dugc quan tam nhieu nhung van la tram trong Vdi nen cong nghiep phat trien manh d trinh do cao, chat thai cong nghiep vdi khoi lucmg rat 1cm d ca ba dang khf, long, ran gay nan d nhiem nang ne cho cac nuc^c nay
Ho Langua d Philipin la ho km nhat Y)dn% Nam A da bi n h i l m doc
nang do cac cong ranh cua thanh pho Malina thai ra, do chat thai doc hai cua khoang 900 Cong ty, lucmg du phan bcm va thuoc trii sau Hau qua la cac loai ca trong ho da bi nhiem doc va chet, do vay lugng ca bi suy giam
nliieu [I ] Van de nudc cung rat ndng bong d Han Qudc, cd khoang 1/4 so
dan khong dugc cung cap du nudc nggt Mot so xf nghiep phai ddng cua vi chat Immg nuc^c qua kem, song Makdong dai nhat cua Han Qudc bi d nhiem nang, nuc'^c ciia nd den nhu nudc ccing ngam, mui hoi hoc Icn ndng nac Hang loat cac xf nghiep xa nudc thai vao con sdnu nav Cuni: d Han
Trang 16Qudc khoang 72% nudc thai cong nghiep do ihang ra bien ciing vdi nucie thai sinh hoat [5] 6 Trung Qudc benh ung thu gia tang vi d nhiem mdi trudng song Da cd khoang 40.000 bi chet vi can benh the ki nay O Giang
To, do dugc cua nhieu Cong ty nudc ngoai chii y dau tu nen nhieu Cong ty,
xf nghiep dugc moc len va dan so cua linli gia tang nhanh chdng Tuy nhien
ve mat bao ve moi trudng ft dugc quan tam diing muc vi the ca mdi tiordng khf va nguon nudc d day deu bj 6 nhiem nang ne [4]
Tinh hinh d nhiem d Dai Loan dang cV muc nghiem trong: khoang 90%
nguon nudc d Dai Loan nhu song, ho, a o bi nhiem doc kim loai nang, 1/3
dat canh tac bi tan pha do cac chat thai, phan bdn, thuc')c trii sau chua cac doc to Tmh trang dd dan den ca trons; cac sdnc ho bi chet hang loat do nhiem doc, khoang 30% gao d Dai Loan bi nhiem doc ben cac kim loai nang, nhat la thuy ngan, asen va cadimi [4]
n.1.2.2 Vai net ve su d nhiem mc)i truc^m^z d Viet Nam
O nudc ta sir d nhiem mdi tmdng dang ngay cang nghiem trong O cac thanh pho, cac khu cong nghiep tap trung, nudc thai tir cac nha may, benh vien, khu dan cU Hau nhu khong qua xu If trirdc khi duoc thai ra mdi tmdng Vi the hau het cac song, ho da bi d nhiem bdi cac chat huu cct, cac kim loai nang, cac vi sinh vat gay benh v.v Tuy tiing nen ma thanh phan, muc do d nhiem khac nhau O cac thanh pho km nhu Ha Noi, Thanh pho
Ho Chf Minh tinh trang d nhidm mdi trucmg kha nan^ ne Cac kenh rach trc^ng thanh pho chua nhieu chat ban, nuc^c cd mau den, miji hoi ham do phan km chat thai sinh hoat trong khu dan cu va xf nghiep cong nghiep, ihii cong nghiep dd ra [4]
O cac tinh phfa nam tinh trang 6 nhiem moi trut^ng cung can diroc quan tam Chat thai tir khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa lam cho nuoc song Dong Nai bi 6 nhiem nang Nuoc con song nay chira nhieu dau mo, chat hiru co, nhieu kjm loai nang doc hai gay chet ca hang loat
Hai con song 6 Tliuan An la Ba Rach va Suoi Vam da chiu su 6 nhiem klia nang ne do nuac thai ciia nhieu cong ty do vao Theo so lieu phan ifch, ndng do nhieu chat doc hai vugt tieu chua'n cho phep cua Viet Nam [5]
Con song Ha Thanh 6 Qui Nhcm da phai ticp nhan cac loai chat thai bao gom: nic thai nuoc thai tu ncri san xual, benh vien, khu dan cu f5 ] Theo con
so dieu tra 6 thi xa Long Xuyen, hang ngay co cc) tren 4 ta'n phan, tren 200 ta'n
Trang 17cac loai chat thai do xudng song Hau gay 6 nhi^m nang nudc song [5]
(3 tinh Phu Tho, theo bao cao cua dng Biji Minh Thao - phd giam doc
Trung tam mdi trudng tinh, hang ngay khu vuc cong nghiep Viet Tri da thai
ra mdi trudng khoang 3,9 trieu m ^ chu yeu la 6 nguon: hc^a chat Viet Tri,
mi chinh, dudng, rugu bia, det Phii Tho, giay Viet Tri Khoang 90% lugng nudc thai dd dugc do ra sdng Hong va song Ld
Ngoai ra, cac Cong ty Giay Bai Bang va Super photphat Lam Thao
trung binh mdi ngay true tiep do ra sdng Hong va sdng L6 khoang
lOO.OOOm^ nudc thai lam d nhiem nghiem trcmg hai ccm sdng nay [5]
Cac sc5 lieu phan tfch dua ra trc^ng Bao cao danh gia tac dong mdi trudng tai Cong ty Super photphat va Hoa cha't Lam Thao, cho thay khu vuc xung quanh Cong ty bi d nhi6m nang ne ca mdi trUcmg khong kJif va nguon nudc sir dung Nudc thai cd chi so BOD km, dich den, miji hac, nhieu can lang, do pH thap lam cho cay cdi va hoa mau kem phat trien, giam nang suat va cd viing bi chet Chat c^ nhiem anh hudng den ddi sdng con ngudi, dong vat, nhat la cac loai sdng trong nguon nudc ao, ho xung quanh Cong
ty Tren sdng Hong ke tir cua thai Cdng ty super photphat Lam Tliao ve ha Uru each 2()km, nany suat ca iiiam dan^ ke, dac biet loai ca Anh Vu h^ loai dac san quf hiem tren sdng Hong hien nay giam manh cd doan hau nhu khong gap chiing [1]
11.2 Nirdc thai Cong ty Supe photphat Lam Thao
11.2.1 Gi&i thieu sabq ve Cong ty Supe photphat Lam Thao
Cdng ty supe photphat Lam Thao Phii Tho la mot cdng ty Idn, cd tac
dung to km trong sir phat trien kinh te dat nudc, dac biet la do\ vdi san xuat
ndng nghiep Cdng ty da chfnh thuc di vao hoat dong tii nam 1962 va da qua 3 lan cai tao va md rong san xuat Den nay khc')ng nhung van tiep tuc san xuat ma Cdng ty con md rong loai san pham, ngay cang phat huy tiem nang cua minh, giu vung vai trd trong sir nghiep phuc vu cho nen kinh te
cua dat nudc [1]
Ngoai vai trd to km neu tren, do qui md san xuat, qua trinh hoat ddng lau dai va cac dac die'm cone ns^he cd tfnh dac thii, tac done mdi trudne ciia Cdng ty da the hien tir nhieu nam nay tren cac mat: mdi trudng, sinh thai, kinh te, xa hdi Viec danh gia tac ddng mdi tmcmg cua Cdng ly va xay dung qui trinh xu ly chat thai thfch hcrp, bao ve mdi trudng la mot nhu cau
Trang 18khan thiet cua ban than nham dinh hudng, qui hoach phat trien diing dan
trong nhung nam tdi [1]
Cdng ly supe photphat cd cac xi nghiep san xua't H-^SO^, thuoc trii sau, phan supe photphat dan, cac phan xudng san xuat NPK Cac loai chat thai cua Cdng ty bao gom:
- Chat thai khf: SO., SO,, NO., CO, CO., SiF^, HF ciia cac xi nghiep axit, tir khf thai dc5t Id than, tii c5ng khdi he thong hap thu tlo va nha li ciia cac XI nghiep supe
- Chat thai long: axit H.SOj, H.SiF^ cd trong nuci'c thai ciia cac xi nghiep san xuat axit H.SiF^ va H,PO_, tir cac xf nghiep san xuat supe HCl tir cac xf nghiep san xuat supe (san xuat phu Na.SiF^)
- Chat thai ran: Xi pirit tir Id tang sdi, bui apatit trong khf thai cac xf nghiep supe, bui xi than, than min trong cac Id dd't than [IJ
11.2.2 Sa do nguyen ly cong nghe san xuat supe photphat
Trang 19PO,'-11.2 J Nguon nuac thai cua Cdng ty
Cdng ly supe photphat cd ngudn nUc'^c thai long cdng Idn: 4X.(MK)m7ngay dem Trong dd cd khoang 2().()()() mVngay la nUcVc lam ngudi, 28.()()() mVngay la nudc thai tir cac xf nghiep va xUc'mg san xual Lugng nudc thai nay cd chua cac ion tan nhu P PO^^', SiF^," eon cd cac chat ran gom cd can ban nguyen lieu san phalm, bui, cac chat vd cof, klidng
cd cac chat huu ca de thdi riia [ 1 ]
He thdng nUdc thai gom nudc lam ngudi: thai bang he thong mmmg noi ra ho Nudc san xuat cd d nhiem dugc thai bang he thdng ngam thai ra sdng Hdng
Tir nhung so lieu kiem tra cho thay ngudn nudc thai ra sdng Hdng khdng dat lieu chuan cho phep [ 1 J
Anh hudng ciia chat thai Idng den khu viic xung quanh Cdng ly: ket
qua kiem tra cho ihay nudc thai ciia Cdng ly chua dugc xii ly mdi each ca
ban (he ihdng mucmg thai, xii ly trudc khi thai ra ngudn nin'rc tu nhicMi,
v.v ) lam anh hU('mg deii mdi trudng Anh hmmg ciia nudc thai da the hien
rd rel irong chai lugng mdi irudng nudc gieng nudc ao hd xung c|uanh Cdng ly, cUa cdng thai ra sdng Hdng, v.v
Nudc thai Cdng ly supe photphat Lam Thao cung vdi Cdng ly giay Bai
Bang da gdp phan lam d nhiem nudc sdng Hdng Ngoai ra, ngudn nudc
dung cho cdng nghiep ciia Cdng ly supe pholphat lay tir sdng Hdng lai bi d
nhiem phai xii ly trudc khi diing do ngudn nudc thai ciia Cdng ly giay Brd
Bang d ihugng ngudn Bang 1 cho thay ket quti do dac kiem tra chat lugng nudc sdng Hdng d ihugng luu va ha luu diem thai ciia Cdng ly supe
Bang 3a: Tham so chat luang nuac a mot so mat cat tren song Hdng
Ciia coiig {\o ra
song Hong ciia
Fe^\
Fe^^
(mj:/l) 0,4
2.5 O.X 1.2
1
(mg/1) 0,01
6.0-1
Vlua mua
(mj:/l) 0.25
2.3
0.75 1.0
(mg/1) ().()()X
13.4
4.9 3.7
1 ' Ong/1) 0,007
1.0
0.64 0.34
Trang 20Qua ket qua do dac cho thay cac so lieu trung binh eiia tham so mdi trudng ve miia kho va miia mua da the hien rd tac ddng ciia nUcifc thai Cdng
•>
ty supe trong doan til cua thai xuoi ddng ha luu 500m Anh hudng nay lan
truyen xuoi ddng ha luu tdi 6km neu ta dem so sanh vdi ket qua do dac d ha luu diem thai Phan tfch cu the cho tha'y [1]
- Do pH bi anh hudng tii cua thai ra sdng Hdng xuoi ddng tdi khoang 5^6km
- SO^"' tuy chua vi pham TCVN nhung da tang 2-^3 lan so vdi thugng
luu
- PO^^' vugt lieu chuan cho phep tir 5-:-10 lan
- F" cd ndng do gap ca tram lan so vdi thugng ngudn, song van nam trong gidi han cho phep
Vi vay chiing tdi dat van de chgn mau nudc thai tii Xf nghiep san xuat supe de lam mau nghien cuu Mau nghien cuu dugc lay d mieng cdng thai ciia Xf nghiep, chua qua xu ly
Trang 21CHUONG HL CAC PHl/ONG PHAP XLfLY Nl/OC THAI CHLfA
PHOTPHAT
n i l Cac phirorng phap tach loai photphat trong nirdc thai [4]
IILLL Phuong phap sinh hoc
Photpho la thuc an, chat dinh dudng khdng the thieu dugc cho sir tang
tnidng cua vi sinh Vi vay trong be xu If sinh hoc thudng diing de xu ly
nudc thai photpho Trong biin sinh hoc kho cd chiia khoang IH-2% P Van
de dat ra la dudi dieu kien nhu the nao se thiic day vi sinh thu dugc nhieu
photpho Qua trinh duc;c xem xet chii yeu la a dieu kien cd khdng khf, sir
tiep nhan P04^' vao vi sinh la kha cao, neu khi tructe dd d dieu kien khdng
cd khdng khf (he kin) thi PO/" se giai phdng ra va tan vao dung dich Vi
vay de tach PO^^", biin vi sinh phai dua vao he kfn rdi hd de cho khdng khf
vao cu the luan phien nhau se tach dugc PO^^" Sau day gidi thieu 1 sa dd
tach P bang phU(mg phap sinh hoc [5]
Nucie thai cd PO,^'
i
Khdng cd khdng khi hoa tan POy'"
Cd khdng khf tiep nhan PO,^-
Phan bun tret lai
Nudc da xir If
•
IILI.2 Phuong phap hap phu
Phucmg phap hap phu nhd cac chat cd be mat xdp, dien tfch be mat km
de hap phu cac dang muc)i photphat tan dugc trong dung dich vao pha ran
va tach chiing khdi dung dich bang sa lang va loc
r r-n
F
Trang 22Theo Miko va Seffi va mot so ngudi khac khi dung F e O , nung d nhiet
do 4()()^K()()°C cd the tach dugc cac pholphat tan tir nudc thai d pH = 5 - 7 Cac tac gia cdng trinh da su dung than hoat tfnh de hap phu pholphat trong dung dich nudc dat hieu qua kha cao Ngoai ra cdn cd cac cdng Iruih thdng bao ve viec xir ly photphat bang silicagel [31], dolomil [30], v.v
IILL3 Phuong phap dien hod
PhU(mg phap nay dua vao sir dien phan vdi ddng dien mot chieu de chuyen cac dang mudi pholphat lan ve dang kei tua
Theo tac gia Goto va Maoshi ihl khi diing mot budng dien phan dung tfch 50()ml vdi cac dien cUc Al cd dien tfch be mat la 5()cm~ dat each nhau lOcm, ddng dien mot chieu qua binh cd I = 0,5A thi cd the tach loai dugc khoang 90% i(m pholphat Neu lang cudng dd ddng dien len lA thi cd the
tach loai dugc klioang 97% ion pholphat Qua trmh dien phan dugc Ucn
hanh cd hieu qua d pH = 4^6 Neu ihcMn mudi Fx'"^ vao dung dich dien phan vdi ndng do 2()mg/l se lam lang hieu qua qua trnih dien phan
PhU(mg phap dugc sir dung phd bien de Uich loai ion photphat ti^r nUdc thai cdng nghiep la phucmg phap ket liia
ni.2 Tach loai photphat tir nirdc thai theo phirong phap ket tiia
Trong ihuc le cac mudi pholphat hoa tan Irong nUdc ihai chii yeu (V
dang oclo pholphat Vi vay de tach loai ion photphat ra kh(')i nUdc thai, phai
chgn cation cd kha nang tao mudi ft tan vdi ion octo photphat Trong sd cac cation khac nhau cd the ket hgp vdi ion photphal tao mudi fl lan cd 3 ion diing dugc chii y nhat ve ca phucvng dien kinh te va ky thuat la Ca"^ Fe^^ va
ArM20]
Cac cdng trinh nghien cuu qua trinh tach loai photphat khdi nudc thai hang vdi, sal (III) clorua, nhdm sunfat da chi ra rang san pham ciia qua trinh uich loai ihudng la mot hdn hgp c(i cau Iriic khac nhau, c<i cdng thiic khac nhau iham chf cd ca cac hgp chat khdng hgp ihiic (cac dung dich ran) Nhieu Uic gia da khang dinh rang giai doan dau ciia qua trinh kei liia cd xuat hien cac chat ran vd dinh hinh Van de nay hun cho vice xac dinh san pham \ a tfnh loan nhiet dong hoc ciia qua trinh tnV nen rat kh(i khan Qua trinh \ir ly cdn phuc tap hem ddi V(ii cac nucic thai c(i chua cac hop chai huu
Trang 23ca cd nong do cao Cac hgp ehat huu ca cd the bi ha'p phu len be mat ket tiia
va ngan trd qua trinh xuat hien va phat trien ciia mam tinh the
Sir thuy phan cua cac ion Fe"^"*" va Al^ dan den sir tao thanh cac hat ket
tiia cd thanh phan phuc tap trong qua trinh tach loai ion octo photphat Phan
ung oxi hoa - khu giua Fe-^"*" va Fe""" cung phai dugc xem xet den trong qua
trinh tao ket tiia hidroxit ciia Al-^"" va Fe^"" Ddng thdi ion Ca""^ cd the' tao cac
mudi photphat khd tan cd thanh phan khac nhau va tfch sc") tan khac nhau
cun^ nhu mdt sd mudi ft tan vdi cac ion khac co mat tron^ nucVc thai (vi du
CaCO,)
Nhir vay qua trinh tach loai ion photphat bang cac muoi Ca"", Fe'"^ va
AV* xay ra rat phuc tap va phu thuoc rat nhieu vao thanh phan ciia nuac
thai
Cac hang so can bang ciia cac qua trinh tao ket tiia ft tan duoc dira ra
trong bang 3b
Bang 3b: / Tich so tan ciia cdc chat it tan a 25"C
FePO, + 2 H , 0 ^^=^ Fe-* + PO,'" + 2H.0 K)-'
AlPO, + 2 H , 0 ^^=^ A1-* + PO,'- + 2H.0 1()-'
CaHPO^ ^==^ Ca-^ + HPO, lO'^-'^
Ca,H(POJ3 '^=^ 4Ca-*+ 3P0,-' + H* 10"''''^
Ca,o(P04),(OH)3 ^ ^ ^ lOCa-" + 6?0/- + 20H- 10""'
Ca,o(P04)6F, - = ^ lOCa-* + 6?0/- + 2 F lO"'"*
Ca,o(PO,),(OH),+6H,0 ^ ^ 4[Ca,(HP0J(OH)3]+2Ca-"+2HPO, 10""
CaHAKPOJ, ^ Ca-* + A1-* + H* + 2P0, 10-^^'
CaCO, ^J=^ Ca-* + C03 lO'*-' CaF, ^^=^ Ca-* + 2 F 10-^°-' MgNH.PO, =^=^Mg-* + N H / + PO/- lO"^ '
Fe(OH), ^ ! ^ Fe-* + 30H- K)-'
Al(OH),^=^ A1'*+30H-
Trang 241()-^-/ 1()-^-/ Cdc hdng so axit-hazcf
H,PO, ^!=^H* + H P O ; 1 0 " H.PO; ^ ^ ^ HPO4 + H* 1()"'~
H P O , - ^ ^ ^ P O / + H* H ) ' " Fe(OH).*^^^ Fé* + OH" 1 0 " ' Fe(OH).* ^ ^ ^ Fe(OH).*+ OH lÓ-• ' } *
• 0 1
/ / / Cdc hdng so tao thdnh cua cdc phuc chat vd cdc poliphotphat
CăPO,)- ^ t ^ Ca-* + PO,*- 10"
CaHPO;' ^ ^ ^ Ca-* + HPỐ" 1 0 ' '
CaH.PO/ '^=^ Ca-* + H.PO; 10 ' '
MgHPO;' ^^i^ Mg-* + HPO,- 1 ( ) - - • '
CaHP.O/- ^^=^ Ca-* + HP.Ố" 1 () ' '
NaP.O,'- ^ - ^ Na* + P.O/" 10
Fc(HP,0,),' ^^^ Fc'* + 2HP,07'- 10
C a P , 0 „ / - ^ t ^ Ca-* + P,0,ó" 10 ' '
C a P p , / - ^s=^ Ca-* + P.Ọ.'- l(r'''
TCr bang 3b, co the riit ra mot so ket luan sau:
1 TAI ca cac ion Fé*, AT* va Ca"* deu cc') kha nang tao thanh cac pha
ran rat it tan voi ion octo photphal Trong so do dang chu y nhat la cac hop
chat canxi photphat dac biet la oclo canxi photphal [CâH^CPOj),,| canxi
hidroxi apalil [Ca,„(POj),,(OH),] va canxi tloroapalit [Ca|„(PO_i)^,F-,| Cac kei
Ilia da neu deu co chira ion PỐ" va la cac dang kcl liia chiC'iri uu the khi xir
Trang 25ly nudc thai d pH cao Dang ket tua hidroxi apatit cdn duac tao thuan lai d
cac gia tri pH cao do c6 sir tham gia true tiep cua cac ion OH'
Cac dac trung chfnh cua cac ket tua canxi photphat duac dua ra tren
bang S C
Bkng^i^Cdc dac trung cua cdc ket tua canxi photphat [20]
Kie'u ket tiia
Canxi dihidro pholphat
Canxi dihidro photphat
Dicanxi hidrogen photphat
Dicanxi hidrogen photphal
a-tricanxi photphal
P-tricanxi photphat
Tetra canxi photphat
Octa canxi photphat
Ho apatite
Cong thuc Ca(H3P0,), Ca(H.PO,) H:0
CaHRJ, CaHP0,.2H;(J [Ca.(P(J,):]./jH:0
Ca,(K),), Ca,H(K)J, Ca,H,(POJ,.5H30 Ca,o(P()4)6F:
Ca,o(P(3,),(C(J0o.6
Ten khoang vat
Nonctite Brushile
Whiterockite
He tinh the' Tam ta ociomom bic Tam ta Don la Luc dien V6 diiih huih n^'u k^'i rua iiJianh
1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5
^-^
1.33 1,67
loai photphat bang mudi Fe'^"" va Al*^"" cin phai lien hanh d viing pH thap de
tranh su mat mat dang ke' cac ion nay do tao ket tua hidroxit Fe(OH)3 va
-AJ(0H)3 ^^^^ n^y ^o the' thay duac tren do thi d huih 4
Trang 26k
I
TO J
lolj lolj
Cd hai quan diem khac nhau co lien quan den sir tach loai photphat bdi
cac cation Fe-^"^ va Al'^"^:
'^ Mdt sd tac eia da cho rane cac qua trinh hoa hoc d(3n2 vai trd trdi hem va sir tach loai photphat la do sir ket tua FePO, va AlPỘ Qua trinh đ
CO the thiTc hien dong thdi vdi qua trinh lăj kec tua sat va nhom hidroxit Cac ket tiia hidroxit cd thé tra giup cho qua trinh tach ket tua photphat ra khdi dung dich vdi tu each la cac tac nhan dong tụ
''^ Theo mot sd tac gia khac qua trinh tach loai photphat xay ra la do sir hap thu PÔ"^' tren ket tua hidroxit ciia sat va nhom, sau đ đng tu laị
Trong thuc te ca 2 qua trinh deu hoan toan cd the xay ra trong qua trinh tach loai photphat [20]
Theo tac gia cdng trinh [2(3] pH ten uu che» qua trinh tach loai photphat bane cac mudi sat (in) la 5 va đi vdi cac muen nhdm la 6;
r
IIL2.L Tach loai photphat bang canxi hidroxit
Dang h(;tp chat canxi thuetng duac dung de tach loai photphat tir nuêc thai cdng nghiep la \di (canxi hidroxit CăOH)-j
Neu can cir ciic sd lieu dua ra tren bang 3b thi hidroxi apatit se ket tua
Trang 27trudc do cd dp tan be nhat Tuy vay, nhieu cdng trinh nghien cuu da xac nhan rang hidroxi apatit khc')ng xuat hien true tiep trong qua trinh tao mam
tinh the mac dii nd la chat ben nhat ve mat nhiet ddng hoc va la chat ft tan nhat trong sd cac mudi canxi photphat Giai doan dau ciia qua trinh cd xuat hien ket tua vd dinh hinh cua mdt muoi canxi photphat cd cdng thuc
Ca3(P04)2 nhirng khdng cd cau true va cd tfch sd tan khoang 10""'^'^ Chat ran
vd dinh hinh nay se tai ket tinh qua mdt sd dang trung gian vdi tdc do cham
de chuyen thanh hidroxi apatit Hidroxi apatit tao thanh khdng nhat thiet phai hop thuc va cd the chua cac ion la Viec xu ly nUt^c thai bang vdi cung dan den su tach loai ion cacbonat cd tron^ nudc thai do tao ra ket tua CaCO^ ft tan
Hieu qua cija qua trinh tach le)ai phu thuoc nhieu vao pH cua dung dich Theo cac tac gia cdng trinh [20] pH thfch hop cho qua trinh tach loai
la 10, cdn cac tac gia [4] cho rang pH thfch hetp la tir 10,5 den 1 1
Qua trinh tao thanh ket tiia va dinh hinh su* tai ket tinh tiep thco de tao ket tua hidroxi apatit bi can trd bdi mot sd ion hoac chat la c(') mat trong nudc thai Vf du: cac hop chat huu ca, sir c() mat ciia Mg""" Khi luong cacbonat trong dung dich la dang ke se anh hudng den luo'ng \oi can ihiet cho qua trinh do tao ket tiia CaC03
Ion F" khi cd mat trong dung dich se lam tang tdc dp tai ke't tinh tao ra tlem^apatit [22, 25, 30J
Qua trinh tach loai photphat se dat hieu c[ua cao neu ap dung mdt so giai phap ky thuat de tach triet de ket tiia tao thanh khdi dung dich Cac giai phap dd cd the la:
- Tang pH den khoang 11 de lam ddng tu cac ket tua keo
- Them cac chat tao ket tiia bdng cd kha nang keo tu manh nhu Fe(0H)3 hoac AKOH),
- Tliem cac hat nhd hidroxit apatit de tao mam cho qua trinh tai ket tinh Cd the su dung quay vdng bijn sau khi xu ly cho muc dfch nay
- NThiet phan bun de thu vdi (do sir phan huy CaC03) sau dd quay vdng bijn da nung (vdi + hidroxi apatit) [20]
Lucmg vdi diing trong qua trinh xu ly duoc xac dinh bdi 2 yeu to:
- Diing de ket tua canxi photphat d dang Ca^O^Oj).: cU 2mol photphat
Trang 28can phai cd 3mol Ca(0H)2 (hay 3,6g Ca(OHj-, cho Ig P)
- Diing de ket tua CaC03, Mg(OH)-, neu co mat cac ion C O , ' ' va Mg"^
trong dung dich) va de nang pH dung dich len gia tri xac dinh (10,5^11) Cac tac gia cdng trinh [23] da su dung cac dieu kien tach loai: pH = 10,5-^11, luang vdi cho vao dung dich theo ty le Ca/P = 1,5-^1, cd sir dung
mudi AV'*' va Fe^"*" de tach ket tua keo ra khdi dung dich Ket qua thuc
nghiem cho thay ndng dp photphat sau khi tach loai dat <0,5mgP/l) [23] Qui trinh xu ly nudc thai chua PO^^" bang vdi (Ca(OH)-:) ket herp vdi mudi sat (in) cung da duac cdng trinh [20] xac nhan Viec them mdt lUctng nhd mudi sat (III) se lam giam dang ke luang vdi cho vao ma khdng lam giam hieu qua xu ly
Trong ban luan an nay chiing tdi cung cd y do khao sat tac dung cua
su ket hap hai loai hoa chat vdi va FeCl^ de xu ly photphat trong nudc thai cua Nha may supe Mdt dieu dang chii y d day la trong nudc thai ciia nha may supe photphat Lam Thao - Phii Tho cd chi'fa mot lupng kha km llorua
Vi vay anh hudng ciia tlorua den qua trinh che hoa cung can dupe khao sal
- Tach PO_i^' trong nudc thai cdng nghiep khi c(') mat ion Horua
Nhieu cdng trinh [S, 1 1, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23] da khao sat qua trinh tach le^ai photphat khi cd mat ion F" trong nude thai nha may san xuat phan lan hoac axit sunfuric tir quang apatit Cac tac gia cdng trinh [8] da su dung vdi de tach loai cac ion F , POj'^", SO/", CO^-' tir nudc thai cdng nghiep d pH=7-^l 1 Trong cac dieu kien mdi truemg pH da neu, ion Ca""*" cd th^ tao ket tiia ft tan vdi cac ion cd trong nueic thai da neu d tren va dupe tach khdi pha Idng bang each gan va Ipc
Cac tac gia cdng trinh [11] da sir dung canxi cacbonat de xu ly tach loai ion F , 1% ion photphat va 0,4% sunfat Khi cd mat CaCO,, pH dung dich nudc thai due^c nang len 2^3 va ket tiia canxitlorua va canxi photphat dupe tao thanh
Trong cac cdng trinh [ 12, 13] cac tac gia da sir dung ket hpp ca CaCO,
va vdi de xu ly tach loai cac ion photphat va llorua bang mot he thdng gom cac giai doan xu ly d cac gia tri pH khac nhau: giai doan dau d pFl = 3,5-f4,0 dupe xu ly bang CaC03, giai doan 2 dupe xu ly d pH=9^12
Trang 29Cac cdng trinh da neu deu cd ket luan ve hieu qua tot cua qua trinh tach loai cac ion P O / ' va F' tir nudc thai bang vdi va canxi cacbonat
IIL2.2 Dung muoi nhom de tach loai photphat
Cac cdng trinh nghien cuu [11, 23] da khang dinh cd the dijng muen
nhdm di tach loai ion photphat khdi nuêc thai cdng nghiep Do nhdm
hidroxit la hpp chat ft tan trong dung dich nuéic va thudng tao ket tiia dang keo nen khi xu ly tach loai ion P O / ' tii nudc thai, ngoai kha nang tao ket tua AIPO4 ft tan (tich sd tan ciia hetp chat nay la 10""^) thi ludn cd kem theo qua trinh tao ket tua Al(OH)^ (tfch sd tan la 10"'")
Cac tac gia cdng trinh [11] da cho thay pH tdi uu cua qua trinh tach loai photphat la 6 Khi lupng mudi nhdm sunphat cho vao dung dich dat ty
le ndng dp Al/P = 1/1 (mol/mol) thi hieu suat tach loai chi dat 5 1 % Khi lupng mudi nhdm lay du 151% thi hieu suat tach loai dat xap xi 100% Theo cac tac gia, phan Ung tao ket tiia giua ion photphat va ion Al^"*" xay ra rat phuc tap va lu(mg nhdm phai sir dung khdng nhu tfnh toan ly thuyet Ngoai ra, do qua trinh tao ket tiia nhdm photphat nen nhdm sunphat tieu ton cang km Cac tac gia cdng trinh [ 1 1 ] da su dung mudi nhdm sunphat de xu
ly nU('yc thai cdng nghiep (V thanh phd Thessaloniki c() ndng đ photphat la 22,7.1()'-^mol/l V(ti day chuyen xu ly 40.0()()m7ngay, ndng dp ion photphat
cdn lai sau xU ly dat tieu chuan nudc sach va hieu suat xu ly dat - 9 9 %
Theo tac gia cdng trinh [23] khi dijng mudi nhdm sunphat de tach loai photphat, pH te")! uu ciia qua trinh la 7-^7,5, cdn khi diing muc)i clorua thi pH tdi uu la 5^5,5
IIL2.3 Diing mudi Fé^^
Trong dung dich chua ion photphat ê pH thfch hêp, ion sat (III) cd the tao ket tua FePO_t mau trang [20]:
Fe-' + H3PO, + 30H- ^ ^ ^ FePO, + 3H.O
O vung pH thap, ket tiia FePÔ tao thanh dang keo va neu ty le Fe/P nhd thi kei tiia tao thanh cd the cd ty le Fe ft hOn so vdi 1:1.0 viing pH cao trong dung dich se xuat hien photphat bazệ Khi pH >5,5 qua trinh tao ket tiia FePO_j xay ra kha cham Tong thdi gian ion Fê"*" cd ai lire vdi OH' manh
hem đi vd'x ion PÔ-^" nen can bang tao kei tiia photphat bazc^ chiem Uu the
va cd su chuyen tir mue")i trung tfnh sang mue")i baz(^:
Trang 30m _ _ ,_
(FePO,),, + m O H - ^ ^ Fe„(0H),„(P0,)„.„,3 + y P O ,
Qua trinh tao ket tua mudi photphat baza cd the quan sat tha'y qua sir ddi mau ciia ket tua tir trang sang vang Ddng thdi dung dich mueSi Fe^^"*" me^i pha se tao dupe kei tua mau vang nhat hem va cd kha nang tach loai photphat tot han so ve'ii dung dich da de lau Dieu nay lien quan den qua trinh thuy phan ciia ion Fe^"*" xay ra tre^ng dung dich mudi Fe'^' de tao ra cac phuc chat vdi OH" va cudi ciing la tao ket tua Fe(OH)^ Lupng Fe(OH)3 tao
ra trong dung dich tang dan theo thdi gian va lam giam ndng do ion Fe-^"^ trong dung dich
Theo tac gia cdng trinh [20], hieu qua tach loai photphat dat cao khi ty
le Fe^^'/P dat 1,4^1,6 va pH thfch hpp ch(^ qua trinh tach loai la 5 Dua vao kei qua thuc nghiem, cac tac gia ce')ng trinh [20] da dua ra cac kei luan nhu sau cho qua trinh tach loai photphat tir dung dich nude
- Hieu suat tach loai phu thuoc nhieu vao pH ciia dung dich
- Hieu suai tach loai khdng phu thuoc vao each thuc dieu chinh pH (trudc hoac trong Iiic them mudi Fe^"^)
- Khi du qua nhieu Fe^"*" se gay khd khan cho qua trinh lang loc tach kei tiia khdi dumz dich sau tach loai
- Qua trinh tach loai photphat se tot hem khi dung dung dich mudi Fc"^"*"
mdi chuan bi
- Nhiet dp khdng anh huemg rd ret deii qua trinh tach loai trong khoang tir 5 - 2 5 X
III.3 Muc dich va cac noi dung nghien cuu cua luan van
Mau nuerc thai ciia Cdng ty supe photphat va hoa chat Lam Thao - Phii Tlio cei ndng do photpho long cdng la 26,66mg/l trejng dd ndng dp octophcUphat la 23,09mg/l Ddng thdi trong mau cdn chua cac ie)n F" va SiF^,"~ veii ndng dp tUcmg ung la 59,5mg/l va 1240mg/l (sau khi da loai bdt
De' xu ly mau nudc thai nay, theo chiing tdi chpn phucmg phap ket tua
la thfch hctp^a't do dac diem dem gian va hieu qua cua no Vi vay chung tdi xac dinh muc dfch ciia luan van la: Tim tac nhan thfch hop va dieu kien tdi
Trang 31iru cho qua trinh xu ly mSu nudc thai ndi tren De tach loai photphat khdi mdi trudng nudc, nhu chiing tdi da trinh bay d tren, ngudi ta thudng diing cac hpp chat ciia Cá^ Al^"^ va Fê"*" la hieu qua nhat Tuy vay, anh hudng ciia F^, SiFg"~ den qua trinh tach loai PỐ^" bang cac tac nhan nay, theo tim hieu cua chiing tdi, đi vdi timg tac nhan chua due;c de cap den nhieụ Vi vay trong luan van nay chiing tdi dat van de khao sat 2 ndi dung:
- Khao sat dieu kien tach loai photphat theo phuemg phap ket tiia bang cac hc;p chat ciia Ca"^ (vdi), Fe-'^ (FeCl3) va Al"^ (AL(SOJ3.18.H-,0) nham
muc dfch xac dinh cac dieu kien t6\ uu cho qua trinh vêi dung dich KH3PO4
va dung dich hdn hpp KH^PÔ+NaF+Nâ^SiF^ tir đ tim duac dieu kien thfch
hpp cho qua trinh tach loaị
Trang 32CHirONG IV PHUONG PHAP PHAN TICH
IV.l Cac phtfong phap xac dinh ham lupng photpho [15, 17]
De xac dinh photpho tong truêc hei ta phai pha maụ Cd nghia tien hanh qua trinh vd ca hoa m l u de photpho hiru ca, poliphotphat va cac
photphat vd ca chuyen thanh dang PO/ tan, sau đ xac dinh ndng dp
photphọ
IV.ỊL Cdc phuong phdp hod hoc
IV.LỊL Phuong phdp trong luong
ạ Phumig phdp ket tua muoi kep: MgNH^PỘ
Nguyen tdc ciia phuemg phap dua tren phan ung tao ket tua ciia
MgNHjPÔ trong mdi trudng kiem yeu (NH_(OH)
L(;)c rira kei tiia bang dung dich NH_,OH 2,5% sau đ nung ndng d nhict đ 1000-1 1()0°C va dang can hinh thanh la Mg.P.Ọ (magie piropht)lphat)
±0,46% Tuy nhien phucmg phap nay cd nhupc diem la thdi gian ket tiia lau, khe)ang 15-18 gid
b Phmmg phdp ket tua axit di da
Trong mdi tnrdng axit manh (HNÔ 2N-^3N) ion PÔ-^' cd the tao vdi amoni molipdat kei tiia dudi dang mudi amemi photpho molipdat mau vang
3 N H / + PO,^- ±12MoO, + 24H^ - ( N H j P M o i O o i + 12H.O Loc rira kei tiia rdi dem say khd d nhict d d l 6 0 ° C ^ISÓ^C thi dan^^ can lăNH,)3[PO,.12MoOJ
Trang 33Ham IU(mg photpho khi dd dupe tfnh theo he st) chuyen
IV.LL2 Phuong phdp chuan dp the tich xac dinh P [15]
a, Phuong phdp chuan do the lich MoUpdcu:
Trong mdi irudng axit manh, ion PO^^ dupe kei tua vdi amoni molipdat d dang amcmi photpho molipdat Loc, rira kei liia bang dung dich
NH^NO^ sau dd dem kei liia hoa lan trong dung dich NaOH da biei ndng dd
vdi the tfch du chfnh xac Chuan do lupng NaOH du bang HCl lieu chuan Sai sd phmmg phap nay la ±(),46^±L52%>
h Phuong phdp chuan do Complcxon
Day la phUcmg phap gian tiep xac dinh ham lupng photpho Ion F^O^^ dupe kei liia dudi dang mudi MgNH^PO^ bang mdt luong du chfnh xac dung dich Mg~^ da biei ndng dp Loc iiJa ion Mg""^ bam livn kei tiia bang dung dich nUdc Chuan do bang dung dich liilon B chuan vcii chi thi Eriocrom T Tai diem tUtmg ducmg ciia phep chuan dp mau ciia dung dich dupe chuyen tir dd nho sang xanh bice, phan I'mg chuan do nhu sau:
M g - ' + H,Y = M g Y - + 2H"
IV.L2 Cdc phuong phdp hod ly
IV.L2.L Phuong phdp trdc quang [15,17]
a PhUitng phdp do man "Xcuih moJipden "
Trong mdi trudng Phucmg phap nay dUa tren phan ufng ciia amoni molipdat V(ii octo photphat de lao hpp chai di da Hpp chai nay dupe khir lao ihanh mau xanh dang Mo(V) goi la "Xanh Molipden'\
Cac chai khir cd the diing la axil ascobic (C^.H^O^,) SnCL, ben/idin
Neu lUcmg pholpho Irong khoang 0,0()l^l()mg/l ihi sir phu thudc vao mat eld quang ciia dung dich tuan iheo dinh lual Lambc-Beer
ABS = £ 1 C
Trang 341 : chieu dajjcuvet C: ndng dp photpho trong dung dich ABS: la dp hap thu cua dung dich Trong phuang phap nay cac iem asennat (As04"^), silicat ( S i O , ' ) cd anh hudng vi cac ion nay phan ung tuang l^ nhu PO^-*" vdi amoni molipdat
Ham lupng Fe^"" Idn han 50mg/l, cac ion NO.", S"' va axit vd ca (HCl,
H.SO4, HNO3) deu cd anh hudng den phucmg phap Sai sd cua phuang phap
la ±0,4%
b Phuong phdp do mau axit vanado molipdophotphoric
Trong mdi trudng axit manh thi octo photphat, vanadi (V) va amoni molipdat phan u^g vdi nhau tao axit vanado molipdophotphoric mau vang,
cd thanh phan ciia phirc nay la:
PnO's-^2^'^-^^^^^^-^^2^-Cudng dp mau ciia axit nay ti le ve^i ndng do POj^' pH thfch hcTp de xac dinh ion P04^' theo phuemg phap nay la pH = 9-^10 Cac nguyen id cd anh hudng den viec xac dinh ion POj^ la asen (V), titan, crom (VI), ddng (II), niken (II) Ndng dp photpho thap nhai trong dung dich mau cd the phat hien dupe theo phucmg phap nay la 0,2 mg/1
IVA.2.2 Phuong phdp sac ki trao doi ion
Phuang phap sac kf tracj ddi ion dua tren vice tach ion PO^^" khdi cac cation kim le^ai nhu Fe(III), Ca(II), Mg(II), Cr(VI), Cu(II) va chuyen photpho ve dang H^POj Khi dd cd the xac dinh true tiep ndng do PO^^' bang phuemg phap chuan dp hoac do ABS
IV.1.2.3 Phuong phdp cue pho
Vi ion VO/ khdng bi khir tren dien cue gipt thuy ngan nen ngudi ta
diing phuang phap chuan dp ampe Xac dinh gian tiep photpho theo sdng cua mdt iem nao dd bi khir tren dien cue gipt thuy ngan va cd kha nang tao kei tiia vdi P O / "
Mot si) thuci'c thir diing cho phucmg phap nay: muc")i uranyl, chi axetat, bismut nilrat
rV.1.2.4 Phuong phdp pho hd'p thu nguyen tu
Ion PO^-^' due^c kei tiia dueii dang magie amdniphotphat (MgNH^POJ Them luemg du chfnh xac dung dich Mg""" da biei ndng dp, sau dd lien hanh
do cudng do vaeh phd hap thu nguyen tir cua magie trong dung dich nucic
Trang 35Ipc, tir do xac dinh Mg'"*" du Tir lupng Mg""*" du ta cd the xac dinh dupe
lupng Mg""" da phan img vdi PO^^" va suy ra ham luemg photpho trong mau Phuang phap nay cd dp nhay, de) chpn Ipc cao
IV,2 Cac phurcmg phap xac dinh ion Fe'*^ AJ'*% Ca'^, F* [15]
TV.2.1 Phuong phdp xdc dinh ion Fe^^
•y
IV.2,1.1 Phuang phdp chuan dp phirc chat (Complexon)
Dung dung dich Trilon B tieu chuan, chuan do tnJc tiep xuong dung
dich mlu chua Fe^"^ a pH = 2-=-3 vai chi thi axit sunphoxalisilic (H^SSal):
¥t'* + H,Y- ^ FeV + 2H"
H^SSal
Diem tuang duang dung dich doi tir do tim sang khong mau
[FeSSal]^ + H.Y-" = FeY" + H.SSal
Do lim \ ang chunk Khong mau
m,, Fe(MV)p,,T, V
V V
u i a i K u i i i \ l )
IV.2.1.2 Phuomg phdp so mau quang dien
Tao phuc mau cua Fe** v(jfi thuoc thu H2SSal a pH = 8^10 theo phan ung:
Fe-** + 3H,SSal I^lzl^lIR^ |Fe(SSar) J-" + 6H,0 + OH"
Khu toan bd Fe-^"" -> Fe""" bang hydroxylamin (NH.OH) trong mdi
truemg HCl ndng Dem tao phuc mau ciia Fe""" vdi o-phenantre)lin a pH =
Trang 364-^5 (dem axetat)
Do dp hap thu (D^) cua phu'c mau tren may so mau quang dien d budc
sdng A.=510nm, cuvet = 4cm So sanh Dy^ vdi dd thi chuan suy ra %Fe nhu
tren
IV.2.L4 Phucmg phdp cue pho
Nghien cuu va su dung cac dudng ddng the nham phuc vu cho viec nghien curu cac qua trinh dien cUc va phan tfch ham luemg mdt sd ion De
thu dupe cac dudng ddng the ngUcVi ta lien hanh dien phan, cd dien c\lc so
sanh
Chieu cae) se^ng cue pho ty le ve'^i nong dp chat dien phan:
h =K e
K : he sd dinh lucmg cue pho
^ nong dp chat dien phan Hien nay cc') nhieu may hien dai lap san cac chuemg trinh Khi mau can
do dxioc chuan bi theo chi dan, dua vao may cho ket qua ngay
IV.2.2 Xdc dinh ion Al'^ [15, 17]
IV.2.L2 Phuong phdp chudn do phuc chdt
Cho du mdt the tfch chfnh xac dung dich Trile^n B chuan vao mau can
xac dinh Dem nung ndng khoang 1^2 (ph) luc do xay ra phan irng giiia
/\.V^ va thudc thu:
A l " + H,Y=- p p ^ AIY- +
2H-Dijng axetat kem tieu chuan de chuan luemg du Trih^n B Diem tuemg
duemg cua phep chuan do dupe nhan biet bang chi thi xylenol da cam (edng
thuc kf hieu H,I,^d')
\ au^ Hong tim
Hoac dijn^ Fe-^"*" chuan lai lucmc du Trilon B chuan vcji chi thi H-,SSal
pH=5^j
Trang 37g/lAl =
m^i.Al .(NV)BUT -(NX'),.:,Pe3-jv„
LV.2.2.2 Xdc dinh bdng phuong phdp do quang
- DiJng thudc thu Aluminon
- Xay dung dudng chuan
- Do mat dp quang (Dv;)
- Dua vao dudng chuan tim %AI
IV.3 X a c dinh canxi trong d u n g dich nirdc
Theo tac gia cdng trinh [6] trong mdi tmcmg kiem manh (pH=12) ie^n
Ca""*" tao veti murexit mot phuc chat mau tfm do Phuc nay kem ben hem
phuc Ca~"^ vcti Trilon B Vi vay khi chuan do Ca""*" bang dung dich chuan
Trilon B vdi chi thi murexit, tai diem cucVi ciia phc^p chuan do se xay ra sir
chuyen mau:
Car +H3Y = MeY +2H^ + T
Dd da cam Tim
IV.4 Xac dinh F" trong dung dich nudc
Nemg dp ion F^ dueic xac dinh theo phUcmg phap do quang:
- Diing thue")c thu Zireoni-alazarin S
- Xay dung duemg chuan
- £)o mat dp quang (D^)
- Dua vao dudnc ehuan tim none do ion F^
Trang 38B- PHAN THirc NGHIEM
CHirONG V THUC NGHIEM
V.l Dung cu, thiet bj va hoa chat
V.l.l Thiet bi
- May do quang Spectrophotometer Hitachi U-2001
- May do pH Mettler Teledo 220
- Can phan tfch Mettler Teledo do chinh xac 10 "^"g
- Tu hot, bep each cat
- Pipet cac loai: 1 ml, 2 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 25 ml
- Binh Kendan day tron c6 cao
- Pheu chiet 100ml, 250 ml
- Bo chung cat co nhiet ke
- Cong to hlit
V.l.3 Hod chat
- Kali dihidrophotphat KH.PO, PA
- Amoni molipdat (NHJ6Mo,0,,.4H.O PA
Trang 39- Axit ascobic Ce^sOe
Natri antimonyltactrat Na(SbO)C4H4O6.0,5 H.O
•Sat "(in) cldnid' - * FeCl3.6H,0
CH.COCH, H3O,
NH.Cl NH4COOCH3
NaOH KOH KNCS KCl
Ca(0H)3 H,SO, 98%
Trang 40V.2 Pha dung dich
V.2.LChudn bi dung dich KH2POJ ndng do 2/jgPlml
Can chfnh xac tren can phan tfch 0,1757g KH.PO4 loai PA chuyen dinh lupng vao binh dinh mure sach dung tfch 1000 ml, them nudc cat den 2/3 the tich binh, lac cho tan tinh the, them nuc^fc den vaeh muc, day niit, lac deu Dung dich thu dupe cd ndng dp 40mgP/l Khi su dung, dijng pipet lay chfnh xac 50ml dung dich nay, chuyen vao binh dinh muc dung tfch 1 1ft them nudc den vaeh muc, day nut, lac deu Dung dich KH.PO^ thu dupe cd ndng dp 2^gP/ml
V.2.2 Chudn bi thudc thu Molipdat
Hoa tan hoan toan 6 gam (NHJMo^O.^.AH.o va 0,1 gam NaSbOQH^O^ vao 800 ml H.SO4 2M Sau dd chuyen vao binh dinh muc sach cd dung tfch
1000 ml them H^SO^ 2M den vaeh muc, day nut, lac deu
V.2.3 Chudn bi dung dich axit ascobic 2%
Hoa tan 2 gam axit ascobic bang nUdc cat, chuyen dinh hn/ng vao binh dinh muc sach dung tich 100 ml, them nude cat den vaeh muc, day nut, lac deu
V.2.4 Chudn bi dung dich nhom sunfat co ndng do lOfugAUml
Can chfnh xac tren can phan tfch 1,2314 gam Al2(S04)3.18 H^O loai
PA, chuyen vao binh dinh muc sach dung tfch 1000 ml, them nudc cat den 2/3 the tfch ciia binh, lac cho tan het tinh the, them nude den vaeh muc, day niit, lac deu Sau dd dijng pipet lay 10 ml dung dich tren chuyen vao binh dinh mure dung tich 100 ml, them nucrc den vaeh muc, day nut, lac deu Dung dich thu dupe cd ndng do 10 j.ig Al/ml
V.2.5 Chudn bi dung dich 8-hidroxiquinolin 1%
Hda tan hoan toan L5 gam 8-hidroxiquinolin trong 100 ml cloroform Dung dich thu dupe cd ndng dp khoang 1% 8-hidr()xiquin()lin trong cloroform
V.2.6 Chudn bi dung dich mudi sat co nong dp lO/ugFelml
Can chfnh xac 1,7550^ (NH,),SO,.FeSO,.6H30 (mudi Mo) loai PA,