Đặc điểm phân bố vi sinh vật và ảnh hưởng chế phẩm vi sinh Lypomycin M đến khả năng giữ nước vùng bán khô hạn tỉnh Ninh Thuận

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI TRirdNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TIT NHIEN • ^ 5i^ ^ ^ H • • H ^ ^ DAC DIEM PHAN BO VI SINH VAT VA ANH H I T O N G CHE PHAM VI SINH LYPOMYCIN M DEN KHA NANG G I Nl/OC YUNG BAN KHO HAN TINH NINH THUAN MA SO: Q T - - CHli TRI DE TAI: CAC CAN BO THAM (ilA: ThS TRAN THI TUYET THU TS BUI THI NGOC DUNG ThS N G U Y £ N K I E U BANG TAM CN NGL YIIX X U A N HLA.N HA NOI - 2007 ^-jf- H'^-C Q ' J ' ^ C ^ / - - A &L/ ^ i l :\r ; BAO CAO TOM TAT Ten de tai: "Dqc diem phdn bo vi sink vat vd dnh Huang che phdm vi sink Lypomycin M den khd ndng gin nu&c rung bdn khd hqn tinh Ninh Thuqn'\ Masddetai:QT-06-41 Chii tri de tai: ThS Tran Thj Tuyet Thu Cac can bo tham gia thirc hien: TS Biii Thi Ngoc Dung - Vien Quy hoach va Thiet ke Nong nghiep; ThS Nguyen Kieu Bang Tarn - Khoa Moi truang, Truang DHKHTN; CN Nguyen Xuan Huan - Khoa Moi truang, Trucrng DHKHTN Muc tieu va noi dung nghien ciru 4J, Muc tieu nghien ctiu Hien tugng sa mac hoa, hoang mac boa a tinh Ninh Thuan da va dang tra mot nhirng van de can dugc cac nha khoa hoc, nha quan ly quan tam giai quyet Mot nhung yeu to can tra rat Ian den qua trinh canh tac nong nghiep a vung la nuac tuai Do dieu kien hau kho han, kha nang giu nuac cLia dat kem nhung kha nang bdc hai nuac lai de dang, lam anh huang khong nho den qua trinh canh tac cay va khu he sinh vat dat tai day Vi vay, viec nghien cuu dac diem vi sinh vat va anh huang che pham vi sinh Lypomycin M den kha nang giiJ nuac vung ban kho han tinh Ninh Thuan nh^m muc dich cai thien dac tinh dat theo huang c6 Igi cho muc dich su dung la can thiet 42 Nqi dung nghien cini - Hien trang sir dung dat tinh Ninh Thuan: dat vung ban kho han, dat xam nau vung ban kho han va dat man kiem - Cac tinh chat ly - hoa - sinh hoc cua dat - Ket qua thi nghiem ve kha nang giu am ciia dat Cac ket qua dat duoc De tai da xac dinh dugc nhom dat do, xam nau va dat man kiem vijng ban kho han Ninh Thuan c6 phan ca giai nhe den trung hlnh chu yeu la dat cat pha thit, ihil pha cat va pha set Phan ung cua dat a muc rat chua chua vu'a den trung tinh tai cac phAu dien dat khac ti;iy thupc vao dieu kien canh tac Do bao hoa baza cao dung tich hap phu va irao doi cation cua dat cao Ham krano chat huu co va cac yeu to dinh duang da lugng N, P, K can thiet cho cay chi dat a muc ngheo den trung binh Tinh trang thieu nude va ham lugng cac chat dinh duang ngheo nan la mot nhung tac nhan han che qua trinh san xuat nong nghiep tai viing Su phan bd cac quan the vi sinh vat khac d tii'ng loai dat va cac dieu kien canh tac Quan the sd lugng vi khuan chiem chu yeu, nhung thap han nhieu so vdi cac dat canh tac thong thudng cd dieu kien am va ham lugng cac chat dinh duang cao han Quan the xa khuan, nam mdc, nam men chi nhieu ve sd lugng nhung khong da dang ve phan loai Dac biet, sir cd mat cua cac loai nam men d cac dat trdng cay khac la khac Ket qua thir nghiem kha nang giu am ciia dat cho thay nhirng phan ling khac d dat trdng cay dau tuang d 16 thi nghiem va 16 ddi chiing Cac cay d lo thi nghiem cd la xanh han, than cay map han so vdi ddi chiing Tinh hinh kinh phi ciia de tai De tai dugc hoan nhd su giup da, tao dieu kien ciia Ban chu nhiem Khoa Moi tru'dng, Phong Khoa hoc C6ng nghe tru'dng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Tu nhien va ngudn kinh phi hd trg cua Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi Kinh phi dugc c^p: 15 000.000 ddng BAN CHU NHIEM KHOA MOI T R U O N G CHU TRI DE TAI r^^^ ^^^ a ThS.TrlnThiTuydtThu CO QUAN CHU TRI DE TAI GO-' '6/ t' '/ j ' ;' DAI H e n ' K H O A H,'jf_ / \- > y 7/ Summary report Title: '' Distributive characteristics of microorganisms and effect of Lypomycin M microbial production on water-retaining capacity of middle arid area in Ninh Thuan province" Code: Q T - - Head of project: Msc Tran Thi Tuyet Thu Participants: Dr Bui Thi Ngoc Dung - National institute of agricultural planning and projection Msc Nguyen Kieu Bang Tam - Faculty of Environmental Sciences Base Nguyen Xuan Huan - Faculty of Environmental Sciences Research purpose and content 4.1 Purpose of Research The aims of this research included research on distributive characteristics of microorganisms and effect of Lypomycin M microbial production on water-retaining capacity of middle arid area in Ninh Thuan province in order to improve soil characteristics for using in agriculture 4.2 Contents of Research For achieving the purposes above, in this study was conducting the following contents: - The status of agricultural land use in Ninh Thuan province - Biologico - Chemico - Physical Properties of Soils - Carry out experiment on water-retaining capacity Results of study - Biologico - Chemico - Physical Properties of Soils were analized: pH^.Q PHKCI0M%, N%, P%, K %, CEC, total Microorganisms Studying soils are low fertility, acid reaction - Water deficiency and low content of nutrional elements in soils are main limited factors in agricultural production in this area - Lypomycin M microbial production allows plant grow stronger and develop better than control due to improvement of water retained capacity of soils in middle arid area MUC LUC Trang CHUDNG TONG QUAN TAI LIEU 1.1 Dieu kien tu nhien va kinh te xa hoi tinh Ninh Thuan 1.1.1 Di6u kien tu nhien tinh Ninh Thuan 1.1.2 Tinh hinh kinh te xa hoi tinh Ninh Thuan 1.2 Hien trang va tiem nang su dung tai nguyen dat tinh Ninh Thuan 1.2.1 Hien trang su dung dat 1.2.2 Tiem nang sii dung dat nong nghiep 1.3 Hieu qua kinh te sir dung dat 1.4 Khai quat ve vi sinh vat sinh mang nhay 1.4.1 Dinh nghia 1.4.2 Chiie nang cua vi sinh vat sinh mang nhay 10 1.4.3 Tac dung cai tao dat ciia che pham Lypomycin M 10 CHUONG DOI T U G N G VA PHUDNG PHAP NGHIEN CUU 12 2.1 Ddi tugng, dja diem nghien cuu 12 2.2 Phuang phap nghien euru 12 2.2.1 Phuang phap bd tri thi nghiem ehau vai 12 2.2.2 Phuang phap nghien euru phong thi nghiem 12 CHUDNG KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA THAO LUAN 14 3.1 Mot sd dac diem ly hoa hoc ciia cac nhom dat nghien cuu 14 3.1.1 Nhom dat viing ban kho han 14 3.1.2 Nhom dat xam nau viing ban kho han 16 3.1.3 Nhom da't man 3.2 Dac diem phan bd vi sinh vat 23 23 3.2.1 Sir phan bd cua quan thi vi khuan 24 3.2.2 Su phan bd cua quan the xa khuan 25 3.2.3 Su phan bd cua quan the nam mdc 26 3.2.4 Su phan bd ciia quan the nam men 27 3.3 Anh hudng eiia che pham lypomycin M den kha nang giu nude ciia dat 28 KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI 30 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 31 PHU LUC 32 DANH MUC BANG VA HINH MINH HOA DANH MUC BANG Phu luc 1: Cac tinh chat ly hoa hoc ca ban cua dat Ninh Thuan Phu lue 2: Ket qua xac dinh vi sinh vat tong sd dat d Ninh Thuan Phu lue 3: Thang danh gia cac tinh chat ly hoa hge ca ban cua dat nghien cuu DANH MUC HINH MINH HOA Trang Hinh Do chua cua dat dd d My San, Ninh San, Ninh Thuan 14 Hinh Ham lugng chat huu ca, N, P, K tong sd cua dat dd d My San, Ninh San, Ninh Thuan 15 Hinh Do chua ciia dat xam nau viang ban kho han Lam San, Ninh Son, Ninh Thuan 17 Hinh Do chua ciia dat xam nau viing ban kho han Quang San, Ninh San, Ninh Thuan 18 Hinh Do chua ciia dat xam nau vung ban kho han huyen Ninh Phude 19 Hinh Ham lugng chat huu ca, N, P, K tong sd dat xam nau vdng ban kho han Lam San, Ninh San, Ninh Thuan 20 Hinh Ham lugng chat huu ca, N, P, K tong sd dat xam nau viing ban kho han Quang San, Ninh San, Ninh Thuan 21 Hinh Ham lugng chat huu ca, N, P, K tong sd dat xam nau 22 viing ban kho han Ninh Phude, Ninh Thuan Hinh Sd lugng vi khuan cac nhom dat nghien eiru 24 Hinh 10 Sd lugng xa khuan cac nhdm dat nghien ciru 25 Hinh 11 Sd lugng nam mdc cac nhdm dat nghien cuu 26 Hinh 16 Sd lugng nam men cac dat nghien cuu 27 MO DAU Thieu nude, han han la mot nhung nguyen nhan ca ban din den hoang mac hoa ddi vdi nhieu viang dat tren the gidi Theo thong ke cua FAO_UNESCO, tai nguyen dat the gidi hang nam cd khoang tir - trieu bi ma't kha nang san xuat thoai hoa, kho han Han ban da lam giam nang suat miia mang, nhieu nai mat trang va gay nen nan ddi cho hang tram trieu ngudi d Chau Phi, viing Trung can Dong Hoang mac hoa da Ian rgng den ca nhirng viing nhiet ddi am nhu d Viet Nam Do vay, nghien cuu cac tinh chat ly - hda sinh hoc dat, bao ve ngudn nude, giir am dat va cung cap nude cho trdng trot da va dang la nhiem vu cap bach ddi vdi moi qudc gia tren the gidi Viing cd nguy ca han han cao dugc quan tam d nude ta la tinh Ninh Thuan Day la dia phuang cd khf hau kho han nhat cua ca nude Viec dam bao ngudn nude tudi cho san xuat nong nghiep luon la van de cap thiet, nhat la thdi gian ban keo dai Hien da cd nhieu mo hinh canh tac tiet kiem nude dugc ap dung ciang vdi mot sd chat giu am hda hge cd kha nang giu nude dat tai mot sd dia phuang tinh Tuy nhien, hieu qua mang lai chua cao Trong giai doan hien nay, yeu eau dat ddi vdi cac san pham chat gifi am khong chi la kha nang giO nude dat ma eon phai dap ung dugc yeu eau ve tri can bang he sinh thai dat Viec tim hieu nghien euru cac dac diem sinh hoc dat ket hgp vdi viec su dung cac san pham sinh hge da dugc nghien cuu ung dung la rat can thiet ddi vdi viing dat kho han nhu d Ninh Thuan Vi vay, de tai: ""Dac diem phdn bo vi sinh vat vd dnh huang che phdm vi sinh Lypomycin M den khd ndng giir nu&c viing bdn kho hqn tinh Ninh Thuan'' dugc dat nham tim hieu ve dac diem phan bd cua vi sinh vat mot sd loai dat chinh va anh hudng ciia che pham den kha nang giu nude dat CHUONG TONG QUAN TAI LIEU 1.1 Dieu kien tir nhien va kinh te xa hoi tinh Ninh Thuan "~ r L 1 J 1 ( 1 KrIAHh HOA '"-— i' \ • ^ ^ _ J 1 LAAdt UUNCi ^- ,' -!• Nl^J^-1 i-iAi 1 / r „ •• - + - *— ^ J—J i' ', r fSI^VllM L-ap*** t:^':'-.TrcLU» ^ ;|lr||- M i l Luiria / / 1 i:ir K 1 t L ~"— -•*' •| 1 I l l , ,.^^^ r' 9IMH TKlfAN irtprr '.' - Ifc^, ifc- : i * NINH PHUO:- _jr^ l - t i - - ^ _-, '"* 1t ••- ) [ / } I i1 1 i ; Krr —J ^ * ~ — " iL _ - , - - ' 7.7.7 Dieu kien tu nhientinhNinh Thuan al Vi tri dia ly - dia hinh Ninh Thuan la tinh cue Nam Trung Eg, d vi tri dia ly iri8'14" den ir09'15" vT Bae va tu 108W08" den 109^1475" kinh Dong Phia Bk giap tinh Khanh Hoa, phia Nam giap tinh Binh Thuan, phia Tay giap tinh Lam Dong, Phia dong cd bd bien dai 105km Nam d vi tri trgng diem giao thong doe qudc 16 A, dudng sat Bac - Nam, qudc Ig 27 len Tay Nguyen Ninh Thuan dugc bao bgc bdi ba mat niii va mot mat bien Phia tay la viing niii eao giap vdi Da Lat, phia bac va phia nam cd hai day nui cao Ian sat biin Cd ba dang dia hinh chinh la mien niii, ddng bang, viing ven bien Dia hinh tuang ddi doc va ed hudng thap dan tit tay sang dong va tir tay bac xudng dong nam Viing nui cao chiem 63,2% tong dien tich tu nhien toan tinh, viing go ddi chiem 14,4% va ddng bang la 22,4% Toan tinh ed dinh nui cao tix 1000 m trd len so vdi mat nude bien, dd huyen Ninh San cd cac niii Phude Binh (1926m), Bonnonh (1652m), Marai (1637m), Chaidion (1542m), Lang Ma Bio (1282m); huyen Ninh Hai ed niii Hao Chu Hy (1451m), niii ehiia (1040m) bl Dieu kien hau, thiiy van Nam vanh dai hau nhiet ddi am, nhien hau Ninh Thuan lai ed nhung net rat dac biet, dugc xep vao che nhiet ddi dien hinh vdi cac dac trung: ed nen nhiet eao deu quanh nam, lugng mua nhd, lugng bdc hai Idn i\i 1.670 - 1.827 mm, gid nhieu, am khong thap, khong cd mua dong va suang mudi Vi vay, Ninh Thuan dugc xem la viing kho ban nhat ca nude Nhiet trung binh 27^C, ed hai miia ro ret, miia mua \\i thang den thang 11, miia kho xvi thang 12 den thang nam sau Lugng mua trung binh 705 mm va tang dan theo cao tren 1.100 mm d viing mien niii Do am khong tir 71 - 75% Nang lugng biie xa Idn, tong tich on 9.500 - lO.OOO^C Nhirng ket qua cho thay Ninh Thuan la khu vue ed miia kho keo dai va khac nghiet, vdng thang, tir thang den thang 8, lugng mua trung binh chi dat 270 mm bang lugng mua trung binh mot thang miia mua cua phan Idn cac khu vue khac d nude ta Dieu kien hau kho ban da gay khong it khd khan cho san xuat nong nghiep, anh hudng den sir phat trien ciia dat, gay tinh trang man hda, kiem hda va chai cung dat be mat Bang Thang danh gia ham lirgng nito, photpho tdng sd dat % Miic 0.2 Giau Ngudn [41 Bang Thang danh gia ham lirgng kali tdng sd dat % Miic 2 Giau Ngudn [41 33 DANH MUC BAI BAO SE DANG TAI TAP CHI KHOA HOC DAT VIET NAM Tieu de: ''Mot so ddc diem ly hoa hoc cua nhom ddt viing bdn kho han tinh Ninh Thuan"" MOT S6 D^C DIEM LY HOA HOC CUA CAC NHOM DAT VUNG BAN KHO HAN TINH NINH THUAN ThS Tran Thi Tuyet Thu, Khoa Mdi truang, Tru&ng Dqi hoc Khoa hoc Tu nhien I Dat van de Thieu nude, han han la mot nhung nguyen nhan ca ban dan den hoang mac hda ddi vdi nhieu viing dat tren the gidi Theo thdng ke cua FAO_UNESCO, tai nguyen dat the gidi hang nam cd khoang tir - trieu bi mat kha nang san xuat thoai hda, khd han Han han da lam giam nang suat mua mang, nhieu nai mat trang va gay nen nan ddi cho hang tram trieu ngudi d Chau Phi, vung Trung can Ddng Hoang mac hda da lan rgng den ca nhiing viing nhiet ddi am nhu d Viet Nam Do vay, nghien ciiu cac tinh chat ly - hda - sinh hoc dat, bao ve ngudn nude, giO am dat va cung cap nude cho trdng trot da va dang la nhiem vu cap bach ddi vdi moi qudc gia tren the gidi Viing cd nguy ca han han cao dugc quan tam d nude ta la tinh Ninh Thuan Day la dia phuang cd hau khd ban nhat cua ca nude Viec dam bao ngudn nude tudi cho san xuat ndng nghiep luon la van de cap thiet, nhat la thdi gian han keo dai Hien da cd nhieu md hinh canh tac tiet kiem nude dugc ap dung ciing vdi mot sd chat giu am hda hoc cd kha nang giir nude da't tai mot sd dia phuang tinh Tuy nhien, hieu qua mang lai chua cao De cai thien cac tinh chat vat ly nude cua dat can thiet phai cd nghien cuu ve cac tinh cha't ly hda cua dat 11 Phuang phap nghien ciru Ddi tugng nghien ciiu la loai dat chinh: dat xam nau viing ban khd han va dat man kiem dugc lay d huyen Ninh San, Ninh Phude, tinh Binh Thuan - Cac chi tieu hda ly dugc phan tfch tai phdng Thd nhudng, Vien Quy hoach va Thiet ke Ndng nghiep - Cac chi tieu hda ly dugc xac dinh theo nhirng phuang phap thdng dung hien cac phdng thi nghiem phan tich dat • Xac dinh phan ca gidi theo phuang phap phan loai ciia My • • OM% dugc xac dinh bang phuang phap Walkley - Black • Xac dinh Nita tdng sd bang phuang phap Kendan • Xac dinh Phot tdng sd bang phuang phap phuang phap so mau xanh Molipden • Xac dinh Kali tdng sd bang phuang phap quang ke nggn lira • III PHKCI va pHnoH dugc bang may pH Metter Xac dinh kha nang ha'p phu va trao ddi cation (CEC) cua dat bang phuang phap Schachtschabel Ket qua nghien ciru va thao luan 3.7 Nhdm ddt viing bdn kho hqn Cac ket qua phan tich tinh chat ly hda hoc cua dat dugc neu cac hinh 1, va nhu sau: al Thdnh phdn cagidi Dat dugc lay tai cac thon d xa My San, huyen Ninh San la dat thit pha cat vdi ham lugng cat dao dong tir 31.11 - 76.60%; hmon tir 8.53 - 39,45%; set tu 14.87 - 26.59% bl Dd chua cua ddt DpHH20 • pHKCI NS-10 NS-12 NS-14 NS-15 NS-16 NS-17 NS-19 NS-21 Mau Hinh L Do chua ciia dat a My San, Ninh Son, Ninh Thuan Tren hinh cho thay chua ciia dat d miic chua vira den gan trung tinh pHnoH dao ddng tir 5.68 - 7.47, trung binh 6.83; PHKCI tir 4.46 - 6.54, trung binh 5.84 Gia tn pH nude cho thay day la dieu kien thuan Igi cho viec trdng cac cay ho dau, cay thude la va trdng mia, luan canh dieu tai dat Tuy nhien sir chenh lech ciia gia tri pH nude va PHKCI tir 0,79 - 1,27 d miic tuang ddi cao, cho biet dat dugc hinh dieu kien hau nhiet ddi am cd su rira trdi dang ki cac cation kim loai kiem va kiem thd, tich luy nhieu sat nhdm la nguy ca gay dat, anh hudng den sir bat Igi ciia cay trdng Tir ket qua phan tich can cd dinh hudng cai tao va bao ve da't, tang cudng bdn phan chudng, bdn voi va han che nhirng tac ddng gay chua dat cl Hdm luang chat hiiu ca vd N, Py K tdng sd (% 2.500 0.90 (%) 2.000 1.500 1.000 0.500 0.000 • OM % =3N% P205% K20% L 0,60 I I NS-t) 0.821 089 0.03 O.-B 0.30 0M% N% P205% K20% ãZLJC NS-12 NS-14 NS-15 NS-B NS-T7 NS â 1.88 0.134 0.201 0.56 2.24 0.151 0.t78 0.61 117 0,101 O.l-B 0,61 152 0.t)6 0.153 0.76 0.94 0078 0,044 0.26 188 0,123 0,150 055 NS-21 0,00 t99 o.-wo 0,175 068 Hinh Ham lugng chat hiiru ca, N, P, K tdng sd ciia dat d My San, Ninh San, Ninh Thuan Tren hinh cho thay dat cd ham lugng chat huu ca d miic rat ngheo den ngheo, dao dong tir 0.821 - 2.24%; ham lugng nita tdng sd d miic ngheo den trung binh dao dong tir 0.078 - 0.151%; ham lugng photpho tdng sd d miic ngheo den kha, dao dong tir 0.03 - 0.201%; ham lugng kah tdng sd d miic ngheo, dao dong tu 0.018 - 0.76% Theo ket qua dieu tra cho thay dat d miu NS-10, NS-16 la dat dong cd dudng nhu khong cd sU cham bdn bd sung chat dinh dudng tir qua trinh canh tac Mau NS-14 NS-21 la da't trdng dau xen thude la; NS-12, NS-15, NS-17 la dat trdng thude la; NS-19 la dat trdng tao Nhirng thdng tin la ca sd giai thieh tai ham lugng chat hiru ca va nita tdng sd d cac mSu da't khac Ham lugng chat hiru ca tai dat d day thap vi dieu kien hau dia phuang ed nhiet cao, thuan Igi cho cac boat dong phan hiiy cac chat bdi vi sinh vat CO2 Ham lugng nita tdng sd da't thudng cd tuang quan ty le thuan vdi cha't hihi ca da dugc the hien kha rd net tren hinh Ham lugng chat hiru ca va nita tong sd d cac mlu trdng dau xen thude la cao ban cac mSu khac la sinh khdi cdn lai sau thu hoach va cd su bd sung nita tur qua trinh canh tac ket hgp vdi ngudn nita dugc thuc hien bdi cac nhdm vi sinh vat sdng eong sinh vdi re cay ho dau cung cap cho dat Ham lugng P, K tdng sd da't ra't thap la kali la nguyen td kim loai kiem de bi rira trdi bdi dieu kien tu nhien, ddng thdi cac nguyen td bi lay khdi dat bdi cac san ph^m thu hoach nhung lai khdng dugc bdn bd sung trd lai Cac ket qua phan tich cac tinh chat ly hda cho tha'y da't dd viing ban kho han cd ham lugng cac cha't dinh dudng thap, lai phan bd tren nhirng bac dia hinh cao, da sd la ddi niii thap va it ddc, han ntra lai nam khu virc hau ban kho han, khan hiem ve ngudn nude nen da gay rat nhieu khd khan cho viec canh tac ciing nhu khai thae cho nong nghiep ndi chung 3.2 Nhdm ddt xdm ndu al Thdnh phdn cagidi Cac mau dat lay d cac thon thuge xa Lam San, huyen Ninh San la dat thit pha cat va pha set vdi ham lugng cat dao dong tir 66.33 - 87.67%; limon tir 5.76 - 14.44%; set tii 6.27 - 27.91% Dat lay d cac thon thude xa Quang San, huyen Ninh San cung la dat thit pha cat va pha set vdi ham lugng cat dao dong tii 53.33 - 88.09%; limon tii 3.86% 8.65%; set 8.23% - 39.19% Dat lay d cac xa Nhi Ha, Phude San, Phude Vinh huyen Ninh phude la dat thit vdi ham lugng cat dao dong tii 18.43 - 65.83%; limon 13.17 48.15%; set 7.63-48.29% Cac dat xam nau viing ban kho han Ninh Thuan cd phan ca gidi thay ddi giira cac phau dien kha Idn, tir thit nhe den thit trung binh Do dat dugc hinh tren nhieu loai da me mau chat khac nhu sudn tich hoac lu tich granit cac tao xam nhap mawema axit, hoac tren cac tram tich cd phan hat thd, phan bd tren cac be mat bdc mdn san phang dieu kien hau ban khd han vdi lap phii thuc vat ngheo nan bl Dd chua cua ddt DpHH20 • pHKCI NS-01 NS-02 NS-03 NS-05 NS-07 NS-09 NS-11 NS-13 Hinh Do chua cua dat xam nau vimg ban kho han Lam Son, Ninh Son, Ninh Thuan Da't d Lam San, Ninh San d miic chua vira den rat chua (hinh 4), pHnoH dao dong tii 5.34 - 6.72, trung binh 6.28; PHKC dao dong tir 3.97 - 5.31, trung binh 4.74 Gia tri chenh lech giua pHnoH ^^ PHKCI tuang ddi cao, dao dong tir 1.37 - 1.54, cho biet dat cd tich luy nhieu sat nhdm Ket qua cung phan anh nhirng tac dong bat Igi ciia dieu kien dat ddi vdi nhu eau sinh trudng va phat trien ciia cay trdng Dat chua cd the tang cudng hoa tan Al"*"^, cac kim loai nang gay ddc cho cay trdng, lam tang kha nang cd dinh lan dat, anh hudng den viec cung cap lan de tieu cho cay trong, ddng thdi anh hudng den qua trinh sinh trudng va phat trien ciia sinh vat dat De tang nang suat cay trdng va tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho cac sinh vat da't can phai cd cac bien phap cai tao dat nhu bdn voi va bd suns them phan hiru ca vao dat pH n pHH20 • pHKCI NS-22 NS-24 NS-26 NS-28 NS-29 NS-31 NS-33 M^u Hinh Do chua cua dat xam nau viing ban khd han Quang San, Ninh San, Ninh Thuan Da't xam nau d Quang Son, Ninh San d mii^e chua it den rat chua (hinh 5), PHHOH dao ddng tir 5.53 - 8.08, trung binh 6.48; pH^c, tir 3.94 - 6.46, trung binh 4.94, chenh lech giua PHHOH va pH^ci tir 1.12 - 1.62, cho tha'y chua tiem tang cua dat kha cao Mau NS24 la da't trdng liia vu, mau NS-26 va NS-31 la dat trdng mia + san, vdi cac dieu kien canh tac khdng tdt la nguyen nhan ca ban gia tang chua ciia dat Mau NS-28 la dat chua sir dung, chua ed su tac ddng dang ke cua boat dong nhan tac, lam tang tinh dem ciia dat nen dat it chua, cd pH nude d miic kiem yeu la di su cd mat dang ke ciia cac cation kim loai kiem va kiem thd d dieu kien it bi rira trdi Mlu NS-22 va NS-29 la dat trdng mia va dieu luan canh, da't dugc bdn them vdi nen it chua han 10 pH n pHH20 • pHKCI NP-01 NP-03 NP-04 NP-05 NP-06 NP-07 NP-OB NP-10 NP-12 Mau Hinh Do chua cua dat xam nau viing ban kho han huyen Ninh Phude Dat xam nau d cac xa Nhi Ha, Phude San, Phude Vinh, huyen Ninh Phude, Ninh Thuan d miic chua viia de'n trung tinh (hinh 6), pHnoH dao dong tir 5.24 - 8.83, trung binh 6.85; pH^Q ^^ 3.81 - 7.46, gia tri chenh lech giira chua hien tai va chua tiem tang d miJc kha eao, tii 0.69 - 1.74 Cac mau NP-01 la dat trdng xoai,NP-05 la dat ddng co, NP12 la dat trdng nho deu cd dieu kien canh tac tdt nen chua cua dat d miic trung tinh, la dieu kien thuan Igi cho cay phat trien Cac mSu da't khac deu la'y tai cac vudn trdng ngo, nho va tao Tai mSu NP-04 va NP-10 la da't trdng ngo, deu chua han cac dat khac la qua trinh canh tac cd sir dung nhieu phan hda hoc bdn cho cay trdng, ddng thdi ngudi dan khong quan tam den viec bdn them vdi va phan hiru ca cho dat Tren ca sd nhirng ket qua dieu tra, khao sat thuc dia ket hgp vdi cac ket qua nghien ciru cho thay chua dat rat khac tai cac dia ban nghien ciiu Di6u d^ dang giai thieh ve cac nguyen nhan anh hudng den chua ciia cac dat tren Yeu td quan nhat anh hudng den chua la qua trinh phong hda da hinh dat va cac dieu kien canh tac Cac mau da't cua huyen Ninh Son deu d dieu kien dia hinh cao va ddc han huyen Ninh Phude nen cd qua trinh rira trdi cac kim loai kiem va kiem thd nhieu han lam cho da't chua ban Ddng thdi cac bien phap canh tac cua cac xa Nhi Ha Phude San va Phude Vinh cung tdt ban nen da't d Ninh Phude it chua han nen cay trdng phat trien tdt han cl Hdm luang chat hUu ca vd N, P, K tdng s 4.00 0.35 3.50 30 3,00 025 2,00 1.50 0M% N% P205% K20% • NS-01 NS-02 NS-03 1L f T L L 023 022 02 014 0708 072 0.030 e 094 0084 037 0.21 109 069 0046 022 J^ 0.50 NS-05 NS-07 141 OtK 049 022 NS-09 223 0140 061 026 NS-11 235 0.145 0.07 026 NS-13 364 0B6 0090 033 ^m • 0.20 11 1 1L 1 J^ • 1,00 0,00 ' 11 S5 0.15 OM % ^N% '' P205% K20% 0.10 005 00 Wku Hinh Ham lugng chat huu ca, N, P, K tong so dat xam nau vung ban kho han Lam San, Ninh San, Ninh Thuan Ham lugng chat hiru ca cac mau dat xam nau d Lam San d muc rat ngheo, den ngheo va trung binh den kha (hinh 7), dao dong tu 0.23 den 3.64% Ham lugng nita tdng sd d miic ra't ngheo den trung binh kha, dao dong tCr 0.022 den 0.196% Ham lugng photpho tdng sd d miic ra't ngheo, dao dong tir 0.02 den 0.09% Ham lugng kali tdng sd cung d miic rat ngheo, dao dong tir 0.14 den 0,33% Ham lugng chat hiru ca va N, P, K tdng sd tha'p nhat d mau NS-01 la dat trdng san tang dan d miu NS-02 la dat trdng xoai va NS-03 la dat trdng xoai, sau rieng cao nhat d mlu NS-13 la dat trdng chom, mit va sau rieng, den mSu NS-09 la dat trdng liia va NS-11 la dat trdng ch6m chom va mit Ham lugng chat hiru ca cac dat d Quang San d muc ngheo den rat ngheo (hinh 8), dao dong tir 0.23 - 1.99%, cao nhat d mSu NS-24 la dat trdng lua va NS-26 la dai trdng mia, thap nhat d mau NS-28 va NS-29 la dai chua sir dung va dat trdng mi'a 2.50 r 0400 00 * 0300 1.50 i 0,200 00 OM % N% 100 50 P205% K20% 0.00 0M% N% P205% K20% NS-22 094 0.064 COM 009 NS-24 199 0C8 0.057 026 NS-26 168 0123 031 0-B NS-28 035 028 OOM 034 NS-29 NS-31 NS-33 23 0022 0033 009 082 078 027 033 059 050 014 014 000 Mau Hinh Ham lugng chat huru ca, N, P, K tong so dat xam nau vung ban kho han Quang San, Ninh Son, Ninh Thuan Ham lugng nita tdng sd deu d miic ngheo den rat ngheo (hinh 8), dao ddng tii 0.022 - 0.128%, cao nha't d mau NS-24 cd tuang quan thuan vdi ham lugng chai hiru ca dat Ham lugng photpho tdng sd deu d muc ngheo, dao dong tii 0.014 - 0.057%, cao nha't d miu NS-24, NS-26 la dat trdng liia va mia dugc bdn them lan Ham lugng kali tdng sd cung d miic rat ngheo, dao dong tir 0.09 - 0.26%, cao nhai d mSu dai trdng liia (0.26%) va trdng mia (0.16%) dugc bd sung them N, P, K vao dat, Cac dat d xa Nhi Ha, Phude Vinh, Phude San, huyen Ninh Phude cd ham lugng chai hihi ca d miic ngheo (hinh 9), dao dong tir 0.496 - 1.876%, thap nhat d mau NP-05 la dat ddng cd, tai mSu NP-01, NP-04, NP-06, NP-10, NP-12 la dai trdng xoai, ngo, tao cd ham lugng chat hiru ca cao ban Ham lugng nita d miic rat ngheo, ngheo va tiem can trung binh (hinh 9), dao dong tir 0.039 - 0.123%, thap nha't d mau NP-05 (0.039%) la dat ddng cd, cao nhat d mSu NP-04 (0.123%) la dat trdng ngo Ham lugng photpho tdng sd d miic ngheo den giau (hinh 9), dao dong tir 0,012 - 0.27%, thap nhat d miu NP-07 trdng Ilia vu, cao nhat d mSu NP-06 la dat trdng tao, tiep den cac mau dat trdng xoai, ngo va tao OM % N% P205% K20% NP-01 NP-a3 NP-04 NP-05 NP-06 NP-07 NP-08 NP-10 NP-12 • OM % 1,876 0,94 1.759 0.496 1.524 1.407 0.938 1.642 1.524 3N% 0,117 0.072 0,123 0,039 0.117 0,112 0.089 0.106 101 P205% 0.15 0.012 0.10 0.02 0.27 0,03 09 16 0,24 K20% 0,75 0.11 0.46 17 0^38 0.23 0.46 0.42 0.43 M^u Hinh Ham lugng chat hiiru co, N, P, K tdng sd dat xam nau viing ban kho han Ninh Phude, Ninh Thuan Ham lugng kali tdng sd (hinh 9) d miic rat ngheo, dao ddng tir 0.11 - 0.75% cao nhai d mSu dat trdng xoai NP-01, tiep den cac miu NP-04, NP-06, NP-08, NP-10, NP-12 la cac da't trdng ngo, tao, thude la, nho Qua cac ket qua nghien ciiu d tren cho thay ham lugng chai hiru ca, N, P, K tdng sd a xam nau vung ban kho han deu d miic rat ngheo, ngheo den trung binh thap Dieu phan anh e6ng tac dau tu vdn, khoa hoc ky thuat vao qua trinh canh tac chua cao Ben canh dd, cac da't lai phan bd tren nhirng bac dia hinh cao, da sd nhap nho, go ghe, dieu kien hau ban kho ban, cd nhiet cao, nen cac qua trinh khoang hda cac hgp cha't hiru ca dat dien manh me ban so vdi dat viing nhiet ddi am, lam cho dat bi thieu hut cac hgp cha't miin gdp phan ban che boat dong cua cac loai sinh vat dat, lam han che qua trinh cung ca'p cac cha't dinh dudng de tieu cho cay trdng Van de khan hiem ngudn nude da gay nhieu khd khan viec cung cap ngudn nude tudi cho cay trdng va viec thuc hien cac bien phap canh tac ndi chung Hien phan Idn dien tich dat xam nau viing ban kho han la dat cay liim bui xen C dai, dugc ddng bao dia phuang sir dung chan tha gia siic, khoang 15 - 20% dien tich la O dai ndng nghiep, chu yeu la khai thae nuang rSy vao miia mua Nhung han che ve ham lirgng chat dinh dudng dat cung nhu ve dieu kien dia hinh va nude tudi cd the dugc khac phuc bang nhung giai phap cu the nhu: dau tu phan bdn, cai tao dat san lii mat bang, thiei ke ddi ruong va thuc hien cac bien phap khoa hoc ky thuat giir am dat nham gdp phan nang cao hieu qua sir dung loai dai 3.3 Nhdm ddt man Nhdm da't man d Ninh Thuan cd dien tich 3.666 ha, chiem 1.09% dien tich tu nhien, phan bd chu ye'u d cac huyen Ninh Hai (2.638 ha), Ninh Phude (835 ha) va Phan Rang - Thap Cham (148 ha) Do dieu kien hinh viing hau ban khd han nen a Ninh Thuan cd ca da't man noi dia va dat man ven bien Nhdm dat man kiem dugc lay tai thon Phii Thi, xa My San, huyen Ninh San va phudng Dd Vinh, Thi xa Phan Rang Tinh Ninh Thuan la dat thit pha cat vdi ham lugng cat la 78.27%, limon 11.56%, set 10.17% va cat la 65.24%, limon 11.66%, set 23.10%, theo thii tu Dat cd phan ling chua nhe (pH^ci = 5.6) d My San va kiem vira (pH^ci = 8.41) Phan Rang Ham lugng chat hiru ca ngheo d My San (1.524%) va rat ngheo d Phan Rang (0.469%) N, P, K tdng sd tai cac mSu da't nghien ciiu deu d miic rat ngheo Dung tich ha'p phu va trao ddi cation d miic trung binh (12.47 va 11.42 mgdl/lOOg dai) Hien tai nhdm da't man kiem d My San mdi chi trdng liia dugc vu nhd vao dieu kien nude trdi, cdn d phudng Dd Vinh, Thi xa Phan Rang chu yeu cd suang rdng phat trien Nhin chung ham lugng cac chat dinh dudng cua loai dai d miic thap Dai thudng phan bd d nhung khu vue khd khan ve ngudn nude tudi nen de gia tang he sd cung nhu hieu qua su dung dat, cSn phai dau tu thiiy Igi, giai quyet nude tudi de bd tri tang vu cay trdng hoac cung cap nude man de nuoi trdng thuy san nude man IV.Ket luan Nhdm dat dd, xam nau va dai man kiem vung ban kho han Ninh Thuan cd phan ca gidi nhe den trung binh, chii yeu la dai cat pha thit thit pha cat va pha set Phan iing cua dai d muc rai chua, chua vira den trung linh tai cac phau dien dai khac tiiy thuoc vao dieu kien canh tac Do bao hda baza cao, dung tich hap phu va trao ddi cation cua dai cao Ham lugng chai hiru ca va cac yeu td dinh dudng da lugng N, P, K can thiei cho cay trdng chi dat d mu-c ngheo den gan trung binh Tinh trang thieu nude va ham lugng cac chai dinh dudng ngheo nan la mot nhirng tac nhan han che qua trinh san xuat nong nghiep tai vung FORM 2: SCIENTIFIC PROJECT BRANCH: PEDOLOGY AND SOIL ENVIRONMENT PROJECT CATEGORY: LEVEL OF VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI Title: " Distributive characteri.stics of microorgani.sms and effect of Lypomycin M microbial production on water-retaining capacity of middle arid area in Ninh Thuan province" Project code: QT - 06 - 41 Managing Institution: Hanoi University of Science Implementing Institution: Faculty of Environmental Sciences Collaborating Institution: Head of project: Msc Tran Thi Tuyet Thu Participants: Dr Bui Thi Ngoc Dung - National institute of agricultural planning and projection Msc Nguyen Kieu Bang Tam - Faculty of Environmental Sciences Base Nguyen Xuan Huan - Faculty of Environmental Sciences Duration: from 3/2006 to 3/2007 Budget: 15.000.000 VND 10 Main Results of studv - Biologico - Chemico - Physical Properties of Soils were analized: pH,,.,, pHj^ch 0M%, N%, P%, K %, CEC total Microorganisms Studying soils are low fertility, acid "eaction - Water deficiency and low content of nutrional elements in soils are main limited actors in agricultural production in this area - Lypomycin M microbial production allows plant grow stronger and de\'elop >etter than control due to improvement of water retained capacity of soils in middle arid re a PHIEU DANG KY KET QUA NGHIEN KH - CN Tende tai: "Dac die'm phan bo vi sinh vat va anh huang che pham vi sinh Lypomycin M den kha nang giu nude vCing ban kho han Ninh Thuan" Ma so: QT - 06 - 41 Caquan chu tri de tai: Khoa Moi truang, Truang Dai hoc Khoa hoc Tu nhien, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi 334 - Nguyin Trai, Thanh Xuan Ha Noi Tel: (04) 8584995 hoac (04) 8581776 Ctf quan quan ly de tai: Trirang Dai hoc Khoa hoc Tu nhien 334 - Nguyin Trai, Thanh Xuan, Ha Noi, Tel: (04) 8585277 long kinh phi thirc chi: 15.000.000 dong Trong do: Tii Ngan sach Nha nuac: 15.000.000 dong Then gian thirc hien: nam Thoi gian bat dau: 3/2006 Thoi gian ket thiic: 3/2007 Ten can bo phoi hgp: ThS Tran Thi Tuyet Thu, Khoa Moi truang TS Bui Thi Ngoc Dung, Vien Quy hoach va Thiet ke Nong nghiep ThS Nguyen Kieu Bang Tam, Khoa Moi truang CN Nguyen Xuan Huan Khoa Moi truang Sodangky^j^t^i So chiing nhan dang ky ket Bao mat qua nghien ciJu: a Phd bien rong rai: Ngay: b Phd bien han che: x c Bao mat: Tom tat ket qua nghien cuu: De tai da xac dinh dugc nhom dat do, xam nau va dat man kiem vung ban kho han Ninh Thuan ed phan ca giai nhe den trung binh, chii yeu la dat cat pha thit, thit pha eat va pha set Phan iJng cua dat a miic rat chua, chua vto den trung tinh tai cac phSu dien dat khac thuoc vao dieu kien canh tac Do bao hoa „ baza cao, dung tich hap phu va trao ddi cation eiia dat cao Ham lugng chat huu ca va cac yeu to dinh duang da lugng N, P, K can thiet cho cay trdng chi dat a miic ngheo den trung binh Tmh trang thieu nuac va ham lugng cac chat dinh duang ngheo nan la mot nhung tac nhan han che qua trinh san xuat nong nghiep tai vung Sir phan bo cac quan the vi sinh vat khac a tung loai dat va cac dieu kien canh tac Quan the sd lugng vi khuan chiem chii yeu nhung thap han nhieu so voi cac dat canh tac thong thuang co dieu kien am va ham lugng cac chat dinh dirong eao han Quan the xa khuan nam mdc, nam men chi nhieu vc so krcrng nhung khong da dang ve phan loai Dac biet, su co mat ciia cac loai nam men a cac dat trdng cay khac la khac Kien nghi ve quy mo va ddi tugng ap dung: ap dung eong tac cai tao va bao vedat viing ban kho han tinh Ninh Thuan Chii nhiem de tai Thii truchig ca Chu tich hoi dong Thu truang ca quan chii tri de tai danh gia chinhthurc quan quan ly de tai ^fy^ T^'^^r HiEU f r-^ONCi 7? 'rk [j^\AAb' ••^•3i^ Wl.Ss p^ ^a^ ... pham sinh hge da dugc nghien cuu ung dung la rat can thiet ddi vdi viing dat kho han nhu d Ninh Thuan Vi vay, de tai: ""Dac diem phdn bo vi sinh vat vd dnh huang che phdm vi sinh Lypomycin M den... pham vi sinh lam tang kha nang giir am cho dat la can thiet de nang cao hieu qua sir dung dat 1.4 Khai quat ve vi sinh vat sinh mang nhay 7.^.7 Dinh nghia Vi sinh vat sinh mang nhay la nhirng vi. .. ciia mot sd tac gia thi mat cua mot sd vi sinh vat mang nhay mot sd loai dat ddi niii d Viet Nam khoang 10^-10"^ CFU/g dat, thuge vao timg loai dat Ngoai thi cac vi sinh vat ed kha nang sinh mang