interpersonal meaning in english and vietnamese job advertisements a systemic functional comparison = nghĩa liên nhân trong quảng cáo tuyển dụng tiếng anh và tiếng việt so sánh trên quan điểm chức năng hệ thống

ABSTRACT The present thesis endeavors to make a contrastive analysis of the basic realization of interpersonal meaning in the discourse of English and Vietnamese job advertisements.. Thi

FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES

************

TRẦN THỊ BÍCH NGỌC

INTERPERSONAL MEANING IN ENGLISH AND

VIETNAMESE JOB ADVERTISEMENTS: A

SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON

NGHĨA LIÊN NHÂN TRONG QUẢNG CÁO TUYỂN DỤNG

TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT: SO SÁNH TRÊN QUAN ĐIỂM

CHỨC NĂNG HỆ THỐNG

MA MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 02 01

Hanoi, 2014

FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES

************

TRẦN THỊ BÍCH NGỌC

INTERPERSONAL MEANING IN ENGLISH AND

VIETNAMESE JOB ADVERTISEMENTS: A

SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON

NGHĨA LIÊN NHÂN TRONG QUẢNG CÁO TUYỂN DỤNG

TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT: SO SÁNH TRÊN QUAN ĐIỂM

CHỨC NĂNG HỆ THỐNG

MA MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 02 01

Supervisor: Prof Dr Hoàng Văn Vân

Hanoi, 2014

DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the thesis entitled “Interpersonal Meaning in English and

Vietnamese Job Advertisements: A Systemic-Functional Comparison” is entirely the

result of my own research unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged The thesis

has not been submitted for degree at any other academic institution

Hanoi, January 2014

Tran Thi Bich Ngoc

My special thanks go to all instructors and the staff of the Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for their useful lectures and assistance during my study

I am also very grateful to my colleagues, my friends and classmates at University of Languages and International Studies for their precious support and sincere comments

Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge my debt to my beloved family who have given me unconditioned love and encouragement, which is very significant for

me to fulfill this work

ABSTRACT

The present thesis endeavors to make a contrastive analysis of the basic realization of interpersonal meaning in the discourse of English and Vietnamese job advertisements A corpus of fifteen English job advertisements and fifteen Vietnamese ones are selected from the well-known English and Vietnamese recruitment websites at random to carry out the research work Under the theoretical framework of Halliday’s systemic functional grammar, the three linguistic patterns: mood, modality and person system of the target text have been scrutinized respectively The study demonstrates how interpersonal meaning is realized under different social and cultural background It is revealed that although English job advertisements and Vietnamese ones share a few similarities in terms of the realization of interpersonal meaning, there still exist certain disparities The main similarities include preferred declarative mood, preferred first person pronouns and probability with the highest frequency The major differences are as follows: English job advertisements employ more interrogatives and imperatives than the Vietnamese counterparts; the English samples use more obligation and personal pronouns than Vietnamese ones These disparities can be interpreted by considering the social and cultural differences By making a comprehensive and detailed study, this thesis is a meaningful application of systemic functional grammar to the discourse of job advertisements It is expected that this study can be useful for both job advertisers and job hunters It is also hoped that the findings in the research can

be helpful for teaching writing, translating and serve as reference in ESL linguistics classes where SFG is introduced

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION………i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRACT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii

PART A: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale of the study 1

1.2 Significance of the study 2

1.3 Aims of the study and research questions 2

1.4 Methodology 2

1.5 Design of the study 4

PART B: DEVELOPMENT 5

CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 5

1.1 An investigation into interpersonal meaning 5

1.1.1 Mood 6

1.1.2 Modality 9

1.1.3 The person system 12

1.2 Tenor of job advertisements 13

1.2.1 Context of situation 13

1.2.2 Tenor: the interpersonal variable of the context of situation 14

1.2.3 Tenor of job advertisements 15

CHAPTER 2: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL

MEANING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE JOB ADVERTISEMENTS

2.1 A contrastive analysis in terms of mood 16

2.1.1 Speech roles in job advertisements and mood structures 16

2.1.2 Information-giving 18

2.1.3 Action-demanding 22

2.1.4 Summary 24

2.2 A contrastive analysis in terms of modality 25

2.2.1 Modalization 26

2.2.2 Modulation 30

2.2.3 Summary 33

2.3 A contrastive analysis in terms of the person system 35

2.3.1 The first person system 36

2.3.2 The second person system 37

2.3.3 The third person system 38

2.3.4 Summary 39

PART C: CONCLUSION 40

1 Recapitulation 40

2 Implications of the study 42

3 Limitations and suggestions for further study 43

REFERENCES 44 APPENDIX 1 I APPENDIX 2 XIX

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Speech functions and commodities exchanged ………6

Table 1.2 Speech functions and typical mood of clause 6

Table 1.3 Modalization and modulation 10

Table 1.4 Modal operators 11

Table 1.5 Modality: examples of ―type‖ and orientation combined 11

Table 2.1 Distribution and frequency of mood structures in the samples of

English job advertisements 17

Table 2.2 Distribution and frequency of mood structures in the samples of Vietnamese job advertisements 17

Table 2.3 Distribution and frequency of probability in English and Vietnamese

job advertisements 26

Table 2.4 Distribution and frequency of obligation in English and Vietnamese

job advertisements 30

Table 2.5 Distribution and frequency of modality in English and Vietnamese

job advertisements 33

Table 2.6 Distribution and frequency of the person system in English and Vietnamese job advertisements 35

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 The power continuum 4

Figure 1.2 The contact continuum 14

Figure 1.3 The affective involvement continuum 14

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale of the study

Not only is language used to represent the interlocutors’ experience of the world around them, but also to express interpersonal meaning, the function language used to interact with other people in order to establish and maintain the relationship between them as well as to reflect the writer’s attitude towards the subject matter (Halliday, 1994) Since language is an effective means of communication, interpersonal meaning

is an indispensable component among the three meta-functions in Halliday’s Systemic

Functional Grammar (SFG)

Interpersonal meaning has recently become a matter of great concern among researchers Until now, there have been a considerable number of studies on interpersonal meaning of different types of discourses on the basis of SFG ranging from political speeches, fundraisings to advertisements Among all these discourses, advertising is the most contacted in our current society Within the field of advertisements, there are studies on interpersonal meaning in advertising in general

or particularly in different types of advertisements A distinctive example of the study

on interpersonal meaning in English advertising is the research by Xiao-xia (2008)

It was found that advertisers employ the mood systems and person system to create

an intimate atmosphere, thus enhancing the interactivity and trustworthiness Different kinds of advertisements have also been studied in recent years like the study on hotel and apartment advertisements by Sinaga (2012) or political advertisements in some Nigerian newspapers by Olusanya (2013)

As a sub-category of advertisements, job advertisements belong to the persuasive genre with the aim of establishing the relationship between the recruiters and potential applicants; therefore, they contribute as a fruitful source for researchers to carry out studies on interpersonal meaning However, it is revealed that most research mainly focused on English recruitment advertising discourse like studies by Yan & Li (2007) and Liang (2009) Those on Vietnamese job advertisements are seldom found not to mention the comparative study on interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese

job advertisements This has instigated the researcher to conduct an investigation on

the interpersonal meaning in the discourse of English and Vietnamese job

advertisements since the realization of interpersonal meaning can vary in different

cultural and social contexts

2 Significance of the study

The focus of the study not only lies in the theoretical findings, but it is hoped that

it will also emerge as a practical application of the theory to the description and

analysis of job advertisements Practically speaking, the analysis of interpersonal

meaning in job advertisements can give illuminations to job advertisers and job

hunters Moreover, the contrastive analysis of interpersonal meaning in English and

Vietnamese job advertising texts is hoped to be useful for teaching practical English

writing, translating and serving as a reference to be employed in ESL linguistics

classes where Halliday’s theory of SFG is introduced

3 Aims of the study and research questions

The overarching aim of this thesis is to investigate the realization of

interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese job advertisements and to

establish the similarities and differences in the realization of interpersonal meaning

in the job advertisements of the two languages To achieve this aim, the following

research questions are raised:

1 How is interpersonal meaning realized lexico-grammatically in English

and Vietnamese job advertisements?

2 What are the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese

job advertisements in terms of the realization of interpersonal meaning?

4 Methodology

A variety of job advertisements can be issued through numerous ways from

traditional channels such as TV, the daily and periodical press, poster to new

channels like the Internet This thesis only focuses on those issued on the Internet

because more and more corporations currently apply the way of recruiting through

the net to take more potential talents To carry out the comparison between the

advertisements in the two languages, a corpus of fifteen English and fifteen Vietnamese advertisement texts were collected The Vietnamese data were selected

from www.vietnamworks.com, the top recruitment website in Vietnam Likewise, the English corpus was chosen from www.monster.com , one of the largest and most reliable professional recruiting website in America All of the thirty job advertisements are listed in Appendices 1 and 2 In the process of data collection, to avoid the limitation of singularity in one field, the author tried to concern as many domains as possible, such as accounting, education, banking, constructing, tourism,

and so forth For the sake of convenience, the letter E followed by a number of data ranging from 1 to 15 refers to the English job advertisements while the letter V to

the Vietnamese job advertisements The main subject of this research is the written discourse of job advertisement; therefore, the titles, slogans and image of the company are not taken into consideration

The present research aims to investigate the realization of interpersonal meaning in the discourse of job advertisements in English and Vietnamese from the

perspective of systemic functional grammar Therefore, this study brings in the

Hallidayian Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) model of text analysis as the theoretical framework for the analysis and comparison of the job advertisement texts According to Halliday (1994), the mood and modality systems are the basic means to realize interpersonal meaning lexico-grammatically in the clause Later, pronoun system, attitudinal modifier and rhythmic features of word are also added The researcher made a critical view of the previous studies of interpersonal meaning and intended to analyze the realization of interpersonal meaning from three aspects: mood, modality, and the person system

The analytical procedure is made up of three steps First, the representations of mood, modality and person system in English and Vietnamese job advertisements were identified Second, the frequencies of the above-mentioned expressions in English and Vietnamese corpus were counted respectively, and then the figures were listed in a table to show similarities and differences between English and

Vietnamese job advertisements Finally, the study gave an interpretation of these similarities and differences by taking cultural and social differences into

consideration

5 Design of the study

The study is made up of three parts

 Part A provides an introduction to the whole thesis, including the rationale for selecting the topic, the significance and aims of the study, the methodology, and the design of the study

 Part B, the main part of the thesis, consists of two chapters

o Chapter 1 provides an overview of interpersonal meaning It also gives an account

of the tenor of job advertisement as a discourse of the current research

o Chapter 2 presents a contrastive analysis of the interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese job advertisements A detailed analysis of mood, modality and the person system is carried out on the data from English and Vietnamese corpus

 Part C summarizes the results of the study; makes some implications for teaching and learning English as well as suggestions for further research

PART B: DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

As the title suggests, this study applies the theory of Systemic Functional

Grammar (SFG) to the analysis of interpersonal meaning in the discourse of job

advertisements in English and Vietnamese To set the framework for analysis, this

chapter provides a review of the interpersonal meaning as conceptualized in SFG In

the first place, the notion of interpersonal meaning will be examined This will be

followed by an account of tenor of job advertisements

1.1 An investigation into interpersonal meaning

Halliday and Matthiesen (2004), as cited in Eggins (2004: 144), state that

―whenever we use language to interact, one of the things we are doing with it is

establishing a relationship between us: between the person speaking now and the

person who will probably speak next.‖ At this point, grammar of interaction is seen

from a semantic perspective

According to Matthiessen (1995), the interpersonal meaning is considered to

be ―a resource for enacting social roles and relationships between speaker/writer

and listener/reader.‖ (1995: 17)

Meanwhile, Thompson explains the interpersonal meaning as

―We use language to interact with other people, to establish and maintain

relations with them, to influence their behavior, to express our own viewpoints

on things in the world, and to elicit or change theirs.’’

(Thompson, 2004: 30)

In short, the most important task of the interpersonal meaning is to establish

and maintain a social relationship between participants It relates to the text’s aspect

of tenor which combines three component areas: status, contact and affect

Interpersonal meaning mainly concerns the roles of addressers and audience, mood

and modality

1.1.1 Mood

1.1.1.1 Speech roles and speech functions

Mood is an indispensable component for the construction of social relationship between the writer/speaker and the reader/listener Halliday (1994: 18) points out that ―the most fundamental types of speech role, which lies behind all the more specific types that we may eventually be able to recognize, are just two (i) giving, and (ii) demanding‖ According to Halliday (1994: 69), in any communicative language, there are four basic interpersonal positions a speaker can adopt: giving information, demanding information, giving goods and service as well as demanding goods and services The combination of speech roles and commodities represents several speech functions including offer, command, statement and question The exchange of speech function and commodities is shown in Table 1.1 below

Role in

exchange

Commodity exchanged (a) (a) goods-&-services (b) information (i)giving ―offer‖

would you like this teapot?

The four basic speech functions are closely related with particular grammatical structures The relationship between forms of speech functions and typical mood clauses is illustrated in Table 1.2 as follows:

Speech function Typical mood in clause

Close the door

Would you like to have dinner with me?

Statement ―declarative mood‖

It was one of Shakespeare’s works

Question ―interrogative mood‖

What are you going to do tonight?

Table 1.2 Speech functions and typical mood of clause (Adapted from Eggins, 2004: 148)

In the interpersonal meaning, a clause in English is analyzed into Mood and Residue, with the mood element is made up of Subject and Finite Subject ―supplies the rest of what it takes to form a proposition, namely, something by reference which the proposition can be affirmed or denied‖ (Halliday, 1994: 76) The Finite aims to make the proposition finite and relates the proposition to the context in the speech event The Finite expressing tense and modality is part of a verbal group The Residue consists of functional elements of three kinds: Predicator, Complement and Adjunct of the clause

In SFG, the structure of the declarative, interrogative and imperative clauses is shown by the presence and ordering of Subject and Finite According to Halliday (1994: 74), the presence of the Mood element consisting of Subject plus Finite, realizes the feature ―indicative‖ Declarative is realized through the typical structure

of Subject preceding Finite For example:

Declarative clause

Tom is reading Oliver Twist

Subject Finite Predicator Complement

The typical structure of an interrogative clause is divided into two main types: polar interrogative (yes/no question type) with the order of Finite before Subject and Wh-question with the order of Subject before Finite if the Wh-element is the subject and the order of Finite before Subject otherwise

Yes/No interrogative clause

Is Linda writing a letter?

Finite Subject Predicator Complement

WH-interrogative clause

Where do you live?

Adjunct/WH- Finite Subject Predicator

Mood Residue

Eggins (2004) describes fours types of imperative structures including (i) an imperative with no Mood element, an imperative consisting of a Mood element of (ii) Finite only or (iii) Subject only, and an imperative with a Mood element in the order of Finite preceding Subject Types of imperative structures are illustrated in the following examples:

Subject Predicator Finite Subject Predicator Complement

Halliday and Matthiesen (2004) assert that the Mood element comprising Subject and Finite is the element that realizes the selection of mood in the clause It

is worth noting, here, that Halliday and Matthiesen (2004) also make a note of the different realizations of mood under different social and cultural contexts According to them, the sequence of Subject and Finite serving to realize the selection of mood in the clause is ―being restricted mainly to certain languages from Europe It is far more common for languages to use tone (as English also does) and/or special interpersonal mood particles as in languages in East and South-East Asia (as in Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese and Thai)‖ (Halliday and Matthiesen (2004:113) These mood particles tend to come at the beginning or at the end of the clause and serve the interpersonal function of Negotiator

For example, in Vietnamese yes-no interrogative clause, there does not appear inversion of Subject and Finite Word order in Vietnamese yes-no interrogative clauses are the same as in declarative ones with Subject preceding Predicator Vietnamese questions are like narrative sentences but at the same time they are

often combined with modal particles like à, hả or some pairs of adverb like có chưa, có không, có phải không to make questions The following example shows an

analysis of a yes/no interrogative clause in English and Vietnamese with respect to its interpersonal meaning

Finite Subject Predicator Complement Subject Predicator Complement Mood

Particle

1.1.1.3 Grammatical metaphors of mood

Thompson (2000) states that the expression of meaning can be achieved through a lexico-grammatical form which originally evolved to express a different kind of meaning Compared with the typical mood structures as discussed above, the four basic speech functions are also realized by less typical or non-typical structures which are called grammatical metaphor of mood (Halliday, 1994) The use of grammatical metaphor is much popular in people’s daily interaction For example, command is typically realized by imperative mood but can be expressed

by a large variety of expressions as illustrated below

a Show me the car!

b Tell me where you parked the car, please

c Could you tell me where you parked the car, please?

d I would advise you to tell me where you parked the car

e It is advisable to tell me where you parked the car

1.1.2 Modality

1.1.2.1 Definition and types of modality

Halliday (1994) asserts the importance of modality in carrying out the interpersonal meaning of clauses He states that the speaker through modality can take up a position and show the status and the validity of the proposition Modality

is a degree between the positive and negative poles reflecting the speaker’s

judgments What the modality system does is to construe the region of uncertainty that lies between ―yes‖ and ―no‖ (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004: 147)

Modality is classified differently according to different linguists Palmer

(1986) distinguishes two main types of modality: epistemic and root modality Quirk et al (1985: 219) call these extrinsic (human judgment of what is or is not likely to happen) and intrinsic (some kind of intrinsic human control over events)

In SFG, modality is categorized into modalization and modulation This division

originates from the distinction between proposition (information, i.e statements and questions) and proposals (goods and services, i.e offers and commands) If information is the exchanged commodity, modality expressions are termed as

―modalization‖ which relates to the validity of the proposition and covers the scale

of degrees of probability (possibly/ probably/ certainly) and usuality (sometimes/

usually/always) Meanwhile, Modulation is used to label modality if the commodity

is goods and services and the clause is termed ―proposal‖ It reflects how confident

the speaker can be in the eventual success of the exchange in terms of obligation (allowed to/ supposed to/ required to) in a command and the inclination (willing to/

anxious to/ determined) in an offer

1.1.2.2 Realization of modality

In traditional grammar, the realization of modality is mainly through modal

operators, which are also labeled modal auxiliary such as could, can, will, may In

SFG, according to Halliday (1994), there are a number of ways to realize modality,

as illustrated in Table 1.3 below

modalization probability

(possible /probable /certain)

finite modal operator modal Adjunct (both the above)

They must have known They certainly knew They certainly must have

known

usuality (sometimes /usually /always)

finite modal operator modal Adjunct (both the above)

You must be patient!

You’re required to be patient!

/supposed /required) inclination (willing /keen /determined)

finite modal operator adjective Predicator

I must win!

I’m determined to win!

Table 1.3 Modalization and modulation (Adapted from Halliday, 1994: 91)

According to Halliday (1994), there are three basic values of modal operators which are high, median and low modal operators, as shown in Table 1.4 below

positive can, may, could,

doesn’t/didn’t +need

to, have to

won’t, wouldn’t, shouldn’t, (isn’t/wasn’t to)

mustn’t, oughtn’t to, can’t, couldn’t(mayn’t, mightn’t, hasn’t/hadn’t to)

Table 1.4 Modal operators (Halliday, 1994: 76)

Interpersonal metaphor is also studied by Halliday (1994) as a means of modality realization Halliday (1994: 357) claims that it is modality orientation that determines how each modality meaning gets expressed The relationship between different types of modality and orientation is shown in Table 1.5 below

Probability

I think [in my

opinion] Mary knows

Mary’ll know Mary probably

knows[in all probability]

It’s likely that

Mary knows [Mary is likely to]

It’s usual for Fred

to sit quite quiet

Table 1.5 Modality: examples of ―type‖ and orientation combined (Halliday, 1994: 358)

It is shown in Table 1.5 that both the subjective explicit orientation and the objective explicit orientation are based on metaphor, i.e expressions of modality are

extended from words to clauses by adding projecting clauses such as I think, It’s likely that, It’s usual that, I want you It can be concluded that metaphor of modality

can reasonably arrange information according to modality responsibility so as to create the pragmatic function of modality in discourse

1.1.3 The person system

The person system has been the subject of many scholars’ linguistic research and studies As a grammatical category, in traditional grammar, the person system is

a closed system concerned with the quantity and quality of participants in a specific situation That means personal pronouns are only discussed in terms of their form and syntactic function However, since the introduction of discourse analysis and sociolinguistics in the 1980s, personal pronouns have been viewed from the approach of social linguistics According to Li (2001), their use is considered to be important to the achievement of social function like exerting effects and expressing politeness in recent studies In SFG, Halliday (1994) states that the person system, both as pronouns (person as Thing, e.g she, you) and as possessives (person as Deictic, e.g her, your) can also be deployed to express the interpersonal meaning Personal pronouns can establish a certain relationship between the addressers and the audience in a speech According to Stephan & Patzold (1992), the selection

of personal pronouns (e.g I, we, and you) can affect the degree of distance or

closeness between the writer/speaker and the reader/listener In other words, certain pronouns can present degrees of intimacy or authority It may indicate the addresser’s attempts to explicitly engage their audience or to invoke audience participation Not only do the addressers confirm their audience’s existence through their selection of the person system but also express their attitudes towards their listeners/readers and the relationship between the addressers and their audience For

instance, the use of inclusive we can create a context in which there is an agreement

between the addresser and the listener and the addresser’s attempt to include his/her

audience in the group referred to On the other hand, the exclusive we can be

deployed with the speaker’s intention to separate his role and the role of his audience and establish the distance or authority

Traditional grammar divides personal pronouns into first person (I, we), second person (you) and third person (she, he, it, and they) According to Halliday

and Hasan (2001), the English person categories include speech roles and other

roles Speech roles are the roles of speaker (I, we) and addressee (you) Other roles consist of all other relevant entities, other than speaker or addressee, such as him, her, it, they, and one Halliday also claims that as the subjects, these personal forms are I, you, we, he, she, it, they, one; as the objects, they are me, you, us, him, her, it, them, one; as determiners, they are called mine, yours, ours, his, hers, its, theirs; or

as modifier (my, your, our, his, her, its, their, one’s)

1.2 Tenor of job advertisements

1.2.1 Context of situation

It is important to understand the context of situation since its three variables correspond to the three meta-functions of any texts According to Halliday (1985), the context of situation, or ―register‖ is defined as ―variation according to use‖ In other words, certain recognizable configurations of linguistic resources are typically used in certain contexts In SFG, context of situation is arranged in three categories which are field, tenor and mode

The field of discourse is the social action in which the grammar is embedded

It refers to the nature of the social action that is taking place In the present thesis, the field is about how enterprises or organizations give information about the advertised positions in order to fulfill their aim to attract potential applicants

The mode of the discourse is concerned with the role language plays in the context, in other words, what exactly the language is trying to achieve; for instance, the channel employed whether it is written or spoken In this research, the mode is written langue, where face-to-face interaction between participants (recruiters or advertisers and job seekers) is beyond expectation

The tenor of the discourse reflects the relationship between the participants engaged in a purposeful social activity Tenor is closely associated with the

interpersonal meaning; therefore, it is necessary to make an in-depth analysis of this variable of context of situation

1.2.2 Tenor: the interpersonal variable of the context of situation

Tenor is the aspect of language that recognizes the presence (real or imagined)

of participants in interaction According to Eggins & Slade (1997), tenor has three important aspects including power, contact and affective

First, language choices we make can be influenced by how much power we feel we have in relation to the person we are interacting with It is indicated that the unequal status relation may decide the power Therefore, we might issue a polite request to our senior but make a command to a child

Power

Equal -Unequal

Figure 1.1 The power continuum

Second, interpersonal relationships also vary in terms of the length and the frequency of our interactions with people Contact can be characterized as voluntary

or involuntary, regular or intermittent Thus, we are likely to use more casual language with close friends or family members but tend to be more polite and less forthcoming with a neighbor whom we occasionally see

Contact Frequent -Occasional

Figure 1.2 The contact continuum

Third, affective involvement means we make language choices according to how close we feel towards the people in our interaction Affective involvement can range from nil (distant, unattached) through some (e.g classmates or colleagues) to high (e.g lovers or family members)

Affective involvement High -Low

Figure 1.3 The affective involvement continuum

1.2.3 Tenor of job advertisements

Job advertisements belonging to the persuasive genre constitute a specific communication act and establish the relationship between the recruiter and the prospective applicants In the case of job advertisements, both the contact and affective involvement between the advertiser and the reader are towards the low end

of the continuum However, the power relationship is rather complicated On the one hand, job advertisements show unequal status between the employer and the potential employee in that the recruiter as authority has more power On the other hand, like other commercial advertisements, the advertisers do not have the right to force the readers to apply for the post It seems that at this point the power relationship between the advertiser and the job seeker is equal

Generally, job advertisements reflect the relationship between the advertiser and the job seeker The advertiser has earnest desire to provide information about the post and try to persuade the readers to apply for the job These aspects of tenor have a great influence on the interpersonal meaning of job advertisements through the selection of lexical-grammatical patterns This will be proved in the following analysis of the realization of interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese job advertisements

CHAPTER 2

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING

IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE JOB ADVERTISEMENTS

This chapter will present a contrastive analysis of the realization of interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese job advertisements based on the SFG framework An in-depth study of interpersonal meaning in the corpus is carried out in terms of mood, modality and the person system It is hoped that this detailed analysis will shed light on how interpersonal meaning is realized in English and Vietnamese job advertisements

2.1 A contrastive analysis in terms of mood

2.1.1 Speech roles in job advertisements and mood structures

The functional tenor of job advertisements and possible mood structures that could realize speech functions have been indicated in Chapter 1 Thus, this section will present the speech roles in job advertisements and focus on the detailed analysis of the specific mood structures that are employed in the samples

It can be realized that there exist two main kinds of speech roles in job advertisements: giving and demanding On the one hand, the advertiser aims to provide the readers with information about the nature of the recruiting company, the vacancy, job duties, qualifications, the salary or benefits and the contact information On the other hand, the advertiser has an earnest desire to attract the potential job hunters to apply for a certain vacancy Since a job posting is considered to serve a dual purpose, in the process of creating advertisements the advertiser must be aware of the crucial importance of language In the following part, the researcher will examine the grammatical structures adopted in the samples

to realize such speech roles in order to see how the advertiser interacts with the reader through the selection of mood structures in English and Vietnamese job advertisements All the mood structures in the corpus are examined and illustrated

in the tables as follows:

Sample Declarative Elliptical

Table 2.1 Distribution and frequency of mood structures in the samples of

English job advertisements

Sample Declarative Elliptical

Table 2.2 Distribution and frequency of mood structures in the samples of

Vietnamese job advertisements

It can be seen from Table 2.1 and 2.2 that in terms of the usage of mood structures, English job advertisements do show similarities to the Vietnamese ones However, some disparities still exist between job advertisements of two different cultures It is obvious that the most common clause used in the job advertisement texts in both English and Vietnamese is the declarative mood structure accounting for 87% and 92% respectively Imperative mood covers a similar frequency in English and Vietnamese samples Nevertheless, it is shown that in English job advertising discourse, the declarative structure covers the highest frequency with the percentage of 50.6% while elliptical declarative structures are most preferred in Vietnamese corpus with the percentage of 76.2% Interrogative clauses play a role

in English job advertisements covering 4.3%, yet can be hardly found in Vietnamese ones only accounting for 0.5% The following sections will give a detailed analysis on how these similarities and differences can be found in the realization of different speech functions

2.1.2 Information-giving

In general, declarative mood structure is regarded as the most typical realization of the speech role to give information Nevertheless, since there are grammatical metaphors, other mood structures including imperative and interrogative can also carry out the function of information giving

2.1.2.1 Typical mood structure: Declarative

In this thesis, declarative mood consists of declarative and elliptical declarative mood structures, whose frequency reach as high as 87% and 92% respectively in English and Vietnamese job advertisements This shows that declarative is the main mood structure in job advertisements The advertisers prefer

to use declarative structures to provide the potential applicants with the information about the recruiting company, the vacancy, the duty and requirements of the post as well as the benefits A large number of declaratives found in the corpus prove that it

is the most typical way to realize the role of giving information It is clearly shown

in the examples as follows:

(1) In this role, you will be responsible for performing all tasks and communication related to the intake of patient information (E5)

(2) Anthem Education has been dedicated to making a difference in our student’s lives for over 100 years.(E10)

(3) The ideal candidate will have at least 5-7 years of storage and NAS support experience specifically with NETAPP and similar NAS devices (E12)

(4) Công ty cổ phần Đầu tư TOPCOM là nhà phân phối xe Piaggio lớn nhất Việt Nam với

hệ thống trên 30 showroom, service tại Hà Nội và thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (V6)

(5) Đến với AI&T, bạn sẽ có những cơ hội lớn trong việc tiếp cận các công nghệ kỹ thuật mới nhất, được đóng góp ý tưởng và tạo ra các sản phẩm sáng tạo phổ biến trực tiếp tới người sử dụng trên toàn thế giới (V11)

As can be shown from the examples above, a lot of information from different angles can be conveyed by applying declarative sentences Example (1) elaborates

on the duties of the prospect applicant while in example (2), the vision of the company in education is fully shown The third example illustrates the requirements

of the post Example (4) is a corporate advertisement for the company itself, thus an aspect of its public identity Example (5) describes in detail the employee’s benefits

in AI&T

Besides declarative structures, multiple elliptical declarative clauses are regularly adopted in the samples to give information about the responsibilities, qualifications and benefits as illustrated in the following examples

(6) Experience working with automotive or construction equipment (E6)

(7) Competitive salary and a highly attainable bonus structure (E14)

(8) Gửi khách hàng báo cáo về tính khả thi của sản phẩm mới (V1)

(9) Nói và viết tiếng Nhật hoặc tiếng Trung thành thạo (V2)

The frequent appearance of elliptical declarative clauses in the samples is an effective method that the advertiser uses to satisfy the job hunters’ psychology It is realized that the increasing tendency of economic globalization and the development of technology lead to the flood of job advertisements daily publicized through numerous ways To find the most suitable job vacancy, job seekers must scan all these pieces of positions and quickly filter the necessary information

Therefore, job hunters expect that all information about the vacancy is clearly presented and easily caught A list of elliptical declarative clauses can solve this well Moreover, according to Martin (1992), the employment of elliptical clauses can help shorten social distance originating from the fact that job advertisements are written discourse without any possibility of face-to face interaction The elliptical clauses adopted in the corpus can create a sense of intimacy between the advertiser and the potential candidates

2.1.2.2 Grammatical metaphor: Interrogative

It is found that interrogative mood structures occupy only a low frequency in the discourse of job advertisements In fifteen English job advertisements, there are only 17 interrogative clauses The number of this type of mood structure is only two

in Vietnamese job advertising discourse In systemic-functional grammar, interrogative is usually used to ask a question and demands others to give information However, it can also be adopted to give information Here are some

examples found in both Vietnamese and English corpus:

(10) Bạn là người năng động, yêu nghề, chịu đón nhận thử thách? (V4)

(11) Bạn muốn làm việc trong một môi trường năng động, có cơ hội thăng tiến, với chế độ lương thưởng hấp dẫn? (V4)

(12) Impressive? Sound good? Need more reasons to make you want to be part of our family? (E14)

(13) Where in the World is California Pizza Kitchen? (E14)

(14) What Makes California Pizza Kitchen Special? (E14)

There are two kinds of question forms in the corpus: yes-no question and question Two interrogative clauses in Vietnamese job advertisements in sample 4 are yes-no questions 14 out of 17 interrogative clauses in English job advertisements are in the form of a yes-no interrogative ones Technically speaking, these interrogative clauses are not demanding information On the contrary, they are providing the potential employees with information In Examples (10), and (11), the advertiser is actually telling the readers the requirements and the benefit of the position The general purpose of raising these questions is to attract the readers’

WH-attention and emphasize the features of the vacancy In Example (12), there are three elliptical yes-no interrogative clauses, each of which is followed by a response

by the writer himself or herself (Impressive? Totally; Sound good? We think so! Need more reasons to make you want to be part of our family? Okay, keep reading!)

This also happens with two WH-interrogative clauses in Examples 13 and 14 These questions can be easily answered in the text, because they are followed by the introduction to the company The writer himself or herself raises the question and then responds to it By doing this, he or she not only gives information about the company, but also shows a sense of pride

2.1.2.3 Grammatical metaphor: Imperative

Besides fulfilling the role of demanding action, imperative mood structures can also perform the function of information giving in the discourse of job advertisements A couple of instances can be given as follows:

(15) Please provide us with a cover letter and resume, indicating the position for which you are applying+your compensation history/requirements (E2)

(16) For more information and to apply please see: www.austincityjobs.org (E6)

(17) Các ứng viên quan tâm nộp hồ sơ trực tiếp tại trụ sở công ty liên hệ chị Dung-phòng HCNS: Công ty Cổ phần đầu tư phát triển Máy Việt Nam Địa chỉ: Do Lộ, Yên Nghĩa,

It can be seen from the above analysis that in job advertisements declarative mood structure is the typical way for advertisers to realize the function of information-giving Grammatical metaphor, including interrogative and imperative clauses can be adopted to provide readers with information

2.1.3 Action-demanding

In the discourse of job advertisements, the advertiser issues the recruiting information and tries to persuade the job hunters to apply From the aforesaid discussion, the function of information-giving can be realized by declarative, elliptical declarative, imperative and interrogative mood structures Then in terms of the second function of job advertisements, what kinds of mood does the author employ to demand action? As touched on in the theoretical background, imperative mood structure is the most typical way to realize the function of demanding However, in the samples of job advertisements, it is shown that sometimes declarative clauses also perform this function

2.1.3.1 Typical mood structure: Imperative

As the typical realization of action-demanding, it is not surprising to find a considerable number of imperative clauses in the samples which intend to demand actions from the potential employees In English job advertisements, it is realized that imperative clauses usually appear at the beginning or at the end of the advertisements When appearing at the very beginning of the advertisements, the imperative clauses tend to carry attracting information At this position, the general purpose of the imperative sentence is to attract the readers’ attention and keeps them reading on for detailed information about the company, the vacancy and the required qualities This can be illustrated in the following examples:

(19) Join the Leader in the Home Healthcare Industry! (E5)

(20) Let us be Your Road to Success (E5)

(21) Bring your ability to engage and delight people, bring your dedication and high standards to the table, show us your customer skill (E13)

While showing up at the end of the advertisements, the imperative mood structures are mainly employed to encourage the job hunters to take action This can

be seen in Examples (22) and (23)

(22) Make the right move, contact us today! (E5)

(23) Call John at 605-978-5474 for more information on this position (E7)

In Vietnamese job advertisements, almost all the imperative clauses appear at the end of the advertisements, encouraging the prospect employees apply as instructed The imperative clauses in Vietnamese corpus tend to take advantage of empty words to make imperatives more gentle and polite; to be specific, in the way the advertiser uses the phrase ―vui lòng‖ which is almost synonymous with ―please‖

in English imperatives

(24) Ứng viên quan tâm vui lòng gửi hồ sơ về địa chỉ email của nhà tuyển dụng bằng cách Click vào phần “Nộp đơn” bên dưới (V9)

(25) Ứng viên quan tâm vui lòng gửi hồ sơ trực tiếp hoặc gửi trước CV qua mail (V14)

2.1.3.2 Grammatical metaphor: Declarative

According to Li (2001), there are two kinds of advertising texts: soft selling advertising texts and hard selling ones The former mainly adopts declarative and interrogative moods to set up the advertiser’s image in the heart of the prospect consumers /readers so as to facilitate the selling of the product or service while the latter uses imperative mood to urge the potential readers/consumers to take the purchasing action In the above-mentioned discussion, the advertiser employs a large number of declarative sentences but only a few imperatives (34 clauses in English corpus and 29 in Vietnamese samples) Thus, the job advertisements can be seen as a type of soft selling advertising texts The writer does not usually ask the job hunters to apply directly Instead, the advertiser uses declarative clauses to smooth his/her imposing tone and make the potential applicants feel less compelled

A number of examples are given below:

(26) Mời các ứng cử viên quan tâm gửi hồ sơ(bao gồm CV, đơn xin việc tiếng Anh) qua email bằng cách nhấn vào nút “ Nộp đơn/Apply” bên dưới để đính kèm CV (V1)

(27) Công ty chúng tôi rất hoan nghênh và nhiệt liệt chào đón những ứng cử viên có năng lực, phẩm chất đạo đức tốt, cầu thị, nhiệt tình làm việc để góp phần cùng công ty Dohacemex chúng tôi phát triển bền vững (V10)

(28) We are a growing company and we need you! (E4)

(29) If you answered “yes” to above, then Anthem Education is the place for you! (E10) (30) If all of the above resonates with you, this could be your opportunity! (E12)

All of these clauses are declaratives, whereas they function as imperatives to demand actions from the readers In Examples (26) and (27) through the use of

performative verb ―Mời”(invite), hoan nghênh (welcome), nhiệt liệt chào đón (warmly greet), the Vietnamese advertiser is able to show his/her respect to the

potential applicants and at the same time urge the readers to apply for the position

It can be seen that English advertiser tends to use the exclamatory mark at the end

of the declarative clauses By doing that, he/she can convey an emphatic declarative, then turns a simple declarative into a strong command In English job advertisements, the advertiser also employs if-clause, a special structure which could create a sense of ―dialogue‖ In the discourse of job advertisements, the advertiser represents the recruiting company, which, in comparison with the job hunters, is a powerful authority On the one hand, the recruiter has the power to decide which applicant will be accepted On the other hand, he/she has needs for real talents This complicated situation requires that the advertisement should be both effective and polite so that it can encourage real talents to apply and at the same time filter the job hunters to prevent incompetent ones from applying The ―if structure‖ can be the solution to this matter by endowing the condition with a sense

of negotiation It encourages job hunters to take action and show the recruiting company’s respect for talents as well

2.1.4 Summary

In a nutshell, speech roles and mood structures in the discourse of English and Vietnamese job advertisements are explored in this section As discussed above, there are two speech roles in job advertising discourse: information-giving and action-demanding It is concluded that the similarity lies in the high frequency of

declarative mood Both English and Vietnamese recruiters tend to use a substantive number of declarative mood structures to provide detailed information about the company and the vacancy as well as urge the interested readers to take actions simultaneously It seems that recruiters in both English and Vietnamese job advertisements intend to give more objective and authentic information to the possible readers as well as try to use polite and sincere mood to attract talents to join the organization instead of using command mood to force them to join In terms

of the differences between the two different contexts, it is found that in English job advertisements, imperatives, interrogative and if-structures are employed to create a sense of ―dialogue‖, thus shorten the social distance between the recruiting company and the job hunter Nevertheless, that the interrogative and if-structure are hardly seen in Vietnamese job advertisements leads to a lack for the sense of dialogue and intimacy between the recruiting company and job hunters in Vietnamese job advertising discourse

These disparities may originate from cultural differences In comparison with the Vietnamese, those westerners prefer a more direct and straightforward strategy

to express themselves, which has a considerable influence on their written discourses Therefore, English job advertisements are inclined to employ more dynamic interrogative, imperative and if-structure to make their language conversation-like In contrast, most Vietnamese people prefer roundabout and indirect patterns to express themselves; thus, they tend to make more use of declaratives to make their tones indirect and polite

2.2 A Contrastive analysis in terms of modality

According to Halliday (1994), mood and modality are regarded as the essential parts that convey interpersonal meaning in discourse analysis Modality is concerned with the negotiation of the proposition and proposal between the categorical polarity of positive or negative In particular, modality refers to a range

of different ways in which speakers can temper or qualify their messages (Eggins & Slade, 1997) According to different communicative functions, Halliday classifies

modality into two main categories: modalization and modulation The following

section will discuss how they are employed to realize interpersonal meaning in English and Vietnamese job advertisements

operator and modal adjunct can be used to realize probability and usuality Modality

is also expressed by metaphor of modality This will be shown in the following analysis

2.2.1.1 Probability

Probability means how likely the speaker/writer thinks to be true Probability

is realized in the corpus in the different ways as follows:

English job advertisements Vietnamese job advertisements expression frequency percent expression frequency percent modal

frequently in English job advertisements than in Vietnamese ones From Table 2.3,

it is also found that the modal operators of low and median values cover the majority in all the modal operators in either English or Vietnamese job advertisements with a percentage of 85% and 100% respectively This suggests that when employing modal operators, both English and Vietnamese job advertisements incline to be consultative, hypothetical and suggestive rather than compulsive, affirmative and absolute

In English job advertisements, the modal operator will stands for the highest frequency Its equivalence in Vietnamese sẽ also occupies the first rank Here are some typical examples with the use of modal operator will or sẽ to realize

probability:

(31) Các hồ sơ không đạt sẽ không được trả lại (V3)

(32) Đến với AI&T, bạn sẽ có những cơ hội lớn trong việc tiếp cận các công nghệ kỹ thuật

mới nhất (V11)

(33) Ứng viên trúng tuyển sẽ làm việc tại thành phố Ninh Bình-tỉnh Ninh Bình (V13) (34) This application process will take approximately15-20 minutes to complete (E5) (35) Not only will you learn of jobs not advertised elsewhere, you’ll enjoy full

confidentiality and an appropriate audience at best-in-class employers (E11)

(36) This person will develop applications and system integrations to support business

applications (E15)

From the examples above, it can be said that the modal operator will or sẽ

provides information about what will exactly happen in the future and statement about future occurrences are based on the advertiser’s prediction, belief or intention

According to Lyon (1997), will has an obvious modal use of the ―promissory‖, in

which the writer regards himself as the ―guarantor‖ of the truth of the occurrence of the event he refers to (Lyon, 1997:310) In the discourse of English and Vietnamese

job advertisements, will or sẽ is employed to indicate the job duties that the future

employee is supposed to do, the benefits he/she will get as well as what will happen

in the recruitment process For instance, in Examples (31) and (34), the modal operator is employed to express important information that the recruiter will only contact those who are qualified to have an interview and the information about the

amount of time for application In Examples (32) and (35), the advertiser uses will

or sẽ to show a strong possibility of the rewards that the post can give to future

employees In Examples (33) and (36), the writer gives a clear introduction to the possible job duties of the employees, thus making them understand whether the job vacancy is suitable for them or not, which is helpful for filtering out many applicants

It is also seen that English job advertisements employ more different forms to

express probability than Vietnamese ones Besides the modal operator will English advertisers also use other median and low modal operators including would, should, can, may, could while Vietnamese job advertisements only employ the low median operator có thể (may) These modal operators are of low and median value of probability In comparison with will they are more probable than guaranteed Here

are the typical examples selected from the corpus:

(37) You would be joining a team that is passionate about education and the lives we touch

every day (E10)

(38) California Pizza Kitchen could be your new home (E14)

(39) An environment where you can express your unique talents and skills (E14)

(40) Experience may substitute for the education to a maximum of four years (E6)

(41) Food isn’t meant to be timeless; it should be a surprising yet accessible (E14)

(42) Có thể đi công tác xa, dài ngày (V10)

The high modal operator must is only employed in English job advertisements

in the following instances:

(43) Your attitude must be positive, flexible, and focused, with an emphasis on a can do,

hands on approach and philosophy (E2)

(44) You must be a passionate about your work (E3)

(45) So must enjoy small town living (E7)

As can be seen from the examples above, the modal operator must is mainly

used to describe position qualifications With its high value of probability, it implies that this section of job advertisement is serious and leaves no room for questioning

It indicates that these requirements need to be emphasized and get special attention from the job hunters if they want to be future employees of the recruiting company

According to Halliday (1994), modal adjunct can be used to realize modality However, it is found that in both English and Vietnamese corpus, there is no modal

adjunct such as certainly, possibly, probably used in describing probability

Interpersonal metaphor is only employed in English samples accounting for 6%

(46) Sound good? We think so! (E14)

(47) We know that it takes much more than a skill set to get the job done (E15)

According to Xu (2009), in English advertising, advertisers often need to make some judgments or explanations on their products or enterprises They tend to employ the subjective explicit orientation to emphasize the subjective nature of their ideas and take great modality responsibility so that they will be successful in placing an emphasis on the core advantage and information of their products or enterprises, enhancing consumers’ understanding about them; thus taking the dominant place in their interaction with consumers This is reflected in the two examples of English job advertisements above In Example (46), the advertiser shows his own judgment that the features of his organization are good In Example (47), the advertiser thinks that the job requires not only a skill By adding projecting

clauses I think, I know, the advertiser can give a prominence to his subjective

opinions onto the potential candidates and to get agreements from them The employment of interpersonal modality helps to express the advertiser’s affirmation and subjective assertion; thus, increase the credibility and attract more job hunters

2.2.1.2 Usuality

Usuality means how frequently a proposition held by the speaker/writer is to

be true It can be expressed by modal adjunct such as usually, sometimes, always In

fact, usuality can hardly be found with only three modal operators in Vietnamese samples and none in English one In the corpus, usuality is found as follows:

(48) ITECHCOMBANK với sứ mệnh trở thành ngân hàng tốt nhất và doanh nghiệp hàng

đầu Việt Nam, luôn đi đầu trong việc ứng dụng công nghệ tiên tiến.(V5)

(49) Chúng tôi luôn nỗ lực để cán bộ nhân viên có điều kiện làm việc tốt nhất (V6)

(50) Với phương châm luôn trọng dụng nhân tài, lấy yếu tố con người làm trung tâm cho

sự phát triển bền vững (V10)

In Example (48), through the use of modal operator luôn, the recruiter intends

to impress the job hunters that the company they intend to work for has the highest rank in technology application to improve customer service Likewise, the modal

operator luôn employed in Examples (49) and (50) help the advertiser shows the

fact to the potential employees that the company is constantly trying its best to provide its employees with the best working conditions as well as other benefits to develop their abilities By doing this, the advertiser can persuade more talents to apply for the post

2.2.2 Modulation

According to Halliday (1994), Modulation, another part of modality includes

obligation and inclination The former concerns the degree to which the speaker put

force on the other person to carry out the command The latter refers to the degree

of willingness of the speaker to fulfill the offer

2.2.2.1 Obligation

Obligation is realized in the corpus in the different ways as follows:

English job advertisements Vietnamese job advertisements expression frequency percent expression frequency percent Finite modal

advertisements, the modal operator must covers the highest frequency while it is

only employed once in Vietnamese corpus The modal operator which is most

frequently used in Vietnamese job advertisements is cần whilst its equivalence in English need does not appear Take the following clauses as examples:

(51) Để chuẩn bị cho hoạt động sản xuất kinh doanh của công ty sau khi nhà máy chính

thức đi vào hoạt động, chúng tôi cần tuyển các vị trí sau (V2)

(52) Chúng tôi đang cần tuyển dụng những nhân sự có năng lực, tâm huyết đồng hành

cùng sự phát triển của TOPCOM (V6)

(53) Hồ sơ phải đầy đủ (Bằng Tiếng Việt) (V10)

(54) To be considered for this position, you must apply online at www.austincityjobs.org (E6)

(55) Qualified candidates must have experience in both Agricultural and Commercial

lines of credit and underwriting experience (E7)

(56) Must be at least 18 years of age (E9)

It can be seen from the long list of examples above that in Vietnamese

samples, the advertiser prefers to employ the modal operator cần with its high value

to emphasize the necessity of the recruitment and appeal job hunters to read more

and find out the necessary information about the post Although the word phải only

occurs once in the Vietnamese corpus, it can perform the same function as its

equivalence in English must in which it reminds the job hunters that they will be

accepted only if they meet all the requirements for the advertised post In English

corpus must appears in both declarative and elliptical declarative clauses to make

the job qualifications and application method as clear as possible, as can be

illustrated in Examples (54), (55) and (56) As there is must in the clause, it

indicates that the recruiting company has a definite requirement for the post, which

is the minimum request for the applicant to reach Without such qualification, the

job hunters had better not apply In this way, must can function as a filter If the job hunters see the signal of must, they get through as real talents or stop as

incompetent applicants Besides, English job advertisements use the finite modal

operators of median value should to state job qualifications in job advertisements as

illustrated below

(57) Should have extensive experience on NetApp NAS implementation configuration

and troubleshooting (E12)