household oriented approach for the optimization of resources management at the floating village in tonle sap lake region, cambodia

VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN EAM SAM UN HOUSEHOLD ORIENTED APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT THE FLOATING VILLAGE IN TONLE SAP LAKE REGION, CAMBODIA MASTER THESIS Hanoi - 2011 VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN EAM SAM UN HOUSEHOLD ORIENTED APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT THE FLOATING VILLAGE IN TONLE SAP LAKE REGION, CAMBODIA Major: Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment Code: MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR: DR. ING. CATALIN STEFAN RESP. PROFFESOR: PROF. DR. RER. NAT DR. H. PETER WERNER Hanoi - 2011 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My highly appreciation wishes to acknowledge to Dr. Ing. Catalin Stefan, Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment at the TU Dresden, provided me a great support for making this paper possible and I also contribute of my thanks to alls as following in the accomplishment of this paper existing; • To Prof. Dr. –Ing. Habil. Dr. h. c. Bilitewski and Prof. Dr. Nguyen Thi Diem Trang, who established the cooperation Master program on “Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment” • To DAAD Hanoi provided me full support for both living allowance and tuition fee for duration 2 years of study. • To Prof. Dr. Le Thanh Son, Vice Dean at the Faculty of Chemistry, at the Hanoi University of Science always provided me a support. • To all professors, lecturers, and colleagues at the Hanoi University of Science and the Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment, at the TU Dresden for all the important assistances. • To Dr. Carly Starr who kindly revised this paper with grammar and structures. • To very supportive lovely parents, brothers, and sister, for encouragement and inspiration. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………………………… i TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………… .ii ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………………………….v LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………ix LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………………xi LIST OF ANNEXES…………………………………………………………………………….xii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………… xiii Chapter I INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………… 1 I.1 Tonle Sap Lake Region……………………………………………………1 I.2 Poverty in Tonle Sap Lake Region……………………………………… 2 I.3 Objectives of Study ……………………………………………………….4 Chapter II ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONEMNAT RELAVANT FACTORS ……………………………………………………………………… 5 II.1 Data Mining and Collections…………………………………………… 5 II.2 Socio-Economic Factors……………………………………………….….5 II.2.1 Occupation and Income……………………………………….… 5 II.2.2 Education………………………………………………………….7 II.2.3 Sources of Energy for Consumption………………………………7 II.2.4 Human Health …………………………………………………….9 II.2.5 Environmental Pollution…………………………………………10 II.2.6 Land Use Classification………………………………………….10 II.3 Drinking Water Supply and Quality…………………………………… 12 II.3.1 Sources of Drinking Water Supply………………………………12 iii II.3.2 Water Quality in the Tonle Sap Lake ………………………… 13 II.4 Household Water Treatment Systems (HWTS), Effectiveness and Cost Analysis………………………………………………………………… 15 II.4.1 Solar Disinfection (SODIS)…………………………………… 16 II.4.2 Boiling Water……………………………………………………17 II.4.3 Flocculation………………………………………………………18 II.4.4 Simple Sand Filter (SSF)……………………………………… 19 II.4.5 Chlorination…………………………………………………… 20 II.4.6 Sedimentation……………………………………………………21 II.4.7 Ceramic Filter ………………………………………………… 21 II.4.8 Bio-sand Filter ………………………………………………… 23 II.4.9 Effectiveness of HWTS………………………………………….26 II.4.10 Cost Analysis of HWTS…………………………………………28 II.5 Domestic Waste Generation …………………………………………….29 II.6 Sanitation Facilities…………………………………………………… 33 Chapter III DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPT FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ……………………………………………….35 III.1 Optimization of Resources Management……………………………… 35 III.2 Development of a Technical Concept for Safe Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation for Household-scale………………………………………… 35 III.2.1 Simple Sand Filter (SSF) and Solar Disinfection (SODIS)…… 35 III.2.2 Sanitation ……………………………………………………… 38 III.3 Development of Waste Management Concepts and Resource Recovery……………………………………………………………… 40 III.3.1 3Rs Approach for Organic Waste Management and Agriculture Waste…………………………………………………………… 40 III.3.2 Composting………………………………………………………41 iv III.3.3 Biogas Production……………………………………………….42 III.3.4 Char Briquette Production……………………………………….43 III.4 Development of Socio-Economic……………………………………… 46 III.5 Quantification of the Environmental Impact of Technical and Socio- Economic Developments……………………………………………… 50 III.5.1 Composting………………………………………………… … 50 III.5.2 Biogas Production……………………………………………… 53 III.5.3 Char Briquette…………………………………………………….56 Chapter IV CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………… 58 IV.1 Socio-Economic Development…………………………………………… 58 IV.1.1 Household’s Income…………………………………………… 58 IV.1.2 Household Cost Expenditure…………………………………….59 IV.1.3 Household’s Time Expending………………………………… 60 IV.2 Household’s GHG Emission …………………………………………….…61 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………….62 ANNEXES……………………………………………………………………………………….65 v ABBREVIATIONS Acronyms 3Rs : Reuse, Recycle, and Reduce ADB : Asia Development Bank AUNP : Asian EU-University Network Program AWWA : American Water Works Association BSF : Bio-sand Filter Ca +2 : Calcium ion CAWST : Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology CDC : Center for Disease Control and Prevention CFSP : Cambodian Fuelwood Saving Project CH 4 : Methane CHLs : Chlordances Cl - : Chloride CO : Carbon monoxide CO 2 : Carbon dioxide COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand CWP : Ceramic Water Purifier DDT : Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DNA : Deoxyribonucleic acid DO : Dissolved Oxygen EAWAG : Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science EJF : Environmental Justice Foundation vi Fe +3 : Iron ion GHG : Green House Gas H 2 : Hydrogen H 2 O : Water HCB : Hexachlorobenzene HCHs : Hexachorinated hydrocarbons HWTS : Household Water Treatment System IDE : International Development Enterprise IGES : Institute for Global Environmental Strategies IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency K + : Potassium ion LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas Mg +2 : Magnesium ion Na + : Sodium ion NaOCl : Sodium hypochlorite NBP : National Biogas Program NIS : National Institute for Statistic NOx : Nitrogen Oxide O 2 : Oxygen OCs : Organo-chlorines PAHO : Pan American Health Organization PCBs : Polychlorinated bi-phenyls PCE : Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment PET : Poly Ethylene Terephthalate vii POPs : Persistent Organic Pollutants POU : Point of Use RACHA : Reproductive and Child Health Allience RO : Reversed Osmosis SANDEC : Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries SO 4 -2 : Sulfate ion SODIS : Solar Disinfection SSF : Simple Sand Filter TCPMe : Tri 4-chlorophenyl methane TN : Total Nitrogen TP : Total Phosphorus TSS : Total Suspended Solid UNDP : United Nations Development Program UNEP : United Nations Environment Protection UNICEF : United Nations for Children’s Fund USAID : United States Agency for International Development UV : Ultra violate Vol : Volume WaterSHED : Water Sanitation Health Environment Development WHO : World Health Organization viii Dimensions µg/L : Microgram per litter asl : Above sea level g/m 3 : Gram per cubic meter gCH 4 /kg waste : Gram methane per kilogram waste ha : Hectare Kg/hh/yr : Kilogram per household per year Kg/p/d : Kilogram per capital per day Km 2 : Square kilometer L/d : Litter per day L/hh/d : Litter per household per day L/min : Litter per minute M : Metter mg/L : Milligram per litter mm/yr : Millimeter per year ng/g : Nanogram per gram pH : Percentage of hydrogen t TN/yr : Ton Total Nitrogen per year t TP/yr : Ton total phosphorous per year t/yr : Ton per year TCO 2 E : Ton carbon dioxide equivalent US$/ha : US Dollar per hectare US$/hh/yr : US Dollar per household per year [...]... to the bottom of the container The clear water is then decanted off the top into a second container The benefit of settling and decanting is not requiring equipment other than buckets However, settling and decanting requires two containers, and time for water to settle The difficulty is to observe the effects of decanting in storage containers In laboratory studies, the use of settling and decanting... accumulated in birds in the Tonle Sap Lake region were found (27ng/g) in 2003 The increasing use of pesticide in agriculture in the Tonle Sap Lake region is of concerns (EJF, 2002) The following, HCBs concentrations were detected in birds ranging from 3.5 -53ng/g in the region The use of HCBs in the region is considered essential to keep insects away from dried fish HCBs used as the trace elements in several... season, the depth of the lake can rise from 1m up to 10 m Meanwhile, the surface area enlarges from 2500km2 up to 15 000km2, extending the lake over the floodplain consisting of flooded forests, shrubs, and rice field (Keskinen, M, 2006) The variation of water volume in the lake is influenced by the increasing water level from the Mekong River where it causes reversed flow of the Tonle Sap River during the. .. occurred across the population 4, 109, 137 Similarity, Tep Chhakda et al., (2006) has indicated the information in the same region, approximately 44.5% of 1,584 samples has infected by diarrhea The risk factors caused of persons who directly contact with the contaminated water and eliminate pathogens into water; 68.1% no latrines at home, 35.4% recreational swimming, 8% fishing, 32.6% wearing shoes, and... that 90% of the populations is dependent on natural resources for their livelihood Overharvesting of fisheries, forestry products, and daily pollution from households are major concern, and more sustainable development and resource management is critically important in the Tonle Sap basin Sedimentations The sedimentation of the Tonle Sap Lake receives from the Mekong River The increasing sedimentation... Despite of the abundant natural resources, livelihoods in the Tonle Sap Lake region is known as the poorest part of the country due to the strong dependences on the existing resources in the area, and more than 70% of labor force employs in agriculture Rich in resources, it is engaged higher proportion of population in floodplain more than 1.2 million and more than 4.2 million in the Tonle Sap Lake region... clean water; however, it is high aspect of poor awareness to pollute water and surrounding environment from the population The most significantly, in the floating community in the floodplain of Tonle Sap Lake region is appeared strongly closed to water resources for domestic consumption and dumping site for their household waste including excreta The high pollution is alarming, with 2 increased incidents... floating villages in floodplain live in low income generation from farming and fishing; likewise, inadequate to access safe water supply, lack sanitation system, and poor understanding of environmental impacts, the Tonle Sap Lake basin is alarming to call for the sustainable management in terms of human health, socio-economic, and environmental issues Thus, the purpose of this paper is analysis of. .. and consumed within 24 hours to prevent recontamination Boiling also can improve the taste of water by aeration, stirring and increased air content in the water The disadvantages of boiling water are the use of fuel, high costs involved, and the residue from burning (e.g firewood, charcoal or LPG) The cost for boiling with firewood is approximately $0.012 for the treatment of 10L water IDE 17 (2003)... socioeconomic welfare for floating villages in Tonle Sap Lake region by analyzing of human and environmental relevant factors including socio-economic, water supply, sanitation, and domestic waste management Based on these factors, it is essential to develop a concept for the optimization of resources management The compilation of household oriented guidelines is also implanted for local community practices . UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN EAM SAM UN HOUSEHOLD ORIENTED APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT THE FLOATING VILLAGE IN TONLE SAP LAKE REGION,. flow of the Tonle Sap River during the wet season. During the dry season, the Tonle Sap Lake is reversed again and starts to empty into Mekong River. The extraordinary water regime of the Tonle Sap. in the floating community in the floodplain of Tonle Sap Lake region is appeared strongly closed to water resources for domestic consumption and dumping site for their household waste including