glossary term tổ chức thương mại thế giới

Văn bản trên vô cùng hữu ích cho những bạn làm việc trong lĩnh vực cần tiếng anh thương mại. Mọi thông tin trên đều được lấy từ nguồn chính thức của tổ chức thương mại thế giới. This glossary is designed to help understanding of some of the terms used in the WTO and in international trade. While every effort has been made to ensure that they are accurate, the definitions in this dictionary do not constitute authoritative interpretations of the legal texts of the WTO and are presented for illustrative purposes only. Nor is the glossary comprehensive. More terms are available in the WTO Terminology Database (WTOTERM).

accession Becoming a member of the WTO, signing on to its agreements. New members have to negotiate terms: — bilaterally with individual WTO members — multilaterally, (1) to convert the results of the bilateral negotiations so that they apply to all WTO members, and (2) on required legislation and institutional reforms that are need to meet WTO obligations. accounting rate In telecoms, the charge made by one country’s telephone network operator for calls originating in another country. ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Group of countries with preferential trading relations with the EU under the former Lomé Treaty now called the Cotonou Agreement. ad valorem equivalent (AVE) A tariff that is not a percentage (eg, dollars per ton) can be estimated as a percentage of the price — the ad valorem equivalent. ad valorem tariff A tariff rate charged as percentage of the price. See “specific tariff”. Agenda 2000 EC’s financial reform plans for 2000-06 aimed at strengthening the union with a view to receiving new members. Includes reform of the CAP. Agenda 21 The Agenda for the 21st Century — a declaration from the 1992 Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro. agricultural product Defined for the coverage of the WTO’s Agriculture Agreement, by the agreement’s Annex 1. This excludes, for example, fish and forestry products. It also includes various degrees of processing for different commodities. Amber Box Domestic support for agriculture that is considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction commitments. Technically calculated as “Aggregate Measurement of Support” (AMS). Andean Community Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. anti-dumping duties GATT’s Article 6 allows anti-dumping duties to be imposed on goods that are deemed to be dumped and causing injury to producers of competing products in the importing country. These duties are equal to the difference between the goods’ export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury. APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. Appellate Body An independent seven-person body that considers appeals in WTO disputes. When one or more parties to the dispute appeals, the Appellate Body reviews the findings in panel reports. Applied rates See Applied tariff. Applied tariff / Applied rates Duties that are actually charged on imports. These can be below the bound rates. Article XX (i.e. 20) A GATT article listing allowed “exceptions” to the trade rules. ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Eight ASEAN members are members of the WTO — Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. The other ASEAN members — Laos and Vietnam — are negotiating WTO membership. ATC The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrated trade in this sector back to GATT rules, expired on 1 January 2005. automaticity In disputes, the “automatic” chronological progression for settling trade disputes in regard to panel establishment, terms of reference, composition and adoption procedures. automatic import licensing when applications for import licences are approved in all cases. Balance of payments basis Trade data conforming with national income accounting methods (the value of trade in goods and services changing hands between residents and non-residents sometimes without crossing borders); the figures for goods trade are derived and adjusted from customs data (the value of goods trade crossing borders). Basel Convention A multilateral environmental agreement dealing with hazardous waste. Berne Convention Berne Convention A treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works. binding, bound see “tariff binding” BIT bilateral investment treaties Blue Box Amber Box types of support, but with constraints on production or other conditions designed to reduce the distortion. Currently not limited. border protection Any measure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry. bottom up drawing on members’ positions box In agriculture, a category of domestic support. Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore permitted with no limits. Blue box: permitted supports linked to production, but subject to production limits, and therefore minimally trade-distorting. Amber box: supports considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction commitments. Bracketed In official drafts, square brackets indicate text that has not been agreed and is still under discussion. BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or “mad cow disease”. BTA Border tax adjustment cabotage In maritime transport, sea shipping between ports of the same country, usually along coasts. Cairns Group Group of agricultural exporting nations lobbying for agricultural trade liberalization. It was formed in 1986 in Cairns, Australia just before the beginning of the Uruguay Round. Current membership: see groups in the agriculture negotiations CAP Common Agricultural Policy — The EU’s comprehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world. Caricom The Caribbean Community and Common Market, comprising 15 countries. carry forward When an exporting country uses part of the following year’s quota during the current year. carry over When an exporting country utilizes the previous year’s unutilized quota. CBD Convention on Biological Diversity circumvention Getting around commitments in the WTO such as commitments to limit agricultural export subsidies. Includes: avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product; measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties. CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. A multilateral environmental agreement. Codex Alimentarius FAO/WHO commission that deals with international standards on food safety. commercial presence Having an office, branch, or subsidiary in a foreign country. In services, “mode 3” (see “modes of delivery”). compulsory licensing For patents: when the authorities license companies or individuals other than the patent owner to use the rights of the patent — to make, use, sell or import a product under patent (i.e. a patented product or a product made by a patented process) — without the permission of the patent owner. Allowed under the WTO’s TRIPS (intellectual property) Agreement provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled. See also government use. concentric circles a system of small and large, informal and formal meetings handled by the chairperson, who is at the centre. The outer “circle” is the formal meeting of the full membership, where decisions are taken and statements are recorded in official minutes or notes. Inside, the circles represent informal meetings of the full membership or smaller groups of members, down to bilateral consultations with the chair. Members accept the process so long as they all have input and information is shared. See also “inclusive” and “transparent”. counterfeit Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into believing that he/she is buying the original goods. countervailing measures Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country. CTD The WTO Committee on Trade and Development. CRTA Committee on Regional Trade Agreements CTDSS “Special Sessions”, ie, negotiations meetings, of the WTO Committee on Trade and Development. CTE The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment. CTESS “Special Sessions”, ie, negotiations meetings, of the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment. CTG Council for Trade in Goods — oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC. CTG Council for Trade in Goods — oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC. customs union Members apply a common external tariff (e.g. the European Union). DDA Doha Development Agenda, sometimes Doha Round. Unofficial name of the Doha Work Programme on negotiations and implementation. decoupled income support Support for farmers that is not linked to (is decoupled from) prices or production. deficiency payment A type of agricultural domestic support, paid by governments to producers of certain commodities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan rate, whichever is the less. de minimis Minimal amounts of domestic support that are allowed even though they distort trade — up to 5% of the value of production for developed countries, 10% for developing. Digits, digit-level (tariffs) A reference to the codes used to identify products. Categories of products are subdivided by adding digits. See Harmonized System. distortion When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market. domestic support (Sometimes “internal support”.) In agriculture, any domestic subsidy or other measure which acts to maintain producer prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade; direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and input and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural production. DSB Dispute Settlement Body — when the WTO General Council meets to settle trade disputes. DSU Dispute Settlement Understanding, the WTO agreement that covers dispute settlement — in full, the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes. > More on DSU . accession Becoming a member of the WTO, signing on to its agreements. New members have to negotiate terms: — bilaterally with individual WTO members — multilaterally, (1) to convert the results of. “automatic” chronological progression for settling trade disputes in regard to panel establishment, terms of reference, composition and adoption procedures. automatic import licensing when applications