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The study of English speaking skill has attracted much attention in recent research of second language acquisition. In details, one of the most concerned topics is the interference of native culture on mastering rhetorical patterns of the target language. Therefore, the research focused on the influences of some Vietnamese cultural dimensions on freshmen’s study of English speaking skill at FELTE, ULIS, VNU. The crucial objective of the study was to investigate factors in Vietnamese culture which put impacts on students’ study of English speaking skill, figure out the levels of influences of those dimensions and suggest some pedagogical implications. The researcher chose first year students at FELTE as participants for the study. Thanks to their supports, survey questionnaire and class observation were applied as research instruments. It can be concluded three significant findings from the data analysis. There are four main influential categories called Subjectivity – Objectivity, Directness – Indirectness, Accuracy – Inaccuracy, Redundancy – Economicality. Of four dimensions, Redundancy – Economicality category is the most influential one revealing through freshmen’s speaking activities in class, whereas, Directness – Indirectness has the least impact. Basing on some major findings, the author points out some implications for teaching and learning English speaking skill to improve the situation. The results, discussion as well as implications are expected to partially contribute to the current research on second spoken language in Vietnam to create favorable condition for learners of English in the process of acquiring L2.
ABSTRACT The study of English speaking skill has attracted much attention in recent research of second language acquisition In details, one of the most concerned topics is the interference of native culture on mastering rhetorical patterns of the target language Therefore, the research focused on the influences of some Vietnamese cultural dimensions on freshmen’s study of English speaking skill at FELTE, ULIS, VNU The crucial objective of the study was to investigate factors in Vietnamese culture which put impacts on students’ study of English speaking skill, figure out the levels of influences of those dimensions and suggest some pedagogical implications The researcher chose first - year students at FELTE as participants for the study Thanks to their supports, survey questionnaire and class observation were applied as research instruments It can be concluded three significant findings from the data analysis There are four main influential categories called Subjectivity – Objectivity, Directness – Indirectness, Accuracy – Inaccuracy, Redundancy – Economicality Of four dimensions, Redundancy – Economicality category is the most influential one revealing through freshmen’s speaking activities in class, whereas, Directness – Indirectness has the least impact Basing on some major findings, the author points out some implications for teaching and learning English speaking skill to improve the situation The results, discussion as well as implications are expected to partially contribute to the current research on second spoken language in Vietnam to create favorable condition for learners of English in the process of acquiring L2 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i Abstract ii List of figures and tables .vii List of abbreviations viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .1 1.1 Statement of the problem and the rationale of the study .1 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 2 1.2.1 Aims of the study .2 1.2.2 Objectives of the study 2 1.3 Significance of the study .2 1.4 Scope of the study 3 1.5 Organization 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Key concepts .5 2.1 Culture………………………………………………………………………5 2.1.1 Definition of culture………………………………………………………5 2.1.2 Language and culture…………………………………………………… 6 2.1.2.1 Language and culture in general……………………………………….6 ii 2.1.2.2 Language and culture in language acquisitions………………………… 8 2.2 Communication 9 2.2.1 Definition of communication…………………………… .9 2.2.2 Functions of communication……………………………………………… 9 2.2.3 Types of communication…………………………………………………….9 2.2.3.1 Verbal communication……………………………………………………11 2.2.3.2 Non – verbal communication…………………………………………… 11 2.2.4 Cross – cultural communication……………………………………………12 2.3 Some key categorical dimensions in cross – cultural communication…… 12 2.3.1 Subjectivity – Objectivity………………………………………………… 13 2.3.1.1 The use of prepositions………………………………………………… 14 2.3.1.1.1 Prepositions of movement with directional verbs…………………… 14 2.3.1.1.2 Locative prepositions………………………………………………… 15 2.3.1.2 The use of passive voice………………………………………………….16 2.3.2 Directness – Indirectness……………………………………………………17 2.3.3 Accuracy – Inaccuracy…………………………………………………… 19 2.3.3.1 The use of tenses………………………………………………………… 19 2.3.3.2 The use of genitive indicators……………………………………………20 2.3.4 Redundancy – Economicality…………………………………………… 21 iii 2.3.4.1 Redundancy………………………………………………………………21 2.3.4.2 Economicality………………………………………………………….…23 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .25 3.1 Participants .25 3.2 Data collection instruments 25 3.2.1 Survey questionnaire………………………………………………………25 3.2.2 Class observation………………………………………………………….25 3.3 Data collection procedure………………………………………………… 26 3.4 Data analysis procedure ……………………………………………………29 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .31 4.1 Findings .31 4.1.1 Research question 1 31 4.1.2 Research question 2 42 CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………47 5.1 Second culture acquisition in L2 teaching and learning 47 5.1.1 Second culture acquisition in L2 teaching and learning in general…… 47 5.1.2 Second culture acquisition in second language in speaking learning…….49 process in particular 5.2 Teacher’s role in teaching the target language culture to students………….49 iv 5.3 The teaching of English language speaking in classrooms .50 5.3.1 Reminding students of the differences between L1 and L2 51 5.3.2 Integrating all language skills .51 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 53 6.1 Summary of findings 53 6.2 Limitations of the study 53 6.3 Suggestions for further studies 54 REFERENCES APPENDICES v LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Nguyen Quang’s diagram of components of communication (Nguyen Quang, 2001:9) Figure 2: The analysis of the “ego” position by the Anglicist Figure 3: The analysis of Vietnamese thought of the “ego” position Figure 4: Cultural thought patterns by Kaplan Figure 5: The order of information in Vietnamese and in English Figure 6: The interference of Vietnamese culture on English spoken language in terms of genitive indicators Figure 7: Four main Vietnamese cultural categories influence on freshmen’s study of English speaking skill Figure 8: The influence ratio of habitual and insufficient redundancy in Redundancy category Figure 9: The influence level of the use of prepositions and the use passive voice in Objectivity – Subjectivity category Figure 10: The influence ratio of the use of tenses and the use of genitive indicator in Accuracy - Inaccuracy category Table 1: The list of the possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns in English Table 2: Overview of the influence of subtype categories on freshmen’s study of English speaking skill vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 ULIS: University of Languages and International Studies 2 VNU: Vietnam National University 3 L1: The mother tongue/ first language 4 L2: The second language vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 1 Statement of the problem and rationale of the study To any nation all over the world, culture and language have always been inextricably linked According to Nguyen (2009), language is the product of the culture and is considered “the window to culture” Language is arguably the most important component of culture because much of the rest of it is normally transmitted orally It is impossible to understand the subtle nuances and deep meanings of another culture without knowing its language well On one hand, culture seems so inclusive, it permeates almost every aspect of human life including languages On the other hand, when human need to share a culture, they communicate through language Together with approaching the foreign or second language, learners also steadily adapt to its cultural environment Needless to say, cultural factors have put great impact on not only the mother tongue but also foreign languages of people belonging to that culture The interference of native culture has been seen plainly on both spoken and written form of the second language Moreover, the situation in written discourse shares no similarity with the one in speaking It seems quite hard to train learners the way of thinking and speaking like native speakers Nevertheless, it does not mean that learners can speak in any way they like without paying attention to standards in English speaking In fact, those who studying foreign language should be aware of some Vietnamese influential factors which have influence on learning English and try to avoid negative cultural influences The above analysis of the close relationship between the native culture and spoken second language has highly encouraged the researcher to conduct the field work To some extent, the interference of Vietnamese culture has still extended their influences on freshmen’s study of English speaking skill In other words, those dimensions may limit student’s ability to acquire the second language comprehensively As a result, the researcher made a decision to work on this study 1 in the hope of gaining insights into some Vietnamese negative cultural factors which have effects on freshmen’s study of English speaking skill 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.2.1 Aims of the study It should be noted that the study was conducted with three main aims In the first place, the analysis of freshmen’s English speaking skill is carried out under the expectation of finding some Vietnamese cultural dimensions which have interferences on their speaking skill In chapter Literature review, the researcher will present some potential Vietnamese cultural factors, and the predication will be looked into in the process of data analysis In the second place, the results of the study can be used to investigate the level of influence among those potential cultural factors The finding is extremely important because it can help teachers as well as students recognize what dimensions should be pay much attention to In the third place, from the two results above, some pedagogical implications will be suggested to better students’ English speaking skill 1.2.2 Objectives of the study Objectives could be summarized into two questions as follows: 1 What are Vietnamese cultural factors which have negative influences on speaking English as perceived through some types of freshmen speaking presentation? 2 What are the ratios of influence of those Vietnamese cultural factors 1.3 Significance of the study Once having been completed, this study would give decent benefits As for first – year students, identifying which influential factors in Vietnamese culture is an effective way to enhance their English speaking skill It is clear that not all Vietnamese cultural dimensions can prevent freshmen from speaking English Avoiding making mistakes and errors relating to cultural thought patterns is even more difficult However, the researcher expects that students can make use of some suggested implications to practice their English speaking and improve it 2 As for teachers, they stand a golden chance to reevaluate the function of Vietnamese cultural dimensions in spoken English The researcher does hope that they can take advantage of some implications in order to enhance student’s speaking competence in English 1.4 Scope of the study The study focuses on recognizing some Vietnamese cultural dimensions on freshmen's study of English speaking skill at Faculty of English Language Teacher Education at ULIS Four potential factors named Subjectivity – Objectivity, Directness – Indirectness, Accuracy – Inaccuracy, Redundancy – Economicality will be carefully explained in this study In terms of research instrument, the scope of investigation is restricted to first – year students’ speaking activity in class The researcher does not choose one particular kind of speaking activity due to the fact that some categories mentioned in the following Literature Review may extend their influences to all speaking activities that they had learned Therefore, the author decides to cover all class speaking activities of first-year students 1.5 Organization The rest of paper includes five chapters as follows: Chapter 2 (Literature review) provides the background of the study, including definition of key concepts which are the notion of culture, cross-cultural communication in general as well as the relationship between culture and language, the interferences of native culture to L2 speaking Finally, an over view of some potential influences of Vietnamese cultural dimensions on English speaking skill will be investigated Chapter 3 (Methodology) describes the participants and instruments of the study, as well as the procedure employed to carry out the research 3 The thing I like about the Nokia is these modern designs And things I dislike are updating a control system Topic 3: Describe an impressive building • What the building is? • What is it used for? • What does it look like? • Whether you like it or not? Why? Topic 4: Describe the public statue: monument or fountain • Where is it? • What does it look like? • What does it symbolize? • How do you feel about it? S1: I will choose topic two: describe the public statue I will talk about Statue of Liberty As you know it is located in America The very big statue designed by a French designer It is a gift that French give to American The statue is a woman who points hand straight to the sky She holds a torch and a slate containing the date of US Independence The statue is symbol for freedom I am very impressive by the size of the statue And the woman looks very healthy, very generous and sometimes she looks very powerful That’s all S2: 65 I choose topic three Hello everyone, today I will talk about an impressive building It is Ho Chi Minh mausoleum It is located in Hanoi capital It looks very old and it is constructed many years ago Moreover, it is used for remain the body of Ho Chi Minh after he died For our country, it has a great meaning because Ho Chi Minh is a popular person and is the person who has sacrificed to our country Of course I love this monument very very much I have chance to visit it and it left a great impression on me I want to come back Ho Chi Minh mausoleum in a near day.That’s all S3: Today I would like to talk about the Taj Mahal in India It is blissful for me to have chance to visit this marvelous building At first I was overwhelmed by its architecture It is eight sighted buildings standing on a marble at all The Taj Mahal made of white marble and laid with twelve iron precious stone The Yamuna river runs beside the North wall of the Taj Mahal and the smaller one runs to the beautiful garden inside It takes twenty two years to complete the construction and now it becomes one of the most wonder of the world The Taj Mahal is famous not only for its great beauty but also by a sad moving love story It was the King Shah Jahan who built the Taj Mahal to make a beautiful scene for his late wife After that he also plans to build an identical one of black marble for himself But his son imprisoned him and for the rest of his life he could only look at the tomber of his late wife across the river S4: I choose topic three Today I will introduce to you about IPH building IPH building is next to HITC building To me, it is a big center shopping with a great deal of luxury shops, fast food stores and clubs It has ten floors which are big and beautiful Especially, inside this building, there have many beautiful flowers I like IPH building because it has a lot of trees outside the yard They make me very very 66 relaxing Moreover, it has strange architecture and perfect organization And what I like most is the fast food store because it serves many delicious food That’s all Group 12E8: 3 boys and 25 girls Time: 2 periods from 8.50 a.m to 10.40 a.m, March 18th, 2013 Place: Room 301A2 Speaking lesson content: Debate presentation Topic: Skyscrapers are not beneficial to cities Team A: Against, Team B: For Team A: It is real to us that building skyscrapers are really expensive Team B: That sounds interesting However, to some extends, I don’t agree with you at all because today skyscrapers are multifunctional So actually, they can benefit from their different functions rather than lose profits In my opinion, I think skyscrapers is beneficial to cities because building them is a way to save lands Because nowadays, there are more and more people but the sieze of land is limited Therefore, living in skyscrapers can solve this housing problem Team A: In my opinion, it will take a lot of time to move up and down when living in skycrapers, especially For example, one man lives on the nineth floor of the skyscraper, and every day, it takes a lot of time for him to go to from nineth floor to first floor to go to company Team B: Travelling up and down in skyscraper can be made easier thanks to lifts and elevators Team A: If we live in skyscraper, we don’t need much time to travel from one place to another It means we can save more and more time for moving rather than living 67 in different places So our country can reduce the pollution Therefore, people think that living in skyscraper can be safe and friendly with environment Team B: Actually I don’t agree with their opinions In my opinion, I think that skyscraper is the kind of densely populated And they also build in urban area rather than in rural area So I don’t think it’s easier to move from the skyscraper area to others places in the city Team A: Our group’s third reason is that when we live in skyscraper, we will face up with natural disaster together such as earthquake or tidal wave At that time, we will find it hard to escape and it will results in more death, rather than living in lowrise building I think when living in skyscraper, we cost a lot of money and energy for air conditioning, elevator system, etc Team B: From my perspective, skyscraper will make the city more and more beautiful and modern because most high-rise buildings designed with modern technique and skillful architecture And we think that in the future, those buildings will be attractive destinations for visitors Team A: But while skyscraper makes the city look modern, at the same time, they make the city lose diversity, especially the city will lose the ancient beauties such as Pho Co in Ha Noi or Pho Co Hoi An in Da Nang city Moreover, in my view, people living in skyscraper will face up with security problems The thief or robber can enter the apartment but sometimes the administration system cannot recognized them Team B: I understand your points, but according to some researches, low-rise buildings or conventional houses are likely to be broken by robberies than high-rise building Because the administration system in skyscrapers are very modern 68 Team A: However, if you live in skyscrapers, you will put up with breathing problems because there aren’t enough oxygen there Group 12E9: 1 boys and 23 girls Time: 2 periods from 8.50 a.m to 10.40 a.m, March 19th, 2013 Place: Room 401A2 Speaking lesson content: Mini presentation Topic: One architectural problem in Hanoi and solutions Hello teacher, hello class, my name is Linh, I’m from group 4 There are four members in our groups They are: Loan, Mai, Trang and me Our presentation includes 3 parts The first one is Hanoi – 36 streets in the past, the second one is the change of Hanoi – 36 streets at present and the last one is solutions Now I will invite Miss Loan She will introduce to you the first part Hello everybody, my name is Loan Now, I will introduce to you about Hanoi – 36 streets in the past I will show you the video about this stage As you can see, in the past, Hanoi has an old quarter of 36 street such as Hang Muoi (salt) Street selling salt, Hang Manh (curtain) Street selling bamboo curtains, Hang Bac (silver) Street selling silver jewellery, etc Some streets named after a legend or special ana, such as Hang Chao (rice porridge) Street which was the place selling rice porridge to candidates who came to the capital to attend “Thi Hoi” and “Thi Dinh” Ok, I have finished my presentation And now, my partner will show you another part of our presentation Thank you 69 Hello everyone, my name is Trang Now I will talk to you about the change of Hanoi – 36 streets at present Despite many repairs, Old streets have remained its traditional architecture However, Hanoi changes daily and the old quarter with “Hang” streets also affected by the process of development Hotels, restaurants, coffee shops, etc., have exited on these streets Therefore, Old quarter only has a very very few streets with the traditional trades such as Hang Bac, Hang Ma, Hang Manh, Hang Chieu, Hang Dong Therefore, we can see that Old quarter seems to become more commercial Especially, Old quarter is face up with problem Most houses are in an urgent condition of infrastructure Some houses can’t repair If we destroy all houses and build them again, Hanoi capital will lose ancient beauty The change in the architecture of the Old Quarter will cause the change in the culture of the city So I have ended my presentation And now another member will show you the last part Hi, my name is Mai Now, our group will give some solutions to solve this problem Firstly, in order to protect the Old quarter, government needs to pass the law And they need to upgrade, repair and preserver the old architecture without losing the traditional and ancient beauty of Hanoi 36 streets They should not destroy the old building to build modern architecture while the old buildings are still worth about architecture and aesthetic Secondly, we need to raise people’s awareness of protecting ancient buildings and introducing old constructions to people around the world When I get children and offsrpings, I will tell them that we should protect Ha Noi Old Quarter to reserve Vietnamese culture That is the end of our presentation Thank you for listening Group 12E7: 26 students with 20 girls and 4 boys Time: 2 periods from 9.50 a.m to 11.35 a.m, March 19th, 2013 Place: Room 301A2 Lesson content: Communities 70 1 Discuss in pair: Your neighbor plays music very loudly at night, you ask him/her to change, however, he/she does not change any more What do you do? Pair 1: A: If my neighbor plays music very loudly at night, I will ignore him or play music louder What about you? B: Oh, at that time, I think I will use Euro window In my opinion, I think when I use Euro window, I can reduce the noise from the neighbor A: You are so rich, right? Another way I think that we can reduce the noise is cutting the electricity Do you have another way? B: No, that’s all Pair 2: A: In case my neighbor plays music very loudly at night, I will ask them to play my favorite songs B: That sounds great! But I think that they will not play the music I like every day Therefore, I think I will call the police A: But I think that the police don’t have enough time to solve our problem So I think I will ask the authority for help B: Yes, I agree with you And I think that if they still play music loudly, I will move to my friend’s house 2 Discuss in groups: Topic 1: Describe your good/bad neighbor Group 2: 71 Hello class, now I will tell you about my good neighbor Her name is Trang She is a student at UEB She is a kind and cheerful girl She often helps me with my home assignments When I am away from home, she often pays the electricity or internet bills for me Especially, last week, I am sick and I cannot go to school She helps me buy the medicine and cooks for me until I feel Ok again She is very humorous She has a lot of funny stories When I am tired, I will see her and listen to her funny stories At that time, I feel very relaxing I love her so so much Group 4: Hi everyone, now I will tell you about my very very bad neighbor His name is Tuan He studies at the same college with us Every day, he plays music so loudly that I cannot concentrate on my studying I have told him many many times but he does not change Moreover, he often borrows my stuff such as clothes, wrist watch, etc without paying it I feel so annoying with him I think that I will move to another house to avoid seeing him Topic 2: What are the advantages and disadvantages of online communities? Group 1: Hello everybody, I will present to you about the advantage of online community Firstly, online community helps us keep in touch with our friends For example, I can chat with my friends in UK and my friends in US at the same time Moreover, online community is a source of information, too We can keep update with the latest news around the world And we can also buy something without going out to buy it Every day, after school, in the evening, we can reduce stress by listening to music or watching films on the internet That’s the end of my presentation Group 2: Hi class, now I will tell to you about the disadvantages of online community Many people think that online community has a lot of advantages But in our 72 opinion, we think that online community is not real There are many many fake information If we believe in that information, we will cheat Furthermore, it will take us a lot of time and money when using online community Our health effects, too Especially, we will face up with leaking personal information Many people say that if we use the internet too much, we will lack of social skill I have finished my presentation 1 As I know it had the first in top global brand in the world for many years: the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category) 2 On my birthday on my sixteen, in the evening, my sister takes me to KFC: using indirectness in expression (Directness - Indirectness), the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category) 3 I have the chance to enjoy a special meal such as chicken and soup: the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category) 4 For example, I can admire beautiful view of the city out of the window: locative preposition (Subjectivity - Objectivity) 5 He has made great contribution to Viet Nam revolution in 1945: the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category) 6 He devotes his life to Viet Nam independence: the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category) 7 Even though when he dies, he want to, uhm uhm, he has dreamed to the independence of our country: the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category) 8 Many people often say that Nokia is famous for mobile phone and technology products: the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 73 9 Many people in Vietnam use these products for many years: the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category) 10 The very big statue designed by a French designer: the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 11 It is a gift that French give to American: the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category) 12 The statue is a woman who points hand straight to the sky: the use of genetive indicator (Accuracy - Inaccuracy) 13 It looks very old and it is constructed many years ago: the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category), the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 14 Of course I love this monument very very much: insufficient redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 15 I want to come back Ho Chi Minh mausoleum in a near day: locative preposition (Subjectivity - Objectivity) 16 The Taj Mahal made of white marble and laid with twelve iron precious stone: the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 17 It takes twenty two years to complete the construction and now it becomes one of the most wonder of the world: the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category) 18 After that he also plans to build an identical one of black marble for himself: the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category) 19 IPH building is next to HITC building: habitual redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 74 20 I like IPH building because it has many many trees outside the yard: insufficient redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category), locative preposition (Subjectivity - Objectivity) 21 They make me very very relaxing: insufficient redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 22 In my opinion, I think skyscrapers is beneficial to cities because building them is a way to save lands: habitual redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 23 Every day, it takes a lot of time for him to go to from nineth floor to first floor to go to company: habitual redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category), the use of genetive indicator (Accuracy - Inaccuracy) 24 It means we can save more and more time for moving rather than living in different places: insufficient redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 25 Therefore, people think that living in skyscraper can be safe and friendly with environment: the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 26 In my opinion, I think that skyscraper is the kind of densely populated: habitual redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 27 And they also build in urban area rather than in rural area: habitual redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 28 From my perspective, skyscraper will make the city more and more beautiful and modern because most high-rise buildings designed with modern technique and skillful architecture: insufficient redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category), the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 29 But while skyscraper makes the city look modern, at the same time, they make the city lose diversity: using indirectness in expression (Directness - Indirectness) 75 30 As you can see, in the past, Hanoi has an old quarter of 36 street such as Hang Muoi (salt) Street selling salt, Hang Manh (curtain) Street selling bamboo curtains, Hang Bac (silver) Street selling silver jewellery, etc: the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category), habitual redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 31 Some streets named after a legend or special ana: the use of tense (Accuracy – Inaccuracy category) 32 However, Hanoi changes daily and the old quarter with “Hang” streets also affected by the process of development: the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 33 Therefore, Old quarter only has a very very few streets with the traditional trades such as Hang Bac, Hang Ma, Hang Manh, Hang Chieu, Hang Dong 34 Now, our group will give some solutions to solve this problem: insufficient redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 35 They should not destroy the old building to build modern architecture while the old buildings are still worth about architecture and aesthetic: insufficient redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 36 In my opinion, I think when I use Euro window, I can reduce the noise from the neighbor: habitual redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 37 Especially, last week, I am sick and I cannot go to school She helps me buy the medicine and cooks for me until I feel Ok again: the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 38 I love her so so much: insufficient redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 76 39 Hi everyone, now I will tell you about my very very bad neighbor: insufficient redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 40 I have told him many many times but he does not change: insufficient redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 41 For example, I can chat with my friends in UK and my friends in US at the same time: habitual redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 42 Every day, after school, in the evening, we can reduce stress by listening to music or watching films on the internet: using indirectness in expression (Directness - Indirectness) 43 Many people think that online community has a lot of advantages: the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 44 But in our opinion, we think that online community is not real: habitual redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 45 There are many many fake information: insufficient redundancy (Redundancy – Economicality category) 46 If we believe in that information, we will cheat: the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 47 Our health effects, too: the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 48 Many people say that if we use the internet too much, we will lack of social skill: the use of passive voice (Subjectivity – Objectivity category) 77 78 ... (requesting someone to stop smoking), students often said “Cậu cậu, cậu cho tớ đường đến trường Đại học Ngoại Ngữ, ĐHQGHN không? Cảm ơn cậu nhiều” or “Tớ biết 39 cậu khơng thích, cậu dừng hút thuốc... very natural, non-redundant “Sự thay đổi kiến trúc phố Cổ gây thay đổi nét văn hóa thành phố” or “Tòa nhà IPH nằm cạnh tòa nhà HITC” In fact, the Vietnamese language had no pronoun to replace the... writer “Đây lần đến (arrive)/ (go to)/ xuống (go down)/ lên (go up) Hà Nội? ?? Actually, in Vietnamese, there is no preposition which is similar to preposition “to” in English The verb ? ?đến? ?? (reach,