double figures 100 drain ice cream. í plural noun doubles ten- nis game for two people on either side í verb to multiply something by two ć Think of a number and then double it. double figures double figures /db(ə)l fəz/ plural noun the numbers with two figures, from 10 to 99 doubt doubt /daυt/ noun 1. not being sure ć Everyone sometimes has doubts about what they really want to do. ˽ to cast doubt on something to make people feel less sure about something ć He cast doubt on the whole proposal. 2. ˽ no doubt certainly ć No doubt they will be asking for more money soon. ˽ in doubt not yet known or definite, or not yet sure ć The result of the game was in doubt until the last minute. ć I’m in doubt about whether I should take the job or not. í verb not to be sure of something ć I doubt whether he will want to go to the funeral. ć I doubt her honesty. ć Did you ever doubt that we would win? doubtful doubtful /daυtf(ə)l/ adjective not sure that something is right or good, or not likely ć I am doubtful about whether we should go. ć It is doubtful whether the race will take place because of the snow. down down /daυn/ preposition 1. towards the bottom of ć He fell down the stairs and broke his leg. ć The ball ran down the hill. 2. away from where the person speaking is standing ć He went down the road to the shop. ć The police sta- tion is just down the street. í adverb 1. towards the bottom, towards a lower po- sition ć Put the box down in the corner. ć I looked in the cellar, but there’s no one down there. 2. in writing ć Did you note down the number of the car? ć The policeman took down her address. 3. used for showing criticism ć Down with the government! ć Down with exams! (NOTE: Down is often used with verbs, e.g. to go down, to fall down, to sit down, to lie down.) downhill downhill /daυn hl/ adverb towards the bottom of a hill ć The road goes down- hill for a while and then crosses the riv- er. downstairs downstairs /daυn steəz/ adverb on or to the lower part of a building ć He heard a noise in the kitchen and went downstairs to see what it was. ć I left my cup of coffee downstairs. í adjective on the ground floor of a building ć The house has a downstairs bedroom. ć You can use the downstairs loo. í noun the ground floor of a building ć The down- stairs has three rooms. ć The down- stairs of the house is larger than the up- stairs. Compare upstairs downwards downwards /daυnwədz/ adverb to- wards the bottom doze doze /dəυz/ verb to sleep a little ć She dozed for a while after lunch. í noun a short sleep dozen dozen /dz(ə)n/ noun 1. ć I need a doz- en eggs for this recipe. ć We ordered two dozen (= 24) chairs. ˽ a dozen twelve ˽ half a dozen six ć half a dozen apples 2. ˽ dozens of a lot of ć Dozens of people visited the exhibition. ć I’ve been to New York dozens of times. Dr Dr abbr doctor draft draft /drɑft/ noun a rough plan of a doc- ument ć He quickly wrote out a draft of the agreement. ć It’s not the final ver- sion, it’s just a draft. í verb to draw up a rough plan of something draft in phrasal verb to ask someone to do something ć The Boy Scouts were drafted in to dig the garden. drag drag /dr/ verb to pull something heavy along the ground ć She dragged her suitcase across the floor. ć The police dragged the men away from the gate. (NOTE: drags – dragging – dragged) í noun a boring thing, which stops you doing things you really want to do ć It’s a drag, having to write all the Christmas cards. drag on phrasal verb ( of time or an event ) to seem to pass slowly ć The dinner party seemed to drag on for hours. drain drain /dren/ noun a pipe for carrying waste water away ć In the autumn the drains get blocked by leaves. ć We had to phone the council to come and clear the blocked drain. í verb to remove a liquid from something ć Boil the pota- toes for ten minutes, drain and leave to cool. Basic.fm Page 100 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com drama 101 dress drama drama /drɑmə/ noun 1. a serious per- formance in a theatre ć a new TV drama series about life in Glasgow ć The ‘Globe’ has put on an unknown Eliza- bethan drama. ć I’m reading a book on 19th-century French drama. ć She’s a drama student or She’s studying drama. 2. a series of serious and exciting events ć a day of high drama in the court ć the drama of the rescue by helicopter ć He always makes a drama out of every- thing. dramatic dramatic /drə mtk/ adjective sudden, unexpected and very noticeable ć the dramatic moment in the film, when the dinosaurs start to attack them ć The door was thrown open and she made a dramatic entrance. ć The TV news showed dramatic pictures of the disas- ter. drank drank /drŋk/ past tense of drink draught draught /drɑft/ noun a flow of cool air into a room ć Don’t sit in a draught. draw draw /drɔ/ noun 1. a game or competi- tion which ends with both teams having the same number of points ć The match was a draw: 2–2. 2. a competition in which the winner is chosen by a person who takes a ticket out of a container with a name on it ć The draw is held on Saturdays. ć We are holding a draw to raise money for the local hospital. í verb 1. to make a picture with a pen or pencil ć He drew a picture of the house. ć She’s drawing a pot of flowers. 2. not to have a winner in a game ć The teams drew 2 – 2. 3. to pull curtains open or closed ć She drew the curtains and let in the sun. ć Can you draw the curtains – I don’t want anyone to see us in here. (NOTE: draws – drawing – drew /dru/ – has drawn / drɔn/) draw up phrasal verb 1. ( of a vehicle ) to come close and stop ć As I was stand- ing at the bus stop, a car drew up and the driver asked if I wanted a lift. 2. to write down something, e.g. a plan ć They have drawn up a plan to save mon- ey. ć Have you drawn up a list of people you want to invite to the party? drawer drawer /drɔə/ noun a part of a desk or cupboard like an open box which slides in and out when you pull its handle ć I keep my cheque book in the top drawer of my desk. drawing drawing /drɔŋ/ noun 1. a picture that has been drawn ć I’ve bought an old drawing of the church. 2. the activity or skill of making pictures with a pencil or pen ć He studied drawing in Rome. drawn drawn /drɔn/ adjective tired and ill ć She looked drawn after spending all night with her sick baby. í past partici- ple of draw dread dread /dred/ noun great fear ć The sound of her voice filled him with dread. ć She has a dread of meeting him in the street. ˽ in dread of being very afraid of ć They lived in constant dread of being arrested. í verb to fear something very much ć I’m dreading taking my driving test. ć She dreads her weekly visit to the doctor. dreadful dreadful /dredf(ə)l/ adjective very bad or unpleasant ć What a dreadful film! dreadfully dreadfully /dredf(ə)li/ adverb ex- tremely¸ in a way that is not good or pleasant dream dream /drim/ noun a story or series of events that you think about while you are sleeping ć She had a dream about big pink elephants. í verb to experience a story or series of events while you are sleeping ć He was dreaming of white sand and a blue tropical sea. ć I dreamt about you last night. ć Last night I dreamt I was drowning. (NOTE: dreams – dreaming – dreamed or dreamt / dremt/) í adjective referring to some- thing that is the best you could have ć They found their dream house in a small town by the sea. ć Select your dream team for the World Cup. dress dress /dres/ noun a piece of clothing usually worn by women or girls, cover- ing the body and part or all of the legs ć She was wearing a blue dress. (NOTE: The plural is dresses.) í verb 1. to put clothes on someone ć She dressed her little girl all in blue. 2. to get dressed to put clothes on yourself ć He got up, got dressed and left the house. 3. to clean an injury and cover it with a band- age ć The nurse will dress the cut on your knee. Basic.fm Page 101 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com dressed 102 driver dressed dressed /drest/ adjective wearing clothes ć I can’t come down to see the visitors – I’m not dressed yet. í dressed in wearing a particular colour or type of clothing ć She was dressed all in black. ć He was dressed in a tee- shirt and shorts. dressing dressing /dresŋ/ noun 1. a sauce for salad 2. a cover for an injury ć The dressings need to be changed every hour. drew drew /dru/ past tense of draw dribble dribble /drb(ə)l/ verb 1. to let liquid flow slowly out of an opening, especial- ly out of your mouth ć The baby drib- bled over her dress. 2. ( of a liquid ) to flow slowly out of an opening ć Ketch- up dribbled onto the tablecloth. 3. to kick a football along as you are running, or to move a ball along with one hand as you are running dried, drier, dries, driest dried, drier, dries, driest /drad, draə, draz, draəst / dry drill drill /drl/ noun 1. a tool for making holes in a hard substance such as wood or metal ć He used an electric drill to make the holes in the wall. 2. the action of practising marching, especially in the armed forces ć New recruits spend hours practising their drill. í verb 1. to use a drill to make a hole in something ć Check how solid the wall is before you drill a hole in it. ć He drilled two holes for the screws. 2. to do military practice ć The soldiers were drilling on the pa- rade ground. 3. to teach someone some- thing by making them do or say it many times drink drink /drŋk/ noun 1. an amount of liquid such as water, juice, tea or coffee which you swallow ć If you’re thirsty, have a drink of water. ć She always has a hot drink before she goes to bed. 2. an alco- holic drink ć Would you like a drink? ć Come and have a drink. ć I’ll order some drinks from the bar. í verb to swallow liquid ć He drank two glasses of water. ć What would you like to drink? ć Do you want something to drink with your meal? (NOTE: drinks – drinking – drank / drŋk/ – has drunk / drŋk/) drink up phrasal verb to drink all of a liquid ć The baby drank all her milk up. ć Come on, drink up – we’re leaving now. drip drip /drp/ noun a small drop of water ć There’s a hole in the tent – a drip just fell on my nose. í verb 1. ( of a liquid ) to fall in small drops ć Water was slowly dripping from the ceiling. 2. ( of e.g. a tap ) to produce small drops ć I must fix that tap – it’s dripping. (NOTE: drips – dripping – dripped) drive drive /drav/ noun 1. a journey, especial- ly in a car ć Let’s go for a drive into the country. ć The baby gets sick on long drives. ć It’s a four-hour drive to the coast. 2. a part of a computer which makes a disk work ć The disk is stuck in the drive. í verb to make a motor vehi- cle travel in a certain direction ć I never learnt to drive. ć He was driving a lorry when the accident happened. ć She was driving to work when she heard the news on the car radio. (NOTE: drives – driving – drove / drəυv/ – has driven / drv(ə)n/) ȣ to drive someone cra- zy or mad to have an effect on someone so that they become very annoyed ( informal ) ć The noise is driving me mad. ć All this work is driving her cra- zy. drive away phrasal verb 1. to ride away in a motor vehicle ć The bank robbers leapt into a car and drove away at top speed. 2. to take someone away in a motor vehicle ć The children were driven away in a police car. drive back phrasal verb to go back or to come back in a motor vehicle ć We were driving back to London after a day out. drive off phrasal verb 1. to move away in a motor vehicle ć The bank robbers leapt into a car and drove off at top speed. 2. to force someone or something to go away ć They drove off the attack- ers with shotguns. driver driver /dravə/ noun a person who drives a vehicle such as a car or train ć He’s got a job as a bus driver. ć The drivers of both cars were injured in the accident. Basic.fm Page 102 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com driving 103 duck driving driving /dravŋ/ adjective ( of rain or snow ) blown horizontally by the wind ć They were forced to turn back because of the driving rain. í noun the action of driving a motor vehicle ć Driving in the centre of London can be very frustrat- ing. ć She’s taking driving lessons. driving licence driving licence /dravŋ las(ə)ns/ noun a permit which allows someone to drive a vehicle on public roads drizzle drizzle /drz(ə)l/ noun light rain ć A thin drizzle was falling so we took our umbrellas. í verb to rain a little ć It’s drizzling outside, so you need a rain- coat. drop drop /drɒp/ noun a small amount of liq- uid which falls ć Drops of rain ran down the windows. í verb 1. to fall or let something fall ć He dropped the glass and it broke. ć The plate dropped onto the floor. 2. to decrease ć Prices are dropping. ć Take a warm pullover, because at night the temperature can drop quite sharply. 3. to let someone get off a bus or car at a place ć I’ll drop you at your house. ć The bus dropped her at the school. (NOTE: drops – dropping – dropped) drop in phrasal verb to call on some- one, to visit someone drop off phrasal verb 1. to fall asleep ć She dropped off in front of the TV. ć It took me ages to drop off. 2. to let some- one get off a bus or car at a place ć Where would you like me to drop you off? drought drought /draυt/ noun a long period when there is no rain and when the land is dry drove drove /drəυv/ past tense of drive drown drown /draυn/ verb to die by being una- ble to breathe in water ć He drowned in a shallow pool. drudgery drudgery /drdəri/ noun hard boring work ć Most of the work in the office is sheer drudgery. drug drug /dr/ noun 1. a medicine ć They have found a new drug for people with arthritis. 2. an illegal substance which affects people physically or mentally when they take it ć The customs are looking for such things as drugs or alco- hol. í verb to give a person or animal a drug, or put a drug in their food or drink, to make them unconscious ć They drugged him and took him away in a car. ć The dog’s food had been drugged with something to make him sleep. (NOTE: drugs – drugging – drugged) drum drum /drm/ noun 1. a large round mu- sical instrument which you hit with a stick ć He plays the drums in the band. 2. a large barrel or container shaped like a cylinder ć oil drums í verb 1. to play on a drum 2. to hit something frequently ć He drummed his fingers on the table. (NOTE: drums – drumming – drummed) drum into phrasal verb ˽ to drum something into someone to make someone learn something ć My grand- father drummed it into me that I had to be polite to customers. drunk drunk /drŋk/ adjective excited or ill from drinking too much alcohol ć Do you think she was drunk? ć It doesn’t take much for me to get drunk. í noun a person who is drunk í past participle of drink dry dry /dra/ adjective 1. not wet ć Don’t touch the door – the paint isn’t dry yet. ć The soil is dry because it hasn’t rained for weeks. 2. ( of wine ) not sweet ć A dry white wine is served with fish. (NOTE: drier – driest) í verb 1. to be- come dry ć The clothes are drying in the sun. ć Leave the dishes beside the sink to dry. 2. to wipe something until it is dry ć If I wash up, can you dry or dry the dishes for me? ć He dried himself with a towel. (NOTE: dries – drying – dried) dubious dubious /djubiəs/ adjective thinking that something might not be true or good ć Everyone else seems to believe her story, but personally I’m dubious about it. ć I’m dubious about getting in- volved. duck duck /dk/ noun 1. a common water bird ć Let’s go and feed the ducks in the park. (NOTE: The male is a drake, the female a duck and the young are ducklings.) 2. the meat of this bird ć We’re having roast duck for dinner. í verb to lower your head quickly to avoid Basic.fm Page 103 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com due 104 dying hitting something ć He ducked as he went through the low doorway. due due /dju/ adjective 1. expected ć When is the baby due? ć We are due to leave London Airport at 5 o’clock. ć The plane is due to arrive at 10.30 or is due at 10.30. ˽ due for likely to happen ć We’re due for a thunderstorm after all this hot weather. 2. owed ć This pay- ment is due now. í adverb straight ć The plane flew due west. í noun what is deserved ˽ to give someone their due to be fair to someone ć To give him his due, he works very hard. ȣ in due course later due to due to /dju tu/ preposition because of ć The trains are late due to fog. dug dug /d/ past tense and past participle of dig dull dull /dl/ adjective 1. not exciting or in- teresting ć The story is rather dull. ć What’s so interesting about old church- es? – I find them dull. 2. ( of weather ) grey and cloudy ć a dull rainy day 3. ( of colours ) not bright ć They painted the sitting room a dull green. dumb dumb /dm/ adjective unable to speak (NOTE: Some people avoid this term because it causes offence and prefer to say speech impaired.) dummy dummy /dmi/ noun a plastic object, given to a baby to suck in order to stop it from crying ć The baby sat sucking a dummy. (NOTE: The plural is dum- mies.) dump dump /dmp/ noun a large area where rubbish is taken ć Take your rubbish to the municipal dump. í verb 1. to put something heavy on the ground, espe- cially in a careless way ć She just dumped her suitcases in the hall. 2. to throw something away, to get rid of something ć Someone has dumped an old pram in the car park. duplicate duplicate 1 /djuplkət/ adjective made as a copy of something ć Put the dupli- cate invoices in the file. í noun a copy ć She sent the invoice and filed the du- plicate. duplicate duplicate 2 /djuplket/ verb 1. to make a copy of a document such as a let- ter ć She duplicated the letter and put the copy into a file. 2. to do again some- thing which has already been done ć Keep a note of where you got to – I don’t want to duplicate your work. during during /djυərŋ/ preposition while something is going on ć Conditions were bad during the war. dust dust /dst/ noun a thin layer of dry dirt ć The room had never been cleaned – there was dust everywhere. ć A tiny speck of dust got in my eye. (NOTE: no plural) í verb to remove dust from something ć Don’t forget to dust the Chinese bowls carefully. dustbin dustbin /dstbn/ noun a large contain- er for rubbish, kept outside a house dusty dusty /dsti/ adjective covered with dust (NOTE: dustier – dustiest) duty duty /djuti/ noun 1. something which you are legally or morally expected to do ć We have a duty to inform the au- thorities about what we saw. 2. ˽ on duty doing official work which you have to do in a job ć He’s on duty from 9.00 to 6.00. ć She’s been on duty all day. 3. a tax which has to be paid í plu- ral noun duties different jobs that have to be done as part of your official work ć One of his duties is to see that the main doors are locked at night. duty-free duty-free /djuti fri/ adjective , ad- verb sold with no tax to be paid ć He bought a duty-free watch at the airport or he bought the watch duty-free. duvet duvet /duve/ noun a bag full of feath- ers, used as a covering for a bed dying dying /daŋ/ present participle of die Basic.fm Page 104 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com E e e /i/, E noun the fifth letter of the alpha- bet, between D and F each each /itʃ/ adjective every ć Each five pound note has a number. ć He was holding a towel in each hand. ć Each one of us has a separate office. í pro- noun 1. every person ć They have two houses each. or Each of them has two houses. ć She gave them each five pounds or She gave them five pounds each or She gave each of them five pounds. 2. every thing ć Each of the books has three hundred pages or The books have three hundred pages each. each other each other /itʃ ðə/ pronoun the oth- er one of two people or of two things ć They were shouting at each other. ć We always send each other presents on our birthdays. ć The boxes fit into each oth- er. eager eager /iə/ adjective wanting to do something very much eagerly eagerly /iəli/ adverb in a way that shows that you want something very much ear ear /ə/ noun one of the parts on either side of your head which you hear with ć Rabbits have long ears. ć Have you washed behind your ears? earlier earlier /liə/ adjective relating to a time before now or before a time being men- tioned ć an earlier version of the book ć I’ll try to catch an earlier train. í ad- verb before now or before a time being mentioned ć Can’t you come any earli- er than Tuesday? ć I tried to phone ear- lier but you were out. early early /l/ adverb 1. before the usual time ć The plane arrived five minutes early. ć We must get up early tomorrow morning if we want to catch the first boat to France. 2. at the beginning of a period of time ć We went out early in the evening. ć The snow came early in the year. earn earn /n/ verb to be paid money for working ć He earns £20,000 a year. ć How much does a bus driver earn? earring earring /ərŋ/ noun a piece of jewellery worn attached to part of the ear earth earth /θ/ noun 1. also Earth the planet on which we live ć The Earth goes round the sun once in twenty-four hours. 2. soil, a soft substance in which plants grow ć Put some earth in the plant pot and then sow your cucumber seeds. earthquake earthquake /θkwek/ noun an occa- sion on which the earth shakes, caused by movement of the earth’s surface (NOTE: also called simply a quake) ease ease /iz/ noun a lack of difficulty ć He won the first round with the greatest of ease. ć The bottle has a wide mouth for ease of use. í verb to make less painful ć A couple of aspirins should ease the pain. easily easily /izli/ adverb 1. without any dif- ficulty ć I passed my driving test easily. ć I can easily get there by 9 o’clock. 2. a lot ( for emphasis before compara- tives or superlatives ) ć Her work was easily better than yours. ć He is easily the tallest man in the team. ć Our shop is easily the biggest in the High Street. east east /ist/ noun 1. the direction of where the sun rises ć The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. ć Germany is to the east of France. ć The wind is blowing from the east. 2. the part of a country which is to the east of the rest ć The east of the country is drier than the west. í adjective relating to the east ć The east coast is the coldest part of the country. í adverb towards the east ć The kitchen windows face east, so we get the morn- ing sun. ć Drive east along the motor- way for twenty miles. Easter Easter /istə/ noun a Christian festival, in March or April, celebrating the occa- Basic.fm Page 105 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com eastern 106 educational sion on which Christ died and then came back to life again eastern eastern /ist(ə)n/ adjective from, of or in the east ć Bulgaria is part of Eastern Europe. ć The best snow is in the east- ern part of the mountains. easy easy /izi/ adjective not difficult, or not needing a lot of effort ć The test was easier than I expected. ć My boss is very easy to get on with. eat eat /it/ verb 1. to put food into your mouth and swallow it ć I’m hungry – is there anything to eat? ć We haven’t eat- en anything since breakfast. ć The chil- dren ate all the sandwiches. ć Eat as much as you like for £5.95! ć You’ll get thin if you don’t eat. 2. to have a meal ć He was still eating his breakfast when I arrived. ć We are eating at home to- night. ć Have you eaten yet? (NOTE: eats – eating – ate / et/ – has eaten / it(ə)n/) eat out phrasal verb to have a meal in a restaurant eat up phrasal verb to eat everything ć She ate it all up in a matter of seconds. ć Come on, eat up – it’s time to go. echo echo /ekəυ/ noun a sound which is re- peated such as when you shout in a place such as a tunnel ć We could hear the echo of voices in the tunnel. ć If you go to the Whispering Gallery in the dome of St Paul’s Cathedral you can hear the echo very clearly. (NOTE: The plural is echoes.) í verb 1. ( of sound ) to make an echo ć Their voices echoed down the tunnel. 2. to repeat ć The newspaper article echoed the opinions put forward in the minister’s speech. (NOTE: echoes – echoing – echoed) economic economic /ikə nɒmk/ adjective 1. relating to the economy ć I don’t agree with the government’s economic policy. ć The government has introduced con- trols to solve the current economic cri- sis. ć The country enjoyed a period of economic growth in the 1980s. 2. not costing much money ć The flat is let at an economic rent. ć It is hardly eco- nomic for us to run two cars. 3. using money well ć It is hardly economic for us to run two cars. economy economy / kɒnəm/ noun 1. the way in which a country makes and uses money, or the financial state of a country ć The country’s economy is in ruins. 2. some- thing you do to avoid wasting money or materials ć She tried to make a few economies like buying cheaper brands of washing-up liquid. edge edge /ed/ noun 1. a side of something flat ć He put his plate down on the edge of the table. ć She lay down on the roof and looked over the edge. ć Can you stand this coin on its edge? ć The axe has a very sharp edge. 2. an imaginary line where an area ends ć He lived in a house at the edge of the forest. ć The factory is built right on the edge of the town. edible edible /edb(ə)l/ adjective which is good enough or safe to eat edit edit /edt/ verb 1. to be in charge of a newspaper or magazine ć He edited the ‘Sunday Express’ for more than twenty years. 2. to prepare a book for publish- ing by doing such things as correcting mistakes ć I am editing a volume of 20th-century poetry. 3. to prepare some- thing such as a film to make it ready to be shown ć Once the film has been ed- ited it will run for about 90 minutes. editor editor /edtə/ noun 1. a journalist in charge of a newspaper or part of a news- paper ć He wrote to the editor of ‘The Times’ asking for a job. ć She is the sports editor of the local paper. 2. a per- son who edits books educate educate /edjυket/ verb to teach some- one in a school or college, or give them information that they need ć She was educated in Switzerland. ć We need to educate young people about the dangers of alcohol. educated educated /edjυketd/ adjective hav- ing been to school and university education education /edjυ keʃ(ə)n/ noun the system of teaching, or of being taught ć Our children deserve the best educa- tion. ć We spent a lot of money on his education, and he’s got a job as a dust- man! educational educational /edjυ keʃ(ə)nəl/ adjec- tive relating to education, teaching and Basic.fm Page 106 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com effect 107 either schools ć This game for 3 to 5 year-olds is very educational. ć a campaign to improve educational standards. effect effect / fekt/ noun a result or influence ć The cuts in spending will have a seri- ous effect on the hospital. ć The cream has had no effect on her rash. ć The ef- fects of the shock took some time to wear off. ȣ with effect from starting from ( formal ) ć Prices will be increased by 10% with effect from January 1st. effective effective / fektv/ adjective 1. which produces the required result ć His meth- od of keeping the children quiet is very effective. ć Advertising on TV is a very effective way of selling. 2. which takes effect ć an order which is effective from January 1st effectively effectively / fektvli/ adverb in a way which produces a good result ć The floodlighting worked very effectively. effectiveness effectiveness / fektvnəs/ noun the ability to produce an effective result efficient efficient / fʃ(ə)nt/ adjective able to work well and do what is necessary without wasting time, money or effort ć He needs an efficient assistant to look after him. ć The new system of printing invoices is very efficient. efficiently efficiently / fʃ(ə)ntli/ adverb in an ef- ficient way effort effort /efət/ noun the use of the mind or body to do something ć He’s made a big effort to learn Spanish. ć Lifting the box took considerable physical effort. ć She’s already written to three addresses in an effort to contact the owner. ć Thanks to her efforts, we have collected more than £10,000 for the children’s hospital. egg egg /e/ noun 1. a round object with a hard shell, produced by a female bird or, e.g. snake, in which a baby bird devel- ops ć The owl laid three eggs in the nest. ć Turtles lay their eggs in the sand. 2. a chicken’s egg, used as food ć You need three eggs to make this cake. eight eight /et/ noun the number 8 ć He ate eight chocolates. ć The little girl is eight (years old). ć I usually have breakfast before eight (o’clock). eighteen eighteen /e tin/ noun the number 18 ć There are eighteen people in our dance class. ć He will be eighteen (years old) next week. ć The train leaves at eighteen twenty (18:20). eighteenth eighteenth /e tinθ/ adjective relating to number 18 in a series ć The eight- eenth of April or April the eighteenth (April 18th). ć Today’s the seventeenth, so tomorrow must be the eighteenth. ć That’s the eighteenth invoice we’ve sent out today. ć It’s his eighteenth birthday next week. í noun number 18 in a series ć A lot of people have called me today – she’s the eighteenth. eighth eighth /etθ/, 8th adjective relating to number 8 in a series ć The eighth of February or February the eighth (Feb- ruary 8th). ć His eighth birthday is next Monday. í noun number eight in a se- ries ć He’s the eighth in line to the throne. ć King Henry the Eighth (Henry VIII) had six wives. (NOTE: eighth is usually written 8th in dates: April 8th, 1999; September 8th, 1866 (American style is September 8, 1866), say ‘the eighth of September’ or ‘September the eighth’ (American style is ‘Septem- ber eighth’); with names of kings and queens, eighth is usually written VIII: King Henry VIII , say: ‘King Henry the Eighth’.) eightieth eightieth /etiəθ/, 80th adjective relat- ing to number 80 in a series ć Granny’s eightieth birthday is next week. í noun number 80 in a series ć We’ve had a lot of letters – this is the eightieth. eighty eighty /eti/ noun the number 80 ć It’s about eighty miles from London to Do- ver. ć She’s eighty (years old). ˽ the eighties the numbers between 80 and 89 either either /aðə, iðə/ adjective , pronoun 1. one or the other ć You can use either computer – it doesn’t matter which. ć I don’t like either of them. 2. each of two; both ć There are trees on either side of the road. ć Some people don’t take sug- ar in their coffee, some don’t take milk, and some don’t take either. í adverb used with two negatives to show that two people or things are similar in some way ć He isn’t Irish and he isn’t Scot- tish either. ć She doesn’t want to go, Basic.fm Page 107 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com elastic 108 elsewhere and I don’t want to go either. ć The re- port wasn’t on the TV news, and it wasn’t on the radio either. elastic elastic / lstk/ noun a material which stretches ć You’ll need to sew this piece of elastic onto the ballet shoes. í adjec- tive able to stretch and contract ć She was wearing tight shorts made of some elastic material. elbow elbow /elbəυ/ noun the joint in the mid- dle of your arm ć He sat with his elbows on the table. ć She nudged him with her elbow. elderly elderly /eldəli/ adjective a more polite word than "old" used for describing someone who has had a long life ć An elderly man sat down beside her. ć My mother is now rather elderly and doesn’t drive any more. elect elect / lekt/ verb to choose someone by voting ć She was elected MP for the town. ć The president is elected for a term of four years. ć The chairman is elected by the members of the commit- tee. election election / lekʃən/ noun the process of choosing by voting ć After the election, the crowds were dancing in the streets. ć The next item on the agenda is the election of a new treasurer for the club. electric electric / lektrk/ adjective 1. worked by electricity ć Is your cooker electric or gas? ć He plays an electric guitar. ć He cut the wood with an electric saw. ć She gave me an electric toothbrush for Christmas. 2. making or carrying elec- tricity ć Don’t touch those electric wires. ć Electric plugs in the USA are different from those in Britain. electrical electrical / lektrk(ə)l/ adjective relat- ing to electricity ć a shop selling elec- trical appliances ć The college offers courses in electrical engineering. ć They are trying to repair an electrical fault. electricity electricity / lek trsti/ noun energy used to make light, heat, or power ć We haven’t paid the electricity bill this month. ć The electricity was cut off this morning. ć The heating is run by elec- tricity. ć The cottage is in the mountains and doesn’t have any electricity. (NOTE: no plural) electronic electronic /elek trɒnk/ adjective us- ing electricity and very small parts which affect the electric current which passes through them ć an electronic ad- dress book ć My car has an electronic ignition. electronics electronics /elek trɒnks/ noun the science of the movement of electricity in electronic equipment element element /elmənt/ noun 1. a basic chemical substance 2. a basic part of something ć I think we have all the ele- ments of a settlement. 3. a natural envi- ronment ć The vicar is in his element when he’s talking about cricket. 4. a part of a piece of equipment which makes, e.g. water hot ć I think the element has burnt out. elephant elephant /elfənt/ noun a very large African or Indian animal, with large ears, a trunk and two long teeth called ‘tusks’ elevator elevator /elvetə/ noun US a machine for moving people up or down from floor to floor inside a building ć Take the elevator to the 26th floor. eleven eleven / lev(ə)n/ noun the number 11 ć When you’re eleven (years old) you will go to secondary school. ć Come and see me at eleven (o’clock). eleventh eleventh / lev(ə)nθ/, 11th adjective re- lating to number 11 in a series ć The eleventh of July/July the eleventh (July 11th). ć Today’s the tenth, so tomorrow must be the eleventh. ć That’s the elev- enth complaint we’ve received this week. ć It’s his eleventh birthday next month. else else /els/ adverb other ( used after pro- nouns ) ć What else can I say? ć Every- one else had already left. ć Who else was at the meeting? ȣ or else or if not ć We could do it now, or else wait till John comes. ć You must have a ticket, or else you will be thrown off the train by the inspector. elsewhere elsewhere /els weə/ adverb some- where else, in another place ć This shop doesn’t stock maps, so you’ll have to try elsewhere. Basic.fm Page 108 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com . can hear the echo very clearly. (NOTE: The plural is echoes.) í verb 1. ( of sound ) to make an echo ć Their voices echoed down the tunnel. 2. to repeat ć The newspaper article echoed the opinions put. Come on, eat up – it’s time to go. echo echo /ekəυ/ noun a sound which is re- peated such as when you shout in a place such as a tunnel ć We could hear the echo of voices in the tunnel. ć If. The newspaper article echoed the opinions put forward in the minister’s speech. (NOTE: echoes – echoing – echoed) economic economic /ikə nɒmk/ adjective 1. relating to the economy ć I don’t