hole 158 hood ć The gang carried out three hold-ups in the same day. hole hole /həυl/ noun an opening or a space in something ć You’ve got a hole in your sock. ć We all peeped through the hole in the fence. ć Rabbits live in holes in the ground. holiday holiday /hɒlde/ noun 1. a period when you do not work, and sometimes go and stay in a different place ć When are you taking your holiday or When are you planning to go on holiday? ć He’s go- ing to Spain on holiday. ć We always spend our holidays in the mountains. ć How many days’ holiday do you have each year? 2. a day on which most peo- ple do not work because of laws or reli- gious rules ć The office is closed for the Christmas holiday. hollow hollow /hɒləυ/ adjective with a hole in- side ć a hollow log ć If you tap the box it sounds hollow. holy holy /həυli/ adjective relating to religion or the church ć They went to ask a holy man his advice. home home /həυm/ noun 1. the place where you live or where your parents live ć Their home is a flat in the centre of Lon- don. ć Will you be at home tomorrow evening? ć When do you leave home for work in the morning? ć I like to go home for the holidays. ˽ to make your- self at home to behave as if you were in your own home ć He lay down on my sofa, opened a bottle of beer, and made himself at home. 2. a house ć They are building fifty new homes on the edge of the village. 3. a house where people are looked after ć My aunt has moved to an old people’s home. 4. ˽ at home ( in sports ) on the local sports ground ć Our team is playing at home next Satur- day. í adverb towards the place where you usually live ć We’ve got to go home now. ć He usually gets home by 7 o’clock. ć Don’t send it – I’ll take it home with me. ć If you don’t want to walk, you can always take the bus home. (NOTE: used without a preposition: He went home or She’s coming home .) í adjective referring to where you live or where you were born ć My home town is Birmingham. ć Send the letter to my home address, not to my office. homework homework /həυmwk/ noun work which you take home from school to do in the evening ć Have you finished your maths homework? ć I haven’t got any homework today, so I can watch TV. (NOTE: no plural) honest honest /ɒnst/ adjective 1. telling the truth ć He was honest with the police and told them what he had done. 2. tending to tell people the truth; treating people fairly ć I wouldn’t buy a car from that garage – I’m not sure they’re completely honest. honestly honestly /ɒnstli/ adverb 1. in an open and honest way 2. used to express a feel- ing of being annoyed ć Honestly, you might have told me sooner! honesty honesty /ɒnsti/ noun the quality of be- ing honest ć I admire him for his hones- ty in saying the job was too difficult for him. honey honey /hni/ noun a sweet substance produced by bees ć I like honey on toast. ć Greek cakes are often made with honey. honeymoon honeymoon /hnimun/ noun a holi- day taken immediately after a wedding ć They went on their honeymoon to Corsica. honor honor /ɒnə/ noun , verb US spelling of honour honour honour /ɒnə/ noun 1. the practice of acting according to what you think is right ć He’s a man of honour. 2. some- thing that you are proud of ć It is an honour for me to be invited here today. í verb 1. to show your respect for someone ć to honour the dead 2. to give someone an award to show that you re- spect them ć He was honoured by the university. 3. to do what you promised ć He honoured the agreement and gave the staff a pay rise. hood hood /hυd/ noun 1. a loose piece of clothing to cover your head ć He has a blue coat with a hood. 2. a folding roof on something such as a car or pram ć Let’s put down the hood, it’s very hot. 3. US a metal cover for the front part of a car, covering the engine ć He lifted the Basic.fm Page 158 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com hoof 159 hot hood to see what was wrong with the motor. hoof hoof /huf/ noun the part of the foot of a horse, cow and many other animals (NOTE: The plural is hooves /huvz/.) hook hook /hυk/ noun 1. a bent piece of metal for hanging things on ć Hang your coat on the hook behind the door. 2. a very small piece of thin bent metal, attached to a line for catching fish ć The fish ate the worm but didn’t swallow the hook. hop hop /hɒp/ verb 1. to jump on one leg ć He hurt his toe and had to hop around on one foot. 2. ( of a bird or animal ) to jump with both feet together ć Magpies were hopping across the grass. ć The frog hopped onto the lily pad. (NOTE: hops – hopping – hopped) í noun 1. a little jump ć Magpies walk in a series of little hops. 2. a short flight ć It’s only a short hop from London to Paris. hope hope /həυp/ verb to want and expect something to happen ć We all hope our team wins. ć She’s hoping she will soon be able to drive a car. ć I hope it doesn’t rain. í noun the fact of wanting and ex- pecting something to happen ć Our only hope is that she will get better soon. ć They have given up all hope of rescuing any more earthquake victims. hopeful hopeful /həυpf(ə)l/ adjective confident that something will happen ć We are hopeful that the company will accept our offer. hopeless hopeless /həυpləs/ adjective 1. unlike- ly to get better; impossible to improve ć The invoices are in a hopeless mess. 2. not at all skilful at something ć She’s hopeless at tennis. ć He’s hopeless when it comes to mending cars. horizon horizon /hə raz(ə)n/ noun the line in the distance where the earth and the sky meet horizontal horizontal /hɒr zɒnt(ə)l/ adjective flat; level with the ground horn horn /hɔn/ noun 1. a sharp pointed bone growing out of an animal’s head ć That bull’s horns look very dangerous. 2. a piece of equipment on a car that makes a loud noise to warn people of some- thing 3. a metal musical instrument which you blow into ć a piece of music for horn and orchestra horrible horrible /hɒrb(ə)l/ adjective extremely unpleasant ć The victims of the fire had horrible injuries. ć He’s a horrible little boy. ć We had a horrible meal at the restaurant. horrified horrified /hɒrfad/ adjective fright- ened or shocked horror horror /hɒrə/ noun the fact or feeling of being very frightened ć He couldn’t hide his horror at hearing the news. ć She has a horror of spiders. ć Everyone watched in horror as the planes collid- ed. horse horse /hɔs/ noun a large animal used for riding or for pulling vehicles ć She was riding a black horse. ć The coach was pulled by six white horses. ć He’s out on his horse every morning. hospital hospital /hɒspt(ə)l/ noun a place where sick or hurt people are looked af- ter ć She was taken ill at work and sent to hospital. ć When is she due to go into hospital? ć He was in hospital for sev- eral days after the accident. host host /həυst/ noun 1. a person who has invited guests ć The host asked his guests what they wanted to drink. 2. the landlord of a hotel or inn, also some- times of a restaurant 3. the person who introduces and talks to the guests on a TV or radio show ć He had been a host on a Saturday evening TV show. 4. ˽ a host of a large number of ć We face a host of problems. í verb 1. to act as host at a party ć The company hosted a re- ception for two hundred guests. 2. to be the centre where something takes place ć Barcelona hosted the Olympic Games. 3. to organise and manage web- sites for other people hostage hostage /hɒstd/ noun a person who is captured and held by someone or an organisation, which threatens to kill him or her unless their demands are met ć Three of the hostages will be released tomorrow. ȣ 1. 2. ć He was held hos- tage for more than a year by the rebels. hot hot /hɒt/ adjective 1. very warm; with a high temperature ć The weather is very hot in June, but August is the hottest Basic.fm Page 159 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com hot dog 160 humor month. ć If you’re too hot, take your coat off. ć Plates should be kept hot be- fore serving the meal. ı heat 2. ( of food ) full of spices, giving you a burn- ing feeling in your mouth ć This curry is particularly hot. ć He chose the hot- test dish on the menu. hot dog hot dog /hɒt dɒ/ noun a snack consist- ing of a hot sausage in a long piece of bread hotel hotel /həυ tel/ noun a building where travellers can rent a room for the night, eat in a restaurant or drink in a bar ć They are staying at the Grand Hotel. ć I’ll meet you in the hotel lobby. ć All the hotel rooms in the town are booked. hour hour /aυə/ noun a period of time which lasts 60 minutes ć The train journey takes two hours. ć It’s a three-hour flight to Greece. ć The train travels at over 150 miles an hour. house house 1 /haυs/ noun 1. a building in which someone lives ć He has bought a house in London. ć He has a small flat in town and a large house in the country. ć All the houses in our street look the same. 2. a part of a Parliament ć The British Parliament is formed of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. ć The American Congress is formed of the House of Representatives and the Senate. house house 2 /haυz/ verb to provide a place for someone or something to stay or be kept ć His collection of old cars is housed in a barn. ć We have been asked if we can house three students for the summer term. (NOTE: houses – housing – housed) household household /haυshəυld/ noun the peo- ple living together in a house housework housework /haυswk/ noun the work of keeping a house clean (NOTE: no plu- ral) housing housing /haυzŋ/ noun houses ć Pub- lic housing has to meet certain stand- ards. hover hover /hɒvə/ verb to hang in the air without moving forward ć flies hover- ing over the surface of a pool how how /haυ/ adverb 1. showing or asking the way in which something is done ć How do you switch off the cooker? ć Can you tell me how to get to the rail- way station from here? ć I don’t know how he does it. 2. showing or asking about things such as the age, size or quantity of something ć How big is their house? ć How many people are there in your family? ć She showed us how good she was at skiing. ć How old is your little boy? ć How far is it to the church? 3. showing surprise ć How cold it is outside! ć How different it is from what I remember! however however /haυ evə/ adverb but ć We never go out on Saturdays – however, this week we’re going to a wedding. í conjunction in whatever way ć Do it however you like. howl howl /haυl/ verb to make a long loud high sound like a wolf ć The wolves howled outside the cabin. ć The wind howled in the chimney. í noun a long loud cry ć Howls of disappointment came from the fans. hug hug /h/ noun the act of putting your arms round someone and holding them close to you ć She ran to the little girl and gave her a hug. í verb to throw your arms around someone ć The play- ers hugged each other when the goal was scored. (NOTE: hugs – hugging – hugged) huge huge /hjud/ adjective of a very large size ć Huge waves battered the ship. ć The concert was a huge success. ć Fail- ing the test was a huge disappointment for him. hum hum /hm/ verb 1. to make a low sound like a bee ć Bees were humming around the hive. 2. to sing without words ć If you don’t know the words of the nation- al anthem, you can always hum the tune. (NOTE: hums – humming – hummed) human human /hjumən/ adjective relating to people humble humble /hmbəl/ adjective feeling or acting as if you are not as important as other people ć Seeing how much work she does for charity makes me feel very humble. (NOTE: humbler – humblest) humor humor /hjumə/ noun US spelling of humour Basic.fm Page 160 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com humorous 161 hyphen humorous humorous /hjumərəs/ adjective fun- ny in a quiet way, making people smile rather than laugh ć humorous stories ć Some of her comments were rather hu- morous. humorously humorously /hjumərəsli/ adverb in a humorous humour humour /hjumə/ noun 1. the ability to make situations seem funny ć He has a good sense of humour. ć She has abso- lutely no sense of humour. ć Want to meet male, aged 30 – 35, with a good sense of humour (GSOH). 2. a general feeling or mood ć I am in no humour to talk about holidays just now. ć His good humour lasted until the end of the party. hump hump /hmp/ noun 1. a raised part on the back of a person or animal ć Arabi- an camels have only one hump, while Bactrian camels have two. 2. a small raised part in the ground ć They have built humps in the road to slow down the traffic. hundred hundred /hndrəd/ noun the number 100 ć The church is over a hundred years old. ć My grandfather will be a hundred next month. ć Do I have to tell you a hundred times to stop that noise? (NOTE: In numbers hundred does not change and is followed by and when reading: 491 = four hundred and nine- ty-one; 102 = a hundred and two. Note also: a hundred and one (101), three hundred and six (306) but the hun- dred and first (101st), the three hun- dred and sixth (306th), etc.) ȣ hun- dreds of very many ć Hundreds of birds were killed by the cold weather. ć Hundreds of people caught flu last win- ter. ć They came in their hundreds to visit the grave. hundredth hundredth /hndrədθ/ adjective relat- ing to number 100 in a series ć Tomor- row is his hundredth birthday. hung hung /hŋ/ past tense and past participle of hang hungry hungry /hŋri/ adjective feeling that you need to eat ć You must be hungry after that game of football. ć I’m not very hungry – I had a big lunch. ć Hur- ry up with the food – we’re getting hun- gry. hunt hunt /hnt/ verb 1. ˽ to hunt for some- thing to search for something ć We’re hunting for a cheap flat. ć The police are hunting for the driver of the car. 2. to chase wild animals for food or sport ć Our cat is not very good at hunting mice. ć They go to Scotland every year to hunt deer. (NOTE: You hunt animals, but you hunt for things.) í noun a search ć The hunt for new offices has just started. hunter hunter /hntə/ noun a person who hunts animals hurricane hurricane /hrkən/ noun a tropical storm with strong winds and rain (NOTE: In the Far East called a typhoon; in the Indian Ocean called a cyclone.) hurry hurry /hri/ verb to go somewhere or do something fast ć She hurried across the room. ć You’ll have to hurry if you want to catch the last post. ć There’s no need to hurry – we’ve got plenty of time. (NOTE: hurries – hurrying – hurried) hurry up phrasal verb to go or do something faster ć Hurry up – we’ll be late for the film. ć Can’t you get the cook to hurry up? I’m getting hungry! hurt hurt /ht/ verb to have pain, or to cause someone to feel pain ć My tooth hurts. ć No one was badly hurt in the accident. ć Where did you hurt yourself? (NOTE: hurts – hurting – hurt) husband husband /hzbənd/ noun a man to whom a woman is married ć Her hus- band is Scottish. ć He’s the doctor’s husband. hut hut /ht/ noun a small rough wooden house hygiene hygiene /hadin/ noun the science of being and keeping things clean hygienic hygienic /ha dink/ adjective clean and safe because all germs have been destroyed hyphen hyphen /haf(ə)n/ noun a printing sign (-) used to show that two words are joined Basic.fm Page 161 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com I i i /a/, I noun the ninth letter of the alpha- bet, between H and J I I 1 /a/ pronoun used by a speaker when talking about himself or herself ć She said, ‘I can do it’, and she did it. ć He told me I could go home early. ć She and I come from the same town. ć I said I was going to be late. (NOTE: When it is the object of a verb, I becomes me: I gave it to him – he gave it to me ; I hit him – he hit me . When it follows the verb be, I usually becomes me: Who is it? – It’s me! ) I I 2 /a/ noun the Roman numeral for one or first ć King Charles I ice ice /as/ noun water which is frozen and has become solid ć When water freezes, it turns into ice. ć Would you like ice in your drink? (NOTE: no plural: some ice, a lump of ice ) ice cream ice cream /as krim/ noun a frozen sweet food made from cream and fruit, chocolate, nuts, etc. icy icy /asi/ adjective covered with ice ć Be careful, the pavement is icy. idea idea /a də/ noun a thought which you have about something ideal ideal /a dəl/ adjective perfect; extreme- ly suitable ć This is the ideal site for a factory. ć The cottage is an ideal place for birdwatching. identical identical /a dentk(ə)l/ adjective ex- actly the same ć The twins wore identi- cal clothes for the party. ć Their politi- cal opinions are identical. identify identify /a dentfa/ verb 1. to recog- nise a person or thing and to be able to say who or what they are ć Can you identify what sort of rock this is? ć She was able to identify her attacker. 2. to state that something belongs to you ć Each person was asked to identify his or her baggage. (NOTE: identifies – iden- tifying – identified) identity identity /a dentti/ noun someone’s name and personal details ć He changed his identity when he went to work for the secret services. idle idle /ad(ə)l/ adjective not doing any- thing ć He’s the idlest man I know – he never does any work at all. if if /f/ conjunction 1. showing what might happen ć If it freezes tonight, the paths will be slippery tomorrow. ć If I’m in London, I’ll come and see you. ć If he had told me you were ill, I’d have come to see you in hospital. ć If I won the lot- tery, I would take a long holiday. 2. used in asking questions ć Do you know if the plane is late? ć I was wondering if you would like to have some tea. ignorance ignorance /nərəns/ noun a state of not knowing ˽ to keep someone in ig- norance of something not to tell some- one about something ć The soldiers were deliberately kept in ignorance of the dangers facing them. ignorant ignorant /nərənt/ adjective not knowing anything ignore ignore / nɔ/ verb not to notice some- one or something deliberately ć She ig- nored the red light and just drove straight through. ć When we met he just ignored me. ill ill /l/ adjective sick; not well ć Stress can make you ill. ć If you’re feeling ill you ought to see a doctor. ˽ to fall ill to be- come ill ć She fell seriously ill and we thought she was going to die. ˽ to be taken ill to become ill suddenly ć He was taken ill while on holiday in Greece. illegal illegal / li(ə)l/ adjective against the law ć It is illegal to serve alcohol to people under 16. illegally illegally / liəli/ adverb in an illegal way illness illness /lnəs/ noun a medical condition which makes you unwell ć She devel- Basic.fm Page 162 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com illustrate 163 imply oped a serious illness. ć A lot of the staff are absent because of illness. (NOTE: The plural is illnesses.) illustrate illustrate /ləstret/ verb to put pictures into a book ć The book is illustrated with colour photographs of birds. illustration illustration /lə streʃ(ə)n/ noun a pic- ture in a book ć The book has 25 colour illustrations. image image /md/ noun 1. a picture of someone or something ć I want the por- trait to be a faithful image of my mother. 2. a picture produced by something such as a mirror or a computer ć The mirror throws an image onto the paper. ć Can this software handle images in that for- mat? ć Can you adjust the projector? The image on the screen is out of focus. imaginary imaginary / mdn(ə)ri/ adjective not real; part of a story imagination imagination / md neʃ(ə)n/ noun the ability to think of things that are not part of your own immediate life ć She let her imagination run riot in her sto- ries for children. imagine imagine / mdn/ verb to think of something that is not part of your own immediate life ć Imagine yourself sit- ting on a beach in the hot sun. ć She thought she had heard footsteps, and then decided she had imagined it. imitate imitate /mtet/ verb to copy some- thing or someone ć The company imi- tates its competitors by making very similar products. í to behave as some- one else does, often to make other peo- ple laugh ć He made us all laugh by im- itating the head teacher’s way of walk- ing. imitation imitation /m teʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. a copy made of something 2. an act of copying someone’s behaviour in order to make other people laugh ć She does a very good imitation of the Queen. í adjec- tive made to appear to be something else more valuable ć a necklace of imitation pearls ć The bag is made of imitation leather. immediate immediate / midiət/ adjective 1. very soon ć He wrote an immediate letter of complaint. ć You didn’t expect an im- mediate reply, did you? ć Your order will receive immediate attention. 2. closest, or right next to you ć He had to share his book with his immediate neighbour. immediately immediately / midətli/ adverb very soon, or very soon after an event ć He got my letter, and wrote back immedi- ately. ć As soon as he heard the news he immediately phoned his wife. immoral immoral / mɒrəl/ adjective not follow- ing the usual principles of good behav- iour impact impact 1 /mpkt/ noun 1. a strong ef- fect ć The TV documentary had an strong impact on the viewers. 2. an in- stance of two things coming together with force ć The car was totally crushed by the impact of the collision. ˽ on impact as soon as contact is made ć The plane burst into flames on impact with the ground. impact impact 2 /m pkt/ verb ˽ to impact on something to have a strong effect on something ć The fall in the value of the currency will impact strongly on busi- nesses. impatience impatience /m peʃ(ə)ns/ noun a lack of the ability to wait for things in a calm way impatient impatient /m peʃ(ə)nt/ adjective una- ble to wait for something in a calm way; in a hurry to do something ć We were all impatient for the film to start. ć He’s very impatient with anyone who works slowly. impatiently impatiently /m peʃ(ə)ntli/ adverb in an impatient way implication implication /mpl keʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the possible effect of an action ć What will be the implications of the election results for public spending? 2. with the fact of being involved in a crime or something that is morally wrong ć The newspaper revealed his implication in the affair of the stolen diamonds. 3. a suggestion that something such as a crit- icism is true although it has not been ex- pressed directly ć I resent the implica- tion that I knew anything about the re- port in advance. imply imply /m pla/ verb to suggest some- thing without saying it directly ć He im- Basic.fm Page 163 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com impolite 164 inch plied that he knew where the papers had been hidden. ć The lawyer implied that the witness had not in fact seen the acci- dent take place. (NOTE: implies – im- plying – implied) impolite impolite /mpə lat/ adjective rude; not polite import import /m pɔt/ verb to bring goods into a country ć The company imports tele- vision sets from Japan. ć This car was imported from France. importance importance /m pɔtəns/ noun the fact of being important ć Do not attach too much importance to what he says. ć The bank attaches great importance to the deal. important important /m pɔtənt/ adjective 1. having a great effect; mattering very much ć It’s important to be in time for the interview. ć I have to go to London for an important meeting. ć He left a file containing important papers in the taxi. 2. ( of a person ) in a high position ć He has an important job. ć She’s an impor- tant government official. ć He was pro- moted to a more important position. impossible impossible /m pɒsb(ə)l/ adjective which cannot be done ć It’s impossible to do all this work in two hours. ć Get- ting skilled staff is becoming impossible. impress impress /m pres/ verb to make some- one feel admiration or respect ć Her rapid response to the request impressed her boss. ć She was impressed by his skill with the paintbrush. ć The military government organised the display to im- press the neighbouring states. impression impression /m preʃ(ə)n/ noun an ef- fect on someone’s mind ć Blue walls create an impression of coldness. ć The exhibition made a strong impression on her. impressive impressive /m presv/ adjective im- pressing people ć He had a series of im- pressive wins in the chess tournament. ć The government staged an impressive display of military hardware. improve improve /m pruv/ verb 1. to make something better ć We are trying to im- prove our image with a series of TV commercials. 2. to get better ć The gen- eral manager has promised that the bus service will improve. ć It poured down all morning, but in the afternoon the weather improved a little. improvement improvement /m pruvmənt/ noun 1. a process of becoming better, or of mak- ing something better ć There has been no improvement in the train service since we complained. 2. a change that you make so that something is better than before ć They carried out some im- provements to the house. ć We are plan- ning some home improvements such as a new kitchen. ć The new software is a great improvement on the old version. in in /n/ preposition , adverb 1. used for showing place ć He lives in the country. ć In Japan it snows a lot during the win- ter. ć She’s in the kitchen. ć He’s still in bed. ć Don’t stand outside in the pour- ing rain. 2. at home, in an office, at a station ć Is the boss in? ć He isn’t in yet. ć My husband usually gets in from work about now. ć The train from Bir- mingham is due in at 6.30. 3. used for showing time ć In autumn the leaves turn brown. ć On holiday there was nothing to do in the evenings. ć She was born in 1999. ć He ate his meal in five minutes. ć We went for a skiing holiday in January. 4. used for showing time in the future ć I’ll be back home in about two hours. ć She should arrive in twenty minutes’ time. 5. fashionable ć This year, short skirts are in. 6. used for showing a state or appearance ć He was dressed in black. ć She ran outside in her dressing gown. ć We’re in a hurry. ć The words are set out in alphabetical order. inability inability /nə blti/ noun the state of being unable to do something ć His in- ability to make decisions causes prob- lems. inch inch /ntʃ/ noun a measure of length equal to 2.54 centimetres ć a three-and- a-half-inch disk ć Snow lay six inches deep on the ground. ć She is five foot six inches tall (5’6’’). ı foot (NOTE: The plural is inches. With numbers inch is usually written with the symbol ": a 3½’’ disk ; He is 5’ 9’’. ; say: ‘a three and a half inch disk’, ‘He’s five foot nine’) Basic.fm Page 164 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com incident 165 indoor incident incident /nsd(ə)nt/ noun 1. some- thing which happens, especially some- thing unpleasant ć Last year six hun- dred incidents of oil pollution were re- ported. 2. a violent action or disturbance that occurs somewhere ć There were several incidents during the demonstration. incidentally incidentally /ns dent(ə)li/ adverb used for mentioning something new in a conversation include include /n klud/ verb to count some- one or something along with others ć The waiter did not include service in the bill. ć The total is £140, not including insurance and handling charges. ć There were 120 people at the wedding if you include the children. including including /n kludŋ/ preposition tak- ing something together with something else ć The total comes to £25.00 includ- ing VAT. income income /nkm/ noun an amount of money which you receive, especially as pay for your work ć Their weekly in- come is not really enough to live on. incorrect incorrect /nkə rekt/ adjective wrong, not correct increase increase 1 /n kris/ noun an instance of something becoming larger ć an in- crease in tax or a tax increase ć an in- crease in the cost of living increase increase 2 /nkris/ verb 1. to rise or to grow ć The price of oil has increased twice in the past year. 2. to make a level or amount higher ć The boss increased her salary. ć Rail fares have been in- creased by 10%. increased increased /n krist/ adjective larger or higher than before ć These increased rail fares mean that we cannot afford to travel so much. increasingly increasingly /n krisŋli/ adverb more and more ć He found it increasingly dif- ficult to keep up with the workload at the office. ć His future with the company looks increasingly doubtful. indeed indeed /n did/ adverb ( for emphasis ) really ć Thank you very much indeed for inviting me to stay. ć They have been very kind indeed to their daughter. independence independence /nd pendəns/ noun 1. freedom from rule by another country ć The colony achieved independence ten years ago. ć Scotland is aiming for independence in the next few years. 2. a state of not needing help from anyone else ć She’s eighteen and is looking for- ward to a life of independence from her family. independent independent /nd pendənt/ adjective 1. free, not ruled by anyone else ć Slov- enia has been independent since 1991. 2. not owned by a group, not controlled by the state ć The big chains are forcing the independent shops to close down. 3. not needing help from anyone else ć She’s eighteen and wants to be inde- pendent of her family. index index /ndeks/ noun 1. a list, usually in alphabetical order, showing the pages on which different subjects appear in a book ć Look up the references to Lon- don in the index. (NOTE: The plural in this sense is indexes) 2. a regular re- port which shows rises and falls in things such as prices and unemployment ć The economic indices look very prom- ising at the moment. (NOTE: The plural in this sense is indices) indicate indicate /ndket/ verb to show some- thing ć Can you indicate the position of the enemy camp on this map? ć The lat- est figures indicate a fall in the number of unemployed men. indignant indignant /n dnənt/ adjective feel- ing offended or angry because of an un- fair situation ć I was really indignant when I found out how much my col- league earned. indirectly indirectly /nd rektli/ adverb not di- rectly individual individual /nd vduəl/ noun a single person ć We welcome private individu- als as well as groups. í adjective sin- gle, for a particular person ć We treat each individual case on its merits. ć We provide each member of the tour group with an individual itinerary. indoor indoor /ndɔ/ adjective inside a build- ing ć an indoor swimming pool Basic.fm Page 165 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com indoors 166 initial indoors indoors /n dɔz/ adverb inside a build- ing ć Let’s go indoors. ć Mum was in- doors, reading. industrial industrial /n dstriəl/ adjective relat- ing to the production of goods ć The Midlands is the main industrial region in Britain. industry industry /ndəstri/ noun the production of goods and the provision of services, or the companies involved in this activi- ty ć Oil is a key industry. ć The car in- dustry has had a good year. ć The gov- ernment is helping industry to sell more products abroad. ć The tourist industry brings in a lot of foreign currency. (NOTE: The plural is industries.) infamous infamous /nfəməs/ adjective famous for being bad or unpleasant ć Tourists were warned not to go near the infa- mous back street moneychangers. infant infant /nfənt/ noun a young baby infatuation infatuation /n ftjueʃ(ə)n/ noun a sudden strong feeling of love for some- one, especially someone you do not know very well or someone who does not love you infect infect /n fekt/ verb to pass on a disease or infection to someone ć He was in- fected with the disease when he was abroad on holiday. infection infection /n fekʃən/ noun a disease which spreads from one person to an- other ć Her throat infection keeps com- ing back. ć He was sneezing and spreading infection to other people in the office. ć She seems to catch every lit- tle infection there is. infectious infectious /n fekʃəs/ adjective ( of an illness or an emotion such as fear ) likely to be passed from one person to another ć This strain of flu is highly in- fectious. ć He’s a great music teacher and his enthusiasm for jazz is very infec- tious. infinitive infinitive /n fntv/ noun the basic form of a verb, usually shown with ‘to’ influence influence /nfluəns/ noun the ability to change someone or something; an effect ć He has had a good influence on the other staff in the department. ć The in- fluence of the moon on the tides. ć He was charged with driving under the in- fluence of alcohol. í verb to make someone or something change ć She was deeply influenced by her old teach- er. ć The moon influences the tides. ć The price of oil has influenced the price of industrial goods. inform inform /n fɔm/ verb to tell someone something officially ć Have you in- formed the police that your watch has been stolen? ć I regret to inform you that your father has died. ć We are pleased to inform you that your offer has been accepted. informal informal /n fɔm(ə)l/ adjective 1. re- laxed, not formal ć Dress casually – the party will be informal. ć The guide gave us an informal talk on the history of the castle. 2. ( of language ) used when talk- ing to friends and family information information /nfə meʃ(ə)n/ noun a set of facts about something ć She couldn’t give the police any information about how the accident happened. ć She gave me a very useful piece or bit of information. ć For further information, please write to Department 27. informed informed /n fɔmd/ adjective having a lot of information, or having the latest information infuriate infuriate /n fjυəriet/ verb to make someone very angry ć Slow service in restaurants always infuriates him. ingenious ingenious /n diniəs/ adjective very clever ć It was an ingenious plan. ingredient ingredient /n ridiənt/ noun a materi- al or substance which you use to make something ć Make sure you’ve got all your ingredients together before you start cooking. inhabit inhabit /n hbt/ verb to live in a place inhabitant inhabitant /n hbt(ə)nt/ noun a per- son who lives in a particular place initial initial / nʃ(ə)l/ adjective first ć The in- itial stage of the project went off smoothly. ć My initial reaction was to say ‘no’. ć He started the business with an initial sum of £500. í verb to write the first letters of your name on a docu- ment to show you have read and ap- proved it ć Can you initial each page of the contract to show that you have ap- proved it? ć Please initial the agree- Basic.fm Page 166 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com initially 167 instance ment at the place marked with an X. (NOTE: initials – initialling – ini- tialled) initially initially / nʃ(ə)li/ adverb at the begin- ning ć Initially we didn’t like the new flat, but we have got used to it now. initiative initiative / nʃətv/ noun a decision which is intended to solve a problem ć The government has proposed various initiatives to get the negotiations mov- ing again. injection injection /n dekʃən/ noun the act of putting a liquid into the body using a needle ć The doctor gave him a flu in- jection. injure injure /ndə/ verb to cause pain or damage to a part of the body ć He in- jured his back playing rugby. ć He was badly injured in a car accident. injured injured /ndəd/ noun hurt ć The in- jured girl had fallen off her bike. injury injury /ndəri/ noun damage to your body ć He never really recovered from his football injury. ć She received se- vere back injuries in the accident. (NOTE: The plural is injuries.) ink ink /ŋk/ noun the liquid in a pen ć He has ink marks on his shirt. ć The ink won’t come off the tablecloth. ć She wrote comments on his work in red ink. inland inland /nlənd/ adverb away from the coast of a country ć If you go inland from the port, you soon get into the for- est. inn inn /n/ noun a small hotel inner inner /nə/ adjective inside ć Go through that arch and you will come to the inner courtyard. ć Heat is conduct- ed from the inner to the outer layer of the material. innocent innocent /nəs(ə)nt/ adjective not guilty ć He was found to be innocent of the crime. ć In English law, the accused is always presumed to be innocent until he is proved to be guilty. innovative innovative /nəvetv/ adjective new in a way that has not been tried before ć a very innovative design input input /npυt/ noun information that is put into a computer ć The input from the various branches is fed automatically into the head office computer. inquiry inquiry /n kwaəri/ noun 1. a formal in- vestigation into a problem ć a govern- ment inquiry into the police force ć A public inquiry will be held about plans to build another airport. 2. a question about something ć I refer to your in- quiry of May 25th. ć All inquiries should be addressed to this department. ć He made an inquiry about trains to Edinburgh. (NOTE: also spelt enquiry. The plural is inquiries.) insect insect /nsekt/ noun a small animal with six legs and a body in three parts ć A butterfly is a kind of insect. ć Insects have eaten the leaves of the cabbages. ć She was stung by an insect. insert insert 1 /n st/ verb to put something inside something else ć She inserted another sentence into the letter. ć He in- serted each leaflet into an envelope. ć Insert a coin into the slot. insert insert 2 /nst/ noun a paper which is put inside something ć The invitation card had an insert with a map showing how to get to the hotel. inside inside /n sad/ adverb in a house or oth- er building ć Come on inside – it’s cold in the street. ć It rained all afternoon, so we just sat inside and watched TV. ć Is there anyone there? – The house seems quite dark inside. í preposition in ć There was nothing inside the bottle. ć She was sitting inside the car, reading a book. ć I’ve never been inside his of- fice. insist insist /n sst/ verb to state firmly ć He insisted that he had never touched the car. ć She insisted that she should be paid compensation for the delay. inspect inspect /n spekt/ verb to look at some- thing closely ć She inspected the room to see if it had been cleaned properly. inspector inspector /n spektə/ noun a senior of- ficial who examines something closely install install /n stɔl/ verb to put a piece of equipment into the place where it will operate ć It took the plumber a week to install the new central heating system. instance instance /nstəns/ noun an example ć There have been several instances of Basic.fm Page 167 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com . address, not to my office. homework homework /həυmwk/ noun work which you take home from school to do in the evening ć Have you finished your maths homework? ć I haven’t got any homework. of spices, giving you a burn- ing feeling in your mouth ć This curry is particularly hot. ć He chose the hot- test dish on the menu. hot dog hot dog /hɒt dɒ/ noun a snack consist- ing of. of ice ) ice cream ice cream /as krim/ noun a frozen sweet food made from cream and fruit, chocolate, nuts, etc. icy icy /asi/ adjective covered with ice ć Be careful, the pavement is