The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary Episode 6 doc

latitude band Between two parallels of latitude around Earth. latitude nut Screwed in or out on directional gyro (DI) to correct drift due to Earth rotation N or S of Equator. LATN Low-altitude tactical navigation area. latr Compass locator. LATS Launcher automatic test set (Varo). lattice fin A misnomer, not a fin but a powered control surface featuring a rectilinear criss-cross of flat surfaces. Also called trellis control. launch In addition to obvious, also take-off of manned combat mission. launch bar Towing link between catapult and nose leg. launch complex Entire ground facilities for launch of large space vehicle, probably including facilities for inte- gration. launch control centre Manned room in launch complex from which countdown and launch, and possibly whole mission, are monitored and controlled. launch cost 1 Sum charged for placing customer’s payload in desired orbit. 2 Nominal sum estimated, but not necessarily avail- able, for design, development, construction and test of new major aircraft or engine; usually to certification in country of origin. launch cycle Typically 105 min, average time between launch and recovery for carrier aircraft; AEW/ASW can be launched for a double cycle. launcher 1 Interface unit between aircraft and externally or internally carried store, not necessarily with propulsion. 2 Container of tubes for firing unguided rockets, carried as external store or as retractable box. 3 Pad or other structure for land- or ship-based missile, space vehicle, RPV or other unmanned free-flight device. launch escape Ability of human crew to escape from slow-acceleration ballistic vehicle during countdown or in first seconds of flight, thus ** tower, ** motors, ** signal. launch opportunity Period in which all factors, including launch window, local weather and serviceability of all participating systems, is favourable. launch pad Platform with GSE for launch of ballistic vehicle; normally a fixed installation. launch reliability Percentage of planned missions on which combat aircraft took off on time. launch vehicle Vehicle providing propulsion for space payload or, rarely, atmospheric free-flight device; may be winged or ballistic but must lift off from Earth and impart nearly all impulse required. launch window Exactly defined period during which relative positions and velocities of Earth and other bodies are such that a particular interplanetary mission can be launched, may last minutes to days, and may be a unique opportunity or repeated at intervals. LAV Least absolute value. LAW Light anti-tank (or anti-armour) weapon. LAWM Lashenden Air Warfare Museum (UK). LAWRS Limited aviation weather reporting station. LAWS 1 Light aircraft warning system (UK Met. Office). 2 Lightweight aerial warning system (US). LAX 1 Limited-area automatic extraction. 2 Single noise event; more precisely L AX ; see noise. lay 1 Adjust aim of weapon in azimuth, elevation or both (obs.). 2 Spread aerial smokescreen. 3 Calculate or project course (obs.). laydown Release free-fall bombs in level flight at low altitude. layer Either of two ionised shells around Earth, called E and F, which see. layered defence 1 System for protecting fixed-base ICBMs by providing separate sensor/weapon systems for interception of hostile RVs at different altitudes. 2 More generally, any air defence system designed to assign different types of weapon to threats approaching in different height bands. lay off To redraw engineering part to full scale (has other meanings concerned with aiming. layoff Off-loading temporarily surplus employees (US). layout 1 Gross spatial arrangement of parts of aircraft (see configuration [1]. 2 Arrangement of above-floor payload accommoda- tion, eg one-class *. 3 Arrangement of drawings on sheet of paper; hence * draughtsman. 4 Geometrically correct drawing of sheet-metal part allowing for all bends, setbacks and joggles. lay-up 1 Basic assembly of parts for FRC structure before bonding under pressure and possibly heat. 2 To withdraw aircraft from service for modification or rebuild. lazy eight Flight manoeuvre in which nose describes figure 8, upper half above horizon and lower half below. LB 1 Light bomber. 2 Glider, bomb-carrying (USN, 1941–45). 3 Light bombardment aircraft category, USAAC 1924–32. 4 Laser beam. 5 Free balloon. lb Pound[s] mass, from Latin libra; as the plural is librae it is nonsense to write lbs. LB film Langmuir-Blodgett. LBA 1 Luftfahrt Bundesamt (office of civil aviation, G). 2 Local boarding application, host boarding gate control. LBC Linear block (digital) code. LBCM Locator back-course marker. lbf Pounds force. LBH Light battlefield helicopter. LBI 1 Low-band interrogator. 2 Long-baseline interferometry. LBJ Low-band jammer; A adds antenna, T transmitter. LBL 1 Left buttock line. 2 Länder-Behörden der Luftfahrt (G). LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA. LBO Leveraged buyout. LBPR Low (under 1.5) bypass ratio. LBR 1 Local base rescue. 2 Low bit rate. 3 See next. LBRG, lbrg Laser beam-riding guidance. LBSD Land-based strategic deterrent, to replace existing ICBMs by 2018 (USAF). LBSS Low-band subsystem. lb st Pound[s] force, static thrust. LBTI Long-burning target indicator. LBVDS Lightweight broadband variable-depth sonar. LBW 1 Laser-beam welding. latitude band LBW 341 2 Learn by wire. LC 50 CBW measure, lethal concentration in atmosphere required to kill 50% of exposed population. LC 1 Cargo aircraft, cold-weather operation (USAF, USN). 2 Local call, or control (FAA). 3 Inductance/capacitance. 4 Letter contract. 5 Least-cost. LCA 1 Light combat aircraft. 2 Layered component architecture. LCAAS Low-cost autonomous attack system. LCAC Landing craft, air-cushion. LCAS Light close air support. LCB 1 Line of constant bearing. 2 Liquid-cooled brake. 3 Lowest compliant bidder (NATO). LCC 1 Life-cycle cost. 2 Launch-control centre. 3 Linear cutting cord (canopy). 4 Load-carrying composite. 5 Leadless ceramic chip-carrier. 6 Lateral-control criterion. 7 Loran-C chart. 8 Local command centre. LCCA Lateral-control central actuator[s]. LCCC Launch-control-centre computer. LCCDU Liquid-crystal crew display unit. LCCG Low-cost core guidance. LCCMD Low-cost cruise-missile defense (Darpa). LCCP Launch-control [SAM] computer program. LCD Liquid-crystal display. LCDP Lateral-control departure parameter. L-CES Limited-capability Earth station. LCF 1 Low-cycle fatigue; C adds counter, D damage, M meter. 2 Launch-control facility. 3 Link control field. LCFPD Liquid-crystal flat-panel display. LCG 1 Load classification group (I–VII, corresponding to LCN 120 – Ȅ10). 2 Liquid-cooled garment. LCH Light combat helicopter. LCH 4 Liquid methane. LCI 1 Low-cost inertial. 2 Low-cost interceptor (Darpa). 3 Logic[al] channel identifier. LCL 1 Local (FAA). 2 Lifting condensation level. 3 Laser centreline localizer. LC/LO Numerical percentage cost of least-cost compared with lo-observables. LCLU Landing control logic unit. LCLV Liquid-crystal light valve. LCM 1 Laser countermeasures. 2 Landing craft, medium. 3 Late change message. 4 Linear chirp modulation. 5 Lance-cartouches modulaire. 6 Logic control module. 7 Lithium/carbon monofluoride. LCMS 1 Low-cost missile system. 2 Local control and monitoring system. LCN 1 Load classification number; scale of values for paved surfaces indicating ability to support loads without cracking or permanent deformation. 2 Logistics control numbers. 3 Local communications network. LCO 1 Life-cycle-oriented. 2 Launch control officer. 3 Limit-cycle oscillation. 4 Low-cost operation[s]. LCOS Lead-computing optical sight; S adds system. LCP 1 Leachable chromate primer. 2 Launch control, or command, post. 3 Landing craft personnel. 4 Lighting control panel. 5 Last clicked position. LCPK Low-cost precision kill. LCR Link-connection refusal. LCS 1 Life-cycle cost, ie over whole useful life. 2 Liquid-crystal shutter. LCSS 1 Land combat support system. 2 Laser communications spacecraft (or satellite) system. 3 Liquid cooling sub-system. LCSTB Low-cost simulation testbed. LCT 1 Longitudinal cyclic trim. 2 Local civil time. 3 Landing craft, tank (WW2). LCTD Located. Lctn Location (FAA). LCTR Locator, suffixes M, O = middle or outer marker. LCTS Low-cost targeting system. LCTV Linac control and transit vehicle. LCU Laser code unit. LCV Landing craft vehicles [p adds personnel]. LCWDS Low-cost weapon-delivery system. LCZ, LCZR Localizer. LD 1 Landing distance. 2 Lunar day. 3 Load device, prefix for designations of standard family of cargo containers and pallets, each of particular dimensions and with certificated permissible load. 4 Lower data. 5 Low-drag. 6 Lower deck. L D D (daytime) weighted sound pressure level. L/D Lift/drag ratio. LD 50 CBW measure of lethal dose; that which kills 50% of exposed population. LDA Localizer-type directional aid only. LDA, LD a Landing distance available [H adds heli- copter]. LDB Launch data-bus. LDC 1 Less-developed countries (ICAO). 2 Lower-deck container. LDCC 1 Leaded chip carrier. 2 Lower-deck cargo compartment. LDCM Landsat data continuity mission. LDCS Local-departure control system, complete passenger-handling for non-hosted carriers. LDDC London Docklands Development Corporation (Stolport). LDDI Less-developed defence industries. LDEF Long-duration exposure facility (Shuttle). LC 50 LDEF 342 L δ , L ∆ Lift due to deflection (aeroelastic or surface rota- tion), thus L δ T = lift of tail due to deflection. L Den Noise level density, noise from all sources summed through each 24h (EC proposal). LDG 1 Landing gear. 2 Landing. LDGP Low-drag general-purpose (bomb). LDGPS Local-area differential GPS. LDHD Low-density high demand. LDI Landing direction indicator. LDIN Lead-in [light system] LDL Lower-deck lavatory. LDM 1 Linear delta modulation. 2 Lift/drag meter. L/D max Maximum attainable L/D. LDMCRC Lower-deck mobile crew-rest container. LDMX Local digital message exchange (secure terminals). L DN Duration of a noise. LDNS Laser (or lightweight) Doppler navigation system. LDO 1 Limited-duty officer (USN). 2 Lease, develop, operate. LDOC Long-distance operational control; F adds facility (HF radio). LDP 1 Laser designator pod. 2 Landing decision point (helicopter operations from small platforms). LDPU Link and display processing unit (ATC). LDR Low data-rate. LD r Landing distance required. L/D r L/D for maximum range. LDRF Laser designator rangefinder. LDRU Light-duty release unit. LDS 1 Layered-defence system. 2 Lithium-doped silicon. 3 Laser detecting set. 4 Laser dazzle sight. LD/SD Look down, shoot down. LD-SVR Landing slant-visibility meter. LDT 1 Lateral dispersion at touchdown (generally 10 ft/sec). 2 Laser detector and tracker; SCAM adds strike camera. 3 Local daylight time. LDU 1 Lamp driver unit. 2 Launcher decoder unit. LDV 1 Limiting descent velocity. 2 Laser Doppler velocimeter. 3 Local Defence Volunteers (UK 1940). ldw Landing weight. LE 1 Leading edge; now has confusing additional meaning arising from expression ‘* of technology’, signifying the very latest advances into unknown fields. 2 Life extension. 3 Link establish[ed]. Le Lewis number. LEA Leurre [lure] electromagnétique actif (F). LEAA Law-Enforcement Assistance Administration (US). lead 1 Angular measurement of many variables (eg crankshaft motion between opening of exhaust value and TDC, or AC vectors related to zero-lead reference). 2 Angular distance between sightline to moving target and direction of aim to hit it. 3 First aircraft in element, or first element in large formation. 4 Dominant member of formation aerobatic display duo or team; role is to fly sequence precisely, without looking at No 2. 5 Different pronunciation, Pb, soft ductile metal, density 11.4, MPt 334°C. lead aircraft 1 Aircraft with greater flight time than any other of similar type or using similar airframe. 2 Obviously, that leading a formation or group; see leadplane. lead angle See lead (2). lead azide Explosive triggered by mechanical deforma- tion, used in detonators. lead-computing sight Gyro or other sight sensitive to flight manoeuvres and providing a direct aiming mark to be superimposed over the target. leaded fuel Containing small percentage TEL as anti- knock additive. leader cable Electrically conductive cable buried along centreline of runway and taxiway to provide ground guid- ance in zero visibility. lead-in 1 Formerly ground facilities and features between outer marker and threshold. 2 Tube through which aerial or towed MAD bird cable enters aircraft. lead-in fighter Advanced jet trainer with which pupil can practise fighter missions, with sensors and weapons. leading edge 1 Front edge of wing, rotor, tail or other aerofoil. Not precisely defined and, especially when made as detachable unit, extends to rear of 0% chord. 2 Rising slope of electronic pulse, esp. one on precise timebase, as in CRT, IFF, video etc. 3 Frontier of knowledge (see comment under LE). leading-edge flap Any hinged high-lift surface attached to the leading edge but not forming the leading edge itself (ie, not a droop). leading-edge root extension Sharp increase of wing chord at LE root, often almost flat and projecting ahead of wing profile proper, to cause strong vortex at high AOA and enhance lift, control and manoeuvrability. In extreme (long-chord form) becomes a large strake. leading-edge sweep Angle between local (or, sometimes, mean) leading edge and OY axis. leading panel The FSW in an oblique [slew] wing aircraft. leadplane That guiding fire tankers to the retardant drop zone, orders sequence and approach path, watches for conflicts and relays altimeter setting (USFS). lead pole Connects cable to tow banner. lead-pursuit Traditional air-to-air attack using fixed guns, approach from rear and aiming ahead of crossing target. lead-replacement petrol UK term for piston engine gaso- lines in which lead is replaced by VSR additives; in 2002 not yet approved for aviation. LEADS, Leads Law-enforcement agencies data system (airport com. systems). lead ship Prominently marked aircraft on which large day bomber formations formed up before setting course. lead time Time between (a) placing order for bought-out item, or (b) starting fabrication of major airframe part or L δ , L ∆ lead time 343 even (c) receiving heavy plate or other raw material, and emergence of finished aircraft. Expression also, in- correctly, used for time between ordering aircraft and its delivery. leaf brake Power tool for making radiused straight bends in sheet. leakage drag That due to local flows between fixed [eg, wing, tailplane] and movable parts of aircraft. leaky turbojet Turbofan of very low BPR (under 0.5). lean 1 Of fuel/air mixture, below stoichiometric, lacking fuel. 2 Linear distance at tip between position of backwards- leaning rotor blade (usually of gas-turbine compressor or helicopter) and position it would occupy if truly radial; the lean is sometimes along the tip-path plane and sometimes along chord line at tip. Lean Aerospace Initiative Programme by the SBAC and six UK universities to adapt the best practices in lean tools and processes (Toyota) to the aerospace industry. A major difference is that, unlike the motor industry, aero- space involves a great deal of non-recurring activity. lean manufacturing Keeping production line flowing with smallest possible inventory of components and work in progress, and elimination of muda [waste]. (Toyota). lean mixture octane At present this means fuel with TEL giving octane rating of 100. Essential for supercharged piston engine engines, replacements for TEL are being sought. Leans (the) Vertigo. LEAP Lightweight exo-atmospheric projectile. leapfrog To delay one ranging pulse train from radar to avoid two targets being superimposed. learner cost Extra element of direct-labour cost when work is unfamiliar. learning curve Fundamental curve portraying fall in manufacturing time or cost with increasing familiarity; abscissa is number of aircraft completed (often log scale) and ordinate is total direct labour cost, or total manu- facturing man-hours or total manufacturing cost including raw materials and bought-out parts; usually an idealised curve not allowing for inflation. Leasat Leased satellite, or space bus hired out for different payloads. leasing Possession without title. Lecos Light (ie optical) electronic control system. LEC Locally employed civilian. LECP 1 Life-extension and capabilities program (US and ARRC). 2 Low-energy charged particle. LED 1 Light-emitting diode; - RHA adds recording- head assembly. 2 Leading-edge down (surface angular movement). 3 Leading-edge device(s). 4 Low endoatmospheric defence [I adds interceptor]. LEDDM LED (1) dot matrix. LEED Low-energy electron diffraction. lee wave See rotor cloud. LEF 1 Leading-edge flap. 2 Light-emitting film. left-hand circuit Rectilinear circuit (1) with turns to left, anti-clockwise seen from above. Almost universal. left-hand rotation Anti-clockwise, viewed from rear. left/right needle Needle pivoted at top or bottom of panel instrument giving steering indication; pilot steers to keep needle vertical. left seat That of captain of aircraft; thus, ** time. left-seater Pilot in command, usually. leg 1 Main strut of landing gear. 2 Part of flight at constant heading between two waypoints. 3 Beam of radio range station, identified by particular flight as inbound * or outbound *. legacy systems 1 Those which a nation cannot afford to replace. 2 In general, those we use today, as distinct from the much better ones we can envisage. In the course of time everything becomes a *. 3 Specifically, the previous version. legend 1 Any fixed printed notice in cockpit. 2 Explanatory written matter on engineering drawing. leg restraint Strong belt automatically tightened round occupant’s legs as ejection seat fires. Lehar Long-endurance high-altitude rotorcraft (USA). LEIP Leading-edge image process (auto map displays). Lelfas Long-endurance low-frequency active surveil- lance (ASW). LEM 1 Lunar excursion module. 2 Lean-enterprise model. 3 Linear electric motor. Lemac Leading edge of mean aerodynamic chord. LEMF Leading-edge manoeuvre flap. Lemonnier Class of resonant valveless pulsejets, named for inventor. LEN Low-entry networking. len Length. length Aeroplanes normally measured in flight attitude along OX axis with perpendiculars aligned with extremi- ties of fixed airframe, normally including pitot or instrument booms; helicopters, must specify whether fuse- lage only or ‘rotors turning’, the latter being distance between perpendiculars to OX axis through periphery of rotor discs. Main cause of confusion is that measure is frequently taken from Station Zero at a location (often an arbitrary distance) in front of nose of aircraft. NATO measure is always major body * ignoring nose probes or booms, guns, FR probes, inlet centrebodies, rudder or tailplane overhang or any other projection or rotor blade. SI unit is metre m = 3.28084 ft = 39.37008 in. Lens Laser-engineered net shape. lenticular Having shape resembling side elevation of double-convex lens, with two arcs of large curvature meeting at pointed ends; thus * blade, a supersonic fan or compressor profile, and * cloud, found at tops of waves in lee of hills. Lenz’s law Current induced in circuit moving relative to magnetic field will generate its own field opposing motion. LEO Low Earth orbit, parameters of which depend upon satellite mass, density, lifetime and other variables. Leosat Low Earth-orbiting satellite. LEP Light-emitting polymer. L EPN Effective perceived noise level, with tone/duration correction. See noise. L EQ , L eq Energy-average sound pressure level. LER 1 Leading-edge radius. 2 Long-endurance rotorcraft. 3 Laser event recorder. LeRC Lewis Research Center (NASA). leaf brake LeRC 344 LERX, Lerx Leading-edge root extension, pronounced ‘lurks’. LES 1 Leading-edge slat. 2 Large-eddy simulation. 3 Land Earth station. 4 Launch escape system. LESA Lightweight electronically scanned array. LESM Lightweight ESM (1). LESO, Leso LES (3) operator. LESS Leading-edge subsystem (Space Shuttle). LET Launch and escape time (strategic bomber, cruise missile). let-down Complete procedure from TOD at end of cruise through the approach to landing; term concerned mainly with controlled adoption of successively lower flight levels rather than with the landing; thus * proce- dure. lethal envelope Volume, often spherical, within which parameters can be met for successful employment of particular munition. letter boxing Becoming squeezed between cloud layer and rising ground. letter-box inlet Large semi-rectangular air inlet along part of wing (or other) leading edge. letter-box slot Fixed slot at about 8% chord, usually ahead of aileron; further aft than slot formed by open slat. letter of intent Formal letter serving as notice by customer of intention to purchase, before negotiation of contract. LEU Leading edge up (surface angular movement). leurre Decoy [lure] (F). l e v Tip chord of vertical tail. level Air intercept code: “Contact is at your angels”. level bust Failure by dangerous margin [usually ± 300 ft] to fly at assigned FL. level landing Tail-up landing by tailwheel aeroplane; also known as a wheeler. levelling circuit AC filter circuit used to smooth out vari- ation in bias voltage. level of escape Base of exosphere at which upward- moving particle has probability 1/e of colliding with another on way out of atmosphere. level off To pull out of dive or gentle let-down and hold height constant. levels of similarity Quantified lists of differences in aero- dynamics and systems between early prototypes. leverage 1 Ratio between variables (eg, if ∆ DOC due to ∆ sfc is 8 times the cost of engines and spares to achieve ∆ sfc then * of improved sfc is 8). 2 Ratio of effect of destroying target to its own intrinsic value. leveraged lease Lease of aircraft on any of several forms of sliding scale. levered suspension Landing gear wheel(s) carried on arm pivoted to bottom of leg such that vertical travel of wheel is greater than that of shock strut. LEVL Leading-edge vortex lift. LEW Large eye/wheel distance, ie pilot must allow for his height above wheels at touchdown. Lewis NASA research centre for aeronautics, Cleveland, Ohio, Abb. LeRC. Lewis aerial Othogonal radar scanning sawtooth profile generated by electromechanical means to give flapping beams. Lewis number Le = Pr (Prandtl)/Sc (Schmidt), used in hypersonics. LEWK Loitering electronic-warfare killer (UAV). LEWP Line echo wave pattern. LEX Leading-edge extension (US terminology). Lexan Commercially produced polycarbonate plastic, usually transparent. LF 1 Load factor (structural). 2 Load factor (traffic). 3 Local forces, or landing force. 4 Launch facility. l.f., LF Low frequency (see Appendix 2). L + F Leather and fabric. LFA 1 Landing fuel allowance. 2 Low-flying area. 3 Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt (G). 4 Low-frequency active. 5 Lawyers’ Flying Association (UK). LFAC Ligne Française d’Aéronefs de Collection (aircraft preservation, F). LFADS Low-frequency active dipping sonar. LFAS Low-frequency active sonar. LFATS Low-frequency active towed sonar. LFBB Liquid-fuel flyback booster. LFC 1 Laminar flow control (see BLC). 2 Longitudinal friction coefficient. 3 Level of free convection. LFD 1 Lamp failure detector. 2 Large freight door. LFH Lunar far horizon. LFI Light tactical fighter (R). LFICS Landing force integrated communications system. LFL Lower flammability limit. LFM 1 Low-powered fan marker. 2 Laminated, or limited, fine mesh [weather model]. 3 Low-powered frequency modulation. LFP Loaded flank pitch (fir-tree blade root). LFR 1 Local flight regulations. 2 Low/medium-frequency radio range. LFRED Liquid-fuelled ramjet engine development. LFRJ Liquid-fuelled ramjet (in solid rocket case). LFR, LFRR Low-frequency radio range. LFS Low-flying system (UK military). LFSMS Logistic force-structure management system(s). LFV Civil aviation board (Sweden). LFW Linear friction welding. LFX Limited-output full-area automatic extraction. LG 1 Landing gear; also, for F-22, * trainer (ground support item). 2 Laser gyro. 3 Landing ground. 4 Lehrgeschwader, instructional group (G). LGA 1 Low-gain antenna. 2 Local Government Association (UK, has two avia- tion groups). LGB Laser-guided bomb. LGCIU Landing-gear control and interface unit; typi- cally controls LG and doors, monitors cargo door locks, senses flap/slat position and interfaces with ECAM, MRS and BITE (Dowty). LGDM Laser-guided dispenser munition. LERX, Lerx LGDM 345 LGE speed Speed at which landing gear may be extended. See landing gear. LGI Laser glide slope indicator. LGM US weapon category, silo-launched missile. LGOS Landing-gear operating speed. LGR Laser guidance receiver. LGS 1 Laser gunfire simulator. 2 Laser gyro strapdown. LGSC Linear glide-slope capture. LGSM Light ground-station module. LGT Landing-gear tread. lgt Light, lighting. Lgtd Lighted. LGTR Laser-guided training round. LGW Landing gross weight. LGWB Landing gear wheelbase. LH 1 Left-hand. 2 Light helicopter. L/H Local horizontal. LHA 1 US Navy ship category, large helicopter assault carrier. 2 Local hour angle. LHC 1 Light helicopter cycle (standard cycle for US turboshaft engine testing). 2 Left-hand circuit. 3 Lower-hold cargo. LHe Liquid helium. LHF Liquid-cooled, heavy fuel. LHM Laser-hardened materials. LHN Long-haul network. LHOX Low and high-pressure oxygen. LHP Lightning HIRF protection. LHS Left-hand side. LH 2 Liquid hydrogen. LHV Fuel lower heating value, formerly measured in BTU/lb. LHW Laser-homing weapon. LHWR Lightning-hazard warning radar. LHX Light helicopter, experimental. LI 1 Lane identification (early Decca). 2 Laser interrogator (or interrogation). 3 Lithium-iron [LiFe preferred]. 4 Letter of intent. 5 Lift index; numerically positive, negative or zero if atmosphere stable, unstable or neutral. 6 Low-intensity light[s]. L i Maximum weighted noise level over series of i noise events. LIB 1 Left inboard. 2 Loudspeaker intercom box. libration Small long-period oscillation, esp. that of Moon’s aspect from Earth. LIC Low-intensity conflict [A adds aircraft, S system, hence Licas]. licence US = license, document authorising holder to carry out functions specified; see rating (3), validation. LID 1 Lift-improvement device (jet V/STOL). 2 Luftfahrt Information Dienst (DDR). 3 Large integrated display. 4 Laser irradiation detector. 5 Liquid-interface diffusion (bonding). lidar Light detection and ranging, laser counterpart of radar. LIF Lead-in fighter. LiFe Lithium-iron. life 1 Allowable total period of operation of hardware item. 2 To assign such a period; hence, a lifed part. lifeboat Transport vehicle for rescuing crew from space- craft, usually parafoil Earth landing. liferaft Correct term for inflatable emergency ‘dinghy’. life-support system Provides environment to sustain human life in space, including during EVA. LIFM Linear instantaneous frequency measurement. Lifmop Linear frequency-modulated pulse. Lifo Last in, first out. LIFP Low-inertia flat-plate (antenna). LIFR Low-altitude instrument flight rules. LIFT Lead-in fighter training, or team. lift 1 Total lifting force from a wing (component of resultant force along lift axis), aerostat envelope or other source excluding engine thrust. Normally, force supporting aircraft. Traditionally L = C L ½ ρV 2 S, where C L is lift coefficient, ρ density, V velocity and S area. 2 Any element of such lift, acting through particular point. 3 Whole or part of an airborne operation, thus second * means second force to be airlifted. 4 Aircraft-carrier elevator (British terminology). 5 Total traffic capability of fleet of transport aircraft [esp. military]. lift axis Line through c.g. perpendicular to relative wind in plane of symmetry. lift coefficient C L , dimensionless measure of lift of surface; actual lift divided by free-stream dynamic pres- sure ½ ρ V 2 and surface’s area S. lift/cruise engine Turbofan or turbojet with vectoring to give jet lift or thrust. lift curve Plot of lift coefficient against angle of attack (C L : α ). lift curve slope Inclination of lift curve at any point, rate of change dC L /d α . lift-dependent drag See lift-induced drag. lift/drag ratio, L/D Ratio of total lift to total drag, fundamental measure of efficiency of aircraft; L is normally constant and equal to weight but drag varies approx as square of airspeed; thus L/D plot is curve with peak at one particular airspeed for each aircraft, L/D max. lift dumper Flat plate, usually long span and short chord, raised by powered system (rendered operative by weight on MLG) from upper surface of wing (usually inboard and at about 60% chord) after landing to destroy lift and improve wheel-brake traction. Usually synony- mous with ground spoiler. lift fan 1 Turbofan of HBPR installed only for lift thrust. 2 Free-running fan driven by tip turbine from external gas supply installed only for lift (note: 1 and 2 may have exit vanes to give a diagonal lift/thrust component). lift-improvement device Any aerodynamic strake, dam, flap or other fixed or movable surface to assist jet VTO by reducing hot-gas reingestion, suckdown or other undesir- able effects. lift index Air stability expressed as positive number if stable, zero neutral and negative unstable. lift-induced drag For all practical purposes, the same as lift-dependent drag or drag due to lift, the rearwards component of the total [resultant] force vector on a wing. LGE speed lift-induced drag 346 Purists could say lift-dependent drag is the difference between drag at a given C L and that at a datum C L . They could also argue * is not synonymous with trailing-vortex drag, because the latter can exist in an inviscid flow. lifting body Aircraft whose chief or sole lift is generated by its body; usually hypersonic aircraft or spacecraft. lifting re-entry One in which aerodynamic lift forces play a significant role. lift jet Ultra-lightweight turbojet or turbofan installed only for upward thrust. lift-lift/cruise Equipped with both lift jet(s) and vectored-thrust engine. lift motor Engine driving vertical-axis prop/rotor on airship. lift off 1 Separation of any aircraft or other flight or space vehicle from ground or (eg Space Shuttle atmos- pheric tests) a parent vehicle. Hence * speed, V LOF . For aircraft, synonymous with unstick. 2 Undesirable gap between an eddy-current crack tester and the inspected surface. lift strut Bears tensile (rarely compression) load due to wing lift. LIFTT Leaders in flight-test training, includes [2002] ETPS, Epner, CCA, DUT and IAS. lift/thrust Ratio of lift to thrust of vectored-thrust engine, usually varies from unity to zero over range of nozzle movement; also see L/T. lift vector Vector drawn through point at which lift force acts, with angle showing direction (usually normal to chord or OX axis, irrespective of aircraft attitude) and length showing magnitude. lift wire Bears tensile load due to lift of wing. LIG 1 Laser image generator. 2 Lithium/iron gel. light Visible * extends from about 0.4 µ [red] to 0.75 µ [violet]. Velocity in vacuum = 299,792,456 m [983,571,007 ft]/s. light aircraft One having MTOW less than 12,500 lb (5,670 kg). light alloy One whose principal constituent is aluminium; some authorities add ‘or magnesium’ but these are usually described as magnesium alloys. light anti-aircraft Guns ȅ 40 mm. light bomber Today meaningless, and never universally defined. light-emitting bar Vertical bar of three (rarely, more) Si LEDs. light-emitting diode Solid-state diode emitting visible light when stimulated by electronic input, giving quick- reacting shaped light source. light-emitting strip Horizontal rectangular strip display made up of number of light-emitting bars, often used to give analog lateral-position readout. lightening hole Cut-out in relatively unstressed region of structural sheet part to save weight. lighter than air Buoyant in atmosphere (see aerostat). light fighter Unusually small fighter intended chiefly for close air-combat role. light flight control Easy to move, esp. when adjacent flight controls are heavy. light gun Aldis lamp or other projector of visible pencil beam, usually selectable white, red or green. light ice Traditionally, can be ignored for up to 1 h. light machine gun Not greater than rifle calibre. light-microsecond Almost exactly 300 m, 984 ft. lightning Any natural electrical discharge between clouds or between cloud and ground. Lightning Bolt Procedures enabling existing procure- ment to be streamlined, and commercially available items to be bought when appropriate (USAF). lightoff, light off 1 Ignition followed by acceleration of gas turbine. 2 Ignition of afterburner. light pen Fibre-optic device for interfacing and accessing computer via visual display. light pipe Single or bundle of optical fibres. lightplane See light aircraft. light propeller aircraft ȅ5,700 kg MTOW. Light Series Carrier for four 20-lb practice bombs (UK, 1922-c60). light turboprop Aircraft category MTOW 7 t (15,432 lb). light valve Photoconductive layer controlling areas of liquid crystal illuminated in large display. light water 1 Water, as distinct from heavy water. 2 Trade name for AFFF. lightweight fighter, LWF Despite USAF competition 1972–75, never defined. LIH/LIL/LIM Light intensity high/low/medium. LII 1 Light image intensifier. 2 Flight research institute (USSR). LIIPS Leningrad institute for sail and communications engineers (USSR). like on like Liquid rocket with streams of fuel impinging on each other from some injectors and streams of oxidant on oxidant from others. Lilo Last in, last out. lily pad Forward operating base (USAF, esp. PACAF). LIM 1 Low-inclination mission. 2 Locator inner marker. 3 Light intensity medium. 4 Limit. Lima Laser ionisation mass analyser. Limaçon Quartic curve, r = a cos θ + b. Limar Laser imaging and ranging. limb Visible edge of heavenly body, esp. the Sun. limit altitudes Angles of pitch or bank which FCS prevents being exceeded. limit-cycle oscillation Sustained vibration at a fixed frequency and limited amplitude. limited panel Pilot instruction with key flight instru- ments obliterated and external cues absent (originally meant gyro instruments obliterated, and always horizon; today depends on panel). limited remote communications outlet Unmanned satel- lite air/ground com. facility operated as LRCO-A, VOR voice channel plus receiver, or LRCO-B, separate facility with transmit and receive capability, extending FSS service area (FAA). limited-route concept Operator, captain or whoever else prepares flight-plan, is offered very limited choice of routes through a controlled airspace. limiter One meaning is control device attached to trans- ducer to prevent critical or threshold value being exceeded. limiter spiral Manoeuvre in which aircraft makes g- loaded roll on AOA limit, a form of corkscrew with stick in fully back L or R corner. limiting load factor See design load factor. lifting body limiting load factor 347 limiting Mach number Maximum permitted for type of aircraft, usually before onset of buffet. limiting runway One whose length, altitude or tempera- ture necessitates take-off below MTOW. limiting speed 1 Maximum IAS permitted in particular aircraft configuration, eg landing gear down. 2 Speed in any flight condition in which longitudinal acceleration is zero. limiting velocity Terminal velocity at specified angle to horizontal [not normal term]. limit load Greatest anticipated stress on structural member, unfactored, from authorized ground and flight operation. limit of proportionality Tensile (rarely, other) stress at which material begins to suffer plastic deformation, acquiring permanent set. limits 1 Weather minima permitted for particular pilot or flight. 2 Boundaries of flight regimes, eg IAS or g in particular configurations. Limnatran Limited Atlantic regional air navigation. LiMnO 2 Lithium manganese dioxide electric battery. LIMSS Logistics information management support system [hence LIMS, management system]. Linac Linear accelerator for X-radiography. Linas Laser-inertial nav/attack system. Lincs 1 Leased-products interfacility national air space communications system; digital net connecting remote radar and Wx sites to ATC centres (FAA). 2 Long-haul interfacility com. system. Lindberg detector Fire detector with sealed network of stainless-steel tubing containing material which above set temperature emits gas, raising pressure. Lindholme gear Air/sea rescue equipment dropped to survivors; the original form (1942) was packaged in 10 buoyant containers. line 1 Single pipe in fluid system. 2 Single cable in electrical system. 3 Horizontal scan on raster display. 4 Cable or rope anchored to aerostat with other end free. 5 Flight-line. 6 Adjective, in revenue service with air carrier. 7 Future path of target. 8 Personal boast, from ‘shooting a *’ (RAF). linear accelerator In theory, any assisted-takeoff device. In practice, restricted to an “unrolled” electric motor. linear aerial array Yagi or other array of dipoles on straight axis. linear aerospike Rocket with two-dimensional expan- sive nozzle. linear building One in which operations take place in sequence from one end to other. linear configuration Vehicle assembled from separable stages arranged end to end in one line. linear friction welding Workpieces are rubbed together to reach welding temperature, giving a perfect bond by a solid-state process not involving melting. linear hold Usually, to delay landing by intercepting extended runway centreline far from airport, advising when 1,000 m from threshold. linear motion See heave, surge, sway. linear optical sensor Transducer in fibre-optic sensor system which, by splitting and reflecting laser pulses whose phase-displacement is then measured, translates mechanical movement (eg, of aileron) into a decodable output. linear-scale instrument Vertical or horizontal straight- line display, either tape or video, giving quantified output. linear shaped charge Explosive cord whose cross-section is that of hollow (shaped) charge, for unidirectional cutting. line book Written and witnessed record of lines (8) shot by members of Mess (RAF). line check Examination of crew qualified on type but proving ability to fly new route. line inspection Usually vague, but generally a special check not calling for aircraft to be moved to maintenance or engineering area or enter hangar. lineman Engineer, marshaller or other flight-line worker, esp. in general aviation. line-mounted Usually, supported entirely by a pipe or cable, thus * valve. line of position See position line. line of reference The intersection of the planes of refer- ence and of symmetry. line oriented flight training Training (in air or simulator) of commercial aircrew flying as a crew and using SIDs and STARs and other regular procedures, esp. on routes of pupils’ airline. line-oriented safety audit Collection of safety data and flight-crew performance as diagnostic tool. liner Sheet or sprayed-on heat insulator in some (non- case-bonded) solid motors. line-replaceable Capable of being removed from aircraft parked on flight-line and replaced by different example of same item. linescan IR graphics using raster display to generate picture. line search 1 To examine one strip of film from straight reconnaissance run. 2 In sea reconnaissance, to search on constant heading at maximum height at which target is identifiable. line service In revenue operation with air carrier. Linesman British attempt at combined air defence and ATC system (see Mediator). line speed Predicted take-off ASIR. line squall Violent cold front characterised by sudden drop in temperature, rise in pressure, thunderstorms and, especially, severe vertical and other gusts. line up To position aircraft on downwind end of runway, pointing along centreline. line vortex One in which vorticity is concentrated in a line. liney Apron marshaller (RAF, colloq.). linkbelt Ammunition feed using rigid inter-round links. link chute Discharges used ammunition links over- board. link route Authorised sector joining airways but not itself an airway. Link’s turbidity factor See turbidity factor. Link trainer Traditional primitive electropneumatic flight (pilot training) simulator, not representative of aircraft type. Link translator Provides translation and forwarding between Tadil, Link 11, NATO Link 1 and other friendly communications. LINS, Lins Laser/inertial navigation system. limiting Mach number LINS, Lins 348 LION, Lion Link interoperability network (UK MoD). LIP 1 Laboratory identification prototype. 2 Limited-installation program. 3 Lithium/iron polymer; E adds electrolyte. lip Leading edge of air inlet (other than a bodyside splitter plate). lip microphone For use, pivoted to be almost touching the mouth. Lips, LIPS Logical inferences per second (A12). liquid-cooled Loosely, any engine cooled by liquid, including water, but preferably restricted to cooling by water/alcohol or glycol mix. liquid crystal Organic liquids with elongated molecules which in electric fields arrange themselves to give control- lable appearances. liquid-film technique Traditional method of coating surface with volatile oil to show demarcation between laminar/turbulent boundary layer and some details of flow direction. liquid-fuel starter Burning one or more liquids unlike that for main engine. liquid inertia vibration eliminator Heavy liquid, damps helicopter rotor vibration. liquid injection TVC Use of volatile fluid pumped into one side of rocket nozzle to create shockwave and deflect jet. liquid oxygen See oxygen. liquid petroleum gas Butane, heptane and similar gaseous hydrocarbon fuels stored as liquids under high pressure. liquid propellant Liquid fuel, monofuel or oxidant used in rocket. liquid rocket Rocket burning one or more liquid pro- pellants. Liquid Spring Dowty shockstrut filled with liquid with deformable large molecules absorbing energy internally. LIR Laser intercept receiver. LIRA, Lira Low-intensity (ie limited war) reconnais- sance aircraft, with simple optical/IR suite. LIRCM Large-aircraft IRCM. LIRL Low-intensity runway light(s). LIRS Laser inertial reference system. LIRU Laser inertial reference unit. LIS 1 Localizer inertial smoother. 2 Lightning image shelter (NASA). LISA, Lisa Logistics Information Systems Agency. LISB Low-intensity [or less-intense] sonic boom. LISE, Lise Laser integrated space experiment (SDI). LISN Line-impedance stabilization network. LiSO Cl 2 Lithium thionyl chloride. listening out Ready to receive broadcast transmissions on wavelength in use (US = listening watch, and predictably the latter is becoming standard). listening post 1 Installation under landing or takeoff climbout paths of airport for measuring and recording noise of all traffic. 2 Installation, with or without sound-locator, giving warning of approach of possibly hostile aircraft (1917–45). LIT 1 Lead-in training (US). 2 Light intratheatre transport. lit Litres (SI unit). Lital Medium- and high-strength Al-Li alloys (Alcan). Litas, LITAS Low-intensity two-colour approach slope system. LITDL Link-16 interoperable tactical data link. Lite Laser illuminator targeting equipment. lithium Extremely light (density 0.534) white metal, MPt 186°C, used in Al-Li alloys and as isotope Li-6 in NW. lithium-drift detector Ionising-radiation detector using semiconductor doped with lithium as n-type ions. lithium tantalate LiTaO 3 for modulating lasers. lithometeor Finely divided solid particles suspended in atmosphere. lithosphere Earth land mass, as distinct from atmos- phere, hydrosphere. litre Metric unit of volume [in SI strictly called dm 3 ] = 10 -3 m 3 , 10 3 cm 3 = 0.219969 Imp. gal. = 0.264172 US gal. = 61.02361 in 3 . litres per kilometre Measure of fuel burn = 0.3541 Imp. gal., 0.4252 US gal./statute mile; reciprocals respectively 2.82406, 2.3518. LITS Logistics Information Technology Strategy, or System [said to mean lost in time and space] (RAF, UK). litter Stretcher (medical). Little F Lt-Cdr (Flying), (RN). littoral warfare Coastal, shallow water. LITVC Liquid-injection thrust-vector control. LIU LAN interface unit. l iv Root chord of vertical tail. LIVE, Live Liquid inertial vibration eliminator. live drop Release from aircraft of operative device, eg missile with propulsion and guidance and possibly warhead, as distinct from inert equivalent. live engine Operative engine(s) in aircraft with one or more real or simulated failures. live flight deck Subject to motion at sea, rather than in port (aircraft carrier). live mail Real air mail, as distinct from dummy loads. live nut Driven by rotary power unit along thread to give [usually irreversible] linear output. livre[s] Pounds (lb) avoirdupois (F). lizards Short lengths of rope, often with pulleyblock on free end, for ground-handling kite- or barrage balloon. LJAO London Joint Area Organization. LJS Laser jamming system. LK Product support (G). LKLY Likely. LKN Last known position [rarely, LKP]. LKR Low-kiloton range. LKS Lakes. LKV LuchtvaartKundige Vereeniging (SA). LL 1 Low-level. 2 Limit load, 3 Flying laboratory, ie research aircraft (USSR, R). 4 Low-lead [fuel]. 5 Long lead [time]. L L Loudness level (Stevens) in phons. L-L Line to line (AC voltage). L/L Latitude and longitude. LLAD Low-level air defence; S adds system. Llanbedr Airfield on Welsh coast serving Aberporth with targets (RAE, now Qinetiq). LLAPI Low-level air-picture interface. LLC 1 Lift-lift/cruise. 2 Logic link control. LLDF Low-level discomfort factor. LION, Lion LLDF 349 LLDIN Long-lead-in light system, can cross major city. LLF 1 Low-level fan of reconnaissance cameras. 2 Long-lead funding. LLGB Launch-and-leave guided bomb. LLH Light liaison helicopter. LLHK Low-level height keeper. LLLGB Low-level laser-guided bomb. LLLTV Low-light-level television. LLM 1 Long-lead [time] material. 2 Launcher loading module. LLMS Liquid-level measurement system. LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California. LLP 1 Low-level parachute. 2 Left lower plug [all similar entries = avionics boxes]. 3 Limited-liability partnership. 4 Life-limited, or limited-life, part[s]. LLS Lightning location system. LLT Long lead time. LLTOW Landing limiting (or limited) takeoff weight. LLTV Low-light television. LLV Lower limit of video (HUD). LLWAS Low-level windshear alert system (sometimes LLWSAS). LLWC Low-level weather chart. LLWD Low-level weapons delivery. LLWS Low-level windshear. LLZ Localizer. LM 1 Lunar, or landing, module. 2 Last-minute (cargo). 3 Laser machining. 4 Little movement. 5 Locator, middle. 6 Laser module. 7 Line maintenance. L/M 1 Ratio of direct labour to material cost. 2 List of materials. lm Lumen. LMAE Lunar module ascent engine. LMAL Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (NACA), became NASA LaRC. L max Peak sound level. LMC 1 A last-minute check-in. 2 Life-monitoring computer. LMD 1 Laboratoire Météorologique Dynamique (F). 2 Lithium manganese dioxide. LMDE Lunar module descent engine. LME 1 Line maintenance engineer. 2 Link management entity. LMF 1 Liquid methane (or methanol) fuel. 2 Lacking moral fibre (RAF, 1939–45). L/MF Low/medium frequency. LMG 1 Liquid methane gas. 2 Light machine gun. LMI Logical management interface. LMIT Laser materials interaction testing. LML Lightweight multiple launcher. LMLF Limit manoeuvre load factor. LM/LO Liquid methane, liquid oxygen. LMM Compass locator at middle marker. LMN Local Mach number. LMO Lean-mixture octane [rating]. LMP 1 Lunar module pilot. 2 Left middle plug. LMRS London Military Radar Services. LMS 1 Least mean square. 2 Land mobile service. 3 Local maintenance system (navaid). 4 Light monitor and switch. 5 Learning management system [on-line]. 6 Line-maintenance service[s]. LMSJ Lightweight modular support jammer. LMSS 1 Light mission support system (RAF). 2 Land mobile satellite service. LMST Lightweight multiband satellite terminal. LMT 1 Local mean time. 2 Locally manufactured tools, made to exact specifica- tion of an OEM. 3 Limit. LMTR Laser marker and target ranger. LMU Line monitor unit. LN Glider, training (USN, 1941–45). L N 1 N (night) weighted sound pressure level. 2 Confusingly, also the noise level exceeded for N % of each 24 h. L-N Line to neutral (AC volts). LN 2 Liquid nitrogen. LNA Low-noise amplifier [DPL adds diplexer]. LNAV, L-Nav Lateral navigation. LNC Loran [not necessarily Loran-C] chart. LNDG Landing. LNG 1 Liquefied natural gas. 2 Long. LNH Lunar near horizon. LNO 1 Limited nuclear option. 2 Liaison officer. LNP, L NP Noise pollution level, equal to L eq + 2.56 dB standard deviation. LNSF Light Night Striking Force. LNTWA Low-noise travelling-wave amplifier. LO 1 Low observables. 2 Local oscillator. 3 Compass locator at outer marker, also LOM. 4 Longitude. 5 Low band. 6 See next. lo 1 Low level, variously interpreted as 60 m and 200 ft; minimum practical safe height for transonic attack. 2 Minimum safe height to avoid obstructions, generally proportional to speed. L/O 1 Lift-off. 2 Light off. l.o. Local oscillator. LOA 1 Letter of offer and acceptance; sometimes rendered as ‘letter of agreement’. 2 Launch on assessment. 3 Letter of authorization. 4 Line of attack. LOAD, Load Low-altitude defence (of ICBMs). load cell 1 Fluid-filled device for generating large forces accurately, eg in weighing large aircraft. 2 Capsule containing strain gauge or other force trans- ducer used, eg, in weighing aircraft. Load classification number LCN. loadeo Loading of explosive ordnance, structured procedures also used as basis for inter-unit competition (USAF). LLDIN loadeo 350 [...]... powerful human arm for positioning items in space 363 manning the rail 2 Flat-plate aerofoil projections through aircraft boundary layer to cause major re-energization manning the rail Crew of warship, esp carrier, line maindeck periphery on entering/leaving harbour manoeuvrability Measure of the maximum rate of change of magnitude and direction of the velocity vector US maneuverability manoeuvrable... per g manoeuvring envelope Basic design envelope in which permissible speed (EAS) is plotted against load factor From the origin the positive stall line extends to design limit load factor, thence to VD, back to limit negative load factor at Vc and thence horizontally to intersect the negative stall line manoeuvring factor See load factor (1) manometer Linked twin or single vertical fluid tubes giving... Multimedia data system linking RAF, MoD and other services (UK) Lyman-Alpha Radiation emitted by hydrogen at 12. 16 pm (1,2 16 Å), penetrates Earth atmosphere to base of D-region (90 km, 55 miles) LYR Layer LYRD Layered LYRS Layers LZ Landing zone (assault in land battle) LZE Luminous-zone emissivity (flare, IRCM) LZS Aeronautical association (Slovenia) M 1 Prefix mega, 1 06 2 Mass, except BS decrees m 3 Magnetic... number [also Mn] 5 Prefix minus (wind component) 6 Maxwell 7 Dynamics, moment, esp in pitch, with numerous suffixes 8 Meteorological (JETDS) 9 Mutual inductance 10 Molecular weight 11 Structural bending moment, and generalized symbol for moment 12 Mandatory (NASA) 13 Aircraft type designation: equipped to launch guided missiles (USN suffix 1955 62 , prefix 1 962 68 ) 14 Telecom code: ‘IFR aircraft has Tacan... aircraft Meaningless, but in 1998 the 737 was cited as an example An ICAO document once said, 7,000–1 36, 000 kg MTOW medium altitude Between 2,000 ft and 35,000 ft (DoD) medium-altitude level bombing Release between 8,000 ft and 15,000 ft (DoD) medium-angle loft bombing Release at 35° to 75° from horizontal medium bird For impact or ingestion certification, one weighing 1.5 lb, 0 .68 kg medium bomber Former... differently by different air forces, either by bomb load or range, and so developed 1920–50 as to make numerical values meaningless medium cloud, CM Cloud types prefixed by alto-; according to BSI with average height 8,000 ft to 20,000 ft (2,438 6, 0 96 m) medium frequency EM radiation with superimposed carrier at 300 kHz–3 MHz medium-range ballistic missile Operational range 60 0 to 1,500 nm (1,112–2,780 km);... Full-payload range 1,500 to 3,500 nm (2,780 6, 4 86 km) medium-scale integration Normally taken to mean 50–500 circuits or gates per chip medium-scale map From 1:75,000 to 1 :60 0,000 (DoD, IADB) medium turn Most authorities define as bank angle 25° to 45° MEDS, Meds MEDS, Meds Multifunctional electronic display subsystem, new (2002) guidance for Shuttle Orbiters and STA (6) Medusa Multifunction electro-optics... Expeditionary Force 3 Maximum elevation figure MEFC Manual emergency fuel control mega 1 Prefix, ×10 6; symbol M, thus MW = megawatt[s]; a omitted in megohm[s] 2 In EDP = 220 = 1,048,5 76 megacycles Megahertz Megafloat Technology for floating offshore airports megahertz 1 06 cycles per second, MHz megaline 1 06 maxwells, = 10–2Wb megaton, MT Explosive power equivalent to nominal 1,000,000 short tons of TNT... Telecom code: ‘IFR aircraft has Tacan and transponder with no code capability’ (FAA and others) 15 Mean anomaly of orbit 16 Most ambiguously, thousand (ASA) 17 Prefix maximum 18 Main 19 Maintain 20 Maritime air 21 Measured 22 Moderate 23 Multi-mission (US role prefix) 24 MATZ penetration service [or (M)] 25 Missing 26 Master station (Loran) 27 Magnetization intensity; magnetic polarization (M) 1 Torque,... ferrite ring storing either 1 or 0 in either of two stable magnetic states magnetic course Course (heading) indicated by simple magnetic compass after correction for deviation magnetic crack detection Magnetic particle magnetic crotchet Sudden change in numerical values of Earth’s field usually ascribed to alteration in conductivity of ionosphere magnetic damping Use of eddy currents or other induced magnetic . truly radial; the lean is sometimes along the tip-path plane and sometimes along chord line at tip. Lean Aerospace Initiative Programme by the SBAC and six UK universities to adapt the best practices. 10 3 cm 3 = 0.219 969 Imp. gal. = 0. 264 172 US gal. = 61 .02 361 in 3 . litres per kilometre Measure of fuel burn = 0.3541 Imp. gal., 0.4252 US gal./statute mile; reciprocals respectively 2.824 06, 2.3518. LITS. missiles (USN suffix 1955 62 , prefix 1 962 68 ). 14 Telecom code: ‘IFR aircraft has Tacan and transponder with no code capability’ (FAA and others). 15 Mean anomaly of orbit. 16 Most ambiguously, thousand