The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary Episode 3 doc

CISPR Comité International Spécial des Peturbations Radiophoniques [radio interference]. CIT 1 Compressor inlet temperature (flight envelope limit). 2 Central integrated testing. 3 Cranfield Institute of Technology. 4 Control in turbulence [mode]. 5 Critical-item test. 6 The Chartered Institute of Transport (UK, 1919, received Charter 1926). 7 Near or over a city. 8 Combined interrogater and transponder. 9 Commission for Integrated Transport (UK think tank). CITA 1 Commission Internationale de Tourisme Aérien. 2 Confederación Interamericana de Transportadores Aéreos. CITE 1 Computer integrated test equipment (USAF). 2 Compression-ignition and turbine engine (fuel). CITEJA, Citeja Comité International Technique d’Experts Juridiques Aériens (1925–47, now part of ICAO). Citeps Central integrated test experimental parameter subsystem. CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. CITIS Contractor integrated technical information system. CITS 1 Central integrated test subsystem (eg Shuttle). 2 CAS (3) integrated targeting system. 3 Combat information transport system. city pair Pair of cities studied from viewpoint of mutual passenger/cargo traffic. city pair ranking Lists of ** in order of current or projected traffic generation. CIU 1 Computer, central, cockpit, coupler, communi- cations, or control interface unit. 2 Central Interpretation Unit (RAF, WW2). 3 Control-information unit (cartridge dispensing). CIV 1 Crossbleed isolation valve. 2 Coannular inverted-velocity (nozzle). 3 Civil. CIVA Commission International de Vol Aérobatique. Civil Aeronautics Administration Since 1958 FAA (1). Civil Aeronautics Board, CAB US Government (DoC) agency responsible for civil aviation, including CARs, licensing, routes and US mail rates. civil aircraft Not in government [including military] service. Civil Air Patrol, CAP US para-military organization using pilot and lightplane resources of general aviation for national ends. civil day Day of constant 24 hours (sometimes counted as two periods of 12 hours); mean solar day. Civil Reserve Air Fleet US airline transport aircraft and flight crews predesignated as available at any time for reasons of national emergency. civil time See mean solar time. civil twilight Period at sunrise or sunset when Sun’s centre is between 0° 50' and 6° below horizon. CIVL Commission International de Vol Libre (FAI hang-gliding organization). CIVRES Congrès International des Techniques du Vide et de la Recherche Spatiale. Civs, Civils CAA [1], (UK, colloq.). CIVV Commission International de Vol à Voile (gliding). CIWS Close-in weapon system. C j Blowing coefficient, or thrust coefficient of jet engine. CJAA Classic Jet Aircraft Association (US). CJAP Commonwealth Joint Air Training Plan (1939–45). CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. CJO Chief of Joint Operations (UK MoD). CJTF Combined [or commanders] joint task force. CK Cape Kennedy. CK, Ck Check. CKD Component, or completely, knock-down, parts imported for assembly in importing country. CKEM Compact kinetic-energy missile. CL 1 Centreline of aircraft. 2 Checklist. 3 Chemical laser. 4 Catapult-launched. 5 Charge limit, ie limit payload (RAF). 6 Creeping landing. 7 Centre of lift. 8 Compass locator. 9 Centreline lights of runway. C L 1 Coefficient of lift. 2 Low cloud. Cl Rolling moment coefficient (BSI). cl Centilitre. c l Section lift coefficient. CLA 1 Clear ice formation. 2 Centreline average (surface roughness). 3 Collective labor agreement (US). 4 Consortium of Lancashire Aerospace, Became NWAA. CLAC Comisión Latino Americana de Civil Aviación (Int.). clack, clacking Aural warning, esp. of Mach limit. clack valve Fluid one-way valve having freely hinged flap seated on one side. Clads Common large-area display set. CLAES Cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer. CLAEX Air-force flight test centre (Spain). clag Widespread low cloud, mist and/or rain (colloq.). CL/AL Catapult-launched, arrested landing. CLAMP Closed-loop aeronautical management programme. clamp Weather unfit for flight (colloq.). clamping To hold either or both peaks of waveform or signal at desired reference potential (d.c. restoration). Increasingly used in processing sensor images; black-level * references all black levels to darkest point of image. clamshell 1 Cockpit canopy hinged at front or rear. 2 Nose or tail of cargo aircraft hinged into lower and upper or left and right halves. 3 Reverser opening in upper and lower halves meeting on jet centreline behind nozzle [US = bucket]. clandestine aircraft Aircraft designed to overfly without detection, having minimal noise, IR and radar signatures. clang box Jet-engine switch-in deflector for V/STOL comprising an internal valve and side nozzle with deflecting cascade. CISPR clang box 131 Clansman Army tactical radio communication system (UK). CLAP Centre Laïque d’Aviation Populaire (F). clapper Part-span shroud. Clara Carbon-dioxide-laser radar, for obstacle avoidance. CLASB Citizens’ League Against the Supersonic Boom (US). Class Coherent laser airborne shear sensor. class action Litigation in US courts in which plaintiffs represent a class, eg airline passengers, or passengers of a particular carrier. classic Term merited by aircraft produced for many years, esp. to distinguish from later versions of same type. classical aeroplane Aeroplane having clearly defined fuselage, nacelles and aerodynamic surfaces, not neces- sarily with all tail surfaces at rear. Opposite of integrated aeroplane. classical flutter Occurring because of coupling – aero- dynamic, inertial or elastic – between two degrees of freedom. classify 1 To protect official information from unau- thorised disclosure [UK and US have numerous classification grades]. 2 In ASW to sort sonar returns according to types of source. claw 1 Accelerator hook. 2 Operative part of arrester hook. Claws Complementary low-altitude weapon system (USMC). CLB 1 Crash locator beacon. 2 Climb, helicopter autopilot mode. C L β Dihedral effect, the rolling moment due to sideslip. CLBR Calibration. CLC 1 Command launch computer. 2 Course-line computer. CLD 1 Cloud (ICAO). 2 Crutching light-duty (stores carrier). CLDP Convertible laser-designation pod. CLDS 1 Cockpit laser-designation system. 2 Clouds. CLE Central Landing Establishment, RAF Ringway 1941, pioneer paratroop/glider school. Clean Component validator for environmentally friendly aero engine. clean 1 Of aircraft design: streamlined, devoid of struts and other excresences. 2 Of aircraft condition: landing gear, high-lift systems and other extendible items retracted, and not carrying drop tanks, external ordnance or other drag-producing bodies. 3 Nuclear weapon designed for reduced, or minimal, residual radioactivity compared with normal weapon of same yield. cleaning In prolonged glide with piston-engined aircraft, to open up engine briefly to high power to clear over-rich mixture and gummy or carbon deposits. clean room Sealed airlock-entrance facility for manu- facture [eg, of inertial gyro] or examination of space samples, with rigid rules on humans admitted. clean up To retract gear and flaps, and other high-lift devices, after takeoff. clear 1 To authorise hardware as fit for use. 2 To authorise person to receive classified infor- mation. 3 To rectify stoppage in automatic weapon. 4 To unload weapon and demonstrate no ammunition remains. 5 To empty core store, register or other memory device. 6 In flight operations, authorised to take off, land or make other manoeuvre under ground control. 7 En route, to pass over waypoint. 8 To destroy all hostile aircraft in given airspace. 9 Of local sky, devoid of clouds (“the *”), but may be above or between cloud layers. 10 To clean piston engine; see cleaning. 11 To fly out of a local area, eg a flying display. 12 Not secure [communications]. clear air turbulence, CAT Significant turbulence in sky where no clouds present, normally at high altitude in high windshear near jetstream. clearance 1 Authorisation by ATC (1), for purpose of preventing collision between known aircraft, for aircraft to proceed under specified conditions within controlled airspace (see abbreviated *, SIDS, STARs, * delivery, * items, * limits). 2 Minimum gap between portions of hardware in relative motion (eg fan blade and case). 3 Transport of troops and material from beach, port or airfield using available communications. 4 Approval for publication of written text, image or film concerning sensitive subject, after excision of offending parts. clearance amendment Change in clearance (1) made by controller to avoid foreseeable conflict. clearance delivery ATC service, with assigned frequency, for issuing pre-taxi, taxi and certain other pre- flight clearances. clearance function Clearance delivery (UK). clearance limit Fix or waypoint to which outbound flight may be cleared, there to receive clearance to destination. clearance void Automatic cancellation if takeoff not made by specified time. clearance volume Minimum volume remaining in piston engine cylinder at TDC. cleared flight level FL to which flight is cleared, though possibly not yet reached. cleared through Valid to clearance limit, including inter- mediate stops. clear ice Glossy, clear or translucent accretion from slow freezing of large supercooled water droplets. clearing manoeuvre Change of aircraft attitude, on ground or in flight, to give better view of other traffic. clearing procedure Clearing manoeuvre, often combined with vocal callouts (esp. when pupil under instruction) before takeoff or any other flight operation (eg scrutiny of airspace beneath prior to spin). clearing turn Turn in which pilot checks local airspace, especially below, before stall or spin. clear-vision panel See DV panel. clearway 1 Rectangular area at upwind end of runway or other takeoff path devoid of obstructions and prepared as suitable for initial climbout. 2 Specif., area beyond runway, extending not less than 250 ft/76 m wide on each side of centreline, no part of Clansman clearway 132 which (other than threshold lights away from centreline and not over 26 in/660 mm high) projects above * plane. clearway plane Plane extending from upwind end of runway at slope positive and not exceeding 1.25 per cent. cleat In airframes, a triangular brace at a junction. clevis joint Fork and tongue joint (eg between solid motor cases) secured by large-diameter pin. CLF Carbon-loaded foam, common single-layer RAM. CLFA Centre de Laser Franco-Allemagne. CLG 1 Ceiling (ICAO). 2 Calling. C L γ , C L gamma Circulation lift coefficient. CLGE Cannon-launched guidance electronics. CLGP Cannon-launched guided projectile. CLI Common languages interactions. Climate Change Levy Financial penalty imposed [in absence of precise numerical values] on users of energy from non-renewable sources (EC). climatic test Static test in simulated adverse environ- ments (rain, ice, temperature extremes, salt, sand, dust) to demonstrate compliance with requirements. climb 1 Any gain in height by aircraft (verb or noun). 2 More commonly, deliberate and prolonged gain in height by appropriate trajectory and power setting (ie not zoom). climb corridor Positive controlled military airspace of published dimensions extending from airfield. climb gradient Vertical height gained expressed as percentage of horizontal distance travelled. climb indicator See VSI. climbing cruise, climb cruise Compromise between speed and range, typically at 1.15 V md planned from published tables for peak efficiency higher than attainable in constant-height cruise. climbing shaft Access hatch and ladder leading from bottom to top of airship hull. climb out 1 Loosely, flight from unstick to setting course (lightplane in VFR). 2 Specif., flight from screen height (35 ft/11 m) to 1,500 ft/460 m. Comprises six segments: 1, 35 ft to gear up (V 2 ); 2, gear up to FRH (V 2 ); 3, level (accelerate to FUSS); 4, FRH to 5-minute power point (FUSS); 5, level (accel- erate to initial ERCS); 6, to 1,500 ft/460 m (ERCS) (see NFP). clinker-built Marine hull or float constructed from diag- onal or longitudinal planks overlapping at edges. clinodromic Holding constant lead angle. clinometer 1 Instrument for measuring angle of eleva- tion, used in some ceilometers. 2 Pre-1935, a lateral-level flight instrument. 3 Several authorities use * as synonymous with inclin- ometer. clip, CLIP 1 Cellular logic image processor. 2 Pack of air-launched missiles loaded as a unit. clipped wing Aircraft having wing modified by removal of tips or outer portions (eg for racing). clipper Clipping (1) circuit. clipping 1 Limiting positive and/or negative parts of waveform to chosen level. 2 Mutilation of communications by cutting off or distorting beginnings and/or ends of words or syllables. 3 Limitation of frequency bandwidth. 4 Reduction of amplification below given frequency. Clircm Closed-loop IRCM. CLK Clock, clock time. CLL Centreline lighting provided. C L M Centreline (major axis) of missile. CLMA Contact localization and mission analysis (ASW). C L max Maximum attainable lift coefficient. Clnc, CLNC Clearance (UK), hence Clnc Del, for delivery. CLNP Connectionless network protocol. CLNS Connectionless network service. CLNTS China Lake Naval Testing Station (CA, USN). CLO 1 Counter-LO (low-observables). 2 Logistics and training command (KL, RNethAF). CLOAR Common low-observable[s] autorouter (AFMSS). clobber To knock out a ground or air target (colloq.). clocking Precisely aligning groups of rotating airfoils, especially of turbine stages. clock rate Precise frequency at which pulses are gener- ated to control computer arithmetic unit, digital chip or other device. CLOS Command to line of sight; can be prefaced by A = automatic, M = manual or SA = semi-automatic. close air support, CAS Air attack on targets close to friendly surface force, integrated with latter’s fire and movement. close-controlled interception One in which interceptor is under continuous ground control until target is within visual or AI radar range. closed-circuit tunnel Wind tunnel which recirculates given mass of working fluid. closed-circuit TV Camera/microphone linked to TV receiver/speaker by wires. closed competition Procurement competition in which prices, performances and design details are not disclosed to rival bidders. closed-jet tunnel Tunnel, not necessarily closed-circuit, in which working section is enclosed by walls. closed-loop system Dynamic system in which controlled variables are constantly measured, compared with inputs or desired values and error signals generated to reduce difference to zero. closed thermodynamic cycle Cycle which can transfer energy but not matter across its boundary. close flight plan To report safe arrival to appropriate ATC authority and thus terminate flight plan. (Failure to close may trigger emergency.) close hangar doors! Stop talking shop (RAF, colloq.). close out 1 To seal spacecraft, esp. manned; task performed by ad hoc ** crew who are last to leave pad area. 2 To complete manufacturing programme. close parallel operation Runways less than 200 m [656 ft] apart. closest approach 1 Time, location or separating distance at which two planets are closest. 2 Same for fly-by spacecraft. close support See close air support, CAS. closet Above-floor bay or compartment for carry-on baggage or folded wheelchairs. closure Relative closing velocity between two air or space vehicles. clot Idiot (RAF colloq.). clearway plane clot 133 cloud Large agglomeration of liquid droplets (water in case of Earth) or ice crystals suspended in atmosphere. cloud absorption Absorption of EM radiation by plane- tary cloud depends on cloud structure, size and EM wavelength, long waves reflected from planet surface being strongly absorbed even by thin layers. cloud amount Estimated as apparent coverage of celes- tial dome, as seen by observer; expressed in oktas and written in symbolic form on met chart. cloud attenuation Reduction in strength of microwave or IR radiation by cloud, usually due to scattering rather than absorption. cloud banner See banner cloud. cloud break approach Final approach beginning in cloud and ending in visual contact (though possibly with pre- cipitation). cloud chamber Sealed chamber filled with saturated gas which, when cooled by sudden expansion, gives visible track of fog droplets upon passage of ionising radiation or particle. cloud/collision warning See weather radar. cloud cover See cloud amount. cloud-cover satellite Satellite equipped to measure by spectral response cloud cover on Earth or planet below. cloud deck Cloud layer, esp. visibly dense, seen from above. cloud droplet Water or ice particle with diameter ≤0.2 mm. cloud 9 To be on * = feeling of elation and/or haziness. cloud point Temperature at which cooling liquid becomes cloudy. cloud seeding Scattering finely divided particles into cloud to serve as nuclei for precipitation (rainmaking). cloud types Each type has its own entry. They are classi- fied by numbers giving an indication of danger: cirrus 0, cirrocumulus 1, cirrostratus 2, altocumulus 3, altostratus 4, nimbostratus 5, stratocumulus 6, stratus 7, cumulus 8, and cumulonimbus 9. clovers Common low-observables verification system (USAF). CLP Club der Luftfahtpublizisten (Austria). CLR 1 Clearance, or cleared to (given height). 2 Clear sky [≤10% cloud]. 3 Compact, long-range (Flir). CLRC Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (UK). CLRS Weather clear and smooth. CLS 1 Contingency landing site. 2 Cargo loading system [M adds manual] (JARS). 3 Computer loading system. 4 Contractor [or co-operative] logistic system [or support]. 5 Central logging system. 6 Capsule launch system. C L s Lift coefficient at stall. C/LS Cruising/loiter speed. CLSD Closed. CLSU Culham Lightning Studies Unit. CLT 1 Centreline tracking (ILS/ILM). 2 Customised lead time. 3 calculated landing time. CLTF Closed-loop transfer function. C L to Takeoff lift coefficient. CLTP Connectionless mode transport protocol. C L U Lift coefficient, unblown. club layout Pairs of seats facing each other, often with table between. club propeller Propeller having stubby coarse-pitch blades for bench-testing engine with suitable torque but reduced personnel danger and slipstream. clue Piece of information, hence: clued up, well informed; clueless, ignorant (RAF colloq.). cluster 1 A group of off-the-shelf computers linked together to create a high-performance (e.g. over 10 teraflops) computing system. 2 Two or more parachutes linked to support single load. 3 Several bombs or other stores dropped as group. 4 Several stars or other pyrotechnic devices fired simul- taneously from single container. 5 Several engines forming group controlled by single throttle. 6 Several rocket motors fired simultaneously to propel single vehicle. cluster joint Structural joint of several members not all in same plane. cluster munition Container which, after release from aircraft, opens to dispense numerous bomblets (rarely, ECM or other payloads). cluster weld See cluster joint. clutter Unwanted indications on display, esp. radar display, due to atmospheric interference, lightning, natural static, ground/sea returns or hostile ECM. CLX Combat leadership exercise. CM 1 Command module. 2 Configuration, or context, management (EDP, soft- ware). 3 Crew member, thus *1, *2, etc. 4 Cluster [or cratering] munition. 5 Cruise missile. 6 Comsec module. 7 Countermeasure[s]. 8 Classified message. 9 Capability Manager (MoD UK). C M Coefficient of pitching moment about half-chord. C m Coefficient of pitching moment about quarter- chord. cm Centimetre[s]. C mac Coefficient of pitching moment about aerody- namic centre. CMA Central[ized] maintenance application. CMAG Cruise-missile advanced guidance. CMATZ Combined military air, aerodrome, traffic zones. CMB 1 Continuous monofilament, braided. 2 Concorde Management Board. 3 Cosmic microwave background. 4 Central Medical Board (RAF). 5 Ceiling-mounted bin. 6 Climb, climbing. CMBRE Common munitions built-in test reprogram- ming equipment. CMC 1 Cruise-missile carrier (A adds aircraft). 2 Ceramic-matrix composite(s). 3 Central maintenance computer [F adds function, S system]. 4 Cheyenne Mountain Complex (USAF). C mcg Coefficient of pitching moment about c.g. cloud C mcg 134 CMD 1 Command, ie total autopilot authority. 2 Countermeasures dispenser, or duties. 3 Cruise-missile defense. 4 Colour [or common] multipurpose [or multifunction] display [S adds system, U unit]. CMDR 1 Coherent monopulse Doppler radar. 2 Card maintenance data recorder. CMDS Countermeasures dispensing system. CME 1 ECM (1) (F). 2 Coronal mass ejection. 3 Central Medical Establishment (RAF). CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. CMF 1 Conceptual military framework (NATO). 2 Central maintenance function. 3 Common message format. CMFT Canadian Museum of Flight and Transport- ation, Surrey BC. CMG Control-moment gyro. CMH Center for Military History (US). CMI 1 Computer-managed instruction (see CAI [2]). 2 Cruise-missile interface. 3 Catia Metaphase Interface. CMIK Cruise-missile integration kit. CMIS 1 Command management information system. 2 Conical microwave image/sounder. CMISE Combat management integration support environment. CMIV Cabin management and interactive video. CML Consumable materials list. CMLP Cruise-missile launch point. CMLS Commercial microwave landing system [A adds avionics]. CMM 1 Computerised modular monitoring (of health of hardware). 2 Condition-monitored maintenance. 3 Co-ordinate measuring machine. 4 Common-mode monitor (AFCS). 5 Component maintenance manual. 6 Capability maturity model; I adds integration (SEI4). 7 Common modular missile. 8 Command memory management. CMMI See CMM(6). CMMCA Cruise-missile mission control aircraft. CMMS Congressionally mandated monthly study (US). CMN Control-motion noise (MLS). CMO Certificate Management Office (FAA). C mo Coefficient of pitching moment (¼-chord) at zero lift. CMOS 1 Complementary metal-oxide silicon, or semi- conductor. 2 Cockpit maintenance operations simulation, or simulator. CMP 1 Countermeasures precursor (aircraft penetrat- ing hostile airspace ahead of attacking force). 2 Counter-military potential (strategic balance). 3 Central maintenance panel. 4 Configuration management plan. CMPL, cmpl Completion, completed. CMR Central[ised] maintenance record. CMRA Cruise-missile radar altimeter. CMRB Composite main-rotor blade. CMRS 1 Countermeasures receiver system. 2 Crash/maintenance recorder system. CMS 1 Continuous monofilament, spun. 2 Commission de Météorologie Synoptique. 3 Cockpit, cabin or circuit [electric/electronic, not ATC] management system. 4 Constellation maintenance system [unrelated to that a/c]. 5 Common modular, or combat-mission, simulator. 6 Computer module system. 7 Cassette memory system. 8 Component-management support. CMSAF Chief master sergeant of the Air Force (USAF). CMT 1 Cadmium mercury telluride (IR detector). 2 Communications management terminal. 3 Certificate management team (ATOS). CMTC Committee for Military-Technical Co- operation. C µ , C mu Blowing coefficient of circulation-controlled aerofoil. CMU 1 Communications, or central, management unit. 2 Control and monitor unit (Hums). CMUP Conventional-mission upgrade program. CMW Compartmented mode workstation. CMWS Common missile warning system. CN Consigne de navigabilité [= AD(1)] (F). C n Directional stability, yawing moment coefficient due to sideslip. c/n Constructor’s number. CNA 1 Computer network attack. 2 Center for Naval Analyses. 3 Common-nozzle assembly. 4 Cast nickel alloy. CNAD Conference of National Armaments Directors (NATO). CNATRA, Cnatra Chief of Naval Air Training (USN). CNATS Controller of National Air Traffic Services (UK). CNC 1 Computer numerical control (NC machining). 2 Com/nav controls. CNCE Communications nodal control element. CNCS Central Navigation and Control School (RAF). CND 1 Computer network, defense. 2 Campaign for nuclear disarmament (UK). CNDB Customised navigation database. CND/RTOK Could not duplicate, retest OK. CNEIA Comité National d’Expansion pour l’Industrie Aéronautique (F). CNEL Community noise equivalent level. CNES Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (F). CNF Central notice-to-airmen facility. CNG 1 Compressed natural gas. 2 Chief of [State] National Guard. CNI 1 Communications, navigation, identification. 2 Chief navigational instructor. 3 Continuous nitrogen inerting. CNIE Comision Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales (Arg.). CNIEW CNI (1) electronic warfare. CNII Central research institute (R). CNIMS CNI (1) management system. CNIR Comunication, navigation, identification and reconnaissance. CNITI Central scientific institute for radiotechnical measurement; often rendered TsNITI (R). CMD CNITI 135 CNIU CNI (2) unit. CNK Cause not known. CNL Cancel, cancelled. CNMA Communications network for manufacturing applications, search for ISO standards complementary to MAP6 and TOP (EEC). CNO 1 Chief of Naval Operations (USN). 2 Computer network operations; JTF adds Joint Task Force. C/NO, C/No Carrier-to-noise density ratio. C/N/P Com./nav./pulse. CNPI Communication(s), navigation and position(ing) integration. CNR 1 Community noise rating. 2 Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche (I). CNRA Certificat de Navigabilité Restreint (homebuilts, F). CNRE Centre National de Recherches de l’Espace (F). CNRI Combat net radio interface. CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (F). CNS 1 Continuous. 2 Communications network simulator. 3 Communications, navigation, surveillance; ATM adds air-traffic management (ICAO). 4 Common nacelle system, able to accept different types of engine. 5 Chief of Naval Staff [First Sea Lord] (UK). CNSAC Comité National de Sûreté de l’Aviation Civile (F). CNST Center for NanoSpace Technologies. CNT Certificat de Navigabilité de Type (F). CNTR Centre. CN 2 D Coefficient of usable lift (variable aerofoil profile). CN 2 H Conduit nuit 2nd generation helicopters. CNVTV Convective. CO 1 Commanding officer. 2 Crystal oscillator. 3 Checkout. 4 Aerodynamic mean chord. 5 Corps observation (USA, 1919–24). 6 Carbon monoxide. COA 1 Course of action. 2 Corps observation, amphibian (USA 1919–24). CoA Circle of ambiguity coach Formerly, US domestic high-density seating configuration. coalescing filter Works by coalescing finely divided liquid droplets (eg water in fuel) into removable masses. coaming 1 Edge of open-cockpit aperture, often padded. 2 In flight deck, along top of main instrument panel. Coanda effect Tendency of fluid jet to adhere to solid wall even if this curves away from jet axis. Coanda flap Flap relying on Coanda effect for attach- ment of flow to upper surface even at extreme angles. coannular inverted nozzle Nozzle of variable-cycle jet engine with low-velocity core and high-velocity surrounding jet. coarse pitch Making large angle between blade chord and plane of disc, thus giving high forward speed for given rotational speed. coarse-pitch stop Mechanical stop to prevent inefficient over-coarse setting (removed when feathering). coast 1 Radar memory technique tending to slave to original target trajectory and avoid lock-on to stronger target passing same LOS. 2 Unpowered phase of trajectory, esp. in atmosphere (usually verb). coastal refraction Change in direction of EM radiation in crossing coast; also called shoreline effect, land effect. coast-boost Period of coasting followed by rocket burn. coasted track Continued on basis of previous character- istics in absence of surveillance data (TCAS). coastline refraction See coastal refraction. COAT Corrected outside air temperature (OAT minus TAS/100). co-axial Propeller or rotor having two or more sets of blades on same axis rotating in opposite senses inde- pendently. Not same as contra-rotating. co-axial cable Comprises central conductor wire and conducting sheath separated by dielectric insulator. COB 1 Co-located operating base. 2 Certificated operational base. 3 Catenary obstruction beacon, mounted on pylons supporting power cables . cobalt Hard, silver-white metal, density 8.9, MPt 1,495°C, important in steels and in high-temperature engine alloys. Co–60 is dangerous radioisotope theoreti- cally producible in large amount by nuclear weapons. cobblestone turbulence 1 High frequency * due to large mass of randomly disturbed air without significant gross air movement. 2 Buffet experienced by jet V/STOL descending into ground effect. COBE Cosmic-origin background explorer. Cobol Common business-oriented language. cobonding Manufacture of composite aerofoil, esp. wing, in which entire surface is assembled and cured, but with one skin (usually upper) separated by debonding agent. This skin is then attached by removable bolts. Cobra 1 Manoeuvre in which from level flight at moderate airspeed pilot applies maximum symmetric nose-up command, reaching AOA 90° up to possibly 130°, when control neutralised for flip-down recovery to level flight about 5 s later. Modest gain in height, large loss in airspeed [energy]. 2 Co-optimized booster for reusable applications. 3 Coastal battlefield reconnaissance and analysis (USMC). COBY Current operating budget year. COC 1 Common (or combat) operations centre, for tactical control of all arms in theatre. 2 Catalytic ozone converter. 3 Copper on ceramic. 4 Chamber of Commerce. COCC Contractor’s operational control centre. cockade National insignia worn by military aircraft, esp. one of concentric rings. cocked Aircraft, especially combat type, preflighted through all checklists to point of starting engines. cocked hat Triangle formed by three position lines that do not meet at a point. cockpit Space occupied by pilot or other occupants, esp. if open at top. Preferably restricted to small aircraft in which occupants cannot move from their seats; most * CNIU cockpit 136 contain only one seat. Term could arguably be applied to all aerodyne pilot stations, but flight deck preferred for large aircraft. cockpit alert State of immediate readiness with combat aircrew fully suited, in * and ready to start engine. cockpit audio monitoring Activated by flight crew, continuously transmits live audio via satellite from aircraft [jet airliner] experiencing emergency. cockpit cowling Aircraft skin around cockpit aperture. cockpit television sensor Solid-state CCD camera recording what the pilot sees during each flight. cockpit voice recorder Automatic recycling recorder storing all crew radio and intercom traffic, plus back- ground noise, during previous several missions. Coco exercise Combat mission exercise called off when aircraft are lined up on runway. Cocomo Constructive cost model (software). Cocraly Anti-oxidation coating for hot metal, from Co, Cr, Al, Yttrium. COD 1 See carrier on-board delivery. 2 Component operating data. 3 Cash on delivery. 4 Chemical oxygen demand. CODA, Coda Centre Opérationnel de Défense Aérienne (Taverny, F). Codamps Coupled ocean/atmosphere mesoscale predic- tion system. Codan Carrier-operated device anti-noise. Codar Correlation detection and recording, or ranging (ASW). Code 1 Two capital [upper-case] letters assigned to airline [any public carrier]; sometimes shared, thus Cronus aircraft operate on * of Aegean. These letters preface the three- or four-digit number identifying a particular time-tabled flight. 2 See * letters. 3 Another meaning is the series of pulses from a transponder. Code Bambini Literally ‘child’s talk’, multi-lingual tactical radio language (Switz.). code block Standardised format of data identifying each frame in visual, IR or SLAR film, with provision for high- speed computer recall. Codec Coder/decoder. code letters Pairs of letters [from 1944 often letter + number] identifying unit of aircraft in WW2. Each aircraft also assigned individual letter (RAF, USAAF). code light Surface light giving signal, usually Morse; if at airfield could be called beacon. codem Coded modulator/demodulator. coder Part of DME transponder which codes identity into responses. code rate Ratio of actual data bits to total information digits transmitted in radar or communications system having deliberate redundancy. Symbol R. Coderm Committee for Defence Equipment R & M (UK). Codes Common digital exploitation system. codes Numbers assigned to multiple-pulse reply signals transmitted by ATCRBS and SIF transponders. Codib Controlled-diffusion blade (or blading). coding Arrangement of problem-solving instructions in format and sequence to suit particular computer. CODSIA, Codsia Council of Defense and Space Industry Associations (US). COE 1 Certification of equivalency (USAF). 2 Co-operative emitter. 3 Common operating environment. COEA Cost and operational effectiveness analysis. coefficients Except for next four entries, see under appropriate characteristics. Coefficient A In simple magnetic compass, deviations on cardinal and quadrantal points summed and divided by 8. Coefficient B In simple magnetic compass, deviation E minus deviation W divided by 2. Coefficient C In simple magnetic compass, deviation N minus deviation S divided by 2. coefficient conversion factor Formerly, multiplier 0.00256 required to convert absolute to engineering coef- ficients. COEIA Combined operational effectiveness and invest- ment appraisal (UK 2001). COF Centrifugal oil filter. C of A Certificate of Airworthiness. COFAS Centre d’Opérations des Forces Aériennes Stratégiques (Taverny, F). CoFAS Commandement des FAS, same address. C of C Certificate of Compliance. COFDM Code orthogonal frequency-division multi- plexing (helicopters). C of E Certificate of Experience C of F Construction of facilities. coffin 1 Missile (ICBM) launcher recessed into ground but not hardened. 2 Symbol which appears in place of a downed aircraft (ACMR). C of G See c.g . C of M Certificate of Maintenance. C of P See centre of pressure. C of T Certificate of test. C of R Certificate of Registration of aircraft. cogbelt Flexible belt incorporating teeth to prevent slip. COGT Centre-of-gravity towing. coherent Radiation in which, over any plane perpen- dicular to direction of propagation, all waves are linked by unvarying phase relationships (common simplified picture is of waves ‘marching in step’ with all peaks in exact alignment). coherent echo Radar return whose amplitude and phase vary only very slowly (from fixed or slowly moving object). coherent pulse radar, coherent radar Incorporates circuitry for comparing phases of successive echo pulses (one species of MTI). coherent transponder Transmitted pulses are in phase with those received. coherer RF detector in which conductance of imperfect part of circuit (eg iron filings) is improved by received signal. Cohoe Computer-originated holographic optical elements. COI Co-ordinator of Information (US, WW2). CoI Central Office of Information (UK). Coil, COIL Chemical oxygen iodine laser. coin, Co-In, CO-IN Counter-insurgency; aircraft designed for guerilla war. cockpit alert coin, Co-In, CO-IN 137 Coincat Community of Interests in Civil Air Transport (G). coincidence circuit Gives output signal only when two or more inputs all receive signals simultaneously or within agreed time. COINS, Coins Computer-operated instrument system. COIS Coastal ocean imaging spectrometer. Cojas Coherent jammer simulator. coke Verb, to modify aircraft with Küchemann ‘Coke bottle’ fuselage. col In atmosphere isobar field, saddle-shaped region separating two highs on opposite sides and two lows on remaining sides. colander In some ramjet engines, perforated shell controlling secondary airflow into combustion chamber. Generally equivalent to gas-turbine flame tube. cold Without using afterburner. cold air mass Colder than surrounding atmosphere. cold-air unit Air-cycle machine, usually in an ECS, which greatly reduces temperature of working fluid by extracting mechanical energy in expansion through a turbine. Coldama Co-ordination of loads data acquisition management. cold bucket In aft fan with double-deck blades, outer blades handling cold air. cold cathode Highly emissive coating and operating at ambient temperature. cold-cockpit alert Combat aircraft has no ground power supplies and is ‘cold’ until pilot enters and initiates start sequence for engine, gyros and systems. cold cordite charge Does not detonate but burns to give high-pressure flow of gas. cold drawing Drawing workpiece at room temperature. cold flow test Static test of liquid rocket propulsion system to verify propellant loading and feeding but without firing engine(s). cold front Front of advancing cold air mass moving beneath and lifting warmer air, esp. intersection of this front with Earth’s surface. cold gas Reaction-control jet or rocket using as working fluid gas released from pressure or monopropellant decomposed without combustion. cold launch 1 Launch of missile or other ballistic vehicle under external impulse, usually from tube (in atmosphere, in silo or on sea bed) with vehicle’s propulsion fired later. 2 Takeoff of aircraft with INS not aligned. cold mission Mission or test judged non-hazardous, thus not interfering with other activities. cold plate In high-vacuum technology, refrigerated plate used to condense out last molecules of gas in chamber. cold plug Spark plug having short insulated electrode keeping relatively cool (because rate of carbon deposit from oil or fuel is very low). cold rating Cold thrust; rated output of jet engine without afterburning. Can be MIL. cold rocket Operating on pressurized gas or mono- propellant, without combustion. cold rolling Performed on steels to harden and increase strength, at expense of ductility. cold round Test missile launched without active pro- pulsion. Colds Common opto-electronic laser detection system (detects laser beams and measures angle of arrival). cold shut Porosity due to premature surface freezing in casting, or formation of gas bubble in weld. cold soak 1 Test of complete aircraft by prolonged exposure to lowest terrestrial temperature available before flying a mission. 2 Test of cryogenic propulsion system by prolonged passage of propellant. cold stream Fan airflow; hence * reverser, one not affecting core. cold test Determines lowest temperature at which oil or other liquid will flow freely. cold thrust Maximum without afterburner. cold wave Sudden major fall in surface ambient temper- ature in winter. cold working Forming metal workpiece at room temper- ature; increases hardness and often strength but reduces ductility (increases brittleness). Coleman theory Derived by NACA’s R. P. Coleman and A. M. Feingold, basic explanation of ground resonance of helicopters with articulated rotors; hence such resonance called Coleman instability. coleopter Aircraft having annular wing with fuselage at centre; usually tail-standing VTOL. collaborative programme Undertaken by industrial companies in two or more countries as result of legal agreements between those companies or between their national governments. collar Impact-absorbent ring around bottom of balloon gondola (usually lightweight foamed polystyrene). collateral damage 1 Refers esp. to injury to friendly eyes from clumsy use of powerful lasers in warfare. 2 Damage caused to anything other than the intended target. collation Selection in correct sequence and stacking in exact register of pre-cut piles to make part in composite material. collective pitch Pilot control in rotary-wing aircraft directly affecting pitch of all blades of lifting rotor(s) simultaneously, irrespective of azimuth position. Main control for vertical velocity. Colloq. = ‘collective’. collective stick Collective-pitch lever (colloq.). collector 1 Bell-mouth intake downstream of working section of open-jet tunnel. 2 Region of transistor between * junction and * con- nection carrying electrons or holes from base. collector ring Circular manifold collecting exhaust from cylinders of radial piston engine engine. collimate To adjust optical equipment to give parallel beam from point source or vice versa. collimating mark A short line or cross at the mid-point of each edge of a reconnaissance photo. collimating tower Carries visual and radio/radar target for establishing axes of aerials (antennas) with minimal interference from other electrical fields. Alternatively collimation tower. collision-avoidance system Provides cockpit indication of all conflicting traffic, without latter carrying any helpful equipment or co-operating in any way, and increases intensity of warning as function of range and rate of closure. collision beacon Powerful rotating visual light, normally flashing Xenon tube, carried by IFR-equipped aircraft (normally one dorsal, one ventral). collision-course interception Aimed at point in space Coincat collision-course interception 138 which target will occupy at a selected future time; inter- ceptor may approach this point from any direction. collision-warning radar See weather radar. collision-warning system See collision-avoidance. colloidal propellant Having colloidal structure, with particles never larger than 5 ҂ 10 -3 mm and apparently homogeneous to unaided eye. co-located Two ground navaids, usually VOR and DME, at the same site. colours of the day Particular combination, changed daily, of [usually two] Very [or similar] signal cartridges, fired to confirm aircraft as friendly to suspicious ground forces. colour stripping Removal of all MES (6) colours except those indicating organic substances such as plastic explosives. Colpar Confederacion Latino Americana de Para- caidismo (sport parachuting, office Argentina). COLT CO 2 laser technology. COM 1 Computer output on microfilm (direct recording). 2 Company operations manual. 3 Acronyms based on Command[er] or communica- tions [over 50]. 4 Cockpit operating manual. com Communications (FAA = comm). Comac Cockpit-management computer. ComAO, COMAO Composite air operation. comb 1 Rake, usually linear, of pressure heads. 2 IFF aerial (antenna) with linear array of dipoles often sized to match spread of wavelengths. combat aircraft Aircraft designed to use its own arma- ment for destruction of enemy forces; thus includes ASW but not AEW or transport (definition controversial). combat air patrol, CAP Maintained over designated area for purpose of destroying hostile aircraft before latter reach their targets. combat camera Colour ciné camera aligned with fighter armament to film target. combat control team Air force team tasked with estab- lishing and operating navaids, communications, landing aids and ATC facilities in objective area of airborne operation. combat fuel tank Combat tank. combat gross weight See weight. combat load Aggregate of warlike stores carried (includes guns/ammunition but excludes radars, lasers/receivers and drop tanks carried for propulsion). combat mission Mission flown by balloon, airship, kite, aeroplane, helicopter or other aircraft such that it may expect to encounter enemy land, sea or air forces. combat persistence Ability of fighter aircraft to engage numerous successive targets, by virtue of large number of AAMs carried. combat plug Manual control of fighter engine permit- ting TET limit to rise to new higher level for period of emergency (typically 30 sec to 3 min). combat radius Radius of action. combat spread Variable loose formation affording best visual lookout. combat tank External jettisonable fuel tank used on combat missions; possibly smaller than ferry tank. combat thrust loading Thrust loading assumed for fighter in typical combat. combat trail Combat aircraft, usually interceptors, in loose trail formation, maintaining position visually or by radar. combat wing loading Wing loading assumed for fighter in typical combat. combat zone 1 Geographic area, including airspace, required by combat forces for conduct of operations. 2 Territory forward of army rear boundary. combi, Combi Transport aircraft with main deck furnished for both passenger and freight (from ‘com- bination’). Proportion devoted to freight usually variable. combination Tug and glider, before separation. combination aircraft Combi. combination propulsion See mixed-power aircraft. combination slide Escape slide designed for subsequent use as life raft. Combined Involving armed forces of two or more allied nations. Thus * common user item, * forces, * staff etc. combined display Presents information from two or more sources, usually radar superimposed on moving- map display. combined-effects munition One having anti-armour, anti-personnel and incendiary effects. combined sight Weapon-aiming device able to operate in more than one mode, eg optical and thermal imaging. combined stresses Two or more simple stresses acting simultaneously on same body. combiner Optical element in HUD for aligning, colli- mating or focusing at infinity all displayed elements on single screen. combining gearbox Reduction gearbox driven by two or more engines or [e.g.] surface power units, and driving single or contra-rotating propeller or lifting rotor. Combre See CMBRE. COMBS Contractor-operated and managed base supply, ie manufacturer of major system manages and maintains government-owned GSE and spare parts and carries out heavy maintenance. combustion Chemical combination with oxygen (burning). combustion chamber 1 In piston engine, space above piston(s) at TDC, arguably extended over part of stroke depending on progress of flame front. 2 In gas turbine, entire volume in which combustion takes place, including that outside flame tube(s) occupied by dilution air. 3 In liquid rocket or ramjet, entire volume in which combustion takes place, bounded by injector face, walls of chamber and plane of nozzle throat (not nozzle exit). 4 In solid or hybrid rocket, inapplicable. combustion efficiency Ratio of energy released to poten- tial chemical energy of fuel, both usually expressed as a rate. combustion ratio Ratio of fuels or propellants actually achieved; in case of fuel/air usually termed mixture ratio. combustion ring Combustion chamber of annular (eg Aerospike) liquid rocket engine. combustion space See combustion chamber (1). combustion starter Engine-start energised by burning fuel, either fuel/air, monopropellant (eg Avpin) or solid cartridge. combustion test vehicle Free-flight vehicle (RPV or missile) whose purpose is test or demonstration of propul- sion performance. collision-warning radar combustion test vehicle 139 combustor 1 See combustion chamber (2). 2 Combustion chamber (2) together with fuel mani- folds, injectors, flameholders and igniters. 3 Rarely, afterburner burning region, with fuel spray bars, flameholders and ignition system. combustor loading Expressed as a function of mass flow, chamber volume, and inlet pressure and temperature. Comdac Command, display and control (USCG). Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Comed Combined map and electronic display (pronounced co-med). Comeds Conus meteorological data system (DoD). Comest European colour-TV satellite management consortium. Comfile Expandable network connecting ATC data, voice and radar to digital recorders. comfort chart Plot of dry-bulb T° against humidity (sometimes modified to include effect of air motion). Comint Communications intelligence. comlo Compass locator. comm Communications (FAA). command 1 Intentional control input by flight crew or remote pilot. 2 Electrical or radio signal used to start or stop action. 3 In EDP, portion of instruction word specifying oper- ation to be performed. 4 Authority over precise flight trajectory exercised by ATC or military authority (hence * altitude, * height, * heading, * speed etc.). command airspeed A target airspeed displayed as a command parameter. command augmentation system Compares pilot demand with aircraft response, FCS receiving the difference; latest CAS have full authority and often high gain. command bars Principal reference index on flight director instruments, giving attitude in pitch and roll. command destruct System which, at range safety officer’s discretion, can explode malfunctioning missile, RPV or other unmanned vehicle, or trigger BUS, thereby averting hazard to life or property. command dot Command marker in form of bold dot or small disc. command ejection Ordered [not necessarily triggered] by captain of aircraft. commander Used only in military aviation, aircraft * has authority over everyone on board even though he may not be a member of flight crew. Not synonymous with PIC or with civil term captain. command guidance Steering by remote human operator. command marker Reference index (line, bug, arrow or other shape) indicating target value, set by pilot on tape (sometimes dial) instrument and then flown to centre reference line. (See command reference symbol.) command parameter Variable subject to command (1), (2), (4) and thereafter displayed as target value on instru- ment or display. command reference symbol HUD symbology in form of ring or other shape showing a point at which to aim ahead of aircraft, eg landing touchdown point or an aerial point for optimum AOA on overshoot (go-around). comma rudder Rudder shaped like comma, with balance area ahead of hinge axis, used without a fixed fin. commercial In military use, purchasable from civilian source (eg aircraft rivet). commercial aircraft Aircraft flown for hire or reward. commercial electrics Electrical systems serving passenger functions only (eg steward call circuits, PA system, cabin lighting). commercial support Assistance to operator of civil aircraft given or sold by original manufacturer or dealer. com./met./ops. Communications, meteorology, operations. commitment Announced decision to purchase an aircraft type, usually commercial transport. committal height See decision height. commodity loading All cargo of one kind grouped together, without regard to destination. commodity rate Price charged to fly specified kind of cargo, typically per kilogramme over particular route. common aero vehicle 1 Originally this was a standard design of RV [to house different payloads] for ICBMs. 2 Today, a common vehicle structure for deploying a variety of customised payloads, including weapons, into the atmosphere (MSP). 3 Capitalized, “an unpowered, manoeuvrable hyper- sonic glide vehicle carrying c1,000lb of munitions” launched from space to hit within 10ft (USAF). commonality 1 Hardware quality of being similar to, and to some degree interchangeable with, hardware of different design. 2 Objective of using one basic design of aircraft, or other major system, to meet needs of more than one user service in more than one role (with economies in training, spares and other areas). common automatic recovery system To retrieve UAVs on surface ship: electronic guidance to system of nets and cables on LPD quarterdeck. common configuration Numerous plans, mainly USAF, to bring as many aircraft of one type as possible to uniform standard, usually by upgrades. common display system Standardised glass cockpit. common-flow afterburner Augmented turbofan in which fan and core flows mix upstream of afterburner. common infrastructure Financed by two or more allies, eg by all members of NATO. common mark Marking assigned by ICAO to aircraft of international agency (eg UN) on other than national basis. Hence ** registering authority. common module(s) Use of identical “black box” sub- systems as building blocks for different major equipments, eg * IR components to build night-vision, recon., weapon guidance and other systems for different armed forces or civilian customers. common route Portion of N American route west of coastal beacon. common sensor The principal meaning is a sensor that intercepts both communications and Elint. common servicing Performed by one military service for another without reimbursement. common-user airlift In US, provided on same basis for all DoD agencies and, as authorised, other Federal Government agencies. communication deception Interference with hostile communications (including ATC and navaids) with intent to confuse or mislead. communication language Complete language structure for linking otherwise completely separate (and possibly dissimilar) EDP (1) systems. combustor communication language 140 [...]... Continuous wave 2 Ambiguously, carrier wave 3 Clockwise 4 Chemical warfare 5 Composite Wing (USAAF, USAF) CWA 1 Center weather advisory (inflight, unscheduled) 2 Civil Works Administration (US, 1 933 ) 3 Communications Workers of America CWAN Coalition wide-area network CWAR CW (1) acquisition radar CWC 1 Crosswind component 2 Chemical Weapons Convention, 15 January 19 93 3 Comparator warning computer CWCS Common... or other system offering such approach paths on either side of straight centreline curved trend Turn information imparted by three future track-lines on EHSI terminating 30 sec, 60 sec and 90 sec hence; these are straight with wings level but in banked cutoff ports turn show *, in extreme case linking in 36 0° circle (does not allow for drift) curve of pursuit Followed by any aircraft chasing another... passenger terminal complex 3 Civilian pilot training program (US, 1 939 –46) 4 Clearance, pre-taxi CPTA Civilian Pilot Training Act (1 939 ) CPTP CPT Program (US 1 939 –42), became WTS CPTR Command-post terminal replacement CPU 1 Contractor payment unit 2 Central [or communications] processing unit 3 Control-panel unit; -F adds front, -S side cPw Continental polar, warmer than surface 1 53 CPX CPX Command-post... weight, ATC rules and other traffic, winds and other factors cruising boost With piston engine, that available in weak mixture for continuous operation giving best time or lowest fuel burn cruising ceiling Formerly, greatest height at which 1 .35 Vi-mp could be maintained at max WM cruise power cruising speed That selected for cruise (1) cruising threshold 1 .35 Vi-mp, considered (1 935 –50) practical lower... Manoeuvre in vertical plane normally comprising ¾ loop, half-roll, ¾ loop, half-roll cube out To run out of payload volume (either pax, cargo or both) at less than MSP (5) cubic foot Non-SI measure of volume, 1* = 28 ,31 6.7 cm3 cubic inch Non SI measure of volume, 1 cu in = 16 .38 7 cm3 = 0.0164 litre; reciprocals 0.06102, 60.9756 CUDS Common-user data services CUE Computer update equipment cue 1 Glimpse... persons moving inside rotating container (eg space station with rotation-induced gravity) in any direction other than parallel to axis 2 According to AGARD: The acceleration, due to an aircraft flying in a non-linear path in space, which causes the displacement of the apparent horizon as defined by the bubble in a sextant’ This definition is inadequate coriolis force Apparent inertial force acting on... or other purpose 2 Absence of rear inner part of elevator, terminating in diagonal edge, to allow full rudder to be applied cut-out switch One isolating or inactivating circuit or subsystem CV 1 Fleet [aircraft] carrier 2 Carrier vehicle (SDI) 3 Compiler vendor 4 Cryptographic variable Cv Specific heat at constant volume cv Cheval vapeur, metric horsepower = 0.98 632 hp = 0. 735 5 kW; reciprocals 1.0 138 7,... turn Fighter battle formation in which left aircraft move across to right cross-qualification Among other meanings, qualification of pilots on a type of aircraft with characteristics and flight deck similar to that habitually flown, but (except on simulator) not actually flown; eg, A300B/A310, B 737 -30 0/B757 cross-radial navigation Routeing not on a radial constituting a promulgated airway; ie, RNav... radar CWS 1 Caution/warning system 2 Central [or collision] warning system 3 Control-wheel steering 4 Container weapon system CWSG Civil Wing Study Group CWSU Central [or Center] Weather Service Unit (US) cwt Hundredweight, archaic unit of mass, = 112 lb = 50.8 032 kg; US short * = 100 lb = 45 .35 92 kg CWU-45P Classic USAF leather flight jacket CWV Crest working voltage CWW Cruciform-wing weapon CWY... in opposite directions 2 Command/response 3 See CR (9) CR 1 Resultant-force coefficient 2 Range constant, velocity ҂ wt/fuel flow Cr Chromium Cr2O3 One of the three chromium oxides CRA Centro Ricerche Aerospaziali, Rome crab 1 To fly with wings level but significant drift due to crosswind 2 To fly with wings level but significant yaw due to asymmetric thrust 3 To fly with wings level but significant . aircraft operate on * of Aegean. These letters preface the three- or four-digit number identifying a particular time-tabled flight. 2 See * letters. 3 Another meaning is the series of pulses from a transponder. Code. off -the- shelf computers linked together to create a high-performance (e.g. over 10 teraflops) computing system. 2 Two or more parachutes linked to support single load. 3 Several bombs or other. Aeroplanes other than STOL, VTOL and other short-field forms. convergence 1 Condition in which, at least reckoned on surface winds, there is net inflow of air into region. 2 Of mathematical series,