Th^ng qua hanh tVTkng quan thagi giagm - kei tVTkng trVng cho nhVjng con ngVThi mah trong m^kt xaj h^ki chuy\n ch\p, ngay bain thZn hok cujng kh^ng th\r tVk baio v\k RVTkc manh trVTgc sV
Trang 1harles de Secondat Montesquieu
(1689 — 1755) — nhah tri\pt hokc Khai
sagng, nhah tV tVTing ch`nh trd, nhah
xaj h^ki hokc vah sVi hokc ngVThi Phagp _ng lah
nhah tV tVTing cog dohng doji quyg t^kc, sinh ngahy
18 thagng 1 nXm 1689 taki lZu Rahi La Bregt Ti
TZy - Nam nVTgc Phagp Cha ^ng lah GiXlc RT
STc^ngRa - m^kt quyg t^kc bd sa sugt vah Raj cog
thThi gian lahm Raki ugy v\k kyk binh, sau Rog lui
v\q Ti Zrn cho R\pn nXm 1713 tha qua RThi Khi
Montesquieu l\n 7 tu^ri tha mek ^ng mZpt
Montesquieu chdu ainh hVTing nhi\qu cuia
ngVThi chug ru^kt — GiXng RT STc^ngRa, ngVThi
Raj tVhng lah Chui tdch Nghd vi\kn BoogcR^
NXm 1700, Montesquieu theo hokc taki
m^kt trVThng trung hokc do nhVjng ngVThi
theo giago phagi _ratoa t^r chVgc Ti Giuli gZqn
Pari Trong thThi gian hokc trung hokc, ^ng
Raj th\r hi\kn roj lohng say m\ vXn chVTng, sVi
hokc vah khoa hokc tVk nhi\n Montesquieu Raj
vi\pt m^kt s^p tagc phZrm mah nhi\qu R^kc giai
thThi Rog rZpt Va chu^kng Theo P.S.Taran^pp
— tagc giai cuia c^ng tranh 106 nhah th^ng
thagi, sau khi k\pt thugc c^ng vi\kc hokc tZkp,
Montesquieu Raj quay trTi laki lZu Rahi cuia
ngVThi cha vah taki RZy, ^ng Raj bXlt RZqu
nghi\n cVgu luZkt hokc(1)
NXm 1714, Montesquieu vaho lahm vi\kc
taki Vi\kn BoogcR^ vah hai nXm sau, ^ng trTi
thahnh nam tVTgc De Montesquieu - Chui
tdch Nghd vi\kn BoogcR^ NXm 1716, Montesquieu trTi thahnh thahnh vi\n Vi\kn Hahn lZm Khoa hokc BoogcR^ MXkc duh nXlm giVj cVTng vd lah Chui tdch Nghd vi\kn vah Chagnh agn Toha agn, song Ri\qu Rog vZsn kh^ng lZpn agt RVTkc lohng say m\ khoa hokc, vXn chVTng vah tri\pt hokc Ti Montesquieu MZpt khag nhi\qu thThi gian cho nhVjng hoakt R^kng ch`nh trd, xaj h^ki, song ^ng vZsn dahnh nhi\qu tZm huy\pt cho nhVjng c^ng tranh nghi\n cVgu v\q nhVjng nguy\n nhZn cuia ti\png vang, v\q c^ng dukng cuia cagc tuy\pn thZkn, v\q trokng lVkc…, v\q lTki `ch cuia cagc m^n khoa hokc(2) Taki Vi\kn Hahn lZm Khoa hokc BoogcR^, ^ng cujng Raj tranh bahy m^kt luZkn vXn v\q R\q tahi t^n giago cuia nhVjng ngVThi La Maj Trong luZkn vXn Rog, ^ng Raj chVgng minh rXmng, “t^n giago lah do cagc vua chuga vah quyg t^kc La Maj bahy RXkt ra R\r lahm ch^s dVka cho quy\qn lVkc cuia hok vah tXng cVThng agp bVgc nhZn dZn”(3) Kh` chZpt cuia chahng thanh ni\n Montesquieu ham tam tohi, suy nghc vTgi lohng khagt khao hi\ru bi\pt tr\n nhi\qu lcnh vVkc, R^qng thThi laki trVkc ti\pp ti\pp xugc vTgi
Ch.S.MONTESQUIEU - NHA TRI "T HO!C KHAI SA NG V I T T NG # CAO “TINH TH #N PHA P LU !T”
NGUY )N TH" THU H NG(*)
(*) Thakc sc, TrVThng Saki hokc TZy BXlc.
(1) Xem: P.S.Taran^pp 106 nhaU thNng thaTi (NgVThi
ddch: S^s Minh HTkp) Nxb Ch`nh trd Qu^pc gia, Hah N^ki, 2000, tr.687.
(2) Xem: Phuhng VXn TViu, S^s Ngoakn VIn hoXc
phHFng TKy thM\ kyV XVIII Nxb Saki hokc vah Trung
hokc chuy\n nghi\kp, Hah N^ki, 1983, tr.153.
(3) Phuhng VXn TViu, S^s Ngoakn SDd., tr.153.
giíi thiÖu danh nh©n triÕt häc
Trang 2thVkc ti\sn ch`nh trd - xaj h^ki cuia thThi Raki Ti
m^kt giai Roakn RVTkc coi lah cog sVk buhng n^r
cuia cagc cu^kc RZpu tranh quy\pt li\kt ch^png
phong ki\pn Raj sTgm nung nZpu tinh thZqn
cuia nhah tri\pt hokc Khai sagng tVTng lai TV
tVTing vah tahi nXng cuia ^ng thVkc sVk hoha lahm
m^kt, k\pt tinh thahnh nXng lVkc tV duy sagng
tako, kh` phagch ki\n cVThng cuia nhah tri\pt
hokc Khai sagng Vaho nXm 1721,
Montesquieu Raj cho ra RThi tagc phZrm RZqu
tay, tagc phZrm RVTkc thVha nhZkn lah Raj gZy
chZpn R^kng dV luZkn kh^ng ri\ng ga Ti Phagp,
mah cai Ti chZu [u — Rog lah ti\ru thuy\pt bXmng
thV NhHWng bHTc thH Ba TH Tagc phZrm nahy
ra mXlt R^kc giai giVja lugc nVTgc Phagp Rang
ngai nghi\ng trong cTn khuing hoaing v\q
kinh t\p, ch`nh trd cuia thThi Rog SVk mukc nagt
cuia ch\p R^k quZn chui vah mXkt tragi cuia nhah
thTh Raj RVTkc Montesquieu phTi bahy trong
NhHWng bHTc thH Ba TH, qua sVk nhan nhZkn
cuia hai ngVThi Ba TV R\pn thXm nVTgc Phagp
sau khi Raj Ri qua m^kt s^p nVTgc chZu [u
SZy lah m^kt trong ba tagc phZrm ti\u bi\ru
cho sVk nghi\kp sagng tako cuia Montesquieu
vah lah tagc phZrm RVTkc c^ng chugng Phagp
nhi\kt li\kt hoan ngh\nh ngay khi mTgi ra
RThi MXkc duh lah tagc phZrm vXn chVTng,
nhVng NhHWng bHTc thH Ba TH Raj khi\pn
nhi\qu ngVThi dZn Phagp khi Rog phaii suy
nghc nghi\m tugc v\q n\qn chuy\n ch\p, v\q
giago h^ki vah giTgi giago sc, v\q thZn phZkn cuia
con ngVThi trong sVk cai trd R^kc Roagn cuia ch\p
R^k R^kc tahi, chuy\n ch\p Th^ng qua nhVjng
bVgc thV cuia hai ngVThi Ba TV Rang lVu trug
taki chZu [u gVii v\q qu\ hVTng,
Montesquieu Raj dVkng l\n m^kt bVgc tranh
v\q xaj h^ki phVTng S^ng vah xaj h^ki phVTng
TZy Th^ng qua hanh tVTkng quan thagi
giagm - kei tVTkng trVng cho nhVjng con ngVThi mah trong m^kt xaj h^ki chuy\n ch\p, ngay bain thZn hok cujng kh^ng th\r tVk baio v\k RVTkc manh trVTgc sVk agp RXkt cuia Nhah nVTgc chuy\n ch\p, Montesquieu Raj cho thZpy xaj h^ki phVTng S^ng khi Rog lah m^kt xaj h^ki mah Ti Rog, ngVThi ta Raj “lZpy tVh th\p giTgi nahy Rem negm vaho th\p giTgi kia m^kt ngVThi naho Rog khego chokn, ngVThi Zpy caim thZpy roj r\kt tZpt cai cagi phi lyg mah chugng ta kh^ng caim thZpy, cagi lak luhng cuia tZkp quagn, cagi kyh
dd cuia luZkt phagp, cagi RXkc bi\kt cuia phong tukc, tanh caim, t`n ngVTjng mah ai nZpy R\qu th`ch nghi”(4) Vah, khi mVTkn lThi hai vd khagch Ba TV, Montesquieu Raj cho c^ng chugng Phagp thZpy hanh ainh thZkt cuia Lui XIV Sog lah m^kt ^ng vua giahu cog, tham quy\qn, xa hoa, tragc tagng…, ngVThi Raj RZry nhZn dZn Phagp vaho cainh cuhng kh^r vah hTn th\p nVja, cohn lah “^ng vua quy\qn uy nhZpt chZu [u _ng kh^ng cog moi vahng nhV vua TZy Ban Nha lagng gi\qng, nhVng laki cog nhi\qu cuia caii hTn, bTii va cuia caii cuia ^ng RVTkc khai thagc trong cagi hV danh cuia thZqn dZn, lah m^kt thVg kho bagu v^ tZkn, hTn cai moi vahng…” Song, dVTgi con mXlt cuia nhZn dZn Phagp vah cujng lah cuia Montesquieu, ^ng vua nahy chXnng qua chb lah m^kt nhah aio thuZkt; “^ng ta agp RXkt quy\qn lVkc vaho ngay RZqu ogc thZqn dZn _ng bXlt trXm hok suy nghc nhV ^ng mu^pn N\pu trong ngZn kh^p chb cohn m^kt tri\ku R^qng \quy, ^ng chb cZqn hak l\knh rXmng m^kt R^qng Xn hai R^qng khi
^ng cZqn chi tTgi hai tri\ku \quy DZn cujng cVg tin tVTing nhV vZky”(5)
(4) Phuhng VXn TViu, S^s Ngoakn SDd., tr.161 (5) Montesquieu BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt
(NgVThi ddch: Hoahng Thanh Sakm) Nxb Lyg luZkn Ch`nh trd, Hah N^ki, 2004, tr.296.
Trang 3VZpn R\q t^n giago cujng RVTkc
Montesquieu RVa ra m^kt cagch kh^ng kegm
phZqn gay gXlt Nogi tTgi nhah thTh CT S^pc giago
nhV m^kt thi\pt ch\p xaj h^ki vTgi b^k mXkt v^
nhZn Rako, RZqy rZsy chuy\kn luki baki, tahn bako,
Rako RVgc giai, th^ng qua hanh tVTkng Lui
XIV, Montesquieu vi\pt: “_ng ta lahm cho
moki ngVThi tin rXmng ba chb lah m^kt; rXmng
bagnh ngVThi ta Xn kh^ng phaii lah bagnh,
hoXkc rVTku vang ngVThi ta u^png chXnng phaii
lah rVTku vang vah nghan troh khagc Raki loaki
nhV th\p”(6)
MXkc duh ph\ phagn nhah thTh gay gXlt,
nhVng tr\n banh di\kn tri\pt hokc,
Montesquieu laki toi ra ^n hoah vah th\r hi\kn
roj ^ng lah ngVThi theo thuy\pt tVk nhi\n thZqn
luZkn _ng ph\ phagn thZqn hokc vah nhah thTh,
nhVng vZsn dahnh cho t^n giago m^kt vai troh
nhZpt Rdnh trong vi\kc duy tra Rako RVgc xaj
h^ki Khagc vTgi cagc nhah tri\pt hokc theo chui
nghca duy lyg tri\kt R\r, khi phagt tri\rn tV
tVTing v\q quy luZkt ph^r bi\pn mah cagc hi\kn
tVTkng cuia tVk nhi\n vah RThi s^png xaj h^ki phaii
tuZn theo, ^ng Raj thVha nhZkn vah khXnng
Rdnh nhVjng ti\qn R\q chung cuia lyg luZkn v\q
phaTp lyT tHX nhiMn mah theo Rog, con ngVThi
kh^ng th\r dVka tr\n lyg luZkn nahy R\r xZy
dVkng m^kt h\k th^png vakn nXng nhVjng quy
luZkt xaj h^ki(7)
Sau khi tagc phZrm NhHWng bHTc thH Ba
TH ra RThi, Montesquieu “trTi thahnh nhZn
vZkt n^ri ti\png tVh RZpy vah thVThng lui tTgi
phohng khagch cuia phu nhZn De Lambert,
gia nhZkp cZu lakc b^k “Entresol” - m^kt thVg
hahn lZm vi\kn tVk do, R\r cuhng nhau nghi\n
cVgu cagc vZpn R\q khoa hokc v\q Rako RVgc vah
ch`nh trd”(8)
NXm 1726, Montesquieu th^i chVgc vuk
Chagnh agn Toha agn BoogcR^ mah trVTgc RZpy,
^ng Raj lahm th\p chZn ngVThi chug cuia manh M^kt nXm sau, ^ng RVTkc bZqu vaho Vi\kn Hahn lZm Khoa hokc Phagp S\pn nXm 1728, ^ng takm bi\kt cagc phohng khagch Ti Pari vah l\n RVThng Ri du ldch khXlp nTi R\r hi\ru phong tukc, tZkp quagn, luZkt phagp vah th\r ch\p cuia cagc nVTgc chZu [u _ng Raj Ri qua SVgc, Ato, Hunggari, Italia, Thuky Sc, Hah Lan Uv nhVjng nTi nahy, ^ng Raj RVTkc chVgng ki\pn nhVjng tahn dV cuia ch\p R^k phong ki\pn chZu [u, RVTkc tZkn mXlt xem xegt cu^kc s^png cuia dZn chugng dVTgi ch\p R^k c^kng hoah _ng lVu laki hai nXm cu^pi Ti Anh DVTgi ch\p R^k quZn chui lZkp hi\pn, ^ng caim thZpy rZpt hahi lohng vah cho Rog lah m^kt th\r ch\p lyg tVTing, tragi ngVTkc vTgi nVTgc Phagp quZn chui chuy\n ch\p “Taki Nghd vi\kn Anh, ngVThi ta cho phegp ^ng cog mXkt trong cagc cu^kc tranh luZkn giVja Ch`nh phui vah phe R^pi lZkp kego dahi tTgi 12 giTh Cagc
tV tVTing cuia ^ng v\q lyg luZkn phZn quy\qn Raj bXlt RZqu ch`n mu^qi Ti Anh”(9) SZy lah thThi gian Raj lahm cho Montesquieu thZpy thVkc sVk quyg bagu vah nhVjng caim nhZkn cuia
^ng v\q nhVjng ga Raj di\sn ra Ti RZy Raj trTi thahnh ti\qn R\q cho sVk hanh thahnh tV tVTing cuia ^ng sau nahy
NXm 1731, Montesquieu quay v\q Phagp vah s^png Ti lZu Rahi Bregt Uv RZy, ^ng ti\pp tukc hoakt R^kng lyg luZkn NXm 1734, ^ng
cho ra RThi tagc phZrm NhKXn DSnh vM] nguyMn
nhKn thSnh DaXt vaU suy thoaTi cuVa RNma.
Theo ^ng, “nguy\n nhZn lahm cho La Maj
(6) DZsn theo: Phuhng VXn TViu, S^s Ngoakn SDd.,
tr.167.
(7) Xem: THU DiM^n TriM\t hoXc (M.M.Rodentan chui
bi\n) Nxb Ti\pn b^k, MagtxcTva, 1986, tr.373.
(8) Hoahng Thanh Sakm TiM^u sHV Montesquieu Trong: Montesquieu SDd., tr.12.
(9) P.S.Taran^pp SDd., tr.688-689.
Trang 4cVThng thdnh lah do tanh y\u tVk do, tanh y\u
t^r qu^pc vah tanh y\u lao R^kng _ng nhZpn
maknh R\pn RVThng l^pi quZn sVk, ch`nh trd
kh^n ngoan R^pi vTgi cagc nVTgc b\n caknh R\r
dVka vaho RZpy cuing c^p ch`nh quy\qn cuia
manh Cohn nguy\n nhZn cuia sVk suy thoagi
ch`nh lah sVk r^kng lTgn cuia R\p ch\p Sog lah tanh
trakng quZn R^ki R^qn trug quag xa trung VTng,
do Rog cujng xa tinh thZqn c^kng hoha vah chb
bi\pt cog vd chb huy cuia manh; lah cu^kc n^ki
chi\pn li\n mi\n R\r giahnh giZkt RZpt Rai, cuia
caii giVja cagc vVTng hZqu…”(10)
Montesqieu cujng nhV nhi\qu nhah tri\pt hokc
khagc cuia Phagp th\p kyi XVIII mu^pn khagm
phag nhVjng quy luZkt di\sn bi\pn cuia ldch sVi,
ch^png laki quan Ri\rm cho rXmng sVk vZkn R^kng
cuia ldch sVi lah do sVk sXlp RXkt cuia thZqn linh,
do yg mu^pn chui quan cuia m^kt cag nhZn, hay
do ngZsu nhi\n chi ph^pi Tuy nhi\n,
Montesquieu chVa thZpy RVTkc RZpu tranh
giai cZpp lah R^kng lVkc thugc RZry ldch sVi, mah
chb chug yg R\pn nhVjng y\pu t^p tinh thZqn SZy
lah hakn ch\p cuia ^ng vah cujng lah cuia thThi Raki
Trong tagc phZrm nahy, Montesquieu Raj ph\
phagn n\qn ch`nh th\r chuy\n ch\p vah tanh
trakng suy R^qi Ti nhVjng nVTgc theo ch`nh th\r
nahy Theo ^ng, “thZkt ra cagc luZkt cuia R^ma
Raj trTi n\n bZpt lVkc, kh^ng th\r cai trd nVTgc
c^kng hoha RVTkc nVja; nhVng Rog lah cagi mah
ngVThi ta lu^n lu^n thZpy lah “nhVjng luZkt
hay” Raj lahm cho m^kt nVTgc c^kng hoah nhoi
trTi thahnh nVTgc lTgn, vah “nhVjng luZkt hay”
Zpy trTi thahnh gagnh nXkng khi nVTgc c^kng hoha
Raj bahnh trVTgng quag mVgc, va nhVjng luZkt
nahy chb cog tagc dukng lahm thahnh m^kt dZn t^kc
lTgn, chVg kh^ng cog tagc dukng cai trd dZn t^kc
Rog”(11) Cujng theo ^ng, nhVjng thi\pt ch\p
quZn sVk vah RThi s^png tinh thZqn cuia c^ng
dZn trong cagc nhah nVTgc Rog khi Rakt R\pn R^k cVkc thdnh tha n^ki chi\pn n^r ra li\n mi\n vah Ri\qu Rog khi\pn cho n\qn c^kng hoha trTi thahnh nhah nVTgc chuy\n ch\p R^kc quy\qn _ng vi\pt:
“Trong khi tZqng lTgp banh dZn Ti R^ma RVTkc cagc vd h^k dZn quan (tribun) nu^ng chi\qu, chb bi\pt thVha nhZkn quy\qn lVkc cuia manh, tha cT quan chZpp ch`nh (consulat) cohn cog th\r tVk baio v\k m^kt cagch d\s dahng va hok cVg theo ch`nh sagch Raj ban hahnh mah lahm vi\kc Th\p lah Ragm dZn Ren cVg lu^n lu^n bd Ragnh RZkp vah trTi thahnh y\pu Ru^pi NhVng m^kt khi dZn chugng cog th\r vu^pt rZu tVk haho v\q quy\qn lVkc cuia manh Ti ngoahi nVTgc r^qi tha moki kh^n ngoan cuia cT quan chZpp ch`nh trong nVTgc cujng trTi n\n v^ `ch vah n\qn c^kng hoha
bd ti\u vong”(12)
Thagng 10 nXm 1748, Montesquieu cho
ra RThi tagc phZrm BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp
luKXt Do Raj phaii lahm vi\kc cXng thXnng R\r
nghi\n cVgu, soakn thaio cu^pn sagch nahy n\n sVgc khoie cuia ^ng bd suy sukp, nhZpt lah thd
lVkc Ngay tVh tagc phZrm NhHWng bHTc thH Ba
TH, chugng ta Raj thZpy thZpp thoagng quan
ni\km cuia Montesquieu v\q sVk khagc bi\kt giVja ch`nh th\r quZn chui vah ch`nh th\r chuy\n ch\p, nhVjng nguy\n tXlc chi ph^pi nhah nVTgc, nhV phong tukc, tZkp quagn, kh`
hZku… Uv tagc phZrm BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp
luKXt, Montesquieu kh^ng nghi\n cVgu luZkt
phagp nhV m^kt nhah luZkt hokc thuZqn tuyg, mah nghi\n cVgu cagi h^qn, cagi tinh thZqn cuia phagp luZkt _ng mu^pn khagm phag cagi trZkt tVk, cagi quy luZkt trong mTg h^sn R^kn cagc luZkt
(10) DZsn theo: Phuhng VXn TViu (chui bi\n) LSch sHV
vIn hoXc PhaTp thM\ kyV XVIII Nxb Ngoaki vXn, Hah N^ki,
1991, tr.93 - 94.
(11) Montesquieu SDd., tr.311.
(12) Montesquieu SDd., tr.307 - 308.
Trang 5phagp Ti tZpt cai cagc dZn t^kc vah Ti moki thThi Raki.
SZy lah tagc phZrm mang t`nh tri\pt hokc sZu
sXlc, trong Rog luZkt phagp RVTkc giaii th`ch tVh
nhi\qu kh`a caknh khagc nhau
BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt th\r hi\kn
thagi R^k h\pt sVgc cXm ghegt cuia Montesquieu
R^pi vTgi ch`nh th\r chuy\n ch\p vah chui trVTng
thay th\p nog bXmng m^kt hanh thVgc nhah nVTgc
mTgi R\r cho cagc c^ng dZn Phagp lugc bZpy giTh cog
l^pi thoagt ra khoii sVk Rahn agp, cVTjng bVgc cuia
ch\p R^k R^kc tahi, chuy\n ch\p Th\p nhVng, sau
khi RVTkc c^ng b^p, tagc phZrm nahy Raj bd ph\
phagn tVh nhi\qu ph`a vah do vZky, Montesquieu
laki ti\pp tukc vi\pt m^kt tagc phZrm luZkn chi\pn
BaVo vMX tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt (1750) R\r nogi roj
lZkp trVThng cuia manh Trong tagc phZrm luZkn
chi\pn nahy, ^ng Raj thXnng thXln RZkp laki
nhVjng yg ki\pn chb tr`ch quan Ri\rm cuia ^ng
v\q “tinh thZqn phagp luZkt”, trai lThi nhVjng Ri\qu
bXlt bei vukn vXkt R^pi vTgi “tinh thZqn phagp luZkt”
vah ph\ phagn phVTng phagp luZkn cuia nhVjng
kei Raj ph\ phagn ^ng R\r qua Rog, R\q cao “tinh
thZqn phagp luZkt” mah ^ng chui trVTng vah
dahnh cai cu^kc RThi R\r xZy dVkng
NhVjng nXm cu^pi RThi, Montesquieu
s^png trong lZu Rahi cuia manh vah taki RZy,
^ng Raj vi\pt th\m m^kt s^p tagc phZrm khagc,
nhV LyDimaTc (1751), Acxat vah IxmMni
(1754) Khi Rog, ^ng Raj trTi n\n n^ri ti\png vah
RVTkc k`nh trokng Nhi\qu hokc giai khi Rog Raj
cho ra RThi cagc c^ng tranh nghi\n cVgu v\q tagc
phZrm BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt cuia
Montesquieu vah nhi\qu hokc giai trong s^p Rog
Raj gVii cho ^ng c^ng tranh nghi\n cVgu cuia
hok, m^kt s^p ngVThi cohn mu^pn RVTkc trVkc ti\pp
gXkp ^ng R\r troh chuy\kn
NXm 1754, Montesquieu R\pn Pari
“Nguy\n nhZn cuia chuy\pn Ri lah vi\kc bXlt
giam giago sV La-B^men, m^kt trong nhVjng ngVThi RZqu ti\n c^ng khai baio v\k majnh li\kt
BaUn vM] tinh thK]n phaTp luKXt Theo y\u cZqu
cuia Ch`nh phui Phagp, La-B^men bd bXlt Ti Ph^r, trao cho Phagp vah bd giam vaho Baxti vTgi tV cagch m^kt ngVThi khai nghi v\q mXkt ch`nh trd NhZkn RVTkc tin nahy, Montesquieu v^ki vahng R\pn giugp RTj _ng hXng hagi xin giuhm cho vd giago sV bZpt haknh, sVi dukng cagc m^pi quan h\k cog th\p lVkc cuia manh vah giaii thoagt RVTkc ^ng ta”(13) Trong thThi gian Rog, ^ng Raj phaii chdu RVkng sVk hahnh hak thZn xagc m^kt cagch khuing khi\pp
do b\knh tZkt ngahy m^kt nXkng th\m, nhVng
^ng vZsn s^png vah hoakt R^kng vTgi m^kt nghd lVkc hi\pm cog _ng Raj qua RThi taki Pari ngahy
10 thagng 2 nXm 1755 vah R\r laki nhi\qu
nguy\n caio, trong Rog cog tZkp NhHWng tH
tHFVng cuVa tNi.
VTgi tZpt cai nhVjng c^png hi\pn lyg luZkn cuia manh, Montesquieu xVgng Ragng RVTkc t^n vinh lah m^kt trong nhVjng nhah tV tVTing lTgn trong ldch sVi tV tVTing nhZn loaki th\p kyi XVIII, lah nhah tri\pt hokc Khai sagng Phagp n^ri ti\png vTgi tV tVTing R\q cao “tinh thZqn phagp luZkt”, lu^n th\r hi\kn yg ch` vah khagt vokng xZy dVkng m^kt xaj h^ki mTgi mah Ti Rog, kh^ng cohn agp bVgc, bZpt c^ng, m^kt xaj h^ki cog khai nXng Rem laki tVk do cho moki ngVThi, hoah banh cho nhZn loaki HTn hai th\p kyi qua, nhZn loaki lu^n
nhXlc R\pn ^ng vTgi tV cagch Rog vah BaUn vM] tinh
thK]n phaTp luKXt cuia ^ng lu^n RVTkc cagc nhah
tV tVTing, cagc ch`nh khagch vah giTgi nghi\n cVgu lyg luZkn tr\n toahn th\p giTgi sVi dukng nhV m^kt tahi li\ku tham khaio b^r `ch, cog giag trd gTki mTi cho vi\kc xZy dVkng vah hoahn thi\kn lyg luZkn v\q nhah nVTgc phagp quy\qn.
(13) P.S.Taran^pp SDd., tr.690.