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FIGURE 10.21 (Continued) 4. Extend the horizontal window lines that need to meet the dropped lines, and trim all lines that need to be trimmed. (You can use the Fil- let command here instead of the Trim and Extend commands, but pick lines carefully.) Add any detail that you added to the Front eleva- tion earlier in this chapter. 5. Use a similar strategy to relocate and resize the step. You can move the door and threshold into position by using any of several proce- dures, including dropping a guideline or using the Temporary Track- ing Point osnap—or for LT users, using the Tracking tool—with polar tracking. Use Zoom Window and Zoom Previous as needed. The finished rear elevation looks like the bottom of Figure 10.21. 6. You need to save the UCS you used to work on this elevation so that you can quickly return to it in the future, from the WCS or from any other UCS you might be in. Enter ucs↵ s↵. For the UCS name, enter rear_elev↵. This will allow you to recall it if you need to work on this elevation again. Chapter 10 • Generating Elevations414 Ǡ You can save any UCS in this way. The WCS is a permanent part of all drawings, so you never need to save it. 26531ch10.qxd 3/30/07 6:10 PM Page 414 7. You can also save the view to be able to quickly recall it. Choose View ➣ Named Views to open the View Manager dialog box. You can also start the View command by typing v↵. 8. Click New to open the New View dialog box. 9. In the View Name text box, enter rear_elev. Click the Current Display radio button, and click OK. Back in the View dialog box, rear_elev appears in the list of views (see Figure 10.22). Click OK again. Now you can restore the drawing to its original orientation with the front elevation below the floor plan and right side up. Click OK to close both dialog boxes. FIGURE 10.22: Saving a view in the View Manager and New View dialog boxes 10. Enter ucs↵↵ to restore the WCS as the current coordinate system. 11. Choose View ➣ 3D Views ➣ Plan View ➣ Current UCS. This zooms to Extents view and displays a plan view of the drawing with the X and Y positive directions in their default orientation. You can also enter plan↵↵to restore the plan view of the WCS. You created a new UCS as a tool to flip the drawing upside down without changing its orientation with respect to the WCS. Now, you’ll use it again to cre- ate the left and right elevations. Generating the Other Elevations 415 ǡ You can name and save any view of your drawing and then restore it later. 26531ch10.qxd 3/30/07 6:10 PM Page 415 Making the Left and Right Elevations You can generate the left and right elevations using techniques similar to those you have been using for the front and back elevations. You need to be able to transfer the heights of building components from the front elevation to one of the side elevations. To do this, you’ll make a copy of the front elevation, rotate it 90°, and then line it up so you can transfer the heights to the right elevation. It’s quite easy: 1. Use Zoom Realtime to zoom out slightly; then, zoom in to a view of the floor plan and front elevation. Pan the drawing so that the floor plan and front elevation are on the left part of the drawing area. You need to transfer the height data from the front elevation to the right elevation. To ensure that the right elevation is the same distance from the floor plan as the front elevation, you’ll use a 45° line that extends down and to the right from the rightmost and lowermost lines in the floor plan. 2. Turn on polar tracking, and be sure the Increment Angle is set to 45°. Also, make sure that the Otrack button on the status bar is toggled on. Then, set the Quadrant and Endpoint osnaps to running, and be sure the Midpoint osnap isn’t running. 3. Start the Line command. Move the crosshair cursor to the right edge of the outside arc of the balcony in the floor plan. Hold it there for a moment. A cross appears at the Quadrant point. Don’t click yet. 4. Move the crosshair cursor to the lower-right corner of the step in the floor plan, and hold it there until a cross appears at that point. Don’t click yet. 5. Move the crosshair cursor to a point directly to the right of the cor- ner of the step and directly under the right quadrant point of the bal- cony (see the top of Figure 10.23). Vertical and horizontal tracking lines appear and intersect where the crosshair cursor is positioned, and a small x appears at the intersection. A tracking tooltip also appears. 6. Click to start a line at this point. 7. Move the crosshair cursor down, away from this point and to the right at a negative 45° angle (or a positive 315° angle). When the 45° polar tracking path appears, enter 40'↵. Press ↵ again. This com- pletes the diagonal reference line (see the bottom of Figure 10.23). Chapter 10 • Generating Elevations416 26531ch10.qxd 3/30/07 6:10 PM Page 416 FIGURE 10.23: Starting a diagonal reference line with tracking points (top) and the completed diagonal line (bottom) 8. Turn off Quadrant as a running osnap. 9. Start the Copy command, and select the entire front elevation and nothing else. Then, press ↵. Generating the Other Elevations 417 26531ch10.qxd 3/30/07 6:10 PM Page 417 10. For the base point, select the left endpoint of the ground line. 11. For the second point, pick the Intersection osnap, and place the cur- sor on the diagonal line. When the x symbol with three dots appears, click. Then, move the cursor to any point on the ground line of the front elevation. An x appears on the diagonal line where the ground line would intersect it if it were longer (see the top of Figure 10.24). 12. When the x appears, click to locate the copy. Press Esc to end the Copy command. Zoom out to include the copy; then, use Zoom Win- dow to include the floor plan and front elevations (see the bottom of Figure 10.24). Press Esc to terminate the Copy command. FIGURE 10.24: Making a copy of the front elevation (top) and adjusting the view (bottom) Chapter 10 • Generating Elevations418 26531ch10.qxd 3/30/07 6:10 PM Page 418 13. Start the Rotate command, and select this copy of the front elevation; then, press ↵. Pick the Intersection osnap, and click the intersection of the diagonal line with the ground line. For the angle of rotation, enter 90↵ (see the top of Figure 10.25). FIGURE 10.25: Rotating the copy of the front elevation (top) and the moved copy with the view adjusted (bottom) Generating the Other Elevations 419 26531ch10.qxd 3/30/07 6:10 PM Page 419 14. Start the Move command, and when prompted to select objects, enter p↵↵. The rotated front elevation is selected. For the base point, click a point in a blank space to the right of the upper endpoint of the ground line of the rotated elevation. For the second point, move the cursor down using polar tracking until the top of the ground line is lower than the bottom line of the front step in the plan view. Then, click. 15. Zoom out and use Zoom Window to adjust the view (see the bottom of Figure 10.25). If you’re working on a smaller monitor than I am, you might have to do some extra zooming in and out that isn’t mentioned in these steps. The rest of the process for creating the right elevation is straightforward and uses routines you have just learned. Here’s a summary of the steps: 1. Set up a new UCS for the right elevation. (Enter ucs↵ z↵ 90↵.) Use the Plan command to rotate the drawing to the current UCS. 2. Drop lines from the floor plan across the height lines, which you’ll produce from the copied elevation. 3. Trim these lines as required, and add any necessary lines. 4. Erase the copy of the front elevation and the diagonal transfer line. 5. Use grips to adjust the length and placement of the ground line. (Click one of the grips on the endpoint, move the cursor left or right, and click again.) 6. Name and save the UCS and view. TIP When creating elevations, you might accidentally draw a line over an existing line. To catch this error, start the Erase command, and use a cross- ing window to select the suspect line. In the command window, the number of objects selected appears. If more than one line has been selected, cancel, restart the Erase command, and pick the line again. This time, only the extra line is selected, and you can erase it. If more than two lines are on top of each other, repeat the process. You can create the left elevation from a mirrored image of the right elevation. Here are the steps: 1. Mirror the right elevation to the opposite side. 2. Set up a UCS for the left elevation (ucs↵ z↵ -90↵). Use the Plan com- mand to rotate the drawing to the current UCS. Chapter 10 • Generating Elevations420 Ǡ You won’t be able to get the height line for the sliding-glass doorframe from the front elevation. It’s 2" below the top win- dow line. 26531ch10.qxd 3/30/07 6:10 PM Page 420 3. Revise the elevation to match the left side of the cabin. 4. Name and save the UCS and view. When you have completed all the elevations, follow these steps: 1. Return to the WCS. 2. Display the Plan view. 3. Erase any remaining construction lines and the rotated front elevation. 4. Copy and rotate the FLOOR PLAN label under each of the plans, and edit their content appropriately. 5. Zoom out slightly for a full view of all elevations. The drawing looks like Figure 10.26. FIGURE 10.26: The finished elevations 6. Create three more layers named B-elev, L-elev, and R-elev, all using color 42. 7. Change the layer for each elevation’s line work and label to the asso- ciated layer that you just made. 8. Save the drawing as Cabin10b.dwg. Once an elevation is drawn, you can rotate it to the same orientation as the front elevation and move it to another area of the drawing. Generating the Other Elevations 421 26531ch10.qxd 3/30/07 6:10 PM Page 421 Considering Drawing Scale Issues This last view raises several questions: How will these drawings best fit on a page? How many pages will it take to illustrate these drawings? What size sheet should you use? At what scale will the drawing be printed? In traditional hand drafting, you wouldn’t be able to draw the first line without answers to some of these questions. You have completed a great deal of the drawing on the com- puter without having to make decisions about scale and sheet size because, in AutoCAD, you draw in real-world scale or full-scale. This means that when you tell AutoCAD to draw a 10' line, it draws it 10' long. If you inquire how long the line is, AutoCAD will tell you that it’s 10' long. Your current view of the line might be to a certain scale, but that changes every time you zoom in or out. The line is stored in the computer as 10' long. You need to make decisions about scale when you’re choosing the sheet size, putting text and dimensions on the drawing, or using hatch patterns and noncon- tinuous linetypes. (Chapter 11 covers hatch patterns.) Because you have a dashed linetype in the drawing, you had to make a choice about scale in Chapter 6, when you assigned a linetype scale factor of 24 to the drawing. You chose that number because when the drawing consisted of only the floor plan and the view was zoomed as large as possible while still having all objects visible, the scale of the drawing was about 1 ⁄2" = 1'-0". That scale has a true ratio of 1:24, or a scale factor of 24. You’ll get further into scale factors and true ratios of scales in the next chapter. If you look at your Cabin10b drawing with all elevations visible on the screen, the dashes in the dashed lines look like they might be too small, so you might need to increase the linetype scale factor. If you were to thaw the title block’s layer now, you would see that your drawings won’t all fit. Don’t worry about that now. Beginning with the next chapter, and right on through the end of this book, you’ll need to make decisions about scale each step of the way. Drawing Interior Elevations You construct interior elevations using the techniques you learned for con- structing exterior elevations. You drop lines from a floor plan through offset height lines and then trim them away. Interior elevations usually include fix- tures, built-in cabinets, and built-in shelves, and they show finishes. Each eleva- tion consists of one wall and can include a side view of items on an adjacent wall if the item extends into the corner. Not all walls appear in an elevation—usually Chapter 10 • Generating Elevations422 26531ch10.qxd 3/30/07 6:10 PM Page 422 only those that require special treatment or illustrate special building compo- nents. You might use one elevation to show a wall that has a window and to describe how the window is treated or finished and then assume that all other windows in the building will be treated in the same way unless noted otherwise. Figure 10.27 shows a few examples of interior wall elevations. Try to identify which walls of the cabin each one represents. FIGURE 10.27: Samples of interior elevations of the cabin In the next chapter, you’ll learn how to use hatch patterns and fills to enhance floor plans and elevations. If You Would Like More Practice… Here are three exercises for practicing the techniques you learned in this chap- ter. The last one will give you practice in basic orthogonal projection. Exterior elevations Open Cabin10b.dwg, and move the right, left, and rear elevations around so they fit in a line. Interior elevations For some practice with interior elevations, try drawing one or two elevations, using Figure 10.27 (shown earlier) as a guide. You can measure the heights and sizes of various fixtures in your own home or office as a guide. Save what you draw as Cabin10c.dwg. Orthogonal projection Draw the three views of the block shown in Fig- ure 10.28 following the procedures you used for the cabin elevations, except that, in this case, use the procedure that mechanical drafters employ; that is, draw the front view first, and then develop the top and right side views from the front view. If You Would Like More Practice… 423 26531ch10.qxd 3/30/07 6:10 PM Page 423 [...]... Display tab Click the Colors button, and make the change T I P 26531ch11.qxd 3/30/ 07 6:14 PM Page 4 27 H a t c h i n g t h e Fro n t E l eva t i o n 4 2 7 2 Set up three new layers as follows: Layer Name Color Hatch-elev-brown 42 Hatch-elev-gray Gray (8) Hatch-elev-black Black (White) (7) 3 Make the Hatch-elev-gray layer current Now any new objects you create will be assigned to this layer 4 Click the Hatch... door, being careful to not touch the door 8 Right-click, and choose Preview from the shortcut menu The tiled hatch pattern should fill the bathroom floor and stop at the header while not going onto the door or fixtures (see Figure 11. 17) If the tile pattern looks OK, right-click again F I G U R E 1 1 1 7 : The tiled hatch pattern in place Note that the user-defined pattern has no scale factor to worry... become dashed 5 Right-click, and choose Preview If you stopped with a simple rectangular door, right-click again The door is hatched (see Figure 11 .7) If not, then go on to step 6 4 3 3 26531ch11.qxd 3/30/ 07 4 3 4 6:14 PM Page 434 C h a p t e r 1 1 • Wo r k i n g w i t h H a t c h e s a n d G r a d i e n t s F I G U R E 1 1 7 : Hatching the simple door If you created a more complex door, notice how the... 26531ch11.qxd 3/30/ 07 6:14 PM Page 4 47 Using Hatches in the Floor Plan If you find the text difficult to read with the dense hatch pattern, you have a few options You can place a rectangle, on the Hatch-hidden layer, around the text and then instruct AutoCAD to respect the islands they create You can change the text to a filled-in, TrueType font that stands out better, or you can instruct AutoCAD to plot... eva t i o n 7 Click the Preview button at the lower-left corner of the dialog box, and then right-click to accept the hatch The hatch stops at the first island, as shown in Figure 11.8 F I G U R E 1 1 8 : Hatching the complex door 8 Change the current layer to Hatch-elev-brown 9 Start the Hatch command, and go through the same process to apply a hatch to the wall This time, you’ll use the AR-RSHKE pattern,... Standard Scales and Their Corresponding Ratios Scale True Scale Factor 1" = 1 '-0 " 12 1 ⁄2" = 1 '-0 " 24 1 ⁄4" = 1 '-0 " 48 1 ⁄8" = 1 '-0 " 96 1 ⁄16" = 1 '-0 " 192 The scale is traditionally written by mixing inches with feet in the expression, which causes some confusion For example, the third scale in the table, commonly called quarter-inch scale, shows that a quarter inch equals one foot A true ratio of this... Find the AR-RROOF pattern, click it, and then click OK Back in the Hatch And Gradient dialog box, note that AR-RROOF has replaced ANSI31 in the Pattern drop-down list A new pattern appears in the Swatch preview box, which is below the Pattern list (see Figure 11.3) You can change the Scale and Angle settings in their drop-down lists, which are below the Swatch preview box In the Angle drop-down list,... third option is the default solution; unless you direct otherwise, AutoCAD will alternate hatching in every other closed island area 6 Click the spacebar to return to the Hatch And Gradient dialog box In the Islands area, click the Outer radio button or graphic This instructs AutoCAD to stop the hatch at the first island and disregard any nested islands 26531ch11.qxd 3/30/ 07 6:14 PM Page 435 H a t... Foundation For the foundation hatch, keep the Hatch-elev-gray layer current Follow these steps: 1 To represent the top of the foundation, draw lines from the upper-left and upper-right corners of the step to the edges of the building (see the top of Figure 11.6) Activate osnaps as needed 2 Start the Hatch command Then, click the Browse button next to the Pattern drop-down list in the Hatch And Gradient dialog... Other Predefined tab, select the AR-RSHKE pattern, and click OK c Set Scale to 1, and click Add: Pick Points d Pick any place on the front wall that’s not inside a window or a window frame e Right-click, choose Preview, and then right-click again The wall is hatched (see Figure 11.9) F I G U R E 1 1 9 : The hatching of the front wall is complete 4 3 5 26531ch11.qxd 3/30/ 07 4 3 6 6:14 PM Page 436 C h a . Gradients426 26531ch11.qxd 3/30/ 07 6:14 PM Page 426 2. Set up three new layers as follows: Layer Name Color Hatch-elev-brown 42 Hatch-elev-gray Gray (8) Hatch-elev-black Black (White) (7) 3. Make the Hatch-elev-gray layer. drawing on the com- puter without having to make decisions about scale and sheet size because, in AutoCAD, you draw in real-world scale or full-scale. This means that when you tell AutoCAD to draw. elevations 6. Create three more layers named B-elev, L-elev, and R-elev, all using color 42. 7. Change the layer for each elevation’s line work and label to the asso- ciated layer that you just made. 8.