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Selecting the Kitchen and Bathroom Fixtures Sometimes it’s more efficient to select more objects than you want and then deselect those you don’t want. You’ll see how this is done when you select the kitchen and bathroom fixtures: 1. Pick a point in the kitchen area just below the refrigerator to start a crossing window. 2. Move the cursor to the left and up until the upper-left corner of the crossing window is to the left of the left edge of the counter and inside the back wall, as shown in the left of Figure 6.19. When you have it correct, click that point. The entire kitchen counter area and the back wall line are selected. FIGURE 6.19: A crossing window to select the kitchen objects (top), another crossing window to select the bathroom objects (bottom), and the com- pleted selection set after removing the door swing and back wall line (next page) Continues Setting Up Layers 195 26531ch06.qxd 3/30/07 5:50 PM Page 195 FIGURE 6.19 (Continued) 3. Move over to the bathroom, and pick a point in the middle of the bathroom sink, being careful not to touch any lines with the crosshair cursor. 4. Move the crosshair cursor down and to the left until the lower-left cor- ner of the crossing window is in the middle of the toilet tank (see the middle of Figure 6.19). When you have it positioned this way, click that point. All the bathroom fixtures and the door swing are selected. 5. Hold down the Shift key, and then pick the selected door swing in the bathroom and the back wall line in the kitchen. Be careful to not pick a grip. As you pick them, their lines become solid again and their grips disappear, letting you know they have been deselected, or removed, from the selection set (see the right of Figure 6.19). Be sure to pick the back wall line in the kitchen where it doesn’t coincide with the stove. 6. Release the Shift key. Open the Layer Control drop-down list, and select the Fixtures layer. The fixtures are now on the Fixtures layer and are magenta. 7. Press the Esc key to deselect the objects. The last objects to move onto a new layer are the wall lines. As the drawing is now, it won’t be easy to select the wall lines because so many other objects in the drawing are in the way. However, these other objects are now on their own layers, whereas the wall lines are still on layer 0. If you make all your layers temporarily invisible except for the 0 and Walls layers, selecting the wall lines will be easy. Before you do that, let’s pause and look at the selection process. The sidebar “Selecting Objects in Your Drawing” summarizes the selection process and the tools I have covered so far. Chapter 6 • Using Layers to Organize Your Drawing196 26531ch06.qxd 3/30/07 5:50 PM Page 196 S ELECTING O BJECTS IN Y OUR D RAWING As you select objects in the cabin drawing to move them onto their pre- scribed layers, you use various selection tools.These tools are important, and mastering them will greatly enhance your performance as an AutoCAD user. As you select objects by picking them and windowing them, you’re building a selection set.You might later want to remove objects from that selection set. Here is a summary of the basic selection tools that you have used so far, with a couple of additions: Picking This is the basic, bottom-line selection tool. Click the line, circle, or other object to select it. If no command is running, grips appear on the selected object, and the object becomes dashed. If a command is running and you’re being prompted with Select objects:, grips don’t appear, but the object is selected and ghosts. In AutoCAD you can select objects and then issue a command, or you can issue the command first and then select the objects as directed. Selecting a window automatically To start a window, click a location that is in an empty portion of the screen, where there are no objects.To form a regular window, move your cursor to the right.To form a crossing window, move your cursor to the left.This feature is called implied window- ing, and it works this way if no command is running or if one is running and the prompt says Select objects:. If the geometry of your drawing makes forming a crossing or regular selec- tion window difficult because of the need to move from right to left (cross- ing) or from left to right (regular), you can force one or the other by typing c↵ or w↵, respectively, but only if a command is running. Removing objects from a selection set At some point, you’ll find it more efficient to select more objects than you want and then remove the unwanted ones.You can do this in two ways: Ǡ To remove a couple of objects, hold down the Shift key, and pick the objects. Ǡ To remove many objects from the selection set, hold down the Shift key, and use one of the selection window types. Ǡ If a command is running, enter r↵, and then use the selection tools (picking, windows, and so on) without the Shift key to remove objects from the selection set. If you are in a command and need to add objects back to the selection set after removing some, enter a↵.This puts you back into selection mode, and you can continue adding objects to the set. Setting Up Layers 197 26531ch06.qxd 3/30/07 5:50 PM Page 197 Turning Off and Freezing Layers You can make layers invisible either by turning them off or by freezing them. When a layer is turned off or frozen, the objects on that layer are invisible. These two procedures operate in nearly the same way and perform about the same func- tion, with one significant difference: objects on frozen layers cannot be selected with the All option, while objects on layers that are off can. For example, if you enter e↵ a↵↵ to erase all objects, all the visible and invisible objects on the layers turned off are deleted, while the objects on frozen layers remain in the drawing but are still invisible. Here is a good rule to follow: If you want a layer to be invisi- ble for only a short time, turn it off; if you prefer that it be invisible semiperma- nently, freeze it. For the task at hand, you’ll turn off all the layers except layer 0 and the Walls layer. You’ll then move the wall lines onto the Walls layer: 1. Click the Layer Properties Manager button on the Layers toolbar to open the Layer Properties Manager dialog box. Notice that layer 0 is still first in the list and that the other layers have been reorganized alphabetically (see the left of Figure 6.20). Also, notice the icons in the Status column: a green check mark signifies that the Walls layer is current; the light blue layer icons signify that those layers (0, Bal- cony, Doors, Fixtures, and Steps) now have objects on them; and the light gray layer icons tell you that those layers (Headers and Roof) don’t have any objects on them. NOTE Because the Walls layer is current and has a green check mark in the Status column, you can’t tell whether it has any objects on it.You have to make another layer current and then check whether the Walls icon is blue or gray. 2. Click the Balcony layer to highlight it. Then, hold down the Shift key, and click the Steps layer. All layers are selected except layer 0 and the Walls layer. 3. Move the arrow cursor over to the On column, which has a lit light- bulb as a symbol for each layer row. 4. Click one of the lightbulbs of the selected layers. The lit lightbulb symbols all change to unlit bulbs except the ones for layer 0 and the Walls layer (see the right of Figure 6.20). Chapter 6 • Using Layers to Organize Your Drawing198 Ǡ Layers beginning with numbers appear first, in numeric order. Following those are the rest of the layers, listed alphabetically. 26531ch06.qxd 3/30/07 5:50 PM Page 198 Setting Up Layers 199 FIGURE 6.20: The layers, now listed alphabetically (top) and newly turned-off layers (bottom) 5. Click OK. All objects in your drawing are invisible except the wall lines (see Figure 6.21). The wall lines are still on layer 0. FIGURE 6.21: The floor plan with all layers turned off except the Walls layer and layer 0 6. Start a regular selection window around the cabin by clicking the upper-left corner of the drawing area, above and to the left of any lines. Then, click the lower-right corner in the same way. All the wall lines are selected, and grips appear on all of them. 7. Open the Layer Control drop-down list, and then click the Walls layer. The walls move to the Walls layer and are now cyan. Press Esc to deselect the objects. 26531ch06.qxd 3/30/07 5:50 PM Page 199 8. Click the Layer Properties Manager button on the Layers toolbar. In the Layer Properties Manager dialog box, right-click any layer, and choose Select All from the shortcut menu. All layers are highlighted. 9. Click one of the unlit bulbs in the On column. All unlit bulbs become lit. Click OK. Back in your drawing, all objects are now visible and on their correct layers (see Figure 6.22). FIGURE 6.22: The floor plan with all layers visible and all objects on their correct layers 10. Save this drawing in your training folder as Cabin06a.dwg. Two of your layers, Roof and Headers, still have no objects on them because these components haven’t been drawn yet. You’ll draw the headers now. Drawing the Headers Most door and window openings don’t extend to the ceiling. The portion of the wall above the opening and below the ceiling is the header. The term comes from the name of the beam inside the wall that spans the opening. In a floor plan, wall lines usually stop at the door and window openings, but you need lines across the gap between jamb lines to show that an opening doesn’t extend to the ceiling; hence, you’ll create the header. To draw headers directly onto the correct layer, you need to make the Headers layer current. As you’ve seen, you can use the Layer Properties Manager dialog box. But you can also use a shortcut, the Layer Control drop-down list, which you have just been using to move objects from one layer to another: 1. Click anywhere on the drop-down list, or click the down-arrow but- ton on the right end. The drop-down list opens, displaying a list of the layers in your drawing. If you have more than 10 layers, a scroll bar becomes operational, giving you access to all the layers. Chapter 6 • Using Layers to Organize Your Drawing200 26531ch06.qxd 3/30/07 5:50 PM Page 200 2. Click the Headers layer. The drop-down list closes. Headers is now in the box; this tells you that the Headers layer has replaced Walls as the current layer. 3. Turn on the Osnap button on the status bar if necessary. The End- point, Midpoint, and Intersection osnaps are now active. If not, then choose Settings from the shortcut menu to open the Drafting Set- tings dialog box at the Object Snap tab. Check the Endpoint, Mid- point, and Intersection are the only Object Snap modes with a check mark, and then click OK. 4. The doors and steps might be in your way. Click the Layer drop-down list. When the list of layers appears, click the lightbulb icons for the Doors and Steps layers to turn them off. Then, click Headers. The drop-down list closes; the Headers layer is still current. The doors, steps, and thresholds have temporarily disappeared. You need to draw two parallel lines across each of the five openings, from the endpoint of one jamb line to the corresponding endpoint of the jamb on the opposite side of the opening. 5. To start the Line command, enter l↵. Move the cursor near the upper end of the left jamb for the back door until the colored square appears at the upper endpoint of the jamb line, and then click. 6. Move the cursor to the upper end of the right jamb, and repeat the preceding step. 7. Right-click once to open a context menu near your cursor (see Figure 6.23). FIGURE 6.23: A right-click context menu Setting Up Layers 201 26531ch06.qxd 3/30/07 5:50 PM Page 201 8. Choose Enter from the menu, and then right-click again to open another context menu at the cursor, as shown in Figure 6.24. FIGURE 6.24: A second right-click context menu 9. Choose Repeat Line. 10. Move to the lower endpoint of the right jamb line for the back door and—with the same technique used in steps 5 through 9—draw the lower header line across the opening. You can see the results in the bottom of Figure 6.25. FIGURE 6.25: The header lines drawn for the back door opening (top) and for the rest of the doorway openings (bottom) Chapter 6 • Using Layers to Organize Your Drawing202 26531ch06.qxd 3/30/07 5:50 PM Page 202 11. Keep using the same procedure to draw the rest of the header lines for the remaining four doorway openings. Use a click, click, right-click, click, right- click, click pattern that repeats for each header line. Here are the steps: a. Click one of the jamb corners. b. Click the opposite jamb corner. c. Right-click to open a context menu. d. Choose Enter on the menu to end the Line command. e. Right-click again to open another context menu. f. Choose Repeat Line. g. Click one of the jamb corners. h. And so on. The floor plan will look like the right of Figure 6.25. NOTE Context menus—also called shortcut menus and right-click menus—contain frequently used tools. The specific tools on a menu depend on what you’re doing when you right-click. It was not terribly efficient to use them to draw the header lines, but it was a good way to introduce them to you. It’s also a way to draw without using the keyboard. The Layer drop-down list box is a shortcut that allows you to quickly pick a dif- ferent layer as the current layer and to turn off or turn on individual layers. To create new layers or to turn off many layers at a time, use the Layer Properties Manager dialog box. (Click the Layer Properties Manager button on the Layers toolbar, or enter la↵.) You’ll learn about another tool for changing the current layer as you draw the rooflines. Drawing the Roof Before you start to draw the rooflines, refer to Figure 6.26, and note the lines representing different parts of the roof: Ǡ Four eaves lines around the perimeter of the building, representing the lowest edge of the roof Ǡ One ridgeline, representing the peak of the roof Ǡ Four hip lines, connecting the endpoints of the eaves lines to an end- point of the ridgeline Setting Up Layers 203 26531ch06.qxd 3/30/07 5:50 PM Page 203 FIGURE 6.26: The floor plan with the rooflines The roof for the cabin is called a hip roof because the end panels slope down to the eaves just as the middle panels do. The intersections of the sloping roof planes form the hip lines. You’ll start with the eaves. Creating the Eaves Because the roof is cantilevered out beyond the exterior walls the same distance on all sides of the building, you can generate the eaves lines by offsetting the outside wall lines: 1. Open the Layer drop-down list, and select Roof to make it current. Then, start the Offset command. The second prompt line from the bottom of the command window says Layer=Source, meaning the objects created by the Offset command will be on the same layer as the object offset. Enter l↵ to use the Layer option. Enter c↵ to select Current. Then, enter 1'6↵ to set the offset distance. Pick the left out- side wall line, and then pick a point to the left of that line to offset it to the outside. The offset line is on the Roof layer. 2. Move to another side of the building, pick one of the outside wall lines, and offset it to the outside. 3. Repeat this process for the other two sides of the building until you have offset one outside wall line to the outside of the building on each side of the cabin (see Figure 6.27). Press ↵ to end the Offset command. Be sure you have only one line offset on each side of the building. If you offset two lines on one side, erase one. Start the Off- set command again, enter l↵, and then enter s↵ to reset the Layer setting to Source. Press Esc to end the Offset command. 4. Enter f↵ to start the Fillet command. Make sure the radius is set to zero. If it is, go to step 5. If it isn’t, enter r↵, and then enter 0↵ to reset the radius (or use the Shift key to override the radius value). Chapter 6 • Using Layers to Organize Your Drawing204 26531ch06.qxd 3/30/07 5:50 PM Page 204 [...]... large enough to see If the dashes were 12" long with 6" spaces, they would at least be visible, although possibly not exactly the right size To make such a change in the dash size, ask what you must multiply 1⁄2" by to get 12" The answer is 24 so that’s your scale factor AutoCAD stores a Linetype Scale Factor setting that controls the size of the dashes and spaces of noncontinuous linetypes The default... which gives you the 1⁄2" dash, so you need to change the setting to 24. 00: 1 Enter ltscale↵ or lts↵ The prompt in the Command window says New scale factor : 2 Enter 24 to set the linetype scale factor to 24 Your drawing changes, and you can see the dashes (see Figure 6.30) If you aren’t satisfied with the dash size, restart the Ltscale command, and increase the scale factor for a longer dash or... select 45 4 Click OK to close the Drafting Settings dialog box 5 Start the Line command Move the crosshair cursor to the lower-left corner of the rectangle representing the roof until the square appears on the corner, and then click This starts a line 6 Move the crosshair cursor up and to the right at a 45 ° angle from the lower-left corner of the roof When the angle of the line being drawn approaches 45 °,... bottom of the dialog box If it isn’t, click Show Details in the upper-right corner 3 Note the bottom-right corner The current global and object linetype scales appear here (see Figure 6.31) You can also modify them here Global linetype scale factor Individual linetype scale factor F I G U R E 6 3 1 : The Linetype Manager dialog box 4 For now, click Cancel Drawing the Hip Lines and Ridgelines Next, you’ll... 3 3 : The 45 ° tracking path for the first hip line of the roof (top) and the completed first hip line (bottom) Use the same procedure to draw another hip line from the upper-left corner of the roof Here’s a summary of the steps: 1 Restart the Line command, and start a line at the upper-left corner of the roof 2 Hold the crosshair cursor down and to the right at an angle of approximately 45 ° until the... on the status bar for this chapter 26531ch07.qxd 4/ 3/07 2 2 4 12:52 PM Page 2 24 Chapter 7 • Combining Objects into Blocks Ǡ You’re using the Freeze option for layers this time because you won’t need to see the lines on the Roof and Headers layers for a while This might be a good situation to consider creating another layer state 2 Click the Layers drop-down list, and click the sun icons for the Roof... into snowflakes Then, click the Doors layer to close the list The Doors layer is now current, and the headers and rooflines are no longer visible in the drawing (see Figure 7.2) F I G U R E 7 2 : The floor plan with the Headers and Roof layers frozen 3 Check the status bar, and make sure the Osnap button is in the on position Right-click the Osnap button, and choose Settings from the shortcut menu 4 On... is not selected, and then click OK to close the dialog box The door and swing disappear (see the bottom of Figure 7 .4) 2 2 5 26531ch07.qxd 4/ 3/07 2 2 6 12:52 PM Page 226 Chapter 7 • Combining Objects into Blocks F I G U R E 7 4 : The front door opening when picking the hinge point as the insertion point (top) and after creating the door3_0 block and deleting the door and swing (bottom) You have now... click AutoCAD places the insertion point, and the prompt is now Enter X scale factor, specify opposite corner, or [Corner/XYZ]: 7 Press ↵ to accept the default X scale factor of 1 The prompt changes to Specify Y scale factor . drop-down list, which you have just been using to move objects from one layer to another: 1. Click anywhere on the drop-down list, or click the down-arrow but- ton on the right end. The drop-down. Choose Enter from the menu, and then right-click again to open another context menu at the cursor, as shown in Figure 6. 24. FIGURE 6. 24: A second right-click context menu 9. Choose Repeat Line. 10 The default is 1.00, which gives you the 1 ⁄2" dash, so you need to change the setting to 24. 00: 1. Enter ltscale↵ or lts↵. The prompt in the Command window says New scale factor < 1.0000>:. 2.