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Verb forms English tenses Present Continuous * Examples He is sleeping. I am visiting grandpa in the afternoon. You are always coming late for the meetings! The Present Continuous is mainly used to express the idea that something is happening at the moment of speaking. The Present Continuous also describes activities generally in progress (this means that they don't have to take place right now). Another use of the tense is to talk about temporary actions or future plans. * USES • Present actions • Temporary actions • Longer actions in progress • Future (personal) arrangements and plans • Tendencies and trends (xu hướng, khuynh hướng và chiều hướng) • Irritation (sự chọc tức; tình trạng bị làm phát cáu, tình trạng bị chọc tức- phàn nàn) USE 1: Present Actions Most often, we use the Present Continuous tense to talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking. Examples: He is eating a dinner. Mary is talking with her friends. They are swimming in the pool. Stative (State) Verbs There is a certain group of verbs that usually does not appear in the Continuous form. They are called Stative (State) Verbs, and if used in the Continuous form, they have a different meaning. Examples: I think you look pretty today! meaning: Opinion I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco! meaning: Act of thinking USE 2: Temporary Actions This tense is also used for activities continuing only for a limited period of time. Examples: - I'm riding a bike to get to work because my car is broken. Temporary Action (His car will soon be repaired) - They are not talking with each other after the last argument. Temporary Action (They will soon make up) - Mary is working at McDonald's. Temporary Action (She is working there only during the summer holidays) USE 3: Longer Actions in Progress We also use the Present Continuous when we are in the middle of doing something time- consuming (i.e. something that takes time to complete). An example of such an activity is writing a book, saving money or studying for an exam. Examples: -They are working hard to earn money. Lê Thị Thanh Huyền -I am training to become a professional footballer. -Mike is studying hard to become a doctor. -Elizabeth is currently writing a children's book titled I am the World. USE 4: Future (Personal) Arrangements and Plans Sometimes we use the Present Continuous to show that something is planned and will be done in the near future. Examples: -I'm meeting Katie in the evening. -He's flying to Rome in September. -We're not going anywhere tomorrow. USE 5: Tendencies and Trends This tense is also used for expressing tendencies or trends. Examples: -Our country is getting richer. -The Internet is becoming less of a novelty. -The Universe is expanding . USE 6: Irritation or Anger And the last use of this tense is to express irritation or anger over somebody or something in the present with adverbs such as: always, continually or contantly. Examples: -She is continually complaining about everything! -Johny is always asking stupid questions! -My boss is contantly critising me! Present Simple * Examples -John lives in New York. -We play football every day. -You are really kind. -The meeting starts at 3 PM The Present Simple is the most basic and common tense in the English language. Because of its easy form, it is the best tense to start learning/teaching English tenses. It is also an interesting tense because it can express both the present and the future. In the below list, there are 7 uses of this tense. It's a lot, but don't worry: most of them are easy to understand. *USE • Facts, generalizations and universal truths (tổng quát, khái quát) • Habits and routines • Permanent situations • Events that are certain to happen • Arrangements that we can't change (e.g. timetables, official meetings) • State verbs (e.g. be, have, suppose, know) • Narrations (e.g. telling a joke), instructions or commentaries *Note Apart from the above uses, this tense is also used in: Zero Conditional — If it rains, I go play football. First Conditional — We won't get our pocket money, if we don't pass this exam. Lê Thị Thanh Huyền In sentences after when, before, till, after, as soon as. ("Before you leave, please take the keys") USE 1: Facts, Generalizations and Univeral Truths We use the Present Simple to talk about universal truths (for example, laws of nature) or things we believe are, or are not, true. It's also use it to generalize about something or somebody. Examples: -Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius. Universal Truths -It is a big house. Facts -The Earth goes around the Sun. Universal Truths, Facts -Dogs are better than cats. Generalization -Berlin is the capital city of Germany. Facts -The Elephant doesn't fly. Facts -London is the capital city of France. Facts (REMEMBER: the sentence does not have to be true) USE 2: Habits and Routines We also used this tense to describe actions that happen frequently. For example: habits, routines, tendencies. Examples: -We leave for work at 7:30 AM every morning. Routine -My husband watches the TV in the evening. Habit, Routine -Susan often meets with her friends after school. Habit, Routine -They usually play football on Sunday. Habit, Routine -Mark rarely visits his sick grandmother. Tendency -Pinocchio usually told lies. Tendency Adverbs of Frequency The Present Simple is often used with the frequency adverbs: always frequently/often usually seldom/rarely nowadays never every week/year sometimes/occasionally from time to time every now and then A few examples how to use them in sentences: -I always go to church on Sundays. -I never eat anything after 10 PM. USE 3: Pernament Situations Use the Present Simple to talk about situations in life that last a relatively long time. Examples: -I live in Boston -He works as a fireman. -Margaret drives a Volkswagen. -Jerry doesn't teach maths at highschool. USE 4: Events Certain to Happen Lê Thị Thanh Huyền Use the Present Simple when an event is certain to happen in the future. Examples: -My grandmother turns 100 this July. -Winter starts on 21 December. USE 5: State Verbs You should use the Present Simple with state verbs. Examples: -I like swimming. -We know this man. *Note Some of the verbs used in the simple form can also appear in the continuous form. This is typically when they have an active meaning or emphasize change. Examples: -I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco -I'm loving your new hairdo! USE 6: Future Arrangements Use the Present Simple to talk about events that we can't change (for example, an official meeting or a train departure). Examples: -The meeting starts at 4 PM. -The train leaves at the noon. -When does the plane take off? -Jerry doesn't teach maths at high school. USE 7: Narrations, Instructions or commentaries The Present Simple is also used in narrations (e.g. to tell a story or a joke), instructions (e.g. cooking) or commentaries (especially sport commentaries). Examples: A man goes to visit a friend and is amazed to find him playing chess with his dog. He watches the game in astonishment for a while [ ] FORM Forming a sentence in the Present Simple is easy. To form a declarative sentence, all you need is the subject of the sentence (e.g. I, you, he, a dog) and the verb (e.g. be, talk, swim). Questions and negative sentences are only a little more difficult, because they require an auxiliary verb. Simple Present – Present Progressive • Form Simple Present Present Progressive infinitive (3rd person singular: infinitive + 's') I speak you speak he / she / it speaks we speak they speak form of 'be' and verb + ing I am speaking you are speaking he / she / it is speaking we are speaking they are speaking Exceptions Exceptions when adding 's' : For can, may, might, must, do not add s. Exceptions when adding 'ing' : Silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Lê Thị Thanh Huyền Example: he can, she may, it must After o, ch, sh or s, add es. Example: do - he does, wash - she washes After a consonant, the final consonant y becomes ie. (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - he worries but: play - he plays Example: come - coming but: agree - agreeing After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled. Example: sit - sitting After a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling (British English) but: traveling (American English) Final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying • Use In general or right now? Do you want to express that something happens in general or that something is happening right now? Simple Present Present Progressive in general (regularly, often, never) Colin plays football every Tuesday. present actions happening one after another First Colin plays football, then he watches TV. right now Look! Colin is playing football now. also for several actions happening at the same time Colin is playing football and Anne is watching. Signal words always every often normally usually sometimes seldom never first then at the moment at this moment today now right now Listen! Look! Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present: be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want Timetable / Schedule or arrangement? Do you want to express that something is arranged for the near future? Or do you refer to a time set by a timetable or schedule? Simple Present Present Progressive action set by a timetable or schedule The film starts at 8 pm. arrangement for the near future I am going to the cinema tonight. Daily routine or just for a limited period of time? Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Or do you want to emphasis that something is only going on for a limited (rather short) period of time? Lê Thị Thanh Huyền Simple Present Present Progressive daily routine Bob works in a restaurant. only for a limited period of time (does not have to happen directly at the moment of speaking) Jenny is working in a restaurant this week. Certain Verbs The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the progressive form). state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit Example: We are on holiday. possession: belong, have Example: Sam has a cat. senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch Example: He feels the cold. feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish Example: Jane loves pizza. brain work: believe, know, think, understand Example: I believe you. Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say Example: “I am watching TV,“ he says. Present Perfect *Examples -I have read this book. -The man has gone away. -John has worked as a teacher for over 25 years. The Present Perfect is used to express actions that happened at an indefinite time or that began in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used when an activity has an effect on the present moment. *USE • Actions which happened at an indefinite (unknown) time before now • Actions in the past which have an effect on the present moment • Actions which began in the past and continue in the present USE 1: Indefinite time before now Use the Present Perfect to talk about actions that happened at some point in the past. It does not matter when exactly they happened. Examples: -I have already had a breakfast. -He has been to England. Remember You should not use this tense with time expressions like yesterday, a week ago, last year, etc. USE 2: Effect on the present moment We also use this tense to when an activity has an effect on the present moment. Examples: -He has finished his work. (so he can now rest) -I have already eaten the dinner. (so I'm not hungry) -He has had a car accident. (that's why he is in the hospital) USE 3: Continuation in the present Lê Thị Thanh Huyền We often use the Present Perfect when we want to emphasize that an event continues in the present. Examples: - has worked as a teacher for over 25 years. -Patrick has achieved a lot in his life. For and Since Since and For are very common time expressions used with the Present Perfect. We use For with a period of time, for example: I have lived here for 20 years. When talking about a starting point, we use Since, for example: I have lived here since 1960. *FORM To form a sentence in the Present Perfect, you need: The proper conjugation of the auxiliary verb "to have". The Past Participle of your verb. 1. Auxiliary Verb "to have" We conjugate the auxiliary verb "to have" the same way we would conjugate the normal verb "to have". Person Singular Plural First I have We have Second You have You have Third He/she/it has They have As you can see, the third person singular is irregular. More examples: She has never seen my brother. Neither of my brothers has ever driven a truck. 2. The Past Participle The past participle of a verb is a verb form that appears with the perfect tenses. The past participle can be either regular or irregular. The regular verbs are formed by adding -ed to the verb: Verb Past Participle talk talked explain explained use used deliver delivered include included achieve achieved Lê Thị Thanh Huyền The formation of the irregular verbs does not follow one rule. Therefore, they should be memorized. Verb Past Participle Learn more be been be become become become see seen see go gone go eat eaten eat grow grown grow Declarative Sentences Subject + Auxiliary verb + Past participle e.g. I/a dogetc. has/have e.g. slept/taken/goneetc. Examples Use We have already had breakfast (Use 1) I have bought new shades (Use 2) I have already been to Paris (Use 1) John has been a plumber for 2 years (Use 3) Someone has just taken my bag! (Use 1,2) Jane has never been so angry (Use 3) He has been our most serious partner for so long that I can assure you he's a very decent man (Use 3) Questions Auxiliary verb + Subject + Past participle has/have e.g. I/a dogetc. e.g. slept/taken/goneetc. Lê Thị Thanh Huyền Examples Use Have you ever seen this program? (Use 1) Where has she lived for the past 21 years? (Use 3) Have you found the telephone number? (Use 1,2) Have you ever been to France? (Use 1) Has anyone taken my bag? (Use 1,2) Present perfect continuous Form of Present Perfect Progressive Positive Negative Question I / you / we / they I have been speaking. I have not been speaking. Have I been speaking? he / she / it He has been speaking. He has not been speaking. Has he been speaking? Exceptions in Spelling Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Example final e is dropped (but: ee is not changed) come – coming (but: agree – agreeing) after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit – sitting l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English) travel – travelling final ie becomes y lie – lying Use of Present Perfect Progressive • puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result) Example: She has been writing for two hours. • action that recently stopped or is still going on Example: I have been living here since 2001. • finished action that influenced the present Example: I have been working all afternoon. Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive *Form Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked form of 'have' + been + verb + ing Example: I / you / we / they have been speaking he / she / it has been speaking Lê Thị Thanh Huyền Exceptions Exceptions when adding 'ed' : when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played Exceptions when adding 'ing' : silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming aber: agree - agreeing after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: sit - sitting after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying *Use Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action. • Result or duration? Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet? Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice. Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour. • Certain verbs The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form). state: be, have (for possession only) Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks. senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch Example: He has touched the painting. brain work: believe, know, think, understand Example: I have known him for 3 years. • Emphasis on completion or duration? Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)? Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive Emphasis on completion I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.) Emphasis on duration I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed Lê Thị Thanh Huyền [...]... apply for -ee) Example: love - loved Example: come - coming after a short, stressed vowel, the final but: agree - agreeing consonant is doubled after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant Example: admit - admitted is doubled final l is always doubled in British English Example: sit - sitting (not in American English) final l is always doubled in British English (not Example: travel - travelled... final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Lê Thị Thanh Huyền Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played 2 Use In British English, the use of Simple... when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played 2 Use We use Simple Past if we give past events in... Note: In certain situations we use 'will' to emphasize: 13 You will drink your milk! 14 I will find a job 1 I'll close the window 2 I'll have a cup of tea, please 3 - The phone is ringing - I'll answer it 4 - Oops, I dropped my pencil - I'll pick it up 1 I think it will rain 2 The weather tomorrow will be sunny and warm 3 I think David Brown will be the next mayor of our city 4 Everything will be fine... dinner when he arrives tonight 2 She'll be playing the piano when her parents come home Lê Thị Thanh Huyền - We can also use the Future Continuous to project ourselves into the future and see something happening: Examples: 1 You'll recognize me when you get there I'll be wearing jeans and a white t-shirt I'll be sitting at a table at the corner and reading a newspaper 2 This time tomorrow I'll be having... restaurants - The Future Continuous is used to talk about what we believe or guess is happening at the moment of speaking (1) and (2) or will be happening at a particular time in the future (3): Examples: 1 Don't call him now, he'll be doing his homework 2 I don't want to disturb them Im sure they'll be cleaning their house at the moment 3 Please, don't come at 9 o'clock she'll be sleeping at that time - We... together) 2 We will be meeting Mike at the festival this weekend -The Future Continuous is also used for predictions or expected trends in the future: Example: By 20 30, most people in Africa will be living in urban areas - Sometimes we can use the Future Continuous to make polite enquiries, when we wish to know what somebody's plans are: Examples: 1 Will you be coming with me to the concert tonight? 2 Will... Continuous is made with the future form of the verb "to be" (I will be, you will be, he/she/it will be, we will be, you will be, they will be) + the '-ing' form of the main verb The '-ing' form of the verb is called the Present Participle Lê Thị Thanh Huyền 2 Contracted forms: won't I will = I'll he/she/it will = he'll/she'll/it'll you will = you'll I will not = I won't he/she/it will not = he won't/she... always doubled in British English (not Example: travel - travelled in American English) after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not Example: travel - travelling after a vowel) final ie becomes y Example: worry - he worried Example: lie - lying but: play - he played • Use 1 After another or at the same time? Do you want to express that the actions in the past happened one after another or at the same... breakfast, the phone suddenly rang • if sentences type II (If I talked, …) Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you Signal Words of Simple Past yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 199 0, the other day, last Friday If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, …) Past Progressive (Past Continuous) The past progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past Form Positive Negative Question I / . language (See 12) 1. I'll close the window. 2. I'll have a cup of tea, please. 3. - The phone is ringing. - I'll answer it. 4. - Oops, I dropped my pencil. - I'll pick. somebody. Examples: -Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius. Universal Truths -It is a big house. Facts -The Earth goes around the Sun. Universal Truths, Facts -Dogs are better than cats. Generalization -Berlin. time. Examples: -I live in Boston -He works as a fireman. -Margaret drives a Volkswagen. -Jerry doesn't teach maths at highschool. USE 4: Events Certain to Happen Lê Thị Thanh Huyền Use the