Vocab English 1 (Grammar) pdf

Unit 1 refrigerate verb / rɪ 'frɪdʒəreɪt / [transitive] to make something such as food or liquid cold in a refrigerator in order to preserve it  Refrigerate the mixture overnight.  Poultry, fish, and seafood should be kept refrigerated. remain verb / rɪ'meɪn / 1. to continue to be in the same state or condition • remain unclear/unchanged/unanswered etc  Please remain seated until all the lights are on.  We remained friends.  Many scientists remain unconvinced by the current evidence. 2. to stay • remain at/in/with etc  She was too ill to remain at home.  The refugees were allowed to remain in the UK. store verb to put things away and keep them until you need them  Squirrels are storing up nuts for the winter.  Store the beans in an airtight jar. out of/beyond (somebody's) reach  Keep chemicals out of the reach of children. within reach (of somebody)  Keep a glass of water within reach. within (easy) reach of something = close to a place  The tourist attractions are within easy reach of the hotel. consult verb / kən 'sʌlt / [intransitive and transitive] to ask for information or advice from someone because it is their job to know something • consult somebody about something  If symptoms persist, consult a doctor without delay.  An increasing number of people are consulting their accountants about the tax laws. accelerate verb / ək 'seləreɪt / [intransitive and transitive] if a process accelerates or if something accelerates it, it happens faster than usual or sooner than you expect  measures to accelerate the rate of economic growth 1 succession noun / sək 'seʆən / 1. happening one after the other without anything different happening in between • in succession  She won the championship four times in succession.  He fired two shots in quick succession. 2. [uncountable] the act of taking over an official job or position, or the right to be the next to take it  the queen's succession to the throne sustainable adjective / sə 'steɪnəbəl / able to continue for a long time  The party is promising low inflation and sustainable economic growth. productivity noun / prɒ dʌk'tɪvəti / [uncountable] = output • increase/improve/raise productivity  ways of increasing productivity  high productivity levels in manufacturing complain verb / kəm'pleɪn / to say that you are annoyed, not satisfied, or unhappy about something or someone • complain (that)/ complain (to someone) (about something)  Residents are complaining because traffic in the area has increased.  She complained that no one had been at the airport to meet her.  Neighbors complained to the police about the dogs barking. complaint noun / kəm 'pleɪnt / [uncountable and countable] a statement in which someone • complaint about something/ complaint from/to someone/ complaint that • make/have/receive a complaint • file/lodge/submit a complaint  The sales assistants are trained to deal with customer complaints in a friendly manner.  Keating was dismissed after complaints about the quality of his work.  complaints from local residents  We are concerned by complaints that children are being bullied.  The BBC received a stream of complaints about the program.  She went to the city council and lodged a complaint. punctual adjective / 'p ŋʌ ktʆuəl / formal = on time  She's always very punctual for appointments.  the punctual payment of invoices all things considered = all in all, on the whole, when all is said and done  All things considered , I'm sure we made the right decision.  She keeps herself to herself. All things considered, she would be better married. 2 pay off if something you do pays off, it is successful or has a good result  Teamwork paid off. disgust noun / dɪs 'gʌst, dɪz- / [uncountable] a strong feeling of dislike, annoyance, or disapproval • with disgust/ in disgust/ to somebody's disgust/ disgust at  Joan looked at him with disgust.  Sam threw his books down in disgust and stormed out of the room.  Much to my disgust, I found that there were no toilets for the disabled.  The fans didn't hide their disgust at the umpire's decision. disgusted adjective / dɪs'gʌstɪd, dɪz- / very annoyed or upset by something that is not acceptable • disgusted at/by/with; disgusted that  Most locals are disgusted by the anti-foreigner violence.  Animal welfare workers were disgusted that anyone could do this to a puppy. flatter / 'flætə / [transitive] to praise someone in order to please them or get something from them, even though you do not mean it  Perry would always flatter Mrs. Mitchell by praising her cooking. flattery noun / 'flætəri / [uncountable] praise that you do not really mean ease verb if something unpleasant eases, or if you ease it, it gradually improves or becomes less • ease the pain/stress/tension; ease the pressure/burden  He'll give you something to ease the pain.  This should ease the burden on busy teachers.  measures to ease congestion in the city 3 UNIT 3 install verb / ɪn 'stɔːl / [transitive] to put a piece of equipment somewhere and connect it so that it is ready to be used  They've installed the new computer network at last.  Security cameras have been installed in the city centre. best verb [transitive] defeat someone resign verb / rɪ'zaɪn / officially announce that you have decided to leave your job or an organization • resign from something; resign as something • resign your post/seat/position etc  She resigned from the government last week.  He resigned as Governor of Punjab in August.  Tom has since resigned his membership of the golf club. be about to do something if someone is about to do something, or if something is about to happen, they will do it or it will happen very soon  We were just about to leave when Jerry arrived.  Work was about to start on a new factory building. succeed verb / sək'siːd / 1. to do what you tried or wanted to do • succeed (in doing something)  Scientists claim they have succeeded in finding a cure for cancer.  Very few people succeed in losing weight and keeping it off.  The drug therapy has not succeeded. 2. to be the next person to take a position or job after someone else • succeed somebody as something • succeed somebody to the throne (= to be the next king or queen)  Reeves will succeed Segal as Speaker of the House.  Who will succeed him to the throne? 4 UNIT 4 be located in/near etc something = be situated  The business is located right in the center of town.  The bulk of the world's rainforests, 97 percent, are located in 27 developing countries.  The three theaters are located in the center of town. quota noun / 'kwəʊtə / [countable] 1. an official limit on the number or amount of something that is allowed in a particular period • a quota on something/ quota for something  The government has imposed quotas on the export of timber.  The government has decided to scrap quotas on car imports.  Several countries have now set quotas for cod fishing.  There are plans to introduce strict immigration quotas. 2. an amount of something that someone is expected to do or achieve • a quota of something/ quota for something • meet/make/achieve a quota • sales/production quota  Each person was given a quota of tickets to sell.  In the 1990s, the Navy couldn't fill its quota for new recruits.  They're worried that they won't achieve this year's sales quota. quote noun [countable] = quotation • quote from  a quote from the minister's speech variation noun / veəri 'eɪʆən / [uncountable and countable] a difference between similar things, or a change from the usual amount or form of something • variation in/ variation among/ variation between something  variations in the quality of the rugs  There is a great deal of variation among the responses.  The study concluded that the variation between the different CD players was very small. variant noun / 'veəriənt/ [countable] something that is slightly different from the usual form of something • variant of/on  a variant on the typical Hollywood hero 5 variety noun / və 'raɪəti / = diversity, type • a variety of something • a wide/great/endless etc variety of something • give/add/bring variety (to something) (=make something more interesting)  The girls come from a variety of different backgrounds.  Cafe Artista offers a wide variety of sandwiches.  Occasionally working from home adds variety to a job.  The lake has more than 20 varieties of fish. wholesale adjective/noun relating to the business of selling goods in large quantities at low prices to other businesses, rather than to the general public  wholesale prices retail noun / 'riːteɪl / [uncountable] the sale of goods in shops to customers, for their own use and not for selling to anyone else • the retail trade/business • a retail outlet/shop/store/chain  a manager with twenty years' experience in the retail business  We are looking for more retail outlets for our products.  a retail price of £8.99  Retail sales fell by 1.3% in January. prosperity noun / prɒ 'sperəti / [uncountable] when people have money and everything that is needed for a good life  a time of economic prosperity  the future prosperity of the country prosper verb / 'prɒspə/ [intransitive] = thrive = flourish = boom  Businesses across the state are prospering. depression noun / dɪ'preʆən / [uncountable and countable] = slump = recession  the devastating effects of economic depression 6 UNIT 5 remind verb / rɪ'maɪnd / [transitive] to make someone remember something that they must do • remind somebody about something • remind somebody to do something • remind somebody (that)  Yes, I'll be there. Thanks for reminding me.  The girls constantly had to be reminded about their chores.  Remind me to buy some milk tonight.  Mrs. Welland reminded her son that they still had several people to see. leave verb [transitive] to let something remain in a particular state, position, or condition • leave something on/off/out etc  You've left your lights on.  She must have left the phone off the hook. • leave something open/empty/untidy/ unanswered etc  I wish you'd stop leaving the door open.  The trial left many questions unanswered.  Leave the next two lines blank for the tutor's comments. • leave something doing something  I'll just leave the engine running while I go in.  Don't leave tools lying about. charge noun / tʆɑːdʒ / [uncountable and countable] the amount of money you have to pay for • goods or services • charge of something; charge for something  an admission charge of $5  There's a 50 pence booking charge for each ticket.  Guided tours are provided at no charge.  Your order will be sent free of charge. fine noun [countable] money that you have to pay as a punishment  a £40 fine  pay a fine  pay £100/$50 etc in fines  She was ordered to pay £150 in parking fines, plus court costs. 7  If convicted, the men face heavy fines. tuition noun / tju'ɪʆən / [uncountable] = tuition fees: the money you pay for being taught  When I started college, tuition was $350 a quarter. fare noun / feə / [countable] the price you pay to travel somewhere by bus, train, plane etc • bus/train/air/cab fare • half-fare/full-fare  Air fares have shot up by 20%.  Children under 14 travel half-fare. fee noun / fiː / [countable] an amount of money that you pay to do something or that you pay to a professional person for their work • school fees; entrance/entry fee; legal/medical fee; doctor's/lawyer's/accountant's etc fees  The health club charges an annual membership fee.  Cable TV subscribers pay monthly fees.  Park entrance fees have gone up to $15.  The run, to raise money for breast cancer, has a £10 entry fee.  The insurance company paid all my medical fees.  My solicitor charges a flat fee (=an amount that does not change) for handling the sale of a house. expertise noun / ekspɜː'tiːz / [uncountable] = know-how, skill, knowledge • technical/financial/medical etc expertise • expertise in something  What he's bringing to the company is financial expertise.  trainee engineers with varying degrees of computer expertise  expertise in the management of hotels specialty noun / 'speʆəlti / [countable] American English 1. a subject or job that you know a lot about or have a lot of experience of  Johnson's specialty is medieval European history. 2. a particular product or business that has one purpose or sells one type of thing  an area with clothes retailers and specialty shops warranty noun / 'wɒrənti / [countable] a written agreement in which a company selling something promises to repair it if it breaks within a particular period of time • under warranty  The car is still under warranty. 8  a three-year warranty certificate noun / sə 'tɪfɪkət / [countable] 1. an official document that states that a fact or facts are true  birth/death/marriage certificate 2. an official paper stating that you have completed a course of study or passed an examination  a degree certificate license noun /'laɪsəns/ [countable] an official document giving you permission to own or do something for a period of time  The dealers applied for an export license.  He was arrested for driving without a license.  The Tennessee Valley Authority applied for a license to operate the facility.  I forgot to renew my driving license. compensate verb [transitive] /'kɒmpənse t/ ɪ to pay someone money because they have suffered injury, loss, or damage • compensate somebody for something  The government promised to compensate victims of the flood.  The firm will compensate workers for their loss of earnings. compensation noun / kɒmpən 'seɪʆn/ [uncountable] money paid to someone because they have suffered injury or loss, or because something they own has been damaged • compensation for  compensation for injuries at work • compensation from  She received compensation from the government for the damage caused to her property. • in compensation  The jury awarded Tyler $1.7 million in compensation. • as compensation  The workers were given 30 days' pay as compensation. • demand/seek/claim compensation  The parents are seeking compensation for birth defects caused by the drug. • award/grant compensation  The court awarded Jamieson £30,000 compensation. breach / briːtʆ / [uncountable and countable] an action that breaks a law, rule, or agreement breach of • be in breach of something  This was a clear breach of the 1994 Trade Agreement.  They sued the company for breach of contract. 9  a breach of professional duty  He was clearly in breach of the law. UNIT 6 request noun / rɪ 'kwest / [countable] a polite or formal demand for something • request for  They have made an urgent request for international aid. • request that  Anderson repeated his request that we postpone the meeting. • at somebody's request (=because someone asked for it to be done)  The study was done at the request of the Chairman. • On/upon request (=if you ask for it)  Further details will be sent on request. need noun a situation in which something is necessary, especially something that is not happening yet or is not yet available • need for  Managers should explain the need for change.  There's an urgent need for more nurses.  There's a growing need for new housing in many rural areas. • a need to do something  We fully recognize the need to improve communications. • stress/emphasize/underline etc the need (for something)  She stressed the need for regular meetings. put/bring something into effect to make a plan or idea happen  It won't be easy to put the changes into effect. take effect to start to produce results  The morphine was starting to take effect and the pain eased. take effect/come into effect if a law, rule, or system takes effect or comes into effect, it officially starts 10 [...]... reduces life expectancy by around 12 years on average • estimate how many/what etc  It is not easy to estimate how many people have the disease evaluate verb / ɪ'væljueɪt / [transitive] to judge how good, useful, or successful something is = assess  We need to evaluate the success of the campaign  It can be difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments 11 preserve verb / prɪ'zɜːv /... your post/seat/position etc 12  She resigned from the government last week  He resigned as Governor of Punjab in August  Tom has since resigned his membership of the golf club quit verb /kwɪt/ [intransitive and transitive] informal to leave a job, school etc, especially without finishing it completely  He quit his job after an argument with a colleague  I quit school at 16  She has decided to quit... especially one that has existed for a long time  Slavery was abolished in the US in the 19 th century cash verb • [transitive] to exchange a check etc for the amount of money it is worth cash a check/postal order etc  Traveler's checks can be cashed at most hotels for a small charge  Where can I get this cashed? 14 bill • verb [transitive] to send someone a bill bill somebody for something  Clients... travel expenses transfer • verb / træns'fɜː/ to move money from one account or institution to another transfer something (from something) to something  I'd like to transfer $500 to my checking account 15 Unit 10 worth preposition / wɜːθ/ to have a value in money • be worth something •  One of the pictures is worth £50,000  Do you know how much the ring is worth?  This art collection is worth a fortune... temporary measure contemporary adjective / kən'tempərəri / 1 belonging to the present time  contemporary music/art/dance 2 happening or done in the same period of time  The wall hangings are thought to be roughly contemporary with the tiled floors contemporary noun [countable] someone who lived or was in a particular place at the same time as someone else 16 • somebody's contemporaries  Oswald was much admired... in Barcelona conclusive adjective / kən'kluːsɪv / showing that something is definitely true • conclusive proof/evidence/findings etc  The investigation failed to provide any conclusive evidence Unit 11 preoccupied adjective / priː'ɒkjʊpaɪd/ thinking about something a lot, with the result that you do not pay attention to other things • be preoccupied with something  He's completely preoccupied with... conduct an interview  We are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food  Is it really necessary to conduct experiments on animals?  The interview was conducted in English personal adjective / 'pɜːsənəl / 1 belonging or relating to one particular person, rather than to other people or to people in general  My personal view is that we shouldn't offer him the job  Style and color are...  The report called for urgent action to reduce lead in petrol  an urgent message taxing adjective /'tæksɪŋ / = demanding  The job turned out to be more taxing than I'd expected Unit 12 otherwise adverb / 'ʌðəwaɪz/ 1 used when saying what bad thing will happen if something is not done  You'll have to go now; otherwise, you'll miss your bus  Put your coat on; otherwise, you'll get cold 2 say/think/decide... adverb / 'briːfli / 1 for a short time  We stopped off briefly in London on our way to Geneva 2 in as few words as possible  Sonia explained briefly what we had to do nearly adverb /'nɪəli / almost  It took nearly two hours to get here  Is the job nearly finished?  He very nearly died shortly adverb / 'ʆɔːtli / = soon • shortly before/after something  Ms Jones will be back shortly 18  The accident... • • • announce a decision/intention/plan announce one’s engagement/ retirement/resignation announce that  They announced their engagement in 'The Times'  The government has announced plans to create 10 ,000 new jobs  A government spokesman announced that the hostages had been released estimate verb / 'estɪmeɪt / [transitive] to try to judge the value, size, speed, cost etc of something, without calculating . sooner than you expect  measures to accelerate the rate of economic growth 1 succession noun / sək 'seʆən / 1. happening one after the other without anything different happening in between •. that you have to pay as a punishment  a £40 fine  pay a fine  pay 10 0/$50 etc in fines  She was ordered to pay 15 0 in parking fines, plus court costs. 7  If convicted, the men face heavy. subscribers pay monthly fees.  Park entrance fees have gone up to $15 .  The run, to raise money for breast cancer, has a 10 entry fee.  The insurance company paid all my medical fees.  My