commenced He began working in this factory five years ago → He has worked in this factory five years ago They have lived there for two years.. Tom and Marie have been keypals for two
Trang 1transformation model prepared by NGUYEN HUU QUOC 1
-MODEL- TENSES Model 1:
began
S + started + V- ing + ago ⇔ S + have/ has + V 3 / V- ed + for
commenced
He began working in this factory five years ago → He has worked in this factory five years ago They have lived there for two years → They started living there two years ago
Model 2:
Began in
S + started + V- ing + on (time) ⇔ S + have/ has + V 3 / V- ed + since
commenced at
They started playing games at 5 o’clock → They have played games since 5 o’clock.
We began learning English in 2005 → We have learned (learnt) English since 2005.
Model 3:
S + no longer + V + ( O/C/A)
S + often/ always V 2 / V- ed + ( O/C/A)
He used to sleep in class → He no longer sleeps in class./ He doesn’t sleep in class any more.
He usually ate in class when he was young → He used to eat in class when he was young.
Model 4:
S + have/ has not + V 3 / V- ed + since/ for → It is + time + since S +V 2 /V ed
I haven’t seen my farther since last month → It’s one month since I (last) saw my father.
Tom and Marie have been keypals for two years → It is five years since Tom and Marie were
keypals
Model 5:
(never)
Jason hasn’t met that man here before → It’s the first time Jason has met that man here.
I have never read this book (before) → It’s the first time I have read this book
Model 6:
S + have/ has not + V 3/ed + since/ for → S + last V 2 /V ed WHEN S +V 2/ed
→ The last time + S +V 2/ed + was
I haven’t heard him since August → The last time I heard him was in August.
I haven’t seen him since I was a student → I last saw him when I was a student.
* Notes: Since 6 o’clock → at 6/ since August/ 2005 → in August/ in 2005
Since Monday → on Monday/ since last week → a week ago
Since + S + V → when S + V
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Trang 2transformation model prepared by NGUYEN HUU QUOC 2
Model 7:
S + have/ has ( not) + V 3/ed for (time) → It is (time) since S ( last) + V 2 /V- ed
I haven’t seen her for three weeks → It’s three weeks since I last saw her.
Jason has learned Vietnamese for two years → It’s two years since Jason began to learn
Vietnamese
* We can add “ began or started” – instead of “ last” to verbs with progressive nature;
learn, study, work, lie, sit, stay, wait
Model 8:
Hardly/ Scarcely had + Sa + V 3/ed when Sb + V 2 /V ed +
S a + had hardly/ scarcely + V3/ed when Sb + V 2 / V ed +
No sooner had + S1 + V3/ed than Sb + V 2 / V ed +
S a + had no sooner + V3/ed than Sb + V 2 / V ed +
He had hardly seen me when he ran away ↔ No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
phone rang
Model 9:
be be
S + 〉 used to + V- ing / N ⇔ S + 〉 accustomed to + V- ing / N
get get
John is accustomed to swimming every day ⇔ John is used to swimming every day.
Model 10:
S + V 2 + not until S + V + / until + phrase
↑ ↓
It was not until S + V / phrase that S + V +
Emma didn’t begin to read until she was ten → It was not until Emma was ten that she began to
read
The carpenter didn’t finish his work until Monday → It was not until Monday that the carpenter
finished his work
Model 11:
The flight to Paris lasts 12 hours → It takes 12 hours to fly to Paris.
They spent two hours solving this problem → It took them two hours to solve this problem.
Model 12:
After S + had +V 3/ed , S + V 2 /V- ed ⇒ After V-ing , S + V 2 /V- ed
After he had finished the book, he went to bed.⇒ After finishing the book, he went to bed
(* S1 = S2)
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