LASER SCANNING, THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Chau-Chang Wang Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications Edited by Chau-Chang Wang Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright smilewithme, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications, Edited by Chau-Chang Wang p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-205-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Preface IX Quantitative Surface Characterisation Using Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy 1 Steven Tomovich, Zhongxiao Peng, Chengqing Yuan and Xinping Yan Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy: Applications for Imaging Dynamic Processes in Skin In Vivo 31 Melissa Chu, Nikiforos Kollias and Michael A. Luedtke Correcting Airborne Laser Scanning Intensity Data 49 Ants Vain and Sanna Kaasalainen LIDAR Remote Sensing Applications in Automated Urban Feature Extraction 61 Poonam S. Tiwari and Hina Pande The Basics of Confocal Microscopy 75 Vineeta Rai and Nrisingha Dey Rigid Confocal Endoscopy of the Larynx 97 Tino Just, Joachim Stave, Oliver Stachs, Gabriele Witt, Rudolf Guthoff and Hans Wilhelm Pau High Precision and Fast Functional Mapping of Brain Circuitry through Laser Scanning Photostimulation and Fast Dye Imaging 113 Xiangmin Xu Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy in Dermatology: Manual and Automated Diagnosis of Skin Tumours 133 Wiltgen Marco Contents Contents VI Application of in vivo Laser Scanning Microscopy to Visualise the Penetration of a Fluorescent Dye in Solution and in Liposomes into the Skin after Pre-Treatment with Microneedles 171 Meinke Martina C., Kruithof Annelieke C., Bal Suzanne M., Bouwstra Joke A. and Lademann Jürgen Application of Laser Scanning Cytometry to Clinical and Laboratory Hematology 185 Takayuki Tsujioka and Kaoru Tohyama Fluorescence Immunohistochemistry by Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy for Studies of Semi-Ultrathin Specimens of Epoxy Resin-Embedded Samples 195 Shin-ichi Iwasaki and Hidekazu Aoyagi Determination of Subcellular Localization of Flavonol in Cultured Cells by Laser Scanning 215 Rie Mukai, Junji Terao, Yasuhito Shirai, Naoaki Saito and Hitoshi Ashida Second Harmonic Generation Signal from Biological Materials Using Multi-Functional Two-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy 233 Ali Hussain Reshak On the Airborne Lidar Contribution in Archaeology: from Site Identification to Landscape Investigation 263 Nicola Masini, Rosa Coluzzi and Rosa Lasaponara Characterization of Ancient Ceramic Matrices with High Resolution Microscopy Methods 291 S. Mohammadamin Emami, Johannes Volkmar and Reinhard Trettin Application of Non-Destructive Techniques to the Recording and Modelling of Palaeolithic Rock Art 305 Diego Gonzalez-Aguilera, Pablo Rodriguez-Gonzalvez, Juan Mancera-Taboada, Angel Muñoz-Nieto, Jesus Herrero-Pascual, Javier Gomez-Lahoz and Inmaculada Picon-Cabrera Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy Characterization of Conservation Products Distribution in Building Stone Porous Network 327 Zoghlami, K. and Gomez Gras, D. Applications in Complex Systems 345 Thomas L. White, T. Bond Calloway, Robin L. Brigmon, Kimberly E. Kurtis and Amal R. Jayapalan Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Contents VII Visualization of Sorption Dynamics: Application of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope Technique 365 Takashi Hasegawa, Kiyoshi Matsumoto and Toshiro Matsui An Inspection of Some Hydrogenated Carbon Fibers by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 389 Antonio Madroñero and Jose Mª Amo Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope: A Very Useful Tool in Multilayer Capsules 401 Liqin Ge Integration of Laser Scanning and Imagery for Photorealistic 3D Architectural Documentation 413 José Luis Lerma, Santiago Navarro, Miriam Cabrelles, Ana Elena Seguí, Naif Haddad and Talal Akasheh Application of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy to the In-situ and Ex-situ Study of Corrosion Processes 431 Rafael Leiva-García, José García-Antón and Mª José Muñoz-Portero Registration between Multiple Laser Scanner Data Sets 449 Fei Deng Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data Integration in Surveying Engineering 473 Bahadır Ergün Design, Calibration and Application of a Seafloor Laser Scanner 495 Chau-Chang Wang, Da-jung Tang and Todd Hefner Scanning and Image Reconstruction Techniques in Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 523 Peng Xi, Yujia Liu and Qiushi Ren A New Laser Scanning System for Computed Radiography 543 Qibo Feng, Meng Zheng, Shuangyun Shao and Zhan Gao Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Pref ac e Diff erent laser-based methods have been developed to measure features or targets at various scales. It can be as large as landscape, or as small as cells. Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications collects up-to-date research on laser-based measurement. It covers top- ics ranging from theories, innovative applications to development of new instruments. Readers are urged to follow the chapter order to get familiar with the working prin- ciples (Chapter 1 to 6), then move on the various examples of medical, biological, ar- chaeological and engineering and applications (Chapter 7 to 22.); at last, learn about the development of several laser-based measurement systems (Chapter 23 to 28.) Or just go directly to the part of interest if background knowledge is already equipped. Chau-Chang Wang Sun Yat-sen University Kao-Hsiung, Taiwan [...]... algorithm to behave more erratic From varied laser and PMT tests, MBI also provided CV plots versus mean pixel intensity u in Figure 6b Below 50 grey levels and the elevated CV reflects the poor 8 Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications suitability of images for height encoding Above this level and CV remained stable with no upward trend to indicate increasing laser power or PMT gain were contributing... surface and volume information by a non-contacting and un-intrusive method (Sheppard and Shotton, 1997; Pawley, 1995) Using specialised software, surface measurements can be readily performed on variations in pixel intensity and spatial locations contained in 3D images (Brown and Newton, 1994; Yuan et al., 2005) By comparison the resolution of LSCM is possibly higher than a standard stylus profiler and. .. plotted against scan rate, frame averaging and aperture settings also highlighted the influence of these parameters on lateral resolution For each objective lens, limiting HEI axial and lateral resolutions achieved for metrology applications were then determined from optical flat HEI depth tests and HEI of structures on the Richardson slide 4 Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications Scan Rate Testing Using... 8 Laser Power ( ) Laser Power ( % % ) 9 10 11 12 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 PMT Gain ((% ) ) PMT Gain % Fig 5 Mean pixel intensity u versus laser power (a) and versus PMT gain (b), for the aluminium optical flat Shown in Figure 6a, the highest depth discrimination for both laser and PMT tests were realised above 50 grey levels With increasing brightness, the constant HEI depth measurements also show both laser. .. and surface finish However, in operation the stylus unfortunately subjects the surface to damage (Bennett and Mattsson, 1989; Gjonnes, 1996; Conroy and Armstrong, 2005) and thus the technique cannot be used to perform surface measurement on soft materials In addition, the minimum scan length for the stylus technique (ISO standards 4288, 1996) is not suited to small wear particle surfaces 2 Laser Scanning,. .. ( μ ) ( u ) Fig 8 HEI depth versus mean pixel intensity u for varied laser power using a 0.005% fixed PMT gain (a) With laser power fixed at 0.5% for varied PMT gain, HEI depth versus mean pixel intensity u (b) 10 Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications HEI Depth HEI Depth ( nm ) ( nm ) HEI Depth versus Mean Pixel Intensity ( 2.0% laser power ) 55 Stainless ( Mean HEI depth = 9.85 nm ) Brass ( Mean... encoded image (HEI) Fig 25 Images of an engineering surface presented in the original image, Form, Waviness and Roughness 24 Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications Fig 26 Separated Form, Waviness and Roughness of a particle image Similar to any other imaging systems, image distortion exists and has to be eliminated to ensure the accuracy of surface measurements A series of tests have been conducted... numerical analysis y ( μm ) x ( μm ) Fig 27 Surface view of the optical flat surface captured with the 10x lens and zoom 1.2 (a) (b) Fig 28 Engineering surface (a) before and (b) after surface tilt correction 26 Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications Fig 29 Stitched image after cross-correlation and blending for numerical analysis 3.3 Quantitative image analysis Quantitative image analysis involves using... were reduced to slightly less than varied laser HEI depths For each surface when fixing laser power at 2.0%, varied PMT HEI depth averaged 1.40%, 5.65%, and 0.64% less than varied laser results The small but apparent reduction in varied PMT depth was potentially the result of increased stability in laser illumination, reducing overall image noise at these low laser power settings Although Kalman frame... on laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) This development involves: systemically studying and understanding the resolutions of a LSCM and its capacity; investigating appropriate hardware settings for acquiring suitable two-dimensional (2D) images; assess image processing techniques for eliminating noise and artefacts while constructing three-dimensional (3D) images for quantitative analysis; and . Intensity versus Laser Power ( 0.005% PMT gain ) 11 .5 % 0.5 % 0 50 10 0 15 0 200 250 012 345678 910 111 2 Laser Power ( % ) Mean Pixel Intensity ( μ ) Mean Pixel Intensity versus PMT Gain ( 0.9% laser power. L. Brigmon, Kimberly E. Kurtis and Amal R. Jayapalan Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Contents VII Visualization of. LASER SCANNING, THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Chau-Chang Wang Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications Edited by Chau-Chang Wang Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 510 00 Rijeka,