Electronics - Theory and Design of Electrical and Electronic Circuits

THEORY AND DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS E. TAIT FOR ELEKTRODA PEOPLE Theory and Design of Electrical and Electronic Circuits Index Introduction Chap. 01 Generalities Chap. 02 Polarization of components Chap. 03 Dissipator of heat Chap. 04 Inductors of small value Chap. 05 Transformers of small value Chap. 06 Inductors and Transformers of great value Chap. 07 Power supply without stabilizing Chap. 08 Power supply stabilized Chap. 09 Amplification of Audiofrecuency in low level class A Chap. 10 Amplification of Audiofrecuenciy on high level classes A and B Chap. 11 Amplification of Radiofrecuency in low level class A Chap. 12 Amplification of Radiofrecuency in low level class C Chap. 13 Amplifiers of Continuous Chap. 14 Harmonic oscillators Chap. 15 Relaxation oscillators Chap. 16 Makers of waves Chap. 17 The Transistor in the commutation Chap. 18 Multivibrators Chap. 19 Combinationals and Sequentials Chap. 20 Passive networks as adapters of impedance Chap. 21 Passive networks as filters of frequency (I Part) Chap. 22 Passive networks as filters of frequency (II Part) Chap. 23 Active networks as filters of frequency and displaced of phase (I Part) Chap. 24 Active networks as filters of frequency and displaced of phase (II Part) Chap. 25 Amplitude Modulation Chap. 26 Demodulación of Amplitude Chap. 27 Modulation of Angle Chap. 28 Demodulation of Angle Chap. 29 Heterodyne receivers Chap. 30 Lines of Transmission Chap. 31 Antennas and Propagation Chap. 32 Electric and Electromechanical installations Chap. 33 Control of Power (I Part) Chap. 34 Control of Power (II Part) Chap. 35 Introduction to the Theory of the Control Chap. 36 Discreet and Retained signals Chap. 37 Variables of State in a System Chap. 38 Stability in Systems Chap. 39 Feedback of the State in a System Chap. 40 Estimate of the State in a System Chap. 41 Controllers of the State in a System Bibliography Theory and Design of Electrical and Electronic Circuits _________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction Spent the years, the Electrical and Electronic technology has bloomed in white hairs; white technologically for much people and green socially for others. To who writes to them, it wants with this theoretical and practical book, to teach criteria of design with the experience of more than thirty years. I hope know to take advantage of it because, in truth, I offer its content without interest, affection and love by the fellow. Eugenio Máximo Tait _________________________________________________________________________________ Chap. 01 Generalities Introduction System of units Algebraic and graphical simbology Nomenclature Advice for the designer _______________________________________________________________________________ Introduction In this chapter generalizations of the work are explained. Almost all the designs that appear have been experienced satisfactorily by who speaks to them. But by the writing the equations can have some small errors that will be perfected with time. The reading of the chapters must be ascending, because they will be occurred the subjects being based on the previous ones. System of units Except the opposite clarifies itself, all the units are in M. K. S. They are the Volt, Ampere, Ohm, Siemens, Newton, Kilogram, Second, Meter, Weber, Gaussian, etc. The temperature preferably will treat it in degrees Celsius, or in Kelvin. All the designs do not have units because incorporating each variable in M. K. S., will be satisfactory its result. Algebraic and graphical simbology Often, to simplify, we will use certain symbols. For example: — Parallel of components 1 / (1/X 1 + 1/X 2 + .) like X 1 // X 2 // . — Signs like " greater or smaller" (≥ ≤), "equal or different " (= ≠ ), etc., they are made of form similar to the conventional one to have a limited typesetter source. In the parameters (curves of level) of the graphs they will often appear small arrows that indicate the increasing sense. In the drawn circuits when two lines (conductors) are crossed, there will only be connection between such if they are united with a point. If they are drawn with lines of points it indicates that this conductor and what he connects is optative. Nomenclature A same nomenclature in all the work will be used. It will be: — instantaneous (small) v — continuous or average (great) V — effective (great) V or V ef — peak V pico or v p — maximum V max — permissible (limit to the breakage) V ADM Advice for the designer All the designs that become are not for arming them and that works in their beginning, but to only have an approximated idea of the components to use. To remember here one of the laws of Murphy: " If you make something and works, it is that it has omitted something by stop ". The calculations have so much the heuristic form (test and error) like algoritmic (equations) and, therefore, they will be only contingent; that is to say, that one must correct them until reaching the finished result. So that a component, signal or another thing is despicable front to another one, to choose among them 10 times often is not sufficient. One advises at least 30 times as far as possible. But two cases exist that are possible; and more still, up to 5 times, that is when he is geometric (5 2 = 25), that is to say, when the leg of a triangle rectangle respect to the other is of that greater magnitude or. This is when we must simplify a component reactive of another pasive, or to move away to us of pole or zero of a transference. As far as simple constants of time, it is to say in those transferences of a single pole and that is excited with steps being exponential a their exit, normally 5 constants are taken from time to arrive in the end. But, in truth, this is unreal and little practical. One arrives at 98% just by 3 constants from time and this magnitude will be sufficient. As far as the calculations of the permissible regimes, adopted or calculated, always he is advisable to sobredetermine the proportions them. The losses in the condensers are important, for that reason he is advisable to choose of high value of voltage the electrolytic ones and that are of recognized mark (v.g.: Siemens). With the ceramic ones also always there are problems, because they have many losses (Q of less than 10 in many applications) when also they are extremely variable with the temperature (v.g.: 10 [ºC] can change in 10 [%] to it or more), thus is advised to use them solely as of it desacopled and, preferably, always to avoid them. Those of poliester are something more stable. Those of mica and air or oil in works of high voltage are always recommendable. When oscillating or timers are designed that depend on capacitiva or inductive constant of times, he is not prudent to approach periods demarcated over this constant of time, because small variations of her due to the reactive devices (v.g.: time, temperature or bad manufacture, usually changes a little the magnitude of a condenser) it will change to much the awaited result. _______________________________________________________________________________ Chap. 02 Polarization of components Bipolar transistor of junction (TBJ) Theory Design Fast design Unipolar transistor of junction (JFET) Theory Design Operational Amplifier of Voltage (AOV) Theory Design _________________________________________________________________________________ Bipolar transistor of junction (TBJ) Theory Polarizing to the bases-emitter diode in direct and collector-bases on inverse, we have the model approximated for continuous. The static gains of current in common emitter and common bases are defined respectively β = h 21E = h FE = I C / I B ~ h 21e = h fe (>> 1 para TBJ comunes) α = h 21B = h FB = I C / I E ~ h 21b = h fb (~< 1 para TBJ comunes) La corriente entre collector y base I CB es de fuga, y sigue aproximadamente la ley The current between collector and bases I CB it is of loss, and it follows approximately the law I CB = I CB0 (1 - e V CB /V T ) ~ I CB0 where V T = 0,000172 . ( T + 273 ) I CB = I CB0(25ºC) . 2 ∆T/10 with ∆T the temperature jump respect to the atmosphere 25 [ºC]. From this it is then ∆T = T - 25 ∂I CB / ∂T = ∂I CB / ∂∆T ~ 0,07. I CB0(25ºC) . 2 ∆T/10 On the other hand, the dependency of the bases-emitter voltage respect to the temperature, to current of constant bases, we know that it is ∂V BE / ∂T ~ - 0,002 [V/ºC] The existing relation between the previous current of collector and gains will be determined now I C = I CE + I CB = α I E + I CB I C = I CE + I CB = β I BE + I CB = β ( I BE + I CB ) + I CB ~ β ( I BE + I CB ) β = α / ( 1 - α ) α = β / ( 1 + β ) Next let us study the behavior of the collector current respect to the temperature and the voltages ∆I C = (∂I C /∂I CB ) ∆I CB + (∂I C /∂V BE ) ∆V BE + (∂I C /∂V CC ) ∆V CC + + (∂I C /∂V BB ) ∆V BB + (∂I C /∂V EE ) ∆V EE of where they are deduced of the previous expressions ∆I CB = 0,07. I CB0(25ºC) . 2 ∆T/10 ∆T ∆V BE = - 0,002 ∆T V BB - V EE = I B (R BB + R EE ) + V BE + I C R EE I C = [ V BB - V EE - V BE + I B (R BB + R EE ) ] / [ R E + (R BB + R EE ) β -1 ] S I = (∂I C /∂I CB ) ~ (R BB + R EE ) / [ R EE + R BB β -1 ] S V = (∂I C /∂V BE ) = (∂I C /∂V EE ) = - (∂I C /∂V BB ) = - 1 / ( R E + R BB β -1 ) (∂I C /∂V CC ) = 0 being ∆I C = [ 0,07. 2 ∆T/10 (R BB + R EE ) ( R EE + R BB β -1 ) -1 I CB0(25ºC) + + 0,002 ( R EE + R BB β -1 ) -1 ] ∆T + ( R E + R BB β -1 ) -1 (∆V BB - ∆V EE ) Design Be the data I C = . V CE = . ∆T = . I Cmax = . R C = . From manual or the experimentation according to the graphs they are obtained β = . I CB0(25ºC) = . V BE = . ( ~ 0,6 [V] para TBJ de baja potencia) and they are determined analyzing this circuit R BB = R B // R S V BB = V CC . R S (R B +R S ) -1 = V CC . R BB / R B ∆V BB = ∆V CC . R BB / R S = 0 ∆V EE = 0 R EE = R E R CC = R C and if to simplify calculations we do R E >> R BB / β us it gives S I = 1 + R BB / R E S V = - 1 / R E ∆I Cmax = ( S I . 0,07. 2 ∆T/10 I CB0(25ºC) - S V . 0,002 ) . ∆T and if now we suppose by simplicity ∆I Cmax >> S V . 0,002 . ∆T are R E = . >> 0,002 . ∆T / ∆I Cmax R E [ ( ∆I Cmax / 0,07. 2 ∆T/10 I CB0(25ºC) . ∆T ) - 1 ] = . > R BB = . << β R E = . being able to take a ∆I C smaller than ∆I Cmax if it is desired. Next, as it is understood that [...]... C = ( n2 Cp2 - Cp1) ( 1 - n2 )-1 = L = [ ωef12 ( C + Cp1 ) ]-1 = and now Lef1 = ( 1 - ωef12 L C )-1 = Lef2 = ( 1 - ωef22 L C )-1 = Ref1 = ωef1 Lef1 / Qef1max = Ref2 = ωef2 Lef2 / Qef2max = and as it is R = RCC + ρCAω2 = Ref ( 1 - ω2 L C )2 finally ρCA = [ Ref1 ( 1 - ωef12 L C )2 - Ref2 ( 1 - ωef22 L C )2 ] / ωef12 ( 1 - n2 ) = RCC = Ref1 ( 1 - ωef12 L C )2 - ρCA ωef12 = Design of inductors... 1 [ºC/W] ) θDA = θCA - θDA = { [ ( TJ - TA ) / P ] - θJC } - 1 = and with the aid of the abacus following or other, to acquire the dimensions of the dissipator _ Chap 04 Inductors of small value Generalities Q- meter Design of inductors Oneloop Solenoidal onelayer Toroidal onelayer Solenoidal multilayer Design of inductors with nucleus of ferrite Shield to solenoidal... is to say: - radiofrecuency (k < 1) - nucleus of air (k VP siempre being VP the denominated voltage of PINCH-OFF or "strangulation of the channel" defined in the curves of exit of the transistor, whose module agrees numerically with the voltage of cut in the curves of input of the transistor We can then find the variation of the current in the drain... in the power supply VCC and therefore voltages practically null differentials to input his On the other hand, the bad complementariness of the transistors brings problems We know that voltage-current the direct characteristic of a diode can be considered like the one of a generator of voltage ; for that reason, the different transistors have a voltage differential of offset VOS of some millivolts For . THEORY AND DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS E. TAIT FOR ELEKTRODA PEOPLE Theory and Design of Electrical and Electronic Circuits Index Introduction. Estimate of the State in a System Chap. 41 Controllers of the State in a System Bibliography Theory and Design of Electrical and Electronic Circuits _________________________________________________________________________________