a study on english idioms containing the word cat with reference to vietnamese equivalents

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING PHENIKAA UNIVERSITY GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON ENGLISH IDIOMS CONTAINING THE WORD "CAT" WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTSNghiên cứu thành ng

INTRODUCTION

Rationale for the study

Idioms are an integral part of language, containing numerous cultural values and modes of thinking of native speakers Proficiency in understanding and using idioms helps language learners engage more deeply with the culture and mindset of native speakers Studying idioms not only enhances language skills but also broadens understanding of the cultural and social aspects of the language users The word “cat” is a common term found in many English and Vietnamese idioms This animal is not only familiar in daily life but also carries many symbolic meanings in both cultural contexts Exploring idioms containing the word “cat” brings an intriguing journey to discover the various expressions and meanings it holds in different languages Researching these idioms can greatly assist in English language teaching and learning Idioms can be challenging for language learners due to their often figurative nature and non-literal interpretations By comparing them with equivalent idioms in Vietnamese, students and teachers can more easily understand and remember English idioms, thus improving learning efficiency This topic also contributes to the development of translation skills as researchers must find appropriate equivalents in Vietnamese for English idioms This not only requires language skills but also a deep understanding of the cultural and usage contexts of both languages Such skills are crucial for those working in translation and language transmission fields

Idioms often reflect the cultural, social, and historical characteristics of a nation By comparing idioms containing the word “cat” in English and Vietnamese, researchers have the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the richness and diversity of English and Vietnamese cultures This helps create a comprehensive and profound insight into the cultural intersections and differences between the two nations

Finally, this topic contributes to the field of comparative linguistics, aiding in identifying common and distinct features of English and Vietnamese languages This, in turn, can provide valuable insights for language teaching and learning

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Researching idioms containing the word “cat” also enriches the treasure trove of knowledge about language and culture, contributing to the development of the linguistics field

The above reasons illustrate that studying idioms containing the word “cat” in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese not only holds significance in linguistics but also offers practical benefits in teaching, learning, and intercultural communication This is an interesting and highly valuable topic, promising to bring forth many useful and innovative discoveries in the field of linguistics.

Aims of the study

This thesis aims to provide readers with theoretical foundations on the semantic features of idioms It explores the meanings of English idioms containing the word 'cat' and compares them to their Vietnamese counterparts Through this analysis, the thesis identifies similarities and differences in meaning and grammar between the two languages Additionally, it offers suggestions for improving teaching and translation, enriching cultural understanding, and promoting a diverse learning environment in the process of teaching and learning English.

Scope of the study

The study focuses on exploring and analyzing English idioms containing the word “cat” and identifying their Vietnamese equivalents Due to time and resource constraints, the research concentrates on the semantics of these idioms in both languages, highlighting the semantic differences It examines the cultural contexts of these idioms and the challenges of translating them between English and Vietnamese, proposing strategies to maintain their meanings Additionally, the research develops practical resources for teaching and learning, incorporating these idioms into language education The study also contributes to comparative linguistics, providing insights into idiomatic usage across languages This scope ensures a comprehensive and systematic approach to understanding and comparing idioms related to “cats” in English and Vietnamese

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Significance of the study

The study holds substantial significance in several areas Linguistically, it provides a detailed understanding of idiomatic expressions involving “cats” in both English and Vietnamese, highlighting the unique characteristics of each language Culturally, it offers insights into how cats are perceived and represented in idiomatic language, enhancing cross-cultural understanding and communication Educationally, the study aids language educators and learners by making idiomatic expressions more accessible and comprehensible, which is crucial for language proficiency In terms of translation, the research addresses the challenges of translating idioms between English and Vietnamese, providing valuable strategies for more accurate and culturally sensitive translations Overall, this study enriches linguistic and cultural knowledge, supports educational and translation practices, and enhances effective communication in both languages.

Method of the study

In this section, the author presents the research methods used in the study, which encompass various approaches to comprehensively analyze idiomatic expressions containing the word 'cat' in both English and Vietnamese Our methodology encompasses four key steps: data collection, language analysis, comparison and contrast, and translation Each method is carefully designed to facilitate a thorough examination of the linguistic and cultural nuances embedded within these idiomatic expressions

Data collection method: The study gathers idioms containing the word “cat” in English from idiom dictionaries, academic books, and reputable online sources Similarly, collect Vietnamese idioms with equivalent meanings from dictionaries and linguistic documents

Language analysis method: Study the meanings of idioms containing the word “cat” in English, then compare them with the structure and meanings of equivalent idioms in Vietnamese Consider the usage and contextual usage of these idioms in everyday communication and texts in both languages

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Comparison and Contrast Method: The study compare and contrast idioms containing the word “cat” in English with equivalent idioms in Vietnamese in terms of structure, semantics, and culture Analyze similarities and differences to draw insights into the thought and expression patterns of English and Vietnamese speakers

Translation method: Experiment with translating idioms containing the word

“cat” from English to Vietnamese and vice versa to identify challenges and propose appropriate translation strategies, ensuring the preservation of the meaning and cultural nuances of the original idioms.

Design of the study

In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the main content of the thesis includes:

Chapter 1: Literature review: Chapter 1 gives an overview of idioms, covering their definitions, classifications, origins, and unique traits It explains that idioms are colorful expressions with meanings beyond the literal, often challenging for learners Holleman's classification system aids in understanding idioms, while their origins highlight cultural heritage The chapter emphasizes the importance of both literal and idiomatic meanings, showing idioms as insights into culture and thought, and underscores their complexity and significance in language and communication

Chapter 2: Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘cat’ in English and Vietnamese: The passage compares the meanings of “cat” in English and

Vietnamese In English, it signifies traits like intelligence and independence, while in Vietnamese, “mèo” represents luck and friendliness alongside the animal itself Both languages attribute positive qualities such as intelligence and luck to cats, but also acknowledge negative traits like clumsiness and arrogance Overall, these interpretations reflect unique cultural perspectives on cats in English and Vietnamese

Chapter 3: Finding and discussion: In Chapter 3, we examine how English and Vietnamese idioms with “cat” are used in EFL teaching and translation Idioms

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University enhance language and cultural understanding, develop communication skills, and highlight shared concepts across cultures Translating idioms with similar meanings and forms preserves naturalness and clarity, respecting cultural heritage Diverse forms enrich translation style and comprehension Overall, integrating these idioms enhances teaching and translation quality, enriches cultural insight, and promotes a diverse learning environment

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DEVELOPMENT

The colourful linguistic spectrum of expressions called ‘idioms’ directly reflects the considerable difficulties linguists face in finding an appropriate definition and classification of these linguistic phenomena

Idioms, or idiomatic expressions, constitute an essential part of language in which the meaning of a whole phrase cannot be inferred from the meanings of its individual components In previous studies, researchers have presented various definitions and perspectives on idioms, from different linguistic and practical angles

Hockett (1958) perceives idioms as lexical units whose meanings are not a compositional function of the meanings of the parts [1]

Makkai (1972) emphasizes that idioms are fixed expressions whose meanings cannot be derived from the meanings of their individual components This implies that knowledge of how idioms are used in language and context is necessary to understand their meanings [2]

Nunberg, Sag, and Wasow (1994) describe idioms as phrases with a special syntactic structure and a special kind of meaning [3]

According to Fernando (1996), a pure idiom is a type of recognized, adventurous multi-word expression with a non-literal meaning that cannot be derived from its constituent parts This suggests that idioms cannot be explained based on their components but must be understood as distinct linguistic entities [4]

Langlotz (2006) argues that idioms are highly complex linguistic structures that differ in many aspects, including their structural complexity, lexical, morphosyntactic, syntactic, and semantic organization [5]

From these definitions, it can be seen that idioms are an important part of language, characterized by complexity and diversity Understanding idioms not

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LITERATURE REVIEW

An overview of idioms

The colourful linguistic spectrum of expressions called ‘idioms’ directly reflects the considerable difficulties linguists face in finding an appropriate definition and classification of these linguistic phenomena

Idioms, or idiomatic expressions, constitute an essential part of language in which the meaning of a whole phrase cannot be inferred from the meanings of its individual components In previous studies, researchers have presented various definitions and perspectives on idioms, from different linguistic and practical angles

Hockett (1958) perceives idioms as lexical units whose meanings are not a compositional function of the meanings of the parts [1]

Makkai (1972) emphasizes that idioms are fixed expressions whose meanings cannot be derived from the meanings of their individual components This implies that knowledge of how idioms are used in language and context is necessary to understand their meanings [2]

Nunberg, Sag, and Wasow (1994) describe idioms as phrases with a special syntactic structure and a special kind of meaning [3]

According to Fernando (1996), a pure idiom is a type of recognized, adventurous multi-word expression with a non-literal meaning that cannot be derived from its constituent parts This suggests that idioms cannot be explained based on their components but must be understood as distinct linguistic entities [4]

Langlotz (2006) argues that idioms are highly complex linguistic structures that differ in many aspects, including their structural complexity, lexical, morphosyntactic, syntactic, and semantic organization [5]

From these definitions, it can be seen that idioms are an important part of language, characterized by complexity and diversity Understanding idioms not

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University only helps us grasp language more deeply but also provides insight into culture and language usage contexts

“An idiom is a group of words (or a compound) with a meaning that is different from the individual words and often difficult to understand from the individual words” [6] The meanings of English idioms are very special People cannot infer the meaning of an idiom by working out the meanings of separate constituent elements but rather by considering the idiom as a whole In other words, an idiom can be understood only by grasping its figurative meaning The literal meaning has little significance It changes sometimes; you can guess the figurative meaning from the literal meaning That is the reason why many English learners often become confused when guessing the meaning of a certain idiom What Holleman (2006) remarks in the book entitled “American English idiomatic expressions in 52 weeks” helps confirm this fact He says that “the use of idioms is a challenge for English language learners because, compared to standard vocabulary acquisition, understanding these expressions is not clear by simply referring to a dictionary” [7]

Unquestionably, “idioms are very complex linguistic configurations” (Langlotz, 2006, p 1) These expressions differ in many aspects such as “their structural complexity, their lexical, morphosyntactic, syntactic and semantic organisation as well as their discursive function” (Langlotz, 2006, p 1) Thus, classifying English idioms into different types is a tough and heady job for linguists and phraseologists It is hardly easy to come up with an exact classification system but in fact, some ideas on categorizing idioms have been mentioned in literature [5]

A unique classification system of English idioms are provided by Holleman (2006) in the book entitled “American English idiomatic expressions in 52 weeks” so as to help learners acquire and use idioms correctly and appropriately [7] The system includes 32 functional categories as listed below:

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1 Achievement – the act or process of accomplishing or completing something

2 Agree/ Approval – to accept or share an understanding of something

3 Authority – referring to the power to influence, obey or judge

4 Bad/ Negative – something unfavourable or unpleasant

5 Business Action – relating to commercial or work activity to generate profit

6 Communication – the process of sending and receiving information through speaking, behavior or writing

7 Completeness – the extent of wholeness or having enough of something

8 Consequence – the effects or result of an action or circumstance

10 Disagree – to have a different opinion or reaction to something

11 Emotion – a natural feeling such as joy, sadness, happiness, love or hate

12 End – the conclusion of something

13 Entertainment – something that delights or provides amusement

14 Error – something that differs from the correct or usual process

15 Failure – not succeeding in something

16 Health – the condition of wellness for someone’s body or mind

17 Importance – to be valuable or significant

18 Location – relating to where something is positioned or situated

19 Money – something relating to currency or a measure of wealth

20 Movement – involving motion or a change in something’s position

21 Ownership – concerning the possession of something

22 Personal Description – referring to traits, features or attributes of a person

23 Plan/ Prepare – concerning the process involved in accomplishing an activity

24 Quantity – relating to the amount of something

25 Relationship – referring to a connection between people including romance, friendship or hostility

26 Satisfaction – involving enjoyment and contentment in circumstances

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27 Service – concerning assistance or being helpful

28 Similar – referring to the extent that something is alike or related

29 Superior – someone or something being better

30 Time – relating to a time period

31 Understand – referring to knowing and comprehending something

32 Work – relating to a job, employment or occupations (as cited in Holleman, 2006)

Idioms are a fascinating aspect of language, offering rich insights into cultural expressions and thought patterns They are often categorized based on their meanings and syntactic structures, which can provide a deeper understanding of their usage and significance By examining idioms through the lens of meaning, we can uncover how they reflect everyday experiences, comparisons, personality traits, and specific actions or situations Additionally, analyzing idioms by their syntax—such as their simplicity or complexity, and their verb-noun or noun- adjective constructions—reveals how their structure influences their communicative effectiveness This dual approach not only enhances our comprehension of idiomatic expressions but also highlights their role in conveying nuanced ideas and emotions within a language

- Idioms Describing Reality: These idioms reflect common situations, emotions, or phenomena observed in life They capture experiences or conditions that are universally relatable, often encapsulating everyday realities or truths For instance, idioms in this category often provide insights into human behavior, social norms, or environmental factors

- Idioms Indicating Comparison: These idioms make comparisons between different elements or situations They highlight contrasts or similarities, often to emphasize a point or draw attention to a particular characteristic Such idioms are used to illustrate differences or similarities in a vivid or impactful manner

- Idioms Describing Personality or Qualities: These idioms are used to portray specific traits or qualities of individuals They convey characteristics or

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University behaviors in a figurative way, often providing a nuanced view of someone's personality or attributes

- Idioms Describing Actions or Situations: These idioms depict specific actions or scenarios They offer a figurative representation of various activities or conditions, often used to explain or illustrate particular situations in a more expressive or colorful manner

- Simple Idioms: These idioms have a straightforward structure, often consisting of a single phrase or a brief sentence They are characterized by their simplicity and directness, making them easy to use and understand in various contexts

- Complex Idioms: These idioms have a more intricate structure, often involving multiple components or a longer phrase They may include additional descriptive elements or combined ideas, resulting in a more elaborate or nuanced expression

- Verb + Noun Idioms: This category includes idioms where the primary structure involves a verb combined with a noun These idioms typically describe actions or states by linking verbs with nouns to convey a specific meaning

- Noun + Adjective Idioms: These idioms feature a structure where a noun is paired with an adjective This combination is used to describe qualities or attributes, often providing a descriptive or evaluative insight into the noun

- Comparative Idioms: These idioms utilize a comparative structure to highlight differences or similarities They often use comparative language to draw attention to contrasts, emphasizing particular aspects through comparison

Idioms are used in order to add variety and color to speech or writing They can also be used to emphasize a point, or to make a statement more memorable Idioms are often derived from popular culture, such as movies, books, or songs For example, the phrase “I’m not going to sugarcoat it” is derived from the book The Catcher in the Rye

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Literal meanings and idiomatic meanings

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Idioms are an indispensable part of any language, as they not only enrich the means of expression but also bring interest and liveliness to communication However, to fully and accurately understand idioms, we need to start by analyzing their literal meanings The literal meaning of an idiom is the direct and clear meaning of each word in the phrase or sentence, without considering any figurative or special contextual meanings

The literal meaning of an idiom is the direct, obvious meaning of each word when taken out of context For example, the idiom “kick the bucket” literally means the action of kicking a bucket, and “spill the beans” literally means to spill beans These literal meanings are concrete and easy to understand, not requiring any deep association or inference

Understanding the literal meaning of idioms is the first step in helping language learners recognize idioms in texts and daily communication This can help them grasp the vocabulary structure and how words are used in different contexts However, understanding the literal meaning alone is not enough; the ultimate goal is to understand the figurative or idiomatic meaning, which is the actual meaning the idiom conveys in communication

Literal and idiomatic meanings often have distinct differences The literal meaning is concrete and direct, not requiring any association or inference In contrast, the idiomatic meaning is usually metaphorical, requiring an understanding of the culture, context, and customs of the language in use For example, the idiom “break the ice” literally means to break ice, but its idiomatic meaning is to start a conversation or to make the atmosphere less tense

In the process of language teaching, analyzing the literal meaning of idioms can help students become familiar with the structure of words and their usage in different contexts This is especially useful for beginners, helping them to easily approach and remember longer However, teachers should note not to stop at the literal meaning but to guide students to deeply understand the idiomatic meaning and how to apply it in daily communication This helps students not only understand correctly but also use idioms more flexibly and naturally

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The literal meaning of idioms provides a basic foundation for learners to approach and understand more clearly the semantics and usage of idioms Understanding both the literal and idiomatic meanings of idioms is an important part of mastering a language and its culture Only when we understand both meanings can we use idioms accurately and effectively in daily communication

Idioms are an indispensable part of any language, as they not only enrich the means of expression but also bring interest and liveliness to communication To fully and accurately understand idioms, it is essential to delve into their idiomatic meanings The idiomatic meaning is the figurative, metaphorical, or symbolic meaning of the words in an idiom, which is entirely different from their usual literal meaning

Idiomatic meaning refers to the non-literal meaning of a phrase or expression

It often carries a metaphorical sense, requiring a broader understanding of the culture, context, and customs in which it is used For instance, the idiom “kick the bucket” literally means to kick a bucket, but idiomatically it means “to die” Similarly, “spill the beans” literally means to spill beans, but idiomatically it means

Understanding the idiomatic meaning of idioms is crucial for language learners as it helps them not only recognize but also accurately and naturally use idioms in communication Idiomatic meanings add richness, subtlety, and flexibility to language expression, making it more vibrant and emotionally resonant

Literal and idiomatic meanings differ significantly The literal meaning is the direct, straightforward meaning of each word in an idiom, requiring no inference or association In contrast, the idiomatic meaning is typically metaphorical, requiring an understanding of the culture, context, and customs of the language in use Idiomatic meaning often cannot be understood merely by the individual words but requires broader context and imagination

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For example, the idiom “break the ice” literally means to break ice, but idiomatically it means to start a conversation or to make the atmosphere less tense The idiom “hit the sack” literally means to hit a sack, but idiomatically it means to go to sleep

Idiomatic meanings often use metaphors to convey deeper meanings They reflect the culture, history, and customs of a society For instance, many English idioms relate to everyday activities of ancient English life Moreover, idiomatic meanings often cannot be directly translated into another language while maintaining the original meaning

In the teaching process, helping students understand idiomatic meanings is crucial Teachers should provide context, specific examples, and thorough explanations to help students grasp the actual meaning of idioms Using stories, images, and real-life situations can make it easier for students to understand and remember idiomatic meanings

Idiomatic meanings play a crucial role in adding depth and richness to language Understanding idiomatic meanings helps us not only master the language but also gain insights into the culture and mindset of native speakers Only by grasping both literal and idiomatic meanings can we use idioms accurately and effectively in everyday communication Learning and using idioms not only enhances language skills but also broadens cultural and social understanding

1.2.3 Unique characteristics of idiomatic meanings

Idioms are an essential and rich part of language, providing depth and diversity to expression To understand and use idioms accurately, analyzing the characteristics of idiom meanings is crucial Idiomatic meanings, unlike literal meanings, often cannot be directly understood from the constituent words and require thought, association, and a broad understanding of culture and usage context

A prominent feature of idiom meanings is figurative language Idioms often employ figurative imagery to convey deeper meanings These images can be

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Idiomatic Expressions Containing the Word "Cat"

In the study of idioms, expressions containing the word "cat" present an intriguing subject due to their widespread use and varied meanings across different cultures This section explores these idiomatic expressions, focusing on their definitions, classifications, and unique characteristics in both English and Vietnamese languages

Idioms with the word "cat" can be defined as phrases where the word "cat" contributes to a meaning that is not deducible from the literal definitions of the words within the phrase These idioms often embody cultural nuances and

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Classifying idioms containing "cat" involves understanding the context in which they are used and the cultural connotations they carry For instance, English idioms like "let the cat out of the bag" or "curiosity killed the cat" have distinct meanings and usage scenarios that may not have direct equivalents in Vietnamese

The origins of these idiomatic expressions often reflect historical, cultural, and social contexts In English, idioms such as "cat's out of the bag" trace back to medieval markets where pigs were sold in bags and sometimes replaced with cats Understanding these origins helps in grasping the deeper meanings and cultural insights they provide

In Vietnamese, idioms involving "mèo" often symbolize luck and friendliness, reflecting cultural attitudes towards cats Expressions like "mèo khen mèo dài đuôi" (a cat praising its long tail) reflect aspects of self-admiration and pride

A comparative analysis of idioms with "cat" in English and Vietnamese reveals both similarities and differences While both languages may use cats to symbolize intelligence or independence, the specific idioms and their connotations can vary widely

For example, the English idiom "cat got your tongue?" is used to ask someone why they are silent, while the Vietnamese equivalent might be "ngậm tăm như mèo," which literally translates to "holding a toothpick like a cat," highlighting different cultural imagery

1.3.4 Importance in Language and Communication

Idiomatic expressions containing "cat" are not only interesting linguistic artifacts but also serve important roles in communication They add color and depth to language, allowing speakers to express complex ideas succinctly Understanding these idioms is crucial for learners aiming to achieve fluency and cultural competence in a new language

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In summary, the study of idioms containing the word "cat" offers valuable insights into the linguistic and cultural fabric of both English and Vietnamese By exploring their definitions, origins, and comparative aspects, we gain a deeper appreciation for the richness and diversity of idiomatic expressions in different languages.

Previous studies

Research on idioms in English and Vietnamese has attracted the interest of many scholars Nguyễn Lân (2000) is one of the pioneers in detailed research on Vietnamese idioms and proverbs In his book, he analyzed the origins, meanings, and usage of idioms within the cultural and linguistic context of Vietnam This book not only provides linguistic knowledge but also helps readers better understand Vietnamese culture and thought through familiar idiomatic expressions [8]

Similarly, Lê Văn Sự (2002) conducted a comparative study between English and Vietnamese idioms In the book “English and Vietnamese Idioms” he compared the usage and meanings of idioms in both languages This study not only elucidates the differences and similarities in idiomatic expressions between the two languages but also proposes new approaches in teaching and learning idioms [9] Idioms containing the word “cat” have become a subject of extensive research among scholars Nguyễn Thị Hồng (2015) conducted a master's thesis titled “A Comparative Study of Idioms Containing the Word 'Cat' in English and Vietnamese.” This research not only analyzed the idioms but also compared the cultural and linguistic differences between the two languages Through this, Nguyễn Thị Hồng helped readers understand better how cultural factors influence language and expression in each language [10]

Phạm Quang Hưng (2018) published a research paper on English idioms containing the word “cat” and how they are translated into Vietnamese This paper focused on translation methods and the challenges encountered during the translation process Phạm Quang Hưng pointed out that some idioms can be

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University translated directly and naturally, while others require creativity and a deep understanding of both cultures to maintain the original meaning and nuances [11] The semantic and cultural meanings of idioms have also been comprehensively studied Hoàng Văn Vân (2007) published a book on applied semantics, which included a chapter on idioms He analyzed how idioms reflect the culture and thought of the speakers Through this, Hoàng Văn Vân clarified the close relationship between language and culture and emphasized the importance of understanding cultural context in using and translating idioms [12]

Trần Ngọc Thêm (1999), in his book “The Foundations of Vietnamese Culture” studied how cultural elements, such as idioms and proverbs, reflect the values and beliefs of Vietnamese society He pointed out that idioms are not only a part of the language but also an important part of the culture, helping us understand better how Vietnamese people perceive the world and themselves This research significantly contributed to clarifying the relationship between language and culture, providing a theoretical foundation for subsequent studies on idioms and culture [13]

These studies not only provide deep insights into idioms and how they reflect culture but also help identify new approaches in teaching and learning languages They also emphasize the importance of cultural understanding in the translation process, ensuring that idioms are translated accurately and maintain their original cultural nuances.

Summary

Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive overview of idioms, including their definitions, classifications, sources, and unique characteristics Idioms are described as colorful linguistic expressions that transcend literal meanings, often posing challenges for learners Holleman's classification system offers a structured approach to understanding idioms, while exploration of their sources reveals their rich cultural heritage Literal and idiomatic meanings are highlighted as crucial for comprehension, with idioms serving as windows into culture and cognition

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Overall, the chapter illuminates the complexity and significance of idiomatic expressions in language and communication

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METHODOLOGY

Research subject

The research project aims to explore English idioms featuring the word "cat" and examine their equivalents in Vietnamese By analyzing the cultural and linguistic contexts of these idiomatic expressions, the study seeks to uncover similarities, differences, and nuances in how these animal-related idioms are used and understood across both languages This comparative approach not only sheds light on the semantic richness and metaphorical usage of idioms but also provides insights into cross-cultural communication and the ways in which language reflects societal values and beliefs The research ultimately contributes to a deeper understanding of how idiomatic expressions with animal motifs transcend linguistic boundaries while retaining cultural specificity.

Research method

The research on English idioms with the word "cat" and their equivalents in Vietnamese employs a comparative and qualitative research method Initially, a comprehensive collection of English idioms containing "cat" is gathered through extensive literature review and corpus analysis These idioms are then categorized based on their semantic and syntactic structures Subsequently, equivalent idiomatic expressions in Vietnamese are identified through bilingual dictionaries, language corpora, and consultation with native speakers The next phase involves a comparative analysis, where similarities, differences, and cultural implications of these idioms across both languages are examined This methodological approach aims to provide a thorough understanding of how idiomatic language with animal motifs functions within linguistic and cultural contexts, contributing to cross-linguistic studies and enhancing intercultural communication strategies.

Research procedures

Literature Review: Conduct a thorough literature review to identify and compile a comprehensive list of English idioms that include the word "cat." Utilize

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Corpus Analysis: Use linguistic corpora and databases (e.g., COCA, BNC) to gather a diverse range of English idiomatic expressions with "cat." This step helps in identifying common idioms, variations in usage, and syntactic structures Equivalent Words in Vietnamese:

Bilingual Dictionaries: Utilize bilingual dictionaries and language resources to identify Vietnamese equivalents or translations of the English idioms containing

"cat." Pay attention to semantic equivalency, cultural nuances, and variations in idiom usage

Consultation with Native Speakers: Engage in interviews or discussions with native Vietnamese speakers to gather idiomatic expressions that correspond to the English idioms with "cat." This qualitative approach helps in capturing idioms used in everyday language and understanding their cultural connotations

Literal vs Figurative Meanings: Analyze the literal and figurative meanings of selected English idioms with "cat" and their Vietnamese equivalents Explore how these idioms are constructed metaphorically and their connotations in both languages

Cultural Context: Investigate the cultural contexts in which these idioms are used in English-speaking and Vietnamese-speaking communities Consider historical, societal, and linguistic factors influencing the usage and interpretation of idioms

Structural Comparison: Compare the linguistic structures and syntactic patterns of English idioms with "cat" to their Vietnamese equivalents Identify similarities, differences, and variations in idiomatic usage between the two languages

Cultural Implications: Discuss the cultural implications embedded within

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Consultation: Validate findings through consultations with linguistic experts, native speakers, and cultural scholars from both language backgrounds

Incorporate their insights to enrich the interpretation and understanding of idiomatic expressions

Interpretation: Interpret the results to uncover deeper insights into the linguistic and cultural dimensions of idiomatic language with "cat," discussing implications for language teaching, cross-cultural communication, and cultural understanding.

Summary

This chapter details the methodology used to explore English idioms featuring the word “cat” and their Vietnamese equivalents The research employs a comparative and qualitative approach Initially, English idioms are collected through literature review and corpus analysis, then categorized based on their structures Vietnamese equivalents are identified using bilingual dictionaries, language corpora, and consultations with native speakers The analysis focuses on literal versus figurative meanings, cultural contexts, and structural comparisons, highlighting how idioms reflect societal values and beliefs Expert consultations validate the findings, contributing to a deeper understanding of idiomatic expressions and enhancing cross-linguistic and intercultural communication

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FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Literal meanings of the word ‘cat’ in English

The word “cat” in English carries various literal meanings, reflecting the versatility and adaptability of language From its primary definition as a small domesticated carnivorous mammal to its extended meanings in different contexts, the word “cat” embodies layers of symbolism and functionality

At its most basic level, “cat” refers to a specific species of animal belonging to the Felidae family, characterized by its typically small size, retractile claws, and keen hunting instincts This literal meaning encompasses both domesticated cats, kept as pets for companionship, and wild cats, such as tigers, lions, and cheetahs, known for their strength and agility Within this realm, the word “cat” encompasses a broad spectrum of physical characteristics, behaviors, and habitats, reflecting the diverse nature of feline species worldwide

Beyond its biological definition, “cat” also extends into various idiomatic and metaphorical uses, enriching its semantic range For instance, “cat” is often employed colloquially to refer to a person's disposition or behavior, such as being

“catty” to denote someone who is spiteful or malicious In this context, the word conveys connotations of slyness, independence, and unpredictability, drawing upon cultural perceptions of cats as enigmatic and inscrutable creatures

Moreover, the term “cat” finds resonance in literature, mythology, and popular culture, assuming symbolic significance across different contexts In folklore and superstition, cats are often associated with luck, mystery, and magic, portrayed as both protectors and tricksters in various traditions Similarly, in literature, cats frequently symbolize intelligence, intuition, and independence, serving as iconic characters in works ranging from fairy tales to contemporary fiction

In addition to its literal and symbolic meanings, “cat” also functions as a versatile linguistic tool, capable of adapting to diverse linguistic constructions and communicative purposes As a noun, it can serve as a subject, object, or modifier in sentences, facilitating clear and concise expression in spoken and written

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University discourse Furthermore, “cat” lends itself to wordplay and creative expression, as evident in idiomatic phrases like “cat's out of the bag” or “catnap” which rely on associations and cultural conventions for interpretation

In conclusion, the word “cat” in English encompasses a wide range of literal, symbolic, and functional meanings, reflecting its multifaceted role in language and culture From its biological origins to its metaphorical resonances and linguistic versatility, “cat” exemplifies the dynamic nature of language and the complexities of human communication

In addition to the diverse meanings discussed, the word “cat” in English also has various specific uses depending on context and communicative purpose Here are some additional common uses of the word “cat”:

Personal Names: In many cases, “cat” is used as a personal name for specific animals Cat names often reflect their personality, appearance, or origin, creating a sense of individuality and bonding between humans and their pets

Nickname or Informal Term: In everyday communication, “cat” can also be used as a nickname or informal term for a person Often used in an affectionate or playful manner, using the word “cat” in this way can reflect close and friendly relationships between individuals

Symbol or Icon: “cat” can be used as a symbol or icon in specific contexts as well For example, cat imagery is often used in art, design, and advertising to create recognition and attract attention

Part of Specialized Terminology: In some cases, “cat” also appears in specialized terms or phrases in fields such as science, technology, or engineering For instance, in electronics, “cat” might refer to a type of signal filter or a component in a circuit

These additional common uses further contribute to the diversity and richness of the meaning of the word “cat” in English, making it an indispensable part of both language and culture

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Literal meanings of the word ‘cat’ in Vietnamese

In Vietnamese, the word “mèo” holds various literal meanings, reflecting its versatility and significance within the language Below is a comprehensive analysis of these literal meanings:

The primary and most straightforward meaning of “mèo” in Vietnamese refers to the domestic or wild feline species known as cats This includes both domestic cats kept as pets and their wild counterparts

Occasionally, “mèo” might also be used to describe certain plants or grasses that bear a resemblance to a cat or are associated with cats in some way An example is “cỏ mèo” (cat grass), which may be given this name due to its appeal to cats or its resemblance to a cat's fur

In Vietnamese culture, particularly in folklore and superstitions, the cat, especially the black cat, is often regarded as a symbol of luck This belief extends to various contexts, such as encountering a cat during a journey being seen as an auspicious sign

“Mèo” can also serve as a personal name or informal nickname for individuals This usage may stem from a person's affection for cats, physical characteristics resembling a cat, or even personality traits associated with cats, such as agility or independence a tender and endearing context, “mèo” can be used to affectionately refer to children, especially young girls This usage conveys a sense of warmth and fondness, akin to calling a child “kitten” in English

Beyond merely describing physical attributes, “mèo” can also symbolize certain behaviors or characteristics commonly associated with cats For instance, phrases like “đi như mèo” (walk like a cat) or “ngủ như mèo” (sleep like a cat) are used to describe graceful or relaxed movements and behaviors reminiscent of cats

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Expression of Playfulness or Mischievousness

When used to describe a person's demeanor or actions, “mèo” can imply a sense of playfulness or mischievousness, akin to the playful antics often associated with cats This usage is often light-hearted and jovial

In certain slang contexts, “mèo” is used as a colloquial term for money, particularly in informal or youth-oriented language This usage likely stems from the idea of cats being associated with wealth or fortune in folklore

Each of these literal meanings adds depth and nuance to the word “mèo” in Vietnamese, showcasing its multifaceted nature and its importance in both language and culture Whether referring to an actual animal, a symbol of luck, or a metaphor for agility, the word “mèo” holds a significant place in Vietnamese linguistic and cultural landscapes.

Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘cat’ in English

Idioms are an essential part of language, providing richness and vividness to expression In English, idioms containing the word 'cat' not only reflect specific actions but also vividly depict human personality traits These idioms carry various shades of meaning, helping speakers and listeners to understand more deeply about human character and behavior through the familiar imagery of cats

Firstly, the idiom “a fat cat” refers to wealthy and powerful individuals, often implying criticism of greed or unfair exercise of power This phrase expresses opposition to individuals or groups who exploit their status and wealth for personal gain, negatively impacting the community For example, “The city council is full of fat cats who only care about their own interests” reflects dissatisfaction with powerful figures who disregard the common good

The idiom “a scaredy-cat” is used to describe someone who is timid or easily frightened The image of a timid cat, always anxious and fearful, is fitting to describe those who avoid facing challenges For example, “Don't be such a scaredy-cat! The dog won't bite you” encourages others to overcome their fears

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Another idiom, “curiosity killed the cat” warns of hidden dangers when curiosity goes too far Curiosity can lead to unforeseen consequences, much like a cat getting into trouble while exploring unnecessary things For example, “I know you're curious about what happened, but remember, curiosity killed the cat” reminds about the importance of setting limits to curiosity

The idiom “a copycat” refers to someone who imitates others without their own creativity This is often seen negatively, indicating a lack of originality and independence For example, “He's just a copycat, always imitating his brother's every move” shows lack of confidence and creativity in someone who constantly mimics others

The idiom “let the cat out of the bag” implies unintentionally revealing a secret The image of a cat being hidden in a bag and unexpectedly let out symbolizes the inadvertent disclosure of a secret For example, “She let the cat out of the bag about the surprise vacation” indicates someone unintentionally revealing information about a surprise vacation This idiom is often used to emphasize the carelessness in keeping secrets, leading to undesirable consequences

The idiom “look like something the cat dragged in” describes someone who looks very disheveled or tired The image of a cat dragging something dirty from outside into the house is used to compare to the state of a person after a strenuous activity For example, “You look like something the cat dragged in after that long hike” suggests exhaustion and dishevelment after a long walk This idiom vividly expresses the fatigue and weariness of a person

The idiom “playing cat and mouse” refers to a game of deceit or unclear manipulation The image of a cat and a mouse in the game symbolizes the mental dueling and strategy in confrontational situations For example, “The negotiations have turned into a game of cat and mouse” indicates that the negotiation process has become a mental duel, where participants try to outwit each other This idiom reflects the complexity and unpredictability in confrontational relationships Not enough room to swing a cat: The imagery of not having enough space to swing a cat in a tight space not only addresses the issue of physical space but also

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University evokes a sense of confinement and limitation The person using this idiom may be reflecting on feeling restricted or cramped in a certain situation This could stem from feelings of discomfort or tension about a situation that feels uncontrollable or unchangeable

Idiom “All cats are grey in the dark” humorously suggests that in situations where visibility is limited, such as in the dark, distinctions between things or people become irrelevant The phrase originates from the idea that, lacking sufficient light, colors and other distinguishing features are not discernible It metaphorically implies that external appearances or differences that might be significant in other circumstances fade away in the absence of light For example, when evaluating options or making decisions in challenging circumstances, this idiom reminds us to focus on essential qualities rather than superficial differences

It underscores the idea that what truly matters may not be apparent at first glance, emphasizing the importance of looking beyond surface appearances

Idiom “Busier than a one-eyed cat watching two mouse holes” vividly describes a state of extreme busyness or hectic activity The image of a cat with only one eye trying to monitor two separate points of interest simultaneously humorously illustrates the intensity and absurdity of being overly occupied It implies that the person or situation described is overwhelmingly busy, to the point where managing multiple tasks or responsibilities becomes almost impossible This idiom is often used to humorously exaggerate someone's workload or the frenetic pace of a situation, highlighting the challenges and pressures of managing numerous tasks concurrently

Cat got your tongue?: This question is often used when someone is silent and not responding, typically causing feelings of unease or concern The person asking may want to know the reason behind the other person's silence and may reflect their own apprehension or fear The silence may reflect uncertainty or complex emotions that the silent person is experiencing, and this can evoke feelings of worry or tension from the person asking the question

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Grinning like a Cheshire cat: This imagery describes a broad and mysterious smile, often causing feelings of discomfort or uncertainty about the true intention of the person smiling Someone displaying such an expression may be seeking to impress or maintain a mystery about themselves, and this can create uncertainty or tension from the other person It may reflect cunning or skillful communication on the part of the person, as they are able to control their emotions and message effectively

More than one way to skin a cat: This idiom emphasizes that there are multiple ways to achieve a goal or solve a problem The person using it often reflects the personality of creativity and flexibility in their thinking, as they are able to find diverse solutions to problems This can suggest openness and broad awareness of their capabilities, and it may also be a sign of someone who can adapt well to changes and challenges

Look what the cat dragged in: This idiom is often used when someone unexpectedly appears The person using it may reflect surprise or dissatisfaction with the appearance of others, which can reflect discomfort or discomfort with an unpredictable situation Sometimes, it can also be a sign of frustration or anger about something unexpected or unexpected

Idioms containing the word 'mèo' in Vietnamese

In Vietnamese language and culture, idioms containing the word 'mèo' (cat) are commonly used to depict human characteristics and behaviors These idioms not only enrich vocabulary but also vividly express the psychological states and actions of individuals

“Mèo khen mèo dài đuôi” (Cat praising cat for having a long tail) is an idiom referring to self-praise, where individuals boast about themselves, considering themselves excellent and flawless For example, “He always praises himself, no one can offer any criticism” reflects self-satisfaction and arrogance The image of a cat boasting about its long tail symbolizes excessive pride in oneself without recognizing or acknowledging one's flaws This idiom criticizes those who constantly elevate themselves without acknowledging their weaknesses, which can lead to thoughtless actions and closed-mindedness to others' opinions

“Mèo mù vớ cá rán” (Blind cat finding a dead mouse) is an idiom describing unexpected luck or success For instance, “He passed the exam without studying, truly a blind cat finding a dead mouse” signifies unexpected luck When someone is described as “mèo mù vớ cá rán” they are depicting a situation where success or luck is achieved without appropriate preparation or effort This idiom is often used

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University to describe luck without effort or deservingness, serving as a reminder of life's unexpected changes

“Mèo nhỏ bắt chuột con” (Small cat catching small mice) refers to individuals who undertake modest tasks within their capabilities, without greed or overreach For example, “Know thyself, a small cat catches small mice, do only what you are capable of” emphasizes self-awareness and modesty When someone is “mèo nhỏ bắt chuột con” they are acting within their capabilities, not attempting tasks beyond their abilities This idiom encourages humility, self-assessment, and avoiding excessive ambition

“Mèo già hoá cáo” (Old cat turning into a fox) is an idiom referring to elderly individuals who remain cunning, astute, and not easily deceived For instance,

“He's truly an old cat turned into a fox, no one can outwit him” implies wisdom and experience of the elderly When saying “mèo già hoá cáo” we are honoring the wisdom and intelligence of older people This idiom shows that despite old age, mental acuity and cleverness persist, reflecting respect for the elderly

“Mèo già thua gan chuột nhắt” (Old cat loses to a brave mouse) describes the weakness and fear of old cats losing to bold mice They lack the courage to face difficulties or challenges in life Those with characteristics like an old cat losing to a brave mouse are often lacking in confidence and susceptible to external pressure The idiom “Giấu như mèo giấu cứt” (Hide like a cat hiding feces) describes the secretive and discreet nature of individuals who conceal undesirable things They do not want to reveal unwanted aspects and often keep secrets about their lives People with characteristics like a cat hiding feces are often discreet and have high confidence in their ability to keep secrets

“Chó chê mèo lắm lông” (Dog criticizing cat for having too much fur) refers to individuals who have flaws but criticize others for similar shortcomings For example, “He's not perfect either but criticizes others, truly a dog criticizing a cat for having too much fur” indicates mockery and criticism of those who fail to recognize their own flaws while criticizing others When someone is “chó chê mèo lắm lông” they are criticizing others for things they themselves are guilty of This

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University idiom criticizes hypocrisy and lack of self-awareness, reminding of the importance of self-reflection and self-assessment before criticizing others

Idioms containing the word 'mèo' in Vietnamese help vividly and clearly express human characteristics The image of a cat, with its diverse characteristics and behaviors, is used to create rich expressions, helping to describe the psychological states and actions of people in a visual and understandable way These idioms not only enrich the language but also help speakers and listeners understand more deeply about human psychology and behavior As a result, communication becomes more effective and lively, while fostering deep connections among communication participants Idioms are an important part of culture and language, and understanding these idioms helps us better grasp the nuances and meanings in everyday communication

In Vietnamese folk culture, idioms containing the word 'mèo' (cat) are often used to express deep meanings about human personality, actions, and social interactions

Among the list of idioms, “Như mèo thấy mỡ” (Like a cat seeing fat) demonstrates greed and the desire for personal gain People who embody this idiom are not hesitant to pursue opportunities when they arise, regardless of the consequences or the common good of the community

Next, “Buộc cổ mèo, treo cổ chó” (Tie the cat's neck, hang the dog's neck) reflects injustice and imposition onto others This action shows a lack of fairness and self-confidence, leading them to force or impose their opinions on others without considering their rights

“Chó khô, mèo lạc” (Dry dog, lost cat) and “Chó gio, mèo mù” (Horny dog, blind cat) both are phrases reflecting ignorance and lack of knowledge People like this often fail to recognize or understand basic things in life, leading to improper actions and undesirable consequences

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“Đá mèo, quèo chó” (Stone the cat, bark the dog) is an expression of retaliation or counterattack when people feel hurt or unjust They show resistance and a negative attitude when faced with unfavorable or unjust situations

Finally, “Chuột gặm chân mèo” (Mouse gnawing the cat's leg) demonstrates the boldness and daring of people, willing to face danger or challenges despite risks They are not afraid of difficulties and are always ready to overcome life's challenges

In summary, idioms containing the word 'mèo' in Vietnamese not only reflect human actions and personality but also demonstrate depth and understanding of emotions and relationships in society They are an integral part of Vietnamese folk culture, helping us gain a better understanding of human nature and behavior in daily life

Table 3 1 English idioms containing the word 'cat'

A fat cat Nhà tài phiệt A wealthy and powerful person

A scaredy-cat Nhát như thỏ đế/cáy A person who is very afraid and easily frightened Curiosity killed the cat Tò mò hại thân Excessive curiosity can lead to dangerous consequences

A copycat Không có câu tương đương

A person who imitates the actions or words of another person Let the cat out of the bag

Không có câu tương đương

To reveal a secret that was supposed to be kept hidden Look like something the cat dragged in

Luộm thà luộm thuộm To look very messy and unkempt

Playing cat and mouse Chơi trò mèo vờn chuột To tease and torment someone cruelly Cat got your tongue?

Im thin thít như thịt nấu đông

To be unable to speak due to fear or embarrassment

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The similarities and differences between English idioms containing the

In the cultural and linguistic context of both English and Vietnamese, we can observe similarities in expression and reflection of human characteristics through idioms containing the word “cat”

Firstly, we see pride and self-satisfaction reflected in idioms like “Like the cat that got the cream” in English and “Mèo khen mèo dài đuôi” in Vietnamese Both focus on boasting and self-satisfaction without acknowledging one's flaws Secondly, unexpected good fortune is portrayed through idioms like

“curiosity killed the cat” in English and “Mèo mù vớ cá rán” in Vietnamese Both caution against curiosity leading to unwanted consequences and highlight the value of unexpected luck

Thirdly, humility and self-awareness are reflected in “curiosity killed the cat” in English and “Mèo nhỏ bắt chuột con” in Vietnamese Both emphasize doing what is manageable, being unambitious, and expressing humility

From these analyses, we can see the similarity in expression and reflection of human characteristics through idioms containing the word “cat” in both English and Vietnamese This intriguingly shows that regardless of the language, we still have diverse ways of expressing and understanding human nature

The similarity in reflecting human behavior through idioms containing the word “cat” in both English and Vietnamese is an intriguing topic, opening up opportunities for discussions about the diversity and similarity of language and culture

Sure, let's enhance the discussion by including the idiom “like the cat that ate/got/swallowed the canary” Here’s a revised version that integrates this additional idiom:

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Firstly, entertainment and relaxation are reflected in “the cat's pajamas” in English and “Mèo khen mèo dài đuôi” in Vietnamese Both idioms create images of amusement and impracticality, aspects of life known to both cultures

Secondly, keeping secrets is expressed through “let the cat out of the bag” in English and “giấu như mèo giấu cứt” in Vietnamese Both respect the importance of secrecy and indicate necessary actions to protect vital information

Lastly, self-satisfaction or smugness can be illustrated by the English idiom

“like the cat that ate/got/swallowed the canary.” This idiom suggests a person who is very pleased with themselves, typically because they have done something successful or secretive In Vietnamese, a similar sentiment might be expressed through phrases describing self-satisfaction or smug behavior, reflecting human nature's universal trait of feeling pleased after a personal triumph or secret success These idioms, although varying in imagery and context, reflect common human behaviors and emotions, showcasing how different cultures use the motif of cats to convey similar ideas

However, in keeping secrets, although both languages use cat imagery (“let the cat out of the bag” and “giấu như mèo giấu cứt”), the expression and meaning differ In English, the action of “letting the cat out of the bag” creates an image of revealing a secret, while in Vietnamese, “giấu như mèo giấu cứt” emphasizes the careful and meticulous nature of keeping secrets

Overall, through idioms containing the word “cat” in both English and Vietnamese, we see a similarity in expressing and reflecting human behavior This serves as evidence that in any language, we still have diverse ways of expressing and understanding human behavior and social interactions

By using idioms containing the word “cat” both English and Vietnamese create vivid imagery of human personality traits However, despite sharing a common semantic origin, the way each language expresses and emphasizes these meanings differs significantly

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In English, the idiom “look like the cat that swallowed the canary” is often used to describe someone's confidence and satisfaction after successfully keeping a secret or doing something unjust The image of a confident cat after eating a canary creates a sense of satisfaction and smugness, while also reflecting the patient nature of the cat waiting for an opportunity

However, in Vietnamese, the idiom “Chuột gặm chân mèo” carries a different meaning Instead of just confidence and comfort, it expresses Recklessness and boldness Gnawing on a cat's foot, a very dangerous and challenging act, requires courage and determination Therefore, this idiom creates an image of strong confrontation with danger or challenges despite risks

Finally, in reflecting intelligence and profundity, although both languages use cat imagery (“cat's whiskers” and “Mèo khen mèo dài đuôi”), the meanings are contrasting In English, “cat's whiskers” is often used to denote smugness and self- importance, while in Vietnamese, “Mèo khen mèo dài đuôi” criticizes those who overly praise themselves without recognizing their flaws

From these differences, we can clearly see the diversity in how English and Vietnamese express human personality traits through idioms containing the word

“cat.” Although they share a common semantic origin, the expression and emphasis of each language bear the imprint of its unique culture and context

In analyzing idioms containing the word “cat” in both English and Vietnamese, we can clearly see the difference in how each language reflects human actions and personality traits The diversity and richness of the cultural context of each country play a significant role in creating different meanings for these idioms Starting with greed and curiosity, both English and Vietnamese have idioms warning about the consequences of being too curious: “curiosity killed the cat” However, although both caution against the danger of curiosity exceeding limits, each idiom carries a distinct imagery and expression, reflecting the diversity in cultural contexts and perspectives of each nation

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Finally, in reflecting vigilance and discretion, both English and Vietnamese have idioms to describe managing or handling a group of people who are difficult to understand or control: “like herding cats” and “Đụng mèo đuổi chuột.” The difference in expression and meaning of each idiom reflects the diversity and richness of the cultural context and perspectives of each nation

Summary

In Chapter 3, we discuss the use of English and Vietnamese idioms containing the word “cat” in teaching and translating English as a foreign language (EFL) The following main results have been drawn:

One of the effective methods for teaching English as a second language is to use idioms, which helps students gain a deeper understanding of language and culture Comparing and contrasting idioms between the two languages helps develop students' communication skills and critical thinking Additionally, recognizing the universality of certain concepts across different cultural backgrounds through idioms plays an important role in the teaching process

In the process of translation, using idioms with similar meanings and forms between the two languages helps maintain the naturalness and clarity of the translation This helps preserve and honor the cultural heritage of both languages Furthermore, using idioms with similar meanings but different forms also enriches

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Using English and Vietnamese idioms containing the word “cat” in EFL teaching and translation is an effective method to improve the quality of teaching and translation It not only helps students and readers gain a clearer understanding of language and culture but also plays a crucial role in building a multicultural and diverse learning and communication environment

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CONCLUSION

Conclusion of the study

Exploring and comparing idioms containing the word “cat” in English and Vietnamese has brought forth a plethora of insights into the richness and diversity of language as well as the culture of the two nations From reflecting personality traits to expressing social and cultural values, these idioms are not merely commonplace expressions but profound articulations of emotions, actions, and perspectives

Through comparison, we recognize the diversity in the usage and understanding of cats in the two languages In contrast, these idioms demonstrate the differences in how cats are perceived, from their character to their qualities Such similarities and differences not only enrich the language but also open doors to a deeper understanding of the mindset and viewpoint of each community More importantly, applying this knowledge to translation and language teaching will lead to significant advancements Understanding the meaning and context of idioms in depth not only facilitates accurate translation but also enriches the expressive style and communication skills of learners This not only enhances the quality of translation but also promotes cultural exchange and understanding between nations

In conclusion, studying and comparing idioms containing the word “cat” is not just a linguistic exploration but also an opportunity to delve deeper into the culture and mindset of communities Moreover, it lays a vital foundation for applying knowledge in practice, contributing to the development of linguistics and cultural studies.

The implication for language teaching and translation

2.1 Implications for EFL Teaching and Learning

Using idioms containing the word 'cat' in Vietnamese can bring many benefits in teaching and learning English as a second language Comparing and contrasting idioms between English and Vietnamese is a useful method in teaching English as a second language, helping students understand more deeply about

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A typical example is the idiom “Như mèo thấy mỡ” in Vietnamese, describing an irresistible attraction and the desire to achieve a goal immediately This idiom can be compared with “Like a kid in a candy store” in English, also expressing excitement and enthusiasm when encountering something attractive and wanting it immediately Both idioms describe the psychological state of people when faced with things they desire

Comparing idioms helps students realize that although languages differ in structure and vocabulary, they have similar expressions for the same meaning This helps students recognize the universality of certain concepts across different cultures When students understand idioms and how to use them in both Vietnamese and English, they can apply them to real-life communication situations more flexibly and naturally This enriches their language use and makes it more vivid

Idioms are not only a part of language but also a part of culture When students compare idioms, they also learn about cultural values, beliefs, and customs of English-speaking countries This helps them gain a comprehensive and insightful view of the world around them

To implement this, teachers start by introducing familiar Vietnamese idioms to students Then, they introduce equivalent English idioms For example, “Như mèo thấy mỡ” and “Like a kid in a candy store” The teacher explains the meaning of each idiom and how to use them in specific contexts Then, they proceed to compare the similarities and differences between these idioms For instance, both idioms describe excitement when encountering something attractive, but they may be used in different cultural contexts Additionally, group discussions can be organized for students to share their thoughts on the similarities and differences

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University between the idioms Students can discuss how they would use these idioms in different situations

Furthermore, exercises or hypothetical situations can be created for students to practice using the idioms they have learned For example, students could be asked to write paragraphs or scripts using these idioms The teacher provides feedback on students' use of idioms and guides them on how to improve This helps students master how to use idioms in everyday communication

Comparing and contrasting idioms between Vietnamese and English not only makes language learning more interesting but also helps students understand more deeply about language and culture This is an effective method to enhance communication skills, expand vocabulary, and improve overall language proficiency By recognizing the similarities and differences between idioms, students will have a more comprehensive and confident understanding of using the new language

Using idioms in teaching not only helps students grasp the language but also opens the door to understanding the culture and mindset of the speakers of that language Idioms encapsulate values, beliefs, and social customs, serving as a mirror reflecting the spiritual life and culture of each nation

The Vietnamese idiom “Buộc cổ mèo, treo cổ chó” describes injustice, illustrating a society where the weak and small are often treated unfairly The imagery of tying the cat's neck and hanging the dog's neck symbolizes imposition and disproportionate punishment, reflecting a social reality where the powerful can commit injustices against the weaker

Meanwhile, the English idiom “The pot calling the kettle black” depicts a situation where someone criticizes others for a fault they themselves also have This illustrates sarcasm and hypocrisy in society Both idioms reflect negative aspects of social behavior, but in different ways and in different cultural contexts When students learn about idioms, they not only learn about language but also delve into profound cultural aspects For example, understanding that “Buộc

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University cổ mèo, treo cổ chó” reflects injustice in Vietnamese society helps students recognize how Vietnamese people perceive and react to injustice Similarly, “The pot calling the kettle black” helps students understand sarcasm and hypocrisy in English-speaking culture Comparing and contrasting idioms helps students expand their thinking and perspectives They will realize that different cultures have different expressions and perspectives on the same issue This helps students develop critical thinking skills and the ability to evaluate from multiple perspectives

Understanding the cultural context of idioms helps students use them more accurately and naturally They not only know the meaning of the words but also understand how to use them in specific situations, thereby enhancing their communication and writing skills

Teachers introduce idioms and explain their cultural context For example, explaining that “Buộc cổ mèo, treo cổ chó” reflects injustice in Vietnamese society, and “The pot calling the kettle black” illustrates sarcasm in English- speaking society Students are encouraged to compare idioms in Vietnamese and English to identify similarities and differences This not only helps them understand idioms better but also recognizes how different cultures express the same idea Organizing group discussions for students to share their thoughts on idioms and cultural contexts Students can discuss how these idioms reflect social values and native speakers' mindset

Students practice using idioms in real-life situations through writing exercises or dialogues For example, they can write a short paragraph or engage in a conversation using the idioms they have learned

Limitation of the study

Despite the valuable insights gained from this study, several limitations should be acknowledged First, the scope of idioms examined was relatively narrow, focusing only on a selected number of idioms containing the word “cat” in both English and Vietnamese This limited scope may not fully capture the entire spectrum of idiomatic expressions involving cats in the two languages

Second, the study primarily relied on written sources and may have overlooked regional variations and spoken language nuances Idioms can vary significantly across different regions and dialects, and this study did not account for such variations, potentially limiting the comprehensiveness of the findings Third, cultural contexts and historical backgrounds play crucial roles in the formation and interpretation of idioms However, due to the constraints of this study, an in-depth exploration of these aspects was not feasible This could have provided a more nuanced understanding of the idioms' origins and meanings Lastly, the translation and interpretation of idioms inherently involve subjective judgment While efforts were made to ensure accuracy, some interpretations might differ based on personal perspectives and experiences, which could influence the conclusions drawn.

Suggestions for future research 60 REFERENCES

Future research could address the limitations of this study by expanding the scope to include a broader range of idioms involving cats, as well as idioms featuring other animals or elements This would provide a more comprehensive understanding of idiomatic expressions across languages and cultures

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Additionally, incorporating spoken language data and considering regional and dialectical variations would enrich the findings and offer a more complete picture of how idioms are used in everyday communication Future studies could also explore idioms in different social contexts to understand how they may vary based on factors such as age, gender, and social status

Furthermore, a deeper investigation into the cultural and historical backgrounds of idioms would shed light on their origins and evolution This could involve interdisciplinary approaches, combining linguistic analysis with cultural and historical studies

Lastly, research on the application of idiom studies in translation and language teaching should be further developed Experimental studies could assess the effectiveness of various teaching methods and translation strategies to enhance learners' idiomatic competence and cultural understanding

By addressing these areas, future research can build on the foundations laid by this study and contribute to the advancement of linguistic and cultural studies, fostering greater cross-cultural communication and understanding.

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[2] Makkai, A, Idioms: Structure and function Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1972

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[8] Nguyễn Lân, Từ điển thành ngữ và tục ngữ Việt Nam, Nhà xuất bản Văn Học, 2000

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[10] Nguyễn Thị Hồng, So sánh các thành ngữ chứa từ 'mèo' trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt, Luận án thạc sĩ, Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, 2015

[11] Phạm Quang Hưng, Idioms with the word 'cat' in English and their Vietnamese translations, Bài viết nghiên cứu, Tạp chí Ngôn ngữ và Đời sống, 2018

[12] Hoàng Văn Vân, Ngữ nghĩa học ứng dụng, Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, 2007

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