The research titled “A Study on English Adverbial Clauses in “The Thorn Bird” with Reference to Vietnamese Equivalents” focuses on identifying the syntactic and semantic features of Engl
Rationale for the study
Adverbial clauses are an important aspect of English grammar, thus grammarians from all over the world pay close attention to them Huddleston and Pullum stated that adverbial clauses provide essential contextual information, enriching the meaning of the main clause and aiding in the coherence and clarity of discourse [1] Adverbial clauses are crucial for indicating relationships between events and actions, enhancing the descriptive precision and logical flow of sentences [2] As a result, adverbial clauses are critical to English language proficiency because they allow learners and users to successfully convey meaning, understand complicated texts, and communicate with clarity and accuracy in a variety of situations
Studying adverbial clauses in a literary work provides a deeper understanding of their syntactic and semantic features in context However, no research has been conducted in recent years on adverbial clauses in literary works and their Vietnamese equivalents Especially, there have been no studies on the same topic at Phenikaa University up to now, according to the writer’s knowledge Thus, this is a research gap for the current study
The topic “A Study on English Adverbial Clauses in “The Thorn Bird” with Reference to Vietnamese Equivalents” only focuses on the adverbial clauses in the literary work “The Thorn Bird” by Colleen McCullough and their Vietnamese equivalents through the Vietnamese version of translator Pham Manh Hung published in 2001 by The Literature Publishing House.
Aims and objectives of the study
Aims
This study examines the syntactic and semantic characteristics of adverbial clauses in English, drawn from Colleen McCullough's "The Thorn Bird," and explores their Vietnamese counterparts The aim is to establish a connection between the grammatical structures and meanings of adverbial clauses in these two languages.
Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University aims to point out the similarities and differences between English adverbial clauses in the novel and their Vietnamese equivalents.
Objectives
The study is intended to identify:
- Syntactic and semantic features of adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” by Colleen McCullough
- The Vietnamese equivalents of the English adverbial clauses which are extracted from the novel “The Thorn Bird” by Colleen McCullough
- The similarities and differences between English adverbial clauses in the novel
Research questions
The study makes an effort to answer the following questions:
Q1 What are the syntactic and semantics features of English adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” by Colleen McCullough?
Q2 What are the Vietnamese equivalents of the English adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” by Colleen McCullough?
Q3 What are the similarities and differences between English adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” by Colleen McCullough and their Vietnamese equivalents?
Scope of the study
This study only focuses on identifying syntactic and semantic features of English adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” by Colleen McCullough, then finding out and analyzing their Vietnamese equivalents The study also points out the similarities and differences between English adverbial clauses in the novel and their Vietnamese equivalents
There are seventy adverbial clauses in Colleen McCullough’s novel “The Thorn Bird”, published in 1977 by Harper and Row used to serve as evidence and examples for this research In addition, the Vietnamese equivalents are taken from
Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University the Vietnamese version called “Tiếng chim hót trong bụi mận gai” by translator Pham Manh Hung published in 2001 by The Literature Publishing House
The research method that will be applied in this study is the comparative and descriptive method to be able to clearly indicate the syntactic and semantic features of adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird”.
Significance of the study
Theoretically, the study consolidates knowledge about adverbial clauses, including the definition, classification, and especially the syntactic and semantic features of adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird”
Practically, the exploitation of adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” helps learners gain a deeper understanding of adverbial clauses, from which they can enhance and improve their English language skills and translation ability from English to Vietnamese and vice versa.
Methods of the study
This study uses the following methods: comparative, qualitative, and descriptive The comparative method demonstrates the similarities and differences between the adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese equivalents The qualitative method is used to identify the syntactic and semantic features of adverbial clauses in English, as well as to explore their equivalence in Vietnamese Additionally, the descriptive method supports detailed presentations of the syntactic and semantic features of adverbial clauses It clarifies differences and similarities in these features between English and Vietnamese adverbial clauses, providing a solid theoretical foundation for comprehensive analysis and comparison in the study.
Design of the study
This subject consists of three main parts and four chapters
Part A: The Introduction of the reasons, the aims, the research questions, the scope, the methods, and the design of the study
Part B: The investigation that is divided into four chapters
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The first chapter, “Literature review” provides an overview of English adverbial clauses including definition, classification, semantic and syntactic features
The second one, “Syntactic features of adverbial clauses in “The Thorn
Bird” with reference to Vietnamese equivalents”, focuses on syntactic features and concrete cases of each kind of adverbial clause in the sentence
The third one, “Semantic features of adverbial clauses in “The Thorn
Bird” with reference to Vietnamese equivalents”, presents the semantic features and concrete cases of each kind of adverbial clause in the sentence
The last chapter, “A comparison between English adverbial clauses in
“The Thorn Bird” with reference to Vietnamese equivalents” points out the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese adverbial clauses through “The Thorn Bird”
Part C: The Conclusion that summarizes the main point discussed in previous parts and presents the implications of the study
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Theoretical background
According to traditional grammar, adverbial clauses are dependent clauses functioning as adverbs in the main clause, providing details about time, place, cause, purpose, condition, etc [3]
In generative grammar, adverbial clauses are viewed as subordinate clauses attached to the main clause, often introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as because, if, and when These clauses give semantic information relevant to the action in the main clause [4]
Functional grammar treats adverbial clauses as expressions of specific grammatical functions, like time, cause, condition, and manner They are analyzed based on their role in supplementing information to the main clause [5]
In cognitive grammar, adverbial clauses are analyzed in terms of how speakers and listeners understand and interpret information They provide context and define relationships between the events in the main and subordinate clauses [6]
From the above definitions, adverbial clauses are an important part of sentence structure, providing additional information and clarifying the meaning of the main clause They help speakers and listeners better understand the context and relationships between actions and events Understanding and using adverbial clauses correctly is essential to express meaning clearly and accurately in everyday communication and in writing
Linguistics have given varied opinions on types of adverbial clauses in their famous grammar books and websites Generally, they are classified into eight main kinds of adverbial clauses: clauses of time, clauses of place, clauses of manner, clauses of concession, clauses of result, clauses of reason, clauses of purpose, and clauses of condition
Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University a Adverbial clauses of time
These clauses provide information about the timing of the action in the main clause Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by one of the following subordinators: after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, whilst, now (that), as long as, so long as, as soon as, immediately, directly [3, p
1078] Here are examples of adverbial clauses of time:
(1) When I last saw you, you lived in Washington [3, p 1078]
In example (1), the adverbial clause “When I last saw you” provides a temporal context for the action described in the main clause, “you lived in Washington.” introduced by the subordinator When b Adverbial clauses of place
Adverbial clauses of place are introduced mainly by where or wherever Where is specific and wherever nonspecific [3, p 1087] These clauses describe the location of the action in the main clause:
(2) Where the fire had been, we saw nothing but blackened ruins [3, p
In example (2), the adverbial clause "Where the fire had been" specifies the position where the action in the main clause, "we saw nothing but blackened ruins," took place This clause is introduced by the subordinator "Where," denoting a relationship of place between the two clauses.
These adverbial clauses often use as, as if, or like to provide information about how something is performed They typically answer the question “How?” or
“In what manner?” Below are some examples of adverbial clauses of manner:
(3) She cooks a turkey as her mother did [3, p 1110]
In example (3), “as her mother did” is the adverbial clause of manner introduced by the subordinator As, describing how she danced d Adverbial clauses of condition
These clauses provide a condition under which the action in the main clause will occur, using conjunctions like if, unless, provided that, or as long as
(4) If the weather is fine, we’ll have a barbecue [3, p 1088]
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In sentence (4), the adverbial clause “If the weather is fine” provides a conditional context for the action described in the main clause, “we’ll have a barbecue” This clause is introduced by the subordinator If e Adverbial clauses of reason
Reason clauses, expressing the cause or reason for an action or event, are typically introduced by subordinators such as because, since, as, and for Examples of adverbial clauses of reason include:
(5) I lent him the money because he needed it [3, p 1105]
In sentence (5), the adverbial clause of reason “because he needed it” explains why the speaker took the action of lending money to him The adverbial clause is introduced by the subordinator Because f Adverbial clauses of purpose
Adverbial clauses of purpose indicate the purpose or intention behind the action in the main clause Adverbial clauses of purpose are usually introduced by (in order) (for N) to, so as to, so that, so, or in order that [3, p 1107] Some examples of adverbial clauses of purpose are:
(6) They left the door open in order for me to hear the baby [3, p 1107]
In example (6), the adverbial clause “in order for me to hear the baby” indicates the purpose or intention behind the action in the main clause “left the door open” The adverbial clause of purpose is introduced by the subordinator In order (for N) to g Adverbial clauses of result
Adverbial clauses of result indicate the consequence or outcome of an action described in the main clause They are introduced by the subordinators so that (formal) and so [3, p 1108] For instance:
(7) We paid him immediately, so (that) he left contented [3, p 1108]
In example (7), “so (that) he left contented” is the adverbial clause of result, indicating the outcome or consequence of the action described in the main clause The adverbial clause is introduced by the subordinator So (that)
Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University h Adverbial clauses of concession
Previous studies
Although there are numerous research articles on adverbial clauses worldwide, due to time and resource limitations, I can only list a few of them First is Lin’s research that discusses adverbial clauses with regard to their structure and distribution, meanings, functions in discourse, and structural properties influencing their interpretation [7] Another study on the topic of adverbial clauses is Haegeman’s work, which analyzes their syntactic properties and argues for an approach where adverbial clauses are derived through the movement of an operator to the left periphery [8]
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Besides the international research projects, there are also several studies on adverbial clauses in Vietnam including the research by Do Thi Xuan Dung analyzes some effects of Vietnamese writing habits on sentence expression and usage of adverbial clauses in English academic writing [9]; and To Minh Thanh’s study investigated differences between the function of the adverbial of time and that of the range topic of time may lead language users who are Vietnamese to the risk of mistakenly translating the English clause [10]
Through the above research projects, it is evident that while there are studies both globally and in Vietnam focusing on specific aspects of adverbial clauses, there has yet to be any research analyzing adverbial clauses within the context of a literary work.
A brief overview of “The Thorn Bird” by Colleen McCullough
Colleen McCullough, born on June 1, 1937, in Wellington, New South Wales, was a renowned Australian author McCullough initially pursued a career in neuroscience and worked at Yale Medical School before turning to writing full- time McCullough’s richly detailed storytelling and complex characters attracted a lot of readers around the World One of the most famous novels of Colleen McCullough’s career was “The Thorn Bird” She passed away on January 29,
2015, leaving behind a lasting impact on the literary world b The Novel - “The Thorn Bird”
She spent four years conceiving “The Thorn Bird” before starting to write the book in ten months in the early summer of 1975 Even though her employment at the hospital kept her busy at that period, she made time for her writing at night and on Sundays The work became immediately well-known all around the world after it was published in 1997 The Thorn Bird movie was introduced in the United States in 1983, and it was screened in Vietnam, entitled “Tiếng chim hót trong bụi mận gai” in 1988
The novel's title references a legend about a bird whose captivating song is only heard once in its lifetime, surpassing the melodies of all other creatures However, this exquisite performance comes at a steep price.
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Summary
Chapter 1, Literature Review, provided a comprehensive knowledge of adverbial clauses in English It began by defining adverbial clauses and then classified them into different types The chapter also explored the syntactic and semantic features of adverbial clauses, detailing how they function within sentences to convey various meanings In addition, the chapter pointed out some previous studies on adverbial clauses, with a section dedicated to global research and another focusing on studies conducted in Vietnam Finally, the chapter included a brief overview of Colleen McCullough’s novel “The Thorn Bird” setting the context for its analysis of the study of adverbial clauses
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METHODOLOGY
Research Methods
This study employs three primary research methods: qualitative, descriptive, and comparative Each method plays a crucial role in achieving the research objectives, which focus on identifying the syntactic and semantic features of adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents and indicating similarities and differences between the English adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents
The qualitative method is employed to identify the syntactic and semantic features of adverbial clauses in English This method involves a detailed examination of the text to uncover the underlying structures and meanings of adverbial clauses Additionally, the qualitative approach is used to explore the equivalence of these clauses in Vietnamese, providing a deeper understanding of how these features are translated and adapted across languages
The descriptive method facilitates the meticulous portrayal of the syntactic and semantic characteristics of adverbial clauses This approach entails a comprehensive description of these features, elucidating the dissimilarities and affinities between English and Vietnamese adverbial clauses By employing this method, the study establishes a robust theoretical framework for the subsequent in-depth analysis and comparative examination.
The comparative method illuminates the similarities and disparities between adverbial clauses in "The Thorn Birds" and their Vietnamese counterparts This approach enables a methodical comparison, revealing patterns in the construction and usage of adverbial clauses across the two languages Specifically, the comparison yields insights into the grammatical structures, word order, and semantic functions of adverbial clauses in English and Vietnamese.
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By comparing these structures, the study aims to elucidate both the commonalities and distinctions in the usage of adverbial clauses across the two languages.
Data Collection Process
The data for this study are derived from the novel “The Thorn Bird” by Colleen McCullough, published in 1977 by Harper and Row, and its Vietnamese translation, “Tiếng chim hót trong bụi mận gai”, translated by Pham Manh Hung and published in 2001 by The Literature Publishing House
The first step in the data collection process involves selecting English adverbial clauses from the novel “The Thorn Bird” A total of seventy English adverbial clauses are identified and extracted from the novel These adverbial clauses serve as the primary data for the syntactic and semantic analysis
The next step involves identifying the Vietnamese equivalents of the selected English adverbial clauses The corresponding clauses are extracted from the Vietnamese translation of the novel named “Tiếng chim hót trong bụi mận gai” This step is crucial for the comparative analysis, as it provides the data needed to compare the adverbial clauses in both languages
Once the adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents are identified, the data are organized systematically Each English adverbial clause is paired with its Vietnamese equivalent, allowing for a clear and structured comparison The data are categorized based on the type of adverbial clause such as time, place, manner, condition, reason, purpose, result, and concession to facilitate the analysis
The analytical framework is the final step in data collection, providing criteria for analyzing adverbial clause syntactic and semantic features Specifically, it guides the identification of adverbial clauses, their types, their relationships with other clauses, and their impact on sentence meaning This framework ensures consistent and comprehensive analysis, enabling researchers to draw meaningful conclusions from their data.
To analyze internal communications within Phenikaa University, a comprehensive framework is employed This framework evaluates various linguistic features, including clause structure, conjunctions, sentence positioning, and semantic roles By adhering to this framework, consistency and systematization in data examination are ensured.
Summary
This chapter detailed the methodology employed in the study, which used qualitative, descriptive, and comparative methods to identify the syntactic and semantic features of adverbial clauses in “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese equivalents The outlined data collection process ensured a systematic approach to extracting and comparing these clauses, providing a solid framework for a thorough analysis and insightful comparison between the two languages
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FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Structure of adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses in “The Thorn Bird” exhibit various syntactic structures, each contributing to the richness and complexity of the narrative However, this research focuses specifically on the role of subordinators in these structures These adverbial clauses are introduced by subordinators such as when, because, if, and although, which indicate the relationship between the adverbial clause and the main clause The structures can be categorized as follows:
Adverbial finite clauses of time are introduced by one of the following subordinators: after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when (ever), while, now that,
Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University as long as, immediately, directly [3, p 1078] Below are some sentences using adverbial finite clauses of time in the novel “The Thorn Bird”:
(14) (a) By profession he was a sheerer of sheep, a seasonal occupation which lasted from the middle of summer to the end of winter, after which came lambing [11, p 14]
(b) When Frank questioned her, she muttered something about a girl needing a doll, and quickly changed the subject [11, p 8]
(c) As he used the jack to haul off his mud-caked boots, Meggie came skipping with his slippers, and he grinned down at the little girl with the curious sense of wonder he always knew at sight of her [11, p 14]
In illustration (14), the adverbial clause of time in (a) begins with the subordinator After, in (b) begins with When, and in (c) begins with As
Adverbial -ing clauses of time are introduced by one of the following subordinators after, before, since, until, when(ever), and while; -ed clauses by once, until, when(ever), and while; verbless clauses by as soon as, once, when(ever), and while [3, pp 1078-1079]:
(15) (a) Fee beckoned Meggie to sit on a high stool, and did up her hair in its nightly rags before packing her off to bed with Stu and Hughie [11, p 18]
(b) Indeed, she seemed to gain strength rapidly once off the ship [11, p 92]
(c) Arithmetic she found easy, but when called upon to demonstrate toper skill verbally she could not remember how many two and two made [11, p
Non-finite and verbless adverbial clauses play a significant role in the narrative of "The Thorn Bird." Sentence (15a) exemplifies an -ing clause initiated by the subordinator Before Similarly, (15b) employs an -ed clause introduced by Once Lastly, (15c) demonstrates a verbless adverbial clause introduced by When These clauses enhance the text's temporal and logical connections, providing rich context and depth to the story.
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Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by main subordinators Here are some sentences containing adverbial clauses of time in the novel “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese translation by translator Pham Manh Hung The Vietnamese version is called “Tiếng chim hót trong bụi mận gai” published in 2001 by The Literature Publishing House a Subordinator After
Some cases of adverbial clauses of time in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in the novel “The Thorn Bird” are presented through the use of the subordinators After:
Table 3.1 Clauses of time with the subordinator After
After the breakfast dishes were put away her mother silently thrust a brown paper parcel into her arms and ordered her outside [11, p
Sau bữa ăn sáng, thu dọn xong bát đĩa, mẹ lẳng lặng giúi vào tay bé một bọc giấy màu nâu và bảo bé ra sân chơi [12, p 10]
But each night after Paddy went to bed Frank helped his mother, Fee aiding and abetting him by delaying her dishwashing [11, p 20]
Nhưng mỗi buổi tối, sau khi Paddy đi ngủ, Frank lại đỡ việc cho mẹ, còn Fee, như một kẻ đồng mưu thực sự, cố tình hoãn việc rửa bát lại sau cùng [12, p 30]
Through the sentences in Table 3.1, adverbial clauses of time are introduced by subordinator: “after” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents: (sau khi…, sau ) b Subordinator When
Some cases of adverbial clauses of time in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in the novel “The Thorn Bird” are illustrated through the use of the subordinators When:
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Table 3.2 Clauses of time with the subordinator When
She was still sitting behind the gorse bush when Jack and Hughie came rustling through the grass where it was too close to the fence to feel a scythe [11, p 4]
Con bé vẫn ngồi như thế dưới bụi cây khi
Jack và Hughie ló ra từ trong đám cỏ cao (ở sát hàng rào khó cắt cỏ) [12, p 12]
Despite the harsh winter conditions, the grass remained vibrant, withstanding even the lingering frost in shaded areas The prolonged and temperate summer further enhanced the lush greenery, enriching its color with an even deeper shade.
Thậm chí giữa mùa đông, có khi trong bóng rợp, sương giá suốt ngày không tan, cỏ không bao giờ ngả sang màu hung, còn trong mùa hè dài âu yếm, màu cỏ càng xanh rờn hơn [12, p 15]
Well, it would have to wait until the morning, when no doubt the pillow would be wet, too [11, p 24]
Thôi đành chờ đến sáng mới thay được, lúc ấy dĩ nhiên cả gối cũng sẽ ướt [12, p 34]
When Meggie commenced school and could be trusted to sit still, she could come to church [11, p 25]
Khi nào Meggie đến trường, học được thói quen ngồi yên thì có thể cho nó đến nhà thờ
Through the examples in Table 3.2, adverbial clauses of time with the subordinator: “when” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents: ( khi…, có khi…, khi nào…thì, lúc ấy )are illustrated c Subordinator Until
Some cases of adverbial clauses of time in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in the novel “The Thorn Bird” are shown through the usage of the subordinators Until:
Table 3.3 Clauses of time with the subordinator Until
Fee aiding and abetting him by delaying her dishwashing until they heard the thump of
Paddy’s slippers hitting the floor [11, p 20]
Fee như một kẻ đồng mưu thực sự, cố tình hoãn việc rửa bát lại sau cùng, cho đến khi nghe thấy từ phòng ngủ vọng ra tiếng rơi nặng nề của đôi giày đi ở nhà mà chồng vừa trút bỏ [12, p 30]
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But until Meggie was two or three years older it would be very hard to have more babies [11, p 25]
Nhưng chừng nào Meggie chưa thêm được ba tuổi nữa mà lại sinh thêm con thì vất vả quá [12, p 36]
Through the examples in Table 3.3, adverbial clauses of time with the subordinator: “until” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents: (cho đến khi…, chừng nào…chưa) d Subordinator As
Some cases of adverbial clauses of time in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in the novel “The Thorn Bird” are presented through the use of the subordinators As:
Table 3.4 Clauses of time with the subordinator As
Then as he rounded the corner of the house he saw the little group by the gorse bush [11, p 8]
Nhưng khi cậu vòng qua góc nhà và thấy bọn trẻ dưới bụi cây [12, p 16]
Frank worked on the doll without raising his head, but as the pile of plates grew he got up silently to fetch a towel and began to dry them [11, p 20]
Frank không ngẩng đầu lên, mải miết với con búp bê, nhưng khi trên bàn đã xuất hiện một đống đĩa đã rửa, cậu lẳng lặng đứng dậy, lấy khăn lau đĩa [12, p 30]
Through the examples in Table 3.4, adverbial clauses of time are introduced by the subordinator: “as” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents:
Some cases of adverbial clauses of time in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in the novel “The Thorn Bird” are shown through the use of the subordinators Before:
Table 3.5 Clauses of time with the subordinator Before
Go and help Frank with the wood, you lazy little scamps And it had better be done Đến giúp Frank bổ củi đi, những thằng lười nhác! Mà mau mau lên, trước khi nào mẹ gọi
Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University before Mum has tea on the table, or there’ll be skin and hair flying [11, p 14] về ăn, không thì chết đòn cả nút đấy [12, p
There had been Armstrongs in New Zealand long before the first ‘official’ settlers arrived, and that was a passport to colonial aristocracy [11, p 25]
Dòng họ Armstrong sống ở New Zealand từ rất lâu trước khi những người “di dân” chính thức đầu tiên đến đây [12, p 37]
Through the examples in Table 3.5, adverbial clauses of time begin with subordinator: “before” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents: (trước lúc…, trước khi ) f Subordinator Once
Some cases of adverbial clauses of time in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in the novel “The Thorn Bird” are presented through the use of the subordinators Once:
Table 3.6 Clauses of time with the subordinator Once
Once Paddy’s slippers were off he never came back to the kitchen [11, p 20]
Một khi Paddy đã bỏ giày thì anh không vào bếp nữa [12, p 30]
She threw her arms around his neck and clung to him passionately, weeping in the curiously silent, painful way all the Cleary children did once they were out of infancy
Nó choàng hai tay ôm lấy cổ Frank, ráng sức áp chặt vào anh và òa khóc – khóc không thành tiếng, nức lên một cách đau khổ, như tất cả các con của Cleary đều khóc một cách kỳ lạ như thế khi vừa ra khỏi tuổi ấu thơ [12, p 53]
Adverbial clauses of time with the subordinator: “once” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents: ( một khi…, khi vừa ) are illustrated through the sentences in Table 3.6
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Some cases of adverbial clauses of time in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in the novel “The Thorn Bird” are shown through the use of the subordinators Since:
Table 3.7 Clauses of with the subordinator Since
He had not been into Gilly very often during the nine months since he arrived on
Position of adverbial clauses
The syntactic position of adverbial clauses in sentences has a considerable impact on the text’s overall structure and clarity In “The Thorn Bird”, adverbial
Internal-use copies in Phenikaa University clauses are meticulously positioned within the main clause, prioritizing initial, medial, and final placements in descending order of frequency Medial positioning is relatively less common This analysis delves into the specifics of these positions, contrasting them with their Vietnamese counterparts.
According to Quirk et al., the initial placement of adverbial clauses might improve the logical flow of information by emphasizing the context or conditions for the main clause [3] Below are the examples of adverbial clauses placed at the beginning of the sentence in “The Thorn Bird”:
(24) (a) When the longboat washed ashore on the wild west coast of New
Zealand’s South Island, Roderick Armstrong and two other men were still alive
(b) Khi chiếc sà lúp bị cuốn giạt vào bờ phía tây đảo Nam New Zealand thì sống sót trên thuyền chỉ còn Roderick Armstrong và hai tên nữa [12, p 40]
Both English and Vietnamese sentences exhibit syntactic similarities, with adverbial clauses initiating both (24a and 24b).
“Khi chiếc sà lúp bị cuốn giạt vào bờ phía tây đảo Nam New Zealand” is placed before the main clause The main clauses in both sentences (24a) and (24b) follow the adverbial clause
Greenbaum and Quirk stated that final adverbial clauses let the main clause be the focus point, with the adverbial material serving as an afterthought to offer depth and context [13] Below are the examples of adverbial clauses placed at the end of the sentence in “The Thorn Bird”:
(25) (a) Jack and Hughie got hold of the doll before poor Meggie had a chance to see it properly [11, p 16]
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(b) Jack và Hughie giằng ngay lấy con búp bê ấy, bé Meggie tội nghiệp chưa kịp xem xét tường tận đồ chơi của mình [12, p 25]
In example (25), in both the English and Vietnamese sentences, the syntactic feature is notably similar, with the adverbial clause positioned at the end of each sentence In the English sentence (25a), the adverbial clause “before poor
Meggie had a chance to see it properly.” follows the main clause Similarly, in the
Vietnamese sentence (25b), the adverbial clause “bé Meggie tội nghiệp chưa kịp xem xét tường tận đồ chơi của mình” is placed after the main clause The main clauses in both sentences (25a) and (25b) precede the adverbial clause.
Summary
Section 3.1, Syntactic features of adverbial clauses in “The Thorn Bird” with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents, discovered the use of various subordinators for each type of adverbial clause This section identified specific subordinators used in English adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents Additionally, the similarities in the placement of adverbial clauses between English and Vietnamese, based on the position of the main clauses were pointed out in the section.
Semantic features of adverbial clauses in “The Thorn Bird” with
Adverbial clauses are dependent clauses that function to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs in the main clause They provide information for the main clause by asking and answering the questions: when, where, how, why, etc Each type of adverbial clause has different functions so the chapter will focus on identifying the semantic features of adverbial clauses in “The Thorn Bird” (particularly their meaning functions) and their Vietnamese equivalents in “Tiếng chim hót trong bụi mận gai” by translator Pham Manh Hung
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3.2.1 Functions of adverbial clauses of time in English and their Vietnamese equivalents
Adverbial clauses of time indicate the temporal relationship between two events or actions In "The Thorn Bird," such clauses specify the timing of the main verb's action These clauses are translated into Vietnamese to convey the temporal context of the narrative.
(26) (a) When you say things like this you’re insulting Daddy, and he doesn’t deserve it [11, p 21]
(b) Khi con nói như vậy tức là con lăng nhục bố, mà bố không đáng bị như vậy [12, p 31]
Adverbial clauses of time, such as "When you say things like this" in English and "Khi con nói như vậy" in Vietnamese, establish the temporal context of the main clause and answer the question of when the event described in the main clause will occur.
3.2.2 Functions of adverbial clauses of place in English and their Vietnamese equivalents
Adverbial clauses of place tell where the action described by the main verb took place The following examples are adverbial clauses of place in “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese translation:
(27) (a) It was a little after seven o’clock in the morning, and the gentle sun had been up several hours; the dew had dried off the grass except where there was deep shade [11, p 29]
(b) Còn sớm, mới hơn bảy giờ, vậy mà mặt trời buổi sáng đã tỏa hơi ấm từ lâu; chỉ ở những chỗ rợp bóng nhất, sương trên cỏ mới chưa khô [12, p 42]
In both English and Vietnamese, adverbial clauses of place serve to specify the location of an event In the given example, the adverbial clauses "where there was deep shade" (English) and "ở những chỗ rợp bóng nhất" (Vietnamese) indicate the locations where the dew on the grass had not yet dried, effectively answering the question "where."
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3.2.3 Functions of adverbial clauses of manner in English and their Vietnamese equivalents
Adverbial clauses of manner are dependent clauses, used to talk about someone’s behavior or the way something is done The following examples are adverbial clauses of manner in “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese translation:
(28) (a) Sister Agatha sneered, looking around at the other children as if they, too, surely must share her contempt [11, p 37]
(b) Xơ Agatha lắp lại một cách cay độc và đưa mắt nhìn khắp lượt các trẻ khác, tuồng như tin chắc rằng chúng chia sẻ sự khinh bỉ của bà ta [12, p 51]
The adverbial clauses of manner “as if they, too, surely must share her contempt” in English and “tuồng như tin chắc rằng chúng chia sẻ sự khinh bỉ của bà ta” in Vietnamese both describe the manner of Sister Agatha in the main clause
They modify the verb of the main clause, and answer the question: How did Sister Agatha look around at the other children?
3.2.4 Functions of adverbial clauses of condition in English and their
Adverbial clauses of condition are used to talk about possible situations and their consequences Below are adverbial clauses of condition in “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese translation:
(29) (a) Because if you’re late for the bell Sister Agatha is sure to cane you [11, p 29]
In comparing sentences (b) and (29), the adverbial clauses of condition "if you’re late for the bell" in English and "Kẻo muộn giờ" in Vietnamese share a similar function Both clauses establish a specific condition that, when met, triggers the consequence described in the main clause By answering the question "Under what conditions will Sister Agatha cane Meggie?", these adverbial clauses set the parameters for the events that follow.
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3.2.5 Functions of adverbial clauses of reason in English and their Vietnamese equivalents
Adverbial clauses of reason are used to indicate the reason for something. The following examples are adverbial clauses of reason in “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese translation:
(30) (a) The Sacred Heart convent was two-storied, but because it stood well back from the road behind a fence, the fact was not easily apparent [11, p
(b) Không thể nhận ra ngay tòa nhà tu viện là nhà hai tầng, vì nó ở sau bức tường vây, cách đường một quãng, ở cuối cái sân rộng thênh thang [12, p 44]
Through the sentences in (30), the adverbial clauses of reason “because it stood well back from the road behind a fence” in English and “vì nó ở sau bức tường vây” in Vietnamese both indicate the reason why it is not easily apparent that the convent is a two-storied building
3.2.6 Functions of adverbial clauses of purpose in English and their Vietnamese equivalents
Adverbial clauses of purpose are used to indicate the purpose of an action The below examples are adverbial clauses of purpose in “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese translation:
(31) (a) As they followed the upward rise of the cane above her own hands Meggie’s eyes closed involuntarily, so she did not see the descent [11, p 34]
(b) Rồi cây gậy giơ cao trên lòng bàn tay Meggie, bất giác con bé nhắm mắt lại để khỏi thấy cái công cụ tra tấn ấy giáng xuống như thế nào [12, p 48]
In sentence (31), the adverbial clauses of purpose express the intention behind Meggie's action of closing her eyes in the main clause The English phrase "so she did not see the descent" and the Vietnamese phrase "để khỏi thấy cái công cụ tra tấn ấy giáng xuống như thế nào" convey that Meggie closed her eyes to avoid witnessing the descent of the torture device These clauses answer the question of why Meggie's eyes closed, revealing her purpose to shield herself from the impending sight.
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3.2.7 Functions of adverbial clauses of result in English and their Vietnamese equivalents
Adverbial clauses of result are used to indicate the results of something The below examples are adverbial clauses of result in “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese translation:
(32) (a) “Well, Meggie girl, it’s your birthday, so Mum made your favorite pudding.” her father said, smiling [11, p 18]
(b) Ờ, Meggie, con gái ta ơi, hôm này là ngày sinh của con mà, vì thế mẹ làm món pudding con thích – Bố mỉm cười nói [12, p 28]
Through example (32), the adverbial clauses of result “so Mum made your favorite pudding” in English and “vì thế mẹ làm món pudding con thích” in
Vietnamese both indicate the outcome or consequence of the event in the main clause, which is “it’s your birthday.” - Meggie’s birthday
3.2.8 Functions of adverbial clauses of concession in English and their
Adverbial clauses of concession are used to make statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising The following examples are adverbial clauses of concession in “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese translation:
(33) (a) It was from Padraic Cleary that his children got their various shades of thick, waving red hair, though none had inherited quite such an aggressively red head as his [11, p 16]
A comparison between English adverbial clauses in “The Thorn Bird” with reference to Vietnamese equivalents
The similarities between English adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese equivalents are highlighted in this section, based on the study findings from sections 3.1 and 3.2 above Some differences between English and Vietnamese adverbial clauses are also pointed out
3.3.1 Syntactic features of English adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents
This comparison shows the structural similarities and differences involving the use of subordinators and the positions of English adverbial clauses in “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese equivalents
3.3.1.1 Structure of adverbial clauses a Similarities
Adverbial clauses typically commence with subordinators in both English and Vietnamese These subordinators initiate the clause and define the connection between the adverbial clause and its primary clause.
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Table 3.26 English subordinators and their Vietnamese equivalents
Types of adverbial clauses English Subordinators Their Vietnamese equivalents
When khi…, có khi…, khi nào…thì, lúc ấy
Until cho đến khi…, chừng nào…chưa
Before trước lúc…, trước khi
Since kể từ ngày , kể từ khi
Wherever bất kể ở đâu, ở đâu không rõ
If nếu như , nếu thì
Unless trừ phi , không thì
As long as chừng nào
So + adjective/adverb + that đến nỗi…
Though mặc dù…nhưng, tuy…
Even if nhưng , cho dù
Even though mặc dù , tuy
In both languages, the existence of a subordinator clearly marks the start of an adverbial clause, indicating a dependency relationship with the main clause
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In English, adverbial clauses are often introduced by subordinators such as because, although, if, when, and while However, Vietnamese adverbial clauses can sometimes omit the subordinator like in example (34) when context provides enough clarity, which is less common in English
(34) (a) Meggie dropped to her knees, scrabbling frantically to collect the miniature clothes before more damage was done them, then she began picking among the grass blades where she thought the pearls might have fallen [11, p 6]
(b) Meggie vội quỳ xuống, lượm bộ y phục nhỏ xíu để nó khỏi hư hại hơn nữavà bắt đầu lục tìm trong cỏ: may ra có thể tìm được những hạt ngọc vương vãi [12, p 14]
In the English sentence (34a), the adverbial clause is “where she thought the pearls might have fallen” introduced by the subordinator “where” However, there is no subordinator similar to “where” in the Vietnamese sentence (34b) The translator only used a colon to introduce the adverbial clause “may ra có thể tìm được những hạt ngọc vương vãi”
Another example where in Vietnamese adverbial clauses do not use subordinators:
(35) (a) It was quite a pull from the barn to the house, but Frank hurried because he knew he ought not to be going; his father’s orders were explicit [11, p
(b) Đường lên nhà khá dốc, nhưng Frank vội vã, cậu biết rằng vào lúc này cậu không được phép vắng mặt ở xưởng rèn: bố có những quy định nghiêm khắc [12, p 16]
In English sentence (35a), the adverbial clause "because he knew he ought not to be going" is introduced by the subordinator "because." However, in Vietnamese sentence (35b), no equivalent subordinator is present This difference highlights the distinct structural characteristics of the two languages in introducing adverbial clauses.
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3.3.1.2 Position of adverbial clauses a Similarities
Through the study of the position of adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” in Section 3.1.2 of Chapter 3, adverbial clauses in both English and Vietnamese can be often placed before or after the main clause The flexibility in positioning allows for emphasis and variation in sentence structure However, the medial position within the main clause is rarely used compared to the initial and final positions Table 3.27 below shows again the examples of adverbial clauses positioned before and after the main clause in Section 3.1.2 of Chapter 3
Table 3.27 Examples of adverb clause positions
Position In English Vietnamese equivalents
When the longboat washed ashore on the wild west coast of New Zealand’s
South Island, Roderick Armstrong and two other men were still alive
Khi chiếc sà lúp bị cuốn giạt vào bờ phía tây đảo Nam New Zealand thì sống sót trên thuyền chỉ còn Roderick Armstrong và hai tên nữa [12, p 40]
Jack and Hughie got hold of the doll before poor Meggie had a chance to see it properly [11, p 16]
Jack và Hughie giằng ngay lấy con búp bê ấy, bé Meggie tội nghiệp chưa kịp xem xét tường tận đồ chơi của mình [12, p 25]
The syntactic feature of positioning adverbial clauses relative to the main clause is similar in both English and Vietnamese Adverbial clauses can either precede or follow the main clause, with the choice of position often influencing the emphasis and flow of the sentence b Differences
There are some cases when translating into Vietnamese sentences, the adverbial clause is changed position with the main clause compared to the sentence in English.Below is an example to demonstrate this in the novel “The Thorn Bird”:
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(36) (a) It was a little after seven o’clock in the morning, and the gentle sun had been up several hours; the dew had dried off the grass except where there was deep shade [11, p 29]
(b) Còn sớm, mới hơn bảy giờ, vậy mà mặt trời buổi sáng đã tỏa hơi ấm từ lâu; chỉ ở những chỗ rợp bóng nhất, sương trên cỏ mới chưa khô [12, p 42]
In the English sentence (36a), the adverbial clause “where there was deep shade” follows the main clause “the dew had dried off the grass except”
However, in the Vietnamese translation (36b), the adverbial clause “chỉ ở những chỗ rợp bóng nhất” is positioned before the main clause “sương trên cỏ mới chưa khô”
Another example shows the difference in the position of adverbial clauses based on the main clauses between English and its Vietnamese translation:
Despite limited visits to Gilly in the past nine months, Sir Hilary's familial connection to Lady Mary Carson ensured warm hospitality whenever he was present His frequent presence made him a familiar face among the town's residents.
(b) Trong chín tháng kể từ ngày đến Drogheda, ông không thường xuyên đến Gilly, nhưng vì ông là em của Mary Carson và nhiều phần chắc là người thừa kế bà ta, nên mọi người đều biết mặt ông, và bao giờ ông cũng được đón tiếp hết sức nồng hậu ở thành phố [12, p 160]
In the English sentence (37a), the adverbial clause “since he arrived on
Issues addressed in the study
In Chapter 1, the definition, classification, and syntactic and semantic features of English adverbial clauses were pointed out to provide essential background knowledge Additionally, basic information about the novel “The Thorn Bird” and its author, Colleen McCullough, was presented to give readers an overview of both the author and her work
In Chapter 2, The research methods and data collection process were presented They have helped this research become more logical, and convincing and achieve the set goals
In Chapter 3, the syntactic and semantic features of English adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese equivalents were shown through the structure ( the use of subordinators), the position in syntactic features, and the meaning function of each type of adverbial clause in semantic features
In Chapter 4, the similarities between the English adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese equivalents were identified based on results in Chapter 3 Additionally, some different cases in the syntactic and semantic features between the two languages were also pointed out in the chapter.
Implications
It is expected that this thesis can provide a significant contribution to the teaching and learning of adverbial clauses in both languages Moreover, it offers the students some practical translation ideas
2.1 Implication for English learning and teaching
This study is hoped that students would find more interest in learning English grammar, particularly adverbial clauses Besides, the results of the study would help them to use adverbial clauses more correctly in context, especially the use of subordinators
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The adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” are clear examples Educators can use the examples and analyses from the study to offer nuanced explanations and exercises that aid students in understanding both the syntactic and semantic features of English adverbial clauses Therefore, teachers should encourage their students to apply knowledge gained from the study in practical exercises, such as translation tasks or writing assignments, which can strengthen their language proficiency and cross-linguistic competence
This study presents educators and learners with some useful data to help them accurately translate the original works’ contents and enhance both the quality of their material and their translation abilities To improve the smoothness, comprehensibility, and acceptability of the translated versions, we should select suitable methods, vocabulary, and semantics.
Limitation
The subject of the study might not have received as much in-depth discussion as it should have because of a lack of resources and time
Due to time limitations in finding all adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” to thoroughly indicate their syntactic and semantic features, this study concentrates specifically on the use of subordinators and the position of adverbial clauses in syntactic features and explores their functional meanings in semantic features
This study mostly uses finite adverbial clauses in “The Thorn Bird”, and does not analyze all the structural types of adverbial clauses such as finite, non- finite, and verbless clauses.
Recommendations
As adverbial clauses are commonly employed in both literary works and everyday conversations, research can delve deeper into these topics with greater intensity:
• Cross-Linguistic Comparison of Adverbial Clauses
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• Syntactic Structures of Adverbial Clauses in non-finite and verbless forms
• Translation Challenges of Adverbial Clauses
These topics provide specific areas of focus for conducting research into the various aspects of adverbial clauses in language studies
Additionally, some studies on actual errors that Vietnamese learners commit when learning English Adverbial clauses to help learners avoid these mistakes in the process of learning and using English is necessary.
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[1] R Huddleston and G K Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002
[2] S Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996
[3] R Quirk, S Greenbaum, G Leech, and J Svartvik, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language London: Longman, 1985
[4] N Chomsky, Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures
[5] M.A.K Halliday, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 2nd ed London:
[6] R.W Langacker, Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008
[7] J Lin, Adverbial Clauses, in J D Wright (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015
[8] L Haegeman, The syntax of adverbial clauses, in The Language-Cognition
[9] D T X Dung, Ảnh hưởng của thói quen viết tiếng Việt đến cách diễn đạt câu và sử dụng trạng ngữ trong các bài viết học thuật tiếng Anh, Tạp chí Khoa học,
[10] T M Thanh, The English adverbial of time vs The Vietnamese range topic of time, Journal of Science–Foreign Languages, vol 28, pp 62-74, 2012
[11] C McCullough, The Thorn Bird New York: Harper and Row, 1977
[12] P M Hùng, Tiếng chim hót trong bụi mận gai Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Văn Học, 2001
[13] S Greenbaum and R Quirk, A Student’s Grammar of the English Language London: Longman, 1990
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List adverbial clauses in the novel “The Thorn Bird” and their Vietnamese equivalents
No In English Vietnamese equivalent
After the breakfast dishes were put away her mother silently thrust a brown paper parcel into her arms and ordered her outside [11, p 2]
Sau bữa ăn sáng, thu dọn xong bát đĩa, mẹ lẳng lặng giúi vào tay bé một bọc giấy màu nâu và bảo bé ra sân chơi [12, p 10]
Astonishingly lifelike blue eyes shone between lashes of real hair, their irises streaked and circled with a darker blue; fascinated, Meggie discovered that when
Agnes lay back far enough, her eyes closed [11, p 4] Đôi mắt đen linh lợi lạ thường sáng long lanh, hai hàng mi bằng sợi lông thật, mống mắt lấp lánh bắn ra tia sáng và có đường viền xanh sẫm; Meggie hoan hỉ nhận ra rằng nếu đặt Agnes nằm ngửa thì mắt nó nhắm lại [12, p 11]
Meggie dropped to her knees, scrabbling frantically to collect the miniature clothes before more damage was done them, then she began picking among the grass blades where she thought the pearls might have fallen [11, p 6]
Meggie vội quỳ xuống, lượm bộ y phục nhỏ xíu để nó khỏi hư hại hơn nữa và bắt đầu lục tìm trong cỏ: may ra có thể tìm được những hạt ngọc vương vãi [12, p 14]
His shirt lay on a heap of straw in the corner; he plodded across to it and stood for a moment staring at the splintering barn wall as if it did not exist, his black eyes wide and fixed [11, p 6] Áo sơ mi nằm trên đống rơm trong góc xưởng; cậu chậm rãi đi đến đấy và đứng một hai phút mở to đôi mắt màu đen, nhìn bức tường, nhìn những tấm ván không bào bằng ánh mắt thù ghét [12, p 14]
Characteristically, New Zealand homes, like the one in question, are constructed of wood, sprawled across ample space, and limited to a single level This design philosophy stems from the concern that in the event of an earthquake, portions of the structure may remain intact and habitable.
Cũng như mọi ngôi nhà ở New Zealand, ngôi nhà này bằng gỗ, thô kệch, chỉ có một tầng, nhưng dàn rộng theo bề ngang: nếu xảy ra động đất thì vẫn có phần nguyên vẹn
6 The grass was green and luxuriant, like all New Zealand grass [11]
Cỏ thì xanh tươi mơn mởn, đích thực là cỏ
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Not even in the middle of winter, when the frost sometimes lay unmelted all day in the shade, did the grass turn brown, and the long, mild summer only tinted it an even richer green [11, p 7]
Thậm chí giữa mùa đông, có khi trong bóng rợp, sương giá suốt ngày không tan, cỏ không bao giờ ngả sang màu hung, còn trong mùa hè dài âu yếm, màu cỏ càng xanh rờn hơn [12, p 15]
Despite the arduous climb from the barn to the house, Frank hastened his steps He was fully aware that he was disobeying his father's strict instructions to remain at the forge.
Then as he rounded the corner of the house he saw the little group by the gorse bush [11, p 8]
Nhưng khi cậu vòng qua góc nhà và thấy bọn trẻ dưới bụi cây [12, p 16]
When Frank questioned her, she muttered something about a girl needing a doll, and quickly changed the subject
Frank có lần toan hỏi mẹ chuyện đó, nhưng mẹ chỉ lầu bầu rằng đứa bé gái không thể không có búp bê, rồi nói ngay sang chuyện khác [12, p 17]
He fancied she would not have been nearly so upset if poor Agnes had only bled when she lost her hair [11, p 11]
Có lẽ nó sẽ ít sợ hơn nhiều nếu như do mất tóc, Agnes chỉ chảy máu [12, p 20]
12 she left the disciplining of the children to him, and did whatever he commanded without comment or complaint unless the circumstances were most unusual
Việc đưa các con vào khuôn phép, chị dành cho chồng, chồng bảo gì, chị làm đúng như thế, vâng chịu và nín nhịn, trừ phi xảy ra điều gì hoàn toàn khác thường [12, p 22]
Daddy as they did, but if that was true she hid it under a veneer of impenetrable, slightly dour calm [11, p
Mặc dù chị che giấu nỗi sợ hãi dưới vẻ ngoài điềm tĩnh và hơi cau có, nhưng thực chất chị cũng sợ cha mình không kém gì các em Điều này cho thấy chị có khả năng kiểm soát cảm xúc và che giấu nỗi sợ hãi rất tốt, tạo nên một bức tường thành vững chắc trước mặt mọi người, khiến họ không thể hiểu được cảm xúc thật sự của chị.
By profession he was a sheerer of sheep, a seasonal occupation which lasted from the middle of summer to the end of winter, after which came lambing [11, p
Bản thân anh là người xén lông cừu – đấy là công việc theo mùa, kéo dài từ giữa mùa hè cho đến cuối mùa đông, rồi bắt đầu mùa cừu đẻ [12, p 23]
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He would go wherever there was work, leaving his family to fend for themselves in the large, old house This action was not as harsh as it might seem.
Unless one was lucky enough to own land, that was what one had to do [11, p
Anh không thuộc loại những kẻ may mắn có đất riêng của mình, vậy thì không còn cách nào khác [12, p 23]