a study on english idioms and proverbs related to animals with reference to vietnamese equivalents

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING PHENIKAA UNIVERSITY GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON ENGLISH IDIOMS AND PROVERBS RELATED TO ANIMALS WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS Nghiên c

Rationale for the study

The increasing prominence of English in Vietnam, especially in the field of education, has revealed an important challenge for Vietnamese learners - achieving true fluency A significant obstacle is in the network of complex cultural shades woven into the structure of English idioms and proverbs

English and Vietnamese, products of distinct cultural histories and traditions, offer contrasting lenses through which we view the world [1] This requires a sharp awareness of the cultural context when learning English, especially the rich carpet of idioms and proverbs These expressions serve as cultural repositories [2], encapsulating the values, beliefs, and historical experiences that have shaped a society Unfortunately, many Vietnamese learners prioritize mastering grammatical structures over delving into the cultural significance of the language

This creates a significant disconnect between their technical proficiency and their ability to communicate effectively The ignorance of this culture can lead to misunderstandings and communication incidents, hindering their progress on fluency

Imagine a Vietnamese learner encountering the English idiom "a wolf in sheep's clothing" A direct translation will not grasp the meaning of a camouflage threat

Vietnamese culture may have another idiom, perhaps mentioning a cunning fox or a seemingly harmless snake, to show this concept This emphasizes the importance of cultural suitability in mastering the idiom and English proverb The translation of these expressions into Vietnamese became a complex effort with potential pitfalls of wrong explanation

Each culture possesses a collection of unique concepts and views that penetrate into different aspects of life These differences include values, beliefs, customs and social standards These variants are reflected in language, especially in idioms and proverbs, forming a unique vocabulary system for each culture These manifestations act as a cultural time capsule [2], encapsulating both material and spiritual value transmitted through generations Recognizing their significance,

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University researchers have long emphasized the importance of understanding idioms and proverbs to gain a deeper understanding of a culture

In addition to the function of conveying ideas in a brief and memorable way, idioms and proverbs add a vibrant and figurative dimension to words Effective use of these expressions enhances communication by adding meaningful classes and establishing relationships with listeners The growing use of figurative language is the importance of mastering these expressions for nuance communication Imagine a conversation where someone describes a slow but persistent learner as a "tortoise." This not only conveys the idea but also adds a touch of humor and imagery Similarly, idioms and proverbs offer a novel way of expressing concepts, adding color and richness to a language, similar to how spices enhance a dish

Effective communication is based on the common understanding between the speaker and the listener Language and culture are inextricably linked; cultural elements are increasingly recognized as essential for successful communication and language learning [3] Understanding the target language's culture allows learners to grasp the nuances of the language more effectively In this sense, proverbs and idioms serve as windows into a nation's soul, revealing its core values and beliefs Cultural knowledge is obscured acting as a barrier to truly understand the nature of a language and culture related to it This highlights the importance of studying English and Vietnamese proverbs and idioms through the look of their respective cultural identities

Driven by a long-term concern in this area, I have chosen "A study on English IAPRA with Reference to Vietnamese equivalents” as the focus of my thesis

Recognizing the vastness of the idiom language, this study is aimed at providing a centralized analysis, giving deep understanding for learners and translators who are seeking to avoid traps in understanding and understanding translate English and proverbs into Vietnam, and vice versa By illuminating culture surrounding these manifestations, this study sought to empower Vietnamese learners to gain more profound understanding and use English more effectively This will not only

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University enhance their fluency but also promote more appreciation for the rich culture in the structure of English language.

Aims and objectives of the study

Aims of the Study

The general objective of the study is to discover and compare the cultural and linguistic aspects of animals related to idioms and proverbs in English and Vietnamese, promote understanding and appreciation for culture.

Objectives of the Study

Identification and Compilation: The main purpose is to identify and compile a comprehensive list of English idioms and animal proverbs This is related to conducting thorough research to collect a range of proverbs in different books

Comparison and Analysis: The study aims to compare English idioms and proverbs with their Vietnamese equivalents, examining similarities, differences, and cultural nuances Linguistic analysis will explore how each language utilizes animal imagery, while cultural analysis will focus on the semantic and syntactic reflected in these expressions

Cultural Understanding: An important goal is to deepen the understanding of English and Vietnamese cultures through the discovery of IAPRA By analyzing the cultural context in which these manifestations arise, researching to find ways to discover common experiences, historical effects and unique cultural views embedded in them

Language Learning: The study aims to facilitate language learning by providing insights into the figurative language employed in idioms and proverbs Through the identification of equivalent expressions in English and Vietnamese, learners can enhance their comprehension of metaphorical language and develop their English skills

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Promotion of Cross-Cultural Appreciation: Lastly, the study seeking to promote multicultural evaluation and understanding between English and Vietnamese cultures By promoting dialogue and exchanging between speakers of both languages, study encourages mutual respect, empathy and appreciate the rich diversity of manifestations and experiences of people

Overall, the aims and objectives of the study on English idioms and proverbs IAPRA with reference to Vietnamese equivalents are geared towards facilitating a comprehensive exploration of language, culture and at the same time contribute to improving the effectiveness learning and teaching of English and Vietnamese.

Scope of the study

The treasure of proverbs and idioms in English and Vietnamese are extremely large but limit of time and sample size Therefore, this study cannot conduct a comprehensive study of them So, the study focused only on some IAPRA common

In this study, the cross-cultural differences in views from semantic and syntactic are discussed The English proverb shows the symbolic meaning through the image of animals compared to Vietnamese people In Vietnamese, there are idioms and proverbs equivalent to the meaning and using a similar image Besides, it is not possible to find the same meaning with same animal images

Given the vast number of proverbs and idioms in existence, attempting a comprehensive study of all expressions is impractical Therefore, this research may not cover all proverbs and idioms relating to animals, just those of common use, aiming to provide insights into cross-cultural differences and similarities between English and Vietnamese linguistic traditions.

Research question

To fulfill the goals of this study, we will explore the following research questions:

1 What linguistic and cultural similarities and differences exist between English IAPRA and their Vietnamese equivalents?

2 What are the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese proverbs denoting animals in terms of semantic and syntactic features?

3 In what ways can a comparative study of idioms and proverbs related to animals contribute to effective language instruction, absorption, and cultural awareness in English and Vietnamese?

Significance of the study

The study is hoped to contribute to the process of learning and teaching English, especially to understanding English and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, which contain animal images Besides, it may be helpful for cross-cultural communicators in dealing with people from English and Vietnamese cultures to avoid cultural mistakes The positive findings in this study:

• Translation: This study can give translators a thorough reference point to find the culturally relevant translations of proverbs and idioms pertaining to animals in other languages This can reduce the possibility of translation errors and guarantee that the intended meaning is understood correctly in all cultural contexts

• English learners: English learners stand to gain a significant advantage from studying animal-related idioms and proverbs These expressions function as doorways to a deeper understanding of figurative language in English

This exposure allows them to grasp the nuances of how figurative language works, enriching their overall comprehension of the English language This newfound cultural awareness allows English learners to navigate communication more effectively and avoid misunderstandings that might arise due to cultural differences

• English Language Teachers: Animal-related idioms and proverbs provide engaging and culturally relevant teaching materials Your research can offer instructors specific strategies for incorporating these expressions into lesson plans, promoting active learning and discussions about cultural differences

• Cross-cultural Communication Skills: By using animal idioms and proverbs in their teaching, instructors can equip learners with the necessary skills to navigate cross-cultural communication effectively Understanding the potential variations in meaning and imagery associated with these expressions can prevent misunderstandings and promote respectful intercultural dialogue.

Organization of the study

The study is structured into three main parts The first part, "Introduction," provides an overview of the study's background It includes a concise discussion of the rationale, objectives, scope, significance, methodology, and structure of the study

The core of the study comprises three chapters The first chapter, titled "Literature Review and Theoretical Background," reviews and analyzes the findings of previous research in this field by earlier authors It delves into the relationship between language and culture, explores the meanings of proverbs, and examines their role within language

Chapter two is "Methodology and procedures "This chapter delves into the specific methods employed to conduct this study It outlines the research design chosen, the rationale behind its selection, and how it facilitates the analysis of animal- related idioms and proverbs in English and Vietnamese

Chapter three is dedicated to a comprehensive exploration titled "Comparisons of English IAPRA with Reference to Vietnamese equivalents" This segment delves deeply into the intricate connections between language, culture, and the symbolic representation of animals in idiomatic expressions

The final part, "Conclusions and implications", offers a summary of the findings, discusses implications for English as a Foreign Language teaching and learning, and suggests directions for further research

The study concludes with a list of "References"

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Literature review

1.1.1 Overview of the research status on idioms and proverbs in English and

Idiom-cultural-proverbs, both in English and Vietnamese, symbolize the rich linguistic and cultural heritage of their corresponding community Therefore, these special language structures have attracted the attention of many scholars over time

Idioms and proverbs play a role as an important tool in both learning and teaching, supporting individuals who master the language Various dictionaries fulfill this essential role, including the Oxford Dictionary of Idioms [4], the Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs (Speake, Jenifer) [5], as well as The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs (J Simpson) [6] in English In Vietnamese, notable resources include Từ điển thành ngữ và tục ngữ Việt Nam (Vũ Dung, Vũ Thuý Anh, Vũ Quang Hào) [7] and Tuyển Tập Thành Ngữ Tục Ngữ Ca Dao Việt - Anh Thông Dụng (Nguyễn Đình Hùng) [8] These authors have meticulously cataloged and analyzed idioms and proverbs, laying a solid theoretical groundwork for future research endeavors

Until now, the number of topics, dissertations, theses, and scientific papers on Idioms and proverbs has been increasing with various research directions in both English and Vietnamese Here are some main research trends on Idioms and proverbs in English and Vietnamese:

Mieder, in his book " Proverbs: A handbook"[2] provides readers with theoretical issues regarding definitions, classification, semantics, origins, and contextual usage of widely used idioms He also highlights research publications and journals focusing on idioms

"Idiomatic Expressions in English: A Textual Analysis" by Chang Chenguang at Sun Yat-sen University [9] demonstrates the organizational and signaling functions of idioms and proverbs They are closely linked to each other, with literal and figurative meanings appropriate to the context of the text that authors use

"An Analysis of English and Indonesian Idioms and Proverbs" by Syarfuni [10], through analyzing the meaning and structure, clearly distinguishes between literal and figurative meanings and conveys the unique cultural images of two different cultural backgrounds

In Vietnam, there are also numerous studies on idioms and proverbs "A Study of Linguistic Features of Proverbs Denoting Friendship in English and Vietnamese'' by Huynh Thị Kieu Hung [11] analyzes the structure and commonly used phrases in idioms and proverbs, helping readers gain a comprehensive understanding of the semantics and syntactic characteristics of idioms and proverbs

1.1.2 Overview of the research status on idioms and proverbs with animal imagery in English and Vietnamese

Studies focus on describing animals in proverbs and English and English idioms that have attracted significant attention in different industries Through the comparative analysis between these two languages, the researchers have aimed at discovering the distinction of nuance culture and describing the symbolic meaning to animals

In "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and English Animal Idioms from a Cultural Perspective," S.S Lyu [12] skillfully discover the complicated things of idioms in the fields of daily life, religious beliefs and historical context By getting deep into the rich cultural nuances embedded in these idioms, Lyu revealed a profound impact that animal idioms, with their diverse cultural meaning, have inter -cultural communication Through this comparative analysis, readers have a deeper understanding of the complexity of language and culture, emphasizing the importance of understanding idioms as the main means for cross-cultural communication

In the work titled "A contrastive analysis of proverbs and idioms relating to animals in English and Vietnamese equivalents" authored by Han Van Mai [13], a study of cultural customs and religious views is implemented This study follows complex ways in which animal images are used to symbolize human characteristics and behaviors By dissecting the use of proverbs and idioms, Han

Van Mai clarifies different cultures to perceive and explain the natural world through linguistic expressions

Similarly, in "A contrastive study of connotation of the Vietnamese zodiac animals in English and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs" authored by Nguyen Quoc Toan [14], a deep exploration of the role and symbolic meaning of animals in the zodiac in Vietnam This study not only carefully considered the frequency of appearance but also extracted the profound meaning that these animals kept in Vietnamese culture By checking their portraits in idioms and cultural stories, Nguyen Quoc Toan clarifies how these animals are interwoven with daily life and collective consciousness of the Vietnamese people

In general, these academic efforts serve to highlight the difference in animal representatives between English and Vietnamese traditions In addition to purely linguistic analysis, they provide valuable insights about the cultural psychology and worldview of each corresponding community By promoting cross-cultural understanding and causing deeper research in this field, these studies contribute significantly to the field of interdisciplinary language and cultural research

After reviewing previous studies both domestically and internationally on IAPRA in general, and specifically in Vietnamese and English, it can be observed that these studies have consistently yielded certain results Animal-related proverbs and idioms, in general, and those related to animals in Vietnamese and English specifically, have been extensively researched The potential of these linguistic structures has been and continues to be explored from various angles, ranging from structural linguistics to applied linguistics and translation, cognitive linguistics, cultural studies, interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary studies, and comparative linguistics Each approach comes with its own research methods, study samples, and criteria

As has been discussed, research on idioms and proverbs has covered a relatively wide range of aspects and individual facets However, upon careful examination, there has not been a comprehensive study of idioms and proverbs as a whole, particularly in relation to animals in terms of meaning and structure These

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University significant contributions will be acknowledged and discussed in the following chapters.

Theoretical background

1.2.1 Definition of idioms 1.2.1.1 Definition a, Syntactic and Semantic Perspective In Vietnamese, Nguyen Dinh Hung wrote in the book "Selected collection of common Vietnamese-English proverbs and idioms" that “Thành Ngữ là một cụm từ cố định đã quen dùng Xét về mặt ngữ pháp thì nó chưa thể là một câu hoàn chỉnh, vì thế nó chỉ tương đương với một từ " [8] (Proverbs are fixed phrases commonly used In terms of grammar, it cannot be a complete sentence, so it is only equivalent to a word) For example, Vietnamese people have the phrase "Cá chậu chim lồng" which implies the image of a deprived life, loss of freedom, but does not convey any advice or lesson

In English, idioms are used in all types of language, from informal to formal, spoken and written Sentences with idioms express emotions more clearly and strongly than sentences without idioms According to Seidl and McMordie [15] in their book "English Idioms" that "an idiom can be defined as a number of words which, when taken together, have a different meaning from individual meanings of each word" For example, "fight like cat and dog" means to argue or fight frequently and fiercely It describes a relationship filled with hostility and conflict

"Cat" and "dog" symbolize two contrasting images that cannot be accommodated

In conclusion, from the findings of the two authors, I deduce that idioms in the viewpoint of syntax and semantic are: idioms are not complete sentences; They are words with individual meanings, but when combined, they convey a different meaning b, Linguistics - Culture perspective Idioms are widely used in daily life [16], are frequently passed down from generation to generation [17] and are an integral component of every person's culture and customs [18] These findings support the theory that idioms are the result of people's perceptions and use language development in certain

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University communication situations to suit cultural standards Therefore, language users have the ability to think, speak and thrive in that specific culture

GS N Lan write in his book "Từ Điển Thành Ngữ Và Tục Ngữ Việt Nam"[19] that "Ngôn ngữ của người miền quê, nhất là những cụ già không phải “quê mùa” như trước đây mọi người vẫn tưởng, mà trái lại, rất văn vẻ, có nhiều màu sắc, nhiều hình tượng Chính là vì trong những câu chuyện hằng ngày, bà con thường sử dụng những thành ngữ, tục ngữ là cái vốn vô cùng phong phú, vô cùng quý giá của tiếng nói dân tộc, được truyền miệng từ đời này sang đời khác" (Far from being unsophisticated, the language of rural folk, especially the elderly, is remarkably rich in eloquence, vibrant imagery, and evocative metaphors This linguistic richness stems from their everyday use of idioms and proverbs, a treasure trove of the nation's linguistic heritage, passed down through generations) They encapsulate the symbolic meaning of national culture, constructed based on a specific imagery or specific representative, unique to each nation Idioms are considered a linguistic and cultural unit, a repository of cultural and ethnic sediments Each idiom is often built upon a specific image or concrete representation, acting as a miniature parable that grasps a core cultural value For instance, the idiom "con ong cái kiến" (literally meaning "bee and ant") reflects the Vietnamese emphasis on the humble and lowly position of an individual within the low social class

Vietnamese and English idioms are interpreted differently From a linguistic and cultural standpoint, idioms in this study are defined as expressions that come from daily life that appear straightforward but have several meanings, are vivid and full of imagery, and are passed down from generation to generation

One of the features of idioms is their defying in the explanation in the literal sense

Unlike a simple phrase in which the meaning can be picked up from its total parts, idioms offer a single challenge The meaning of an idiom surpasses the individual words it includes For example, consider the idiom "kick the bucket." While individual words suggest the image of kicking an object and a container, the true

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University meaning -"to die" - arising from a deeper cultural understanding, not from the explanation in the literal meaning of the words

Second, idioms are like crystallized expressions Both their grammatical structure and vocabulary are fixed Changing them interrupts the nature of idioms and can lead to confusion or even a complete change in meaning Take the idiom "spill the beans." Changing it into "scatter the legumes" technically can convey the same basic idea, but it loses idioms and cultural context related to the original phrase

The fixed nature of idioms ensures their meaning is still suitable and easy to understand within a particular language community

The idiom is richer and more expressive because of their fixed structure and non - language meaning They provide speakers with the ability to convey complex concepts clearly, vivid and cultural nuances

Seidl and McMordie [15] point out that idioms can have different (regular, irregular, or even grammatically incorrect) structures and different forms

However, the structure does not determine the clarity of meaning The three main types according to them are: idioms with irregular form and clear meaning (e.g give someone to understand, do the dirty on someone); idioms with regular form, but unclear meaning (e.g cut no ice, bring the house down); and idioms with irregular form and unclear meaning (e.g be at large, be at daggers drawn)

Idioms can be classified based on different criteria, depending on the study purposes, such as knowledge, explanation or analysis This study is based on the collected idioms, which I classify into three types:

(To sing like a cow roaring)

(as stubborn as a crab) Metaphorical idioms For example:

(three bamboo trees attract sparrows)

"Tẩm ngẩm tầm ngầm đá ngầm chết voi"

(whispering under the table, throwing stones from under the table kills the elephant)

(the army consists of snails, but the general is a snail)

"Bông nổi cho chim, bông chìm cho cá"

(the flower floats for the bird, sinks for the fish)

1.2.2 Definition of proverbs 1.2.2.1 Definition a, Syntactic-semantic perspective There have been numerous definitions of proverbs, but there hasn't been a standard definition that can be universally applied Let's consider some definitions of proverbs put forward by previous researchers In Vietnam, according to Nguyễn Đình Hùng, proverbs are defined as follows: "Tục ngữ là một câu nói hoàn chỉnh, diễn đạt trọn vẹn một ý mang nội dung nhận xét quan hệ xã hội, truyền đạt kinh nghiệm đời sống, cho bài học luân lý hay phê phán sự việc Do đó,một câu tục ngữ có thể được coi là một tác phẩm văn học hoàn chỉnh vì nó mang trong mình cả ba chức năng cơ bản của văn học là chức năng nhận thức, chức năng thẩm mỹ, và chức năng giáo dục"[8] (A proverb is a complete sentence, expressing a full idea containing social observations, conveying life experiences, providing moral lessons, or criticizing events Therefore, a proverb can be considered a complete literary work because it serves all three basic functions of literature: cognitive function, aesthetic function, and exhortative function)

In addition, according to Mark and Alwi [20], proverbs are viewed as complete sentences offering advice or a moral lesson A classic example is "big fish eat little fish," which follows the subject-verb-object order (big fish = subject, eat = verb, little fish = object) This proverb, while grammatically simple, conveys a deeper meaning: stronger individuals or organizations often seize resources or impose control over weaker ones Similar to the natural world where larger fish tend to eat

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University smaller ones, this phrase is often used to describe power and resource difference in society

Based on the common points in the views of the two authors, I can provide my opinion about the definition of proverbs in terms of grammatical structure in this study Proverbs are complete and concise sentences that express exact observations about reality, while also carrying moral educational values and providing useful advice for people b, Linguistics - Culture perspective In the book" Văn học dân gian Việt Nam" , Hoàng Tiến Tựu defines proverbs as:“Tục ngữ là một thể loại văn học dân gian có chức năng chủ yếu là đúc kết kinh nghiệm, tri thức, nêu lên những nhận xét dưới hình thức những câu nói ngắn gọn, súc tích, giàu vần điệu, hình ảnh, dễ nhớ, dễ truyền”[21] (Proverbs are a genre of folk literature whose main function is to summarize experience, knowledge, and express observations in the form of concise, pithy sayings, rich in rhythm, imagery, easy to remember, and transmit.)

Additionally, according to Mieder, as written in his book, "A proverb is a short, generally known sentence of the folk which contains wisdom, truth, morals, and traditional views in a metaphorical, fixed, and memorable form and which is handed down from generation to generation."[2]

Proverbs in English and Vietnamese are understood in different ways In this study, from a linguistic and cultural perspective, proverbs are defined as fixed folk sayings with memorable structures that encapsulate the cultural values of each nation and are passed down through generations

METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES

Research design

To achieve the research objectives outlined previously, I have adopted a multi- faceted methodological approach in this study This approach utilizes a combination of research methods employed concurrently to gain a comprehensive understanding of animal-related idioms and proverbs in English and Vietnamese:

Method: This involves an in-depth exploration of concepts and characteristics through textual analysis

Application in this study: I reviewed books and relevant research to gain a foundational understanding of idioms and proverbs in both English and Vietnamese This likely involved examining definitions, classifications, and historical contexts of these expressions

Benefits: Provides a rich understanding of the nuances and cultural underpinnings of idioms and proverbs

Method: This involves systematically comparing and contrasting elements between two or more groups in the list of English and Vietnamese IAPRA that I have statistics

Application in this study: I aim to identify similarities and differences between IAPRA in both languages This comparison could involve aspects like underlying semantic and syntactic

Benefits: I identify similarities and differences between IAPRA in English and Vietnamese.

Sampling

Firstly, I established specific standard for selecting samples, focusing on idioms and proverbs related to animals, known as IAPRA, in both English and Vietnamese

These selections were sourced exclusively from reputable and widely published books and sources

Secondly, with these rigorous criteria in place, I meticulously gathered a total of 354 English IAPRA and 357 Vietnamese equivalents These samples were chosen to ensure diversity and representativeness across both languages

Subsequently, I proceeded to analyze these idioms, taking advantage of the distinct linguistic features of English and Vietnamese Key aspects of this analysis included examining the frequency and types of animals that appeared within these idioms, which provided insights into their semantic and structural characteristics

This methodical approach allowed for a qualitative research and comparative Design of how IAPRA are utilized and structured in English and Vietnamese, highlighting both similarities and unique cultural nuances embedded within these linguistic forms.

Data collection

For this study, a comprehensive dataset comprising 711 samples of IAPRA in both Vietnamese and English was meticulously compiled from a diverse range of reputable sources These sources were selected to ensure a balanced representation and reliability of the idiomatic expressions analyzed

In Vietnamese, idioms and proverbs were sourced primarily from "Từ điển thành ngữ và tục ngữ Việt Nam" (Vũ Dung, Vũ Thuý Anh, Vũ Quang Hào) and "Tuyển Tập Thành Ngữ Tục Ngữ Ca Dao Việt" (Nguyễn Đình Hùng) These references are renowned for their extensive collection of Vietnamese idioms, providing a rich source of culturally embedded linguistic expressions

In English, idiomatic samples were sourced from authoritative references such as

"The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs, 5th Edition" by Jennifer Speaker and "The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms, 2nd Edition" by Judith Siefring These dictionaries are recognized for their comprehensive coverage and scholarly approach to idiomatic language in English, ensuring the inclusion of widely accepted and commonly used expressions

The selection process focused on idioms and proverbs that prominently feature animals, reflecting a broad spectrum of cultural and linguistic contexts By drawing from these varied sources, the dataset encompasses idioms and proverbs that range from everyday phrases to more specialized or regional variants, thereby

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A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH PROVERB AND

Animal images in proverbs and idioms

3.1.1 Common animal idioms and proverbs in English

Within the scope of the idiom and proverb materials accessed, 354 IAPRA in English have been identified, including 53 animals The frequency of occurrence is as follows: "dog" with 68 idioms and proverbs, followed by "horse" with 46 idioms and proverbs, and "cat" with 37 idioms and proverbs

The English consider "Dog" to be man's closest companion in Western nations

Given that the dog is a devoted friend and a beautiful companion Although certain English idioms related to dogs, such as "a surly dog" and "in the doghouse," have been passively influenced by several other languages, these languages invariably express sympathy and deep liking for dogs instead of disdain or even hatred In English, there are idioms with funny images of dogs to refer to the positive state of people like fun “like a dog with two tails”, achieving the results “every dog has many day”, It is only small but more useful than big and useless objects “a live dog is better than a dead lion”, to symbolize what is familiar with human love

“love me love my dog”

From ancient times, when the road system was not as developed as it is today, horses played a crucial role as the primary mode of transportation The image of the mighty and loyal horse has been deeply embedded in human life, leaving an indelible mark on the English language's treasury of idioms and proverbs To the English, the horse symbolizes extraordinary strength "as strong as a horse", Absolute trust "from the horse's mouth", and a dedicated work ethic "a willing horse" It is precisely because of these noble qualities that horses have become a rich source of inspiration for the vast and colorful collection of English idioms and proverbs

Surrounded by the vast expanse of the sea, almost all the British living on an island This deep connection with the marine environment is reflected in the

English language, where idioms and proverbs abound with references to saltwater fish "packed like sardines", "as fat as a whale",

3.1.2 Analysis of corresponding animal idioms and proverbs in Vietnamese

Within the scope of the idiom and proverb materials accessed, 357 IAPRA in

Vietnamese have been identified, including 57 animals The frequency of occurrence is as follows: "dog" with 58 idioms and proverbs, followed by "trâu " with 50 idioms and proverbs, and "chicken" with 43 idioms and proverbs

Similar to the prominent role of dogs in English idioms and proverbs, dogs also hold a significant place in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, often carrying negative connotations This reflection of canine imagery stems from the close observation of dog behavior by Vietnamese people, who have drawn parallels between these traits and human vices Dogs, as domesticated animals, have been deeply integrated into Vietnamese society, becoming integral to daily life

However, this familiarity has also led to a keen awareness of their less desirable behaviors These observations have manifested in a wealth of Vietnamese idioms that employ dog imagery to depict negative human characteristics

“Như chó đói thấy mồi”

(Like a hungry dog seeing prey) Idioms show that when individuals have excessive greed, they can abandon ethical standards and participate in bad behaviors, like a dog starving to disregard social standards In pursuing maintenance

In an agrarian culture like Vietnam, livestock holds a significant place in society, often serving as a marker of social status Particularly in the context of wet rice cultivation, the buffalo has emerged as a deeply ingrained symbol for Vietnamese farmers, frequently appearing in idioms and proverbs with a rich diversity of meanings The buffalo's representation as a symbol of wealth stems from its crucial role in agricultural practices The phrase "ba bò chín trâu" (three cows, nine buffaloes) signifies substantial wealth, highlighting the buffalo's value as an essential asset for farmers Beyond its economic significance, the buffalo also embodies the admirable qualities of Vietnamese farmers: diligence (working like a buffalo), strength (as strong as a buffalo), and resilience (only those who can

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University endure hardships are called buffaloes) However, the buffalo's symbolism extends beyond these positive connotations, at times carrying negative associations The phrase "làm thân trâu ngựa, thân trâu bò" (the life of a buffalo or horse) alludes to a life of hardship and toil Similarly, the term "đàn gảy tai trâu" ("playing a zither for a buffalo's ear") implies a lack of understanding or appreciation, while the expression "bẩn như trâu đầm" (as dirty as a buffalo wallowing in mud) describes extreme uncleanliness

This multi-faceted portrayal of the buffalo in Vietnamese culture reflects the complex relationship between humans and this revered animal While it is often admired for its strength, resilience, and contributions to agricultural livelihoods, the buffalo also represents the harsh realities of rural life and the challenges faced by those who work the land.

Similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic features of

3.2.1 Comparison of Semantic Features in IAPRA in English and Vietnamese 3.2.1.1 Proverbs and idioms with the same meaning using the same animal

As a result of the extensive collection and research, the treasure trove of idioms and proverbs has revealed an attractive phenomenon: many idioms with similar meanings share the same animal imagery In this section, we will start the journey to explore this attractive language model:

• Dog English: "fight like cat and dog"

The meaning of this idiom is angry arguments all the time

Vietnamese: "Như chó với mèo"

The idioms have meaning that constantly argue, disagree, and fight

Similar meaning: Both idioms use the imagery of two opposing animals to symbolize conflict and aggression "Dogs and cats" are well-known for their aggressive nature, often quarreling and fighting over territory Both idioms describe a relationship full of conflict and arguments, with frequent disagreements and clashes

Another example of "dogs” is as follows:

English: "Every dog is a lion at home"

People tend to feel more confident, powerful, and brave in their familiar surroundings

Vietnamese: "Chó cậy gần nhà, gà cậy gần chuồng"

People who are arrogant and take advantage of their power or position, especially in their own familiar environment

Similar meaning: Both the English idiom 'Every dog is a lion at home' and the Vietnamese idiom "Chó Cậy Gần nhà, Gà Cậy Gần Chuồng" employ the image of 'dogs' to describe how people's behavior varies depending on their environment."

The phrase highlights the common usage of "dog" imagery in both idioms to convey the concept of behavioral changes based on surroundings

• Frog English: “The frog in the well knows nothing of the sea”

The frog in the well knows nothing of the sea, meaning that one should be aware of the limitations of one's own experience

Vietnamese: “Ếch ngồi đáy giếng”

The idiom depicts a frog that never sees the outside world and solely exists in the limited area of the well's bottom It speaks about people who are conceited and ill- informed since there are insufficient opportunities for exposure and exchange of ideas

Similar meaning: Both idioms and proverbs use the image of a frog in a well to describe people with limited knowledge and a narrow perspective Both idioms carry a satirical and critical connotation, aimed at those who are self-satisfied with their limited knowledge and refuse to learn and expand their horizons Although Vietnamese idioms are somewhat more negative, they all imply narrow knowledge if we are tied to a small environment

• Worm English: "worm will turn"

Meaning that the lowliest individual will resent being treated badly

Vietnamese: "Con giun xéo lắm cũng quằn"

It means that the endurance of everything is limited, people are also suppressed, and overwhelming will have a day to stand up to fight back

Similar meaning: The usage of a worm - a creature that is frequently thought of as helpless and weak - highlights the strength of the possibility of resistance These proverbs are potent reminders that even those who appear to be the most helpless can fight against injustice and claim their own agency They advise against pushing others too far and support people in speaking up against injustice and for themselves

• Duck English: "Like water off a duck's back"

Indicates that something has no effect on anyone They get entirely dry as it rolls off them in the same way that water rolls off duck feathers

Vietnamese: "Nước đổ đầu vịt"

It means advice, criticism or warning but it is not effective for someone because they are stubborn, not to submit or absorb

Similar meaning: Both idioms employ figurative language to depict individuals who remain unaffected by words, advice, or criticism Both idioms carry a satirical and mocking melody directed at stubborn, conservative and do not want to take new views

• Horse English: "Change horses in midstream"

This idiom means to make a significant change to a plan or project while it is still in progress It is often used to advise against making such changes, as they can be disruptive and costly

Vietnamese: "Thay ngựa giữa dòng"

Its meaning is the same as the English expression "change horses in midstream": to make major changes to a project or plan while it is still in progress

Similar meaning: The imagery of a "horse" and a "river" is employed to illustrate the difficulty and danger of making alterations Both idioms indicate the action of revising plans, strategies or personnel while a job is being conducted

English: “The mountain has brought forth a mouse”

The English proverb "The mountain has brought forth a mouse" refers to a spectacular display or a great deal of work that has produced something unimportant or unsatisfactory

Vietnamese: "Đầu voi đuôi chuột"

It's a popular expression for circumstances or projects that begin loftily or ambitiously but ultimately result in unsatisfactory or unimportant results

Similar meaning: The image is used in both idioms and proverbs highlighting the distinct contrast between expectations and reality The vast difference between a mouse and a mountain or elephant acts as a strong metaphor Both idioms and proverbs convey the concept of starting an effort with excellent ostentatization and ambition, just to create a disappointing and overwhelming result

• Flies English: "Flies are easier caught with honey than with vinegar"

This implies that using kind arguments and flattery is a more effective way to persuade people than using a hostile approach

Vietnamese: "mật ngọt chết ruồi" (Sweet honey dead flies) It figuratively means that sweet words, flattery, or excessive compliments can be used to deceive or manipulate others, often with the intention of exploiting or harming them

Similar meaning: Both proverbs use imagery related to flies and sweetness (honey) to represent pleasant or persuasive words While "mật ngọt chết ruồi" emphasizes caution, "Flies are easier caught with honey than with vinegar" focuses on effectiveness In general, both target those susceptible to being influenced by flattery or sweet talk

• Fish English: "When the fish is caught, the net is laid aside"

When a fisherman catches a fish, they no longer need the net for that particular catch Once the purpose is served, the net becomes unnecessary It implies that after someone accomplishes their aim or goal, they could ignore or throw away the strategies or resources that made it possible for them to succeed

Vietnamese: “Được chim bẻ ná, được cá quên nơm” (Once the bird is caught in the snare, the net is forgotten)

If the"na" and "nom" are a tool to catch fish and birds, but when the fish and birds have been caught, the "na" and "nơm" become unnecessary It figuratively means that people tend to forget those who helped them once they have achieved their goals or obtained what they wanted

Similar meaning: Both proverbs convey the common human tendency to neglect or disregard the means or tools that helped them achieve their goals once those goals have been attained It uses imagery related to fishing to represent the attainment of goals and the subsequent disregard for the methods that led to success Both proverbs serve as cautionary tales, warning against ingratitude and the importance of valuing the assistance or contributions of others

• Rabbit English: “timid as a rabbit”

Conclusions

A study on English IAPRA with reference to Vietnamese equivalents’’ is a study carried out to shed some light on the syntactic features of English and Vietnamese IAPRA in terms of structures and syntactic classes Also, the study finds out the semantic features of these proverbs in terms of different kinds of meanings and semantic types This thesis is also aimed at making a contribution to the theoretical studies of proverbs in general, English and IAPRA in particular

Semantically, there are a total of three groups of semantic fields in both languages More interestingly, some English IAPRA have no equivalence in English because of the cultural differences from country to country

Syntactically, IAPRA in the two languages are formed either in terms of structures or in terms of syntactic classes An idiom's structure is categorized into verb phrases, adverbial phrases, and adjective phrases Proverbial structures are also categorized into simple, compound, and complex sentences In terms of syntactic classes, IAPRA in the two languages are grouped into statements, questions, commands, and exclamations.

Summary of Methodological Approaches and Findings

This study starts by looking at proverbs and idioms that have to do with animals

It next examines their meaning and structure in both Vietnamese and English

Additionally, the goal of this study is to verify these proverbs and idioms that have an impact on the dynamics of multicultural communication

The inquiry will carefully investigate whether Vietnamese partners have idioms and proverbs related to this animal, with the goal of finding commonalities, discrepancies, and intrinsic cultural meaning Compile a comprehensive list of English idioms and proverbs centered on animals from various sources like dictionaries, online databases, and academic publications Then, identify and analyze common English idioms and proverbs that utilize animal imagery Explore the presence of Vietnamese equivalents for these animal idioms and proverbs

Analysis and comparison like this will make sense of the fundamental meanings and cultural allusions that are ingrained in these linguistic constructions

Essentially, the goal of this research is to improve our comprehension of animal- related idioms

Give language learners and teachers the syntactic and semantic skills necessary to understand and use proverbs and idioms pertaining to animals Equipping language learners and teachers with the ability to navigate and utilize animal-related proverbs and idioms enriches their linguistic repertoire and fosters a deeper appreciation for the beauty and complexity of language By embracing these idiomatic expressions, learners not only enhance their communication skills but also gain insights into the rich tapestry of cultural heritage woven through language

4.2.2 Impact on Language Learning and teaching 4.2.2.1 Implications for teachers

Following are some conclusions that can be made about teaching based on the study's findings:

The results of the semantic features of English and Vietnamese IAPRA also contribute greatly to foreign language teaching Teachers are provided with approaches to teaching the meaning of idioms and proverbs First of all, teachers can teach learners the different meanings of idioms and proverbs and then explain these kinds of meanings one by one For the second approach, teachers can have educational lessons based on categories IAPRA in positive and negative contexts

The syntactic features of IAPRA in both English and Vietnamese are useful for teachers in teaching grammar, especially in teaching types of sentences Thanks to the syntactic similarities between English and Vietnamese, teachers can help learners easily remember the structures On the other hand, teachers are supposed to point out the syntactic differences between the two languages so that learners can distinguish and avoid making errors By embracing these conclusions, educators can optimize teaching strategies to enhance students' linguistic proficiency, cultural awareness, and cognitive development

Also, this study will be beneficial to learners of both languages Primarily, one of the most important aspects of learning a language may be picking up proverbs and idioms

Second, proverbs and idioms may offer a glimpse into the lives of people from different civilizations, enabling a deeper comprehension of language and culture

After gaining a thorough understanding of English idioms and proverbs, we may enhance our friends' comprehension of one another in conversations; misunderstandings and communication breakdowns can also be prevented

Finally, but just as importantly, mastering the proverbs in the target language allows us to read original materials with greater enjoyment and a deeper understanding When reading an English novel that uses a wide variety of idioms and proverbs, it can be very annoying to have to stop and look up the meaning of every proverb we come across It is clear that in this instance, memorizing English proverbs beforehand is very helpful to attaining comprehension and enjoyment to the fullest

4.2.3 Impact on Cross-Cultural Communication

In terms of communication, the findings of this study underscore the importance of context and appropriateness when deploying idioms and proverbs in communication Effective usage involves aligning these expressions with the intended message and audience comprehension levels Furthermore, the study highlights the role of idioms and proverbs in fostering engagement and rapport in communication, based on the findings and theories:

4.2.3.1 Using a similar idiom with the same animals

As you know, there are some idioms and proverbs that convey the same meaning in both the source and target languages, as well as the same lexical items It means that the same pattern of lexical items is used in both English and Vietnamese to express a single concept of meaning Thus, we should use one as the translation of the other Examples of this type can be found in 3.2.1 and 3.2 of Chapter III

4.2.3.2 Using an idiom of similar meaning with dissimilar animals

There are some idioms and proverbs in English and Vietnamese that convey similar meanings, but the lexical items in their surface structures that contain

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University animal names are different Therefore, we should find animal idioms with similar meanings in the target language when translating idioms in that language The idioms in the target language may contain different animals as influenced by cultural elements Examples of this type can be found in 3.2.1 and 3.2 of Chapter III

4.2.3.3 Using an idiom of similar meaning without animals

In the case of wanting to express the same meaning with the idiom related to animals in English, Vietnamese does not have any proverbs that use animal images with the same meaning but still want to use idioms about animals to describe In this study, there are a few examples in 3.2.1 and 3.2 of Chapter III Distinct cultures express ideas in different ways As a result, with a specific meaning, people in a culture can use animal idioms or proverbs, but other people in other cultures use idioms without animals.

Suggestions for Further Research

The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the syntactic and semantic features of proverbs and idioms concerning animals in both the Vietnamese and English languages This research delves into the production and communicative aspects of these figurative expressions within these two linguistic contexts, aiming to highlight both their similarities and differences

By examining how these expressions are structured and how they convey meaning, this study seeks to provide clarity on their usage and cultural significance in Vietnamese and English While this investigation sheds light on these aspects, it is important to note that further research in related fields is warranted Time and resource constraints have limited the scope of this study, suggesting that additional exploration into other relevant areas would enrich our understanding of these linguistic phenomena

We highly recommend additional research in the following areas:

1 "The pragmatic implications of IAPRA in different social contexts."

Animal-related idioms and proverbs can have complex cultural connotations that change depending on the social setting Gaining insight into how different social groups view and interpret these expressions can help one better understand cultural

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University norms, values, and beliefs

Examining the pragmatic elements aids in determining how speakers deliberately employ these terms to communicate particular attitudes or messages in various social contexts This entails being aware of the situations, motivations, and contributions that speakers make to good communication while using certain colloquial terms

Examining these pragmatic ramifications can also provide insight into interpersonal dynamics, such as how the use of proverbs and idioms with animal references may affect relationships, social interactions, and individual perceptions within a group

2 "The effectiveness of translating IAPRA English and Vietnamese."

The task of translating colloquial terms pertaining to animals entails not only maintaining grammatical precision but also grasping the cultural implications and allegoric significance ingrained in these statements This can be especially difficult because proverbs and idioms frequently represent distinct historical and cultural contexts

To assess the quality of a translation, one must look at whether the two languages have comparable idioms or proverbs and how effectively they capture the same semantic and cultural subtleties The cultural symbolism and metaphorical connotations that distinguish English and Vietnamese may require inventive translational adjustments or explanations

Comprehending the degree to which animal-related idioms and proverbs translate between languages is essential for successful cross-cultural communication and localization initiatives It makes sure that speakers of both languages receive accurate translations that maintain the intended meanings and cultural resonances of these terms

Further investigation into these domains is vital to enhance the use of animal- related idioms and proverbs in the varied social milieu and elevate the efficacy of translations Despite retaining their cultural uniqueness and communication impact, this between Vietnamese and English

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Tiêu đề	A Study on English Idioms and Proverbs Related to Animals with Reference to Vietnamese Equivalents
Tác giả	Nguyen Thi Lam
Người hướng dẫn	M.A. Luong Quynh Anh
Trường học	Phenikaa University
Chuyên ngành	English Language
Thể loại	Graduation Paper
Năm xuất bản	2024
Thành phố	Ha Noi

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