a study on english idioms denoting time with reference to vietnamese equivalents

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING PHENIKAA UNIVERSITY GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON ENGLISH IDIOMS DENOTING TIME WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS Nghiên cứu về các thành ngữ ti

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the study

In the context of 21st - century economic opening and integration, English has become increasingly essential in international communication and business, serving as the cornerstone of global interactions A critical component of mastering English involves absorbing and using idioms appropriately within various contexts

By enhancing the language with nuances, layers of meaning, and cultural depth, they improve communication and make it more lively

Idioms play a crucial role in language by enriching communication through their ability to convey figurative meanings and deep cultural connotations, thereby enhancing their vibrancy and effectiveness Palmer [1] describes idioms as expressions whose meanings cannot be deduced from the literal meanings of their individual parts Unlike literal language, idioms derive their meaning from cultural experience and context rather than grammatical rules or individual word definitions This unique characteristic makes idioms both fascinating and challenging for language learners, particularly for Vietnamese learners of English Therefore, mastering English idioms not only helps enrich learners’ vocabulary but also helps them increase confidence in communication

Furthermore, idioms not only serve as linguistic tools but also deeply reflect the unique cultural aspects of each country As R R Hoffman [2] highlights, idioms are not merely linguistic embellishments but essential for expressing and understanding complex ideas within a cultural framework Therefore, grasping idioms helps learners gain a deeper understanding of the cultural values of the country they live in, bringing the goal of using English like a native closer

On the other hand, there have been many research projects and surveys on idioms such as love, weather, food, colors, animals, human body,… both domestically and internationally However, the study idioms denoting time still appear to be an area ripe for further investigation Idioms related to time are intricately linked to daily life, professional endeavors, and social interactions, making them more prevalent

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University and essential for a comprehensive understanding of language For example, the idiom “to race against time” strongly portrays the pressure someone feels to complete a task within a tight deadline, evoking a sense of urgency and stress akin to competing against time itself Consequently, exploring these idioms is particularly valuable for anyone seeking to learn and appreciate various cultural perspectives

Given this context, the study titled “A Study on English Idioms Denoting Time with

Reference to Vietnamese Equivalents” points out the meaning and usage of idioms indicating time in English and provides their equivalent meanings in Vietnamese, demonstrating their practicality in everyday life Through this analysis, the study highlights the role and cultural significance of time – related idioms and their equivalents in both languages

In conclusion, the research is carried out with the hope of helping readers achieve a deeper understanding of English idioms indicating time and their equivalents in Vietnamese, providing valuable insights for language learners, English teachers and beyond By elevating the knowledge and skills of non - native English speakers in this domain, the research aims to enhance their communication abilities, particularly in global contexts.

Aims and objectives of the study

The aims of this study are to analyze and compare English idioms denoting time with reference to Vietnamese equivalents To achieve this aim, the study has the following objectives

Firstly, the study seeks to provide a list of English idioms related to time and analyze their equivalent meanings in Vietnamese The research will focus on collecting and analyzing these idioms to gain a thorough understanding of their meanings and usage within the cultural and linguistic contexts of both languages Secondly, the study involves exploring semantic features derived from the compilation of English idioms related to time in both languages Furthermore, the purpose of the study is to compare the cultural similarities and differences highlighted in the idioms

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By achieving these objectives, the study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge of idiomatic expressions denoting time and their Vietnamese equivalents, enriching learners’ understanding and providing valuable insights into the cultural nuances inherent in both languages.

Scope of the study

The coverage of this study touches upon the analysis of English idioms related to time and their Vietnamese equivalents The study will utilize two primary sources:

“The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms: Fourth Edition” published by Oxford

University Press in 2020, [3] and “Từ điển Thành ngữ và Tục ngữ Việt Nam” by Professor Nguyen Lan and published by Literature Publishing House in 2014 [4]

These sources offer a substantial foundation for researchers to synthesize, analyze, and compare idioms denoting time in English and their corresponding meanings in Vietnamese The Oxford English Dictionary provides comprehensive and updated information on English idioms, encompassing their definitions, uses, and origins Similarly, Professor Nguyen Lan’s Vietnamese Idioms Dictionary is a respected resource that offers detailed and comprehensive explanations, usage examples, and cultural contexts for Vietnamese idioms

By leveraging these authoritative sources, this study aims to compile an extensive list of English idioms and their Vietnamese equivalents It will undertake a thorough analysis and comparative examination to illuminate similarities and differences, revealing how cultural nuances are manifested through these idioms.

Significance of the study

The study on English idioms denoting time with reference to Vietnamese equivalents holds academic and practical importance in the fields of language learning and intercultural communication

The findings of this study enrich our understanding of specific languages by providing an overview of English idioms denoting time and their Vietnamese

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University equivalents Through this exploration, the research aids learners in grasping semantic nuances associated with these idiomatic expressions

Secondly, this research makes a practical contribution by enhancing communication skills, particularly for Vietnamese learners of English By providing detailed equivalents in Vietnamese for English idioms denoting time, the study enriches communication by making it more vibrant and effective This not only increases precision in expression but also boosts learners’ confidence and enthusiasm as they can use idioms naturally and accurately like native speakers Furthermore, it fosters cultural understanding and exchange between language communities, promoting cultural integration and appreciation for diversity

Furthermore, this study holds significant value in additional and supporting compatible learning materials for students and English teachers concerning idioms related to time and their equivalents By meticulously analyzing and synthesizing these idioms from English into Vietnamese, the research enables teachers to develop invaluable teaching resources These resources facilitate students in employing idiomatic expressions naturally and accurately in real-life communication scenarios This endeavor not only enhances students’ language proficiency and application skills but also fosters professional development and innovation in teaching and learning practices These idioms are pivotal elements of any language as they reflect culture, beliefs, and customs Therefore, examining the similarities between English and Vietnamese idioms provides learners with a deeper insight into cultural perspectives and linguistic nuances in both languages

In summary, this study significantly contributes to theoretical knowledge and practical application for English learners in communication, enhancing their ability to use language naturally and accurately Furthermore, the research expands cultural understanding by illuminating idioms denoting time and their equivalents in Vietnamese Moreover, it supplements educational materials and teaching practices in this field, thereby improving teaching effectiveness and equipping English teachers and learners alike with comprehensive and highly applicable knowledge

Research questions

The study aims to answer the following questions:

1 How can a comprehensive list of English idioms denoting time and their Vietnamese equivalents be compiled?

2 What are the similarities and the differences between English idioms denoting time with references to Vietnamese equivalents in term of semantic and cultural features?

Design of the study

This graduation paper consists of three main parts: INTRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND CONCLUSION

The INTRODUCTION provides the reasons for conducting the study, the aims and objectives, the methodology, as well as the scope and significance of the research The DEVELOPMENT part is structured into three chapters

Chapter 1: LITERATURE REVIEW presents the theoretical background and previous studies

Chapter 2: METHODOLOGY provides a detailed description of the methods adopted in data collection and analysis

Chapter 3: FINDING AND DISCUSSION analyzes the semantic, and cultural features of English and Vietnamese idioms denoting time, highlighting their similarities and differences

The third and last part is the CONCLUSION, which summarizes the study, discusses its implications and limitations, and offers suggestions for future research

LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical background

When it comes to idioms, various concepts and definitions have emerged from numerous sources including books, dictionaries, and specialized research Idioms are an indispensable component of language, making expressions lively and rich, which, as Phillip Johnson - Laird emphasizes: “If natural language had been designed by logicians, idioms would not exist.” [5]

According to the Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms, an idiom is defined as “A group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words.” [3] An idiom is a fixed expression, which typically resists interruption and rearrangement of its components For instance, the idiom “let the cat out of the bag” means to reveal a secret It will no longer convey the same meaning if rearranged to “out of the bag let the cat” This means that idioms pose a challenge to learners who attempt to translate or interpret them literally, lacking experience with the language and related culture

In C Fernando’s Idioms and Idiomaticity, idioms are described as

“conventionalized expressions often with non - literal meanings that require a degree of cultural and contextual understanding to be used and interpreted correctly” [6] Idioms transcend mere literal meaning; they reflect experiences, and societal values, and offer profound insights into everyday communication For instance, the idiom “in the nick of time” signifies doing something just before it becomes too late, illustrating a colorful and crucial moment in a situation

Vietnamese linguists also contribute notable perspectives H V Hành defines idioms as “Thành ngữ là những cụm từ cố định có hình thái cấu trúc bền vững, có tính bóng bẩy về ý nghĩa và được sử dụng rộng rãi trong giao tiếp, đặc biệt là trong khẩu ngữ” [7] Meanwhile, H Phê asserts that idioms are “Là một tập hợp từ cố định đã quen dùng, mà nghĩa thường không giải thích được một cách đơn giản bằng nghĩa các từ tạo nên nó.” [8]

Overall, the definition of idioms varies widely among researchers and linguists Idioms are considered fixed phrases or sentences with a structure that cannot be worked out from the literal meanings of their individual words Idioms often reflect cultural, traditional, and experiential characteristics of a community They play a significant role in enriching communication by conveying nuanced meanings and cultural insights

1.1.1.2 Main features of English idioms a Semantic features

Semantic features of idioms consist of various aspects that contribute to their richness and complexity

Firstly, according to Fernando [6], idioms are “Multiword expressions conventionally characterized by semantic opacity.” When discussing the characteristic of semantic opacity in idioms, Grains, and Redman [9] claim that it involves “semantic ambiguity,” meaning the overall meaning of idioms cannot be directly inferred from the meanings of their components This observation is clarified in the definition of idioms For example, the idiom “beat the clock” does not mean the ticking of a clock; rather, it means to do or finish something before a deadline or within a limited time Its literal meaning in this context is not applicable, and the idiomatic meaning takes precedence Therefore, users of idioms need to understand the context and situation to use them accurately

Besides, a fundamental characteristic in terms of semantic features of idioms is their figurative meaning When describing the meaning of idioms, Cowie [10] considers it as the “blending of meanings of all components.” This assertion is substantiated when examining various idioms, such as “to hit the nail on the head,”

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University which conveys the meaning of “accurately identifying the main point or issue.” This figurative expression goes far beyond and is more effective than its literal meaning of hitting a nail with a hammer, as it communicates a message that its literal components cannot achieve Besides, figurative meanings can be expressed by using simile, metaphor, metonymy, rhetoric and exaggeration

Furthermore, when considering the basic semantic characteristics of idioms, N T Giáp [11] asserts that rich imagery is a core characteristic of English idioms Images within idioms consist of metaphors and comparisons, which serve to highlight and concretize meanings intuitively

Overall, while linguists hold diverse perspectives on the semantic features of idioms, idiomatic expressions generally exhibit typical characteristics Firstly, idioms encapsulate semantic opacity, where the overall meaning and figurative implications cannot be deduced from the literal meanings of their components Secondly, idioms often convey meanings through rich imagery and high expressive capability b Cultural features

Idioms carry colorful imagery and play a crucial role in binding the cultural fabric of each community They encapsulate values, traditions, and customs passed down through generations Gibbs [12] emphasizes, “Idioms provide a window into the cultural and social values of a community, revealing how language is used to reflect and reinforce shared experiences and beliefs.” This highlights how idioms deeply reflect the cultural and social values within a community For example, the idiom “Blood is thicker than water” emphasizes the importance of familial bonds, transcending mere biological ties

Additionally, Wierzbicka [13] claims, “Idioms convey meanings specific to cultural practices and beliefs, underscoring the interplay between language and culture.” Expressing idioms not only encapsulates linguistic meanings but also deeply conveys cultural values and norms Idioms thus serve not only as communication tools but also as repositories of knowledge and cultural identity

According to C Kramsch, in her book Language and Culture, she discusses the intimate relationship between language and culture, stating, “Language is a reflection of the cultural values and social structures of its speakers Idiomatic expressions, in particular, offer a window into the collective consciousness of a culture, revealing its priorities, fears, and values” [14]

Therefore, learning idioms not only enhances language proficiency, making communication more effective and vibrant but also deepens understanding of community culture

English idioms can be classified in various ways based on their structure, function, or thematic content There have been numerous classifications proposed by scholars and books related to idioms, which can help language learners and researchers understand and categorize them more effectively

Based on structures, Arnold [15] classifies idioms according to parts of speech, a method also referred to as syntactical classification Idioms are grouped into seven types as follows: nominal idioms, verbal idioms, adjectival idioms, adverbial idioms, prepositional idioms, conjunctional idioms and interjectional idioms In detail, nominal idioms, which primarily function as nouns or noun phrases, such as: “The eleventh hour” (the last moment or the latest possible time) Adjectival idioms, functioning as adjectives or adjective phrases, like “Behind the times”

(outdated or old - fashioned.) Verbal idioms, functioning as verb or verb phrases, include idioms like “Hit the hay” (go to bed or sleep) Adverbial idioms like

Previous studies

Idioms are a topic that captures significant attention, particularly from linguists and researchers They enrich spoken and written language with rich expressions that carry cultural values and profound societal insights Among these, English idioms denoting time have garnered particular interest among Vietnamese learners of English Over time, numerous studies and research works have enriched the collection of idioms denoting time

There are various aspects of time idioms that researchers focus on, providing learners with clear insights into the diversity and similarities between languages and cultures in these studies Understanding and applying these idioms not only expands vocabulary but also enhances cultural awareness in today’s multicultural environment

In the study “A Study on English and Vietnamese Idioms which contain words denoting time.” P T Tươi [20] investigates grammar structures, semantic nuances, and cultural insights into idioms denoting time in both English and Vietnamese The research examines grammatical structures and explores the metaphorical meanings of idioms containing time - related words Practical applications for teaching underscore the importance of cultural context in explaining idioms This analysis contributes valuable insights into the similarities and differences in the use of idioms denoting time in English and Vietnamese, significantly taking advantage of the fields of language and language education

Furthermore, T.T Ba’s study, “An Investigation into English and Vietnamese Idioms Containing Words Denoting Time,” [21] explores the similarities and differences between idioms denoting time in both languages through the aspects of grammar, semantics, and cultural contexts The research indicated that English idioms tend to follow rigid grammatical structures and use various verb tenses, while Vietnamese idioms are more flexible and context - dependent Semantically, English idioms often have strong figurative meanings, whereas Vietnamese idioms use more descriptive and culturally specific imagery This study provides a comparison, offering insights into how time - related idioms function in both languages, reflecting their unique grammatical structures, semantic characteristics, and cultural nuances

Additionally, H T Hà [22] studied idioms expressing time in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese, compiling 200 idioms from diverse sources She highlighted grammatical and semantic similarities and differences between idioms in both languages, noting distinct features in Vietnamese idioms such as phonetic repetition and rhythm, absent in English idiom structures Semantically, she found that Vietnamese idioms often convey advice and experiences, whereas English idioms typically describe objects and emotions

In conclusion, studies on idiomatic expressions denoting time and their equivalents in two languages help us understand idioms better While current research mostly looks at the grammatical, semantic, and cultural aspects of idioms, my study aims

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University to fill gaps by presenting a table that lists English idioms indicating time alongside their Vietnamese equivalents from two reliable bilingual dictionaries This method helps learners understand and use idioms better by emphasizing the importance of studying both the meanings and cultural dimensions of idioms in English and Vietnamese

Moreover, my study also looks into the cultural aspects of idioms, which are often overlooked By exploring the cultural meanings and implications in these idiomatic expressions, this research provides a clearer understanding of how idioms reflect and influence cultural attitudes and values in both English and Vietnamese This approach shows the close relationship between culture and language, specifically idioms, in both countries It helps learners and teachers appreciate and use idiomatic expressions more effectively.

Summary

In this chapter, the theory surrounding English idioms denoting time is discussed Previous studies on English idioms denoting time are also briefly summarized, which emphasizes the aspect of syntax, semantics and culture Thereby, the chapter has laid the foundation for deeper research on specific idiomatic expressions for the next chapter

METHODOLOGY

Research subject

The research subject is an investigation into English idioms denoting time and their Vietnamese equivalents

The study aims to uncover the linguistic and cultural differences between these idioms in both languages, identifying any discrepancies in meaning or usage Additionally, the research will analyze the semantic properties of these idioms By examining these idioms, the study seeks to highlight the similarities and differences in how time is defined and expressed in English and Vietnamese, contributing to a deeper understanding of cross - cultural communication and language learning From this analysis, the research will also reveal the underlying cultural distinctions that influence how each language conceptualizes and articulates the notion of time.

Research method

This study is carried out to investigate the English idioms denoting time with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents Therefore, the analysis - synthesis method approach is pivotal, facilitating the exploration, evaluation, and comparison of temporal idioms across both languages Initially, the study involves meticulous identification and compilation of idioms denoting time sourced from authoritative references: The Oxford English Dictionary and Professor Nguyen Lan’s Vietnamese Idioms and Proverbs Dictionary These English idioms are meticulously defined and contextualized to discern their cultural and linguistic nuances, ensuring accurate equivalence in Vietnamese idiomatic expressions

Furthermore, the compare and contrast method is employed to highlight semantic, and cultural differences and similarities between English and Vietnamese idioms

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University denoting time This method involves comparing and contrasting English idioms denoting time with their Vietnamese equivalents to identify similarities and differences in meaning and cultural aspects between the two languages.

Research procedures

Both “The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms” [3] and “Từ điển Thành ngữ và Tục ngữ Việt Nam” [4] sourced from reputable institutions – Oxford University Press and Vietnam Literary Publishing House – are utilized in this study

These are also popular dictionaries for learners interested in idioms These dictionaries provide explanations for each idiom, including its respective meaning and practical examples of usage in context Utilizing these resources, the research aims to expand the understanding of the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms denoting time This will also shed light on the cultural and grammatical nuances of each language, thereby contributing to a richer understanding of how time is conceptualized and expressed in different linguistic and cultural frameworks This approach will support the identification of equivalent idioms in both languages and enhance the effectiveness of language teaching and learning

2.3.1.1.“The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms” – The fourth edition

The 4th edition of the “Oxford Dictionary of Idioms” was edited by John Ayto, a well - known writer and lexicographer in the United Kingdom The illustrative citations are sourced from Oxford materials, providing contextual examples and standard usage of idioms Many entries also include fundamental information about the origins of the idioms discussed

Picture 2.1 The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms

(Source: GF books, Inc at Amazon)

“Oxford Idioms Dictionary: 4th Edition” was officially released on July 22, 2020, and published by Oxford University Press Compiled by John Ayto, a renowned writer and lexicographer, this edition updates and adds much new information, including detailed explanations of the origins and meanings of each idiom, as well as examples of how to use them in various contexts This dictionary is an essential tool for language learners and researchers, providing authoritative and references to English idioms

This dictionary is fully revised, updated, and enriched with over 400 entries for newly - formed idioms over the past 10 years It elucidates the meanings of numerous phrases and sayings commonly used in the English language, covering no fewer than 10,000 definitions of a wide variety of idioms, and offering a comprehensive resource for understanding the richness and diversity of English idiomatic expressions The clear layout design facilitates easy access to idioms for

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University learners, complemented by new features such as usage notes and effective usage tips in both spoken and written contexts

2.3.1.2 “Từ điển Thành ngữ và Tục ngữ Việt Nam”

“Từ điển Thành ngữ và Tục ngữ Việt Nam” is a comprehensive reference book on Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, compiled by Professor Nguyen Lan First published in 1989, the book has been reprinted numerous times due to high demand and its significant reference value

Picture 2.2 Từ điển Thành ngữ và Tục Ngữ Việt Nam

This dictionary provides a rich and detailed source of information, including over 8,000 idioms and proverbs arranged alphabetically in a systematic manner, helping readers understand their meanings, origins, examples, and usage in context

As a highly regarded reference book, it is popular among readers Its reliability and usefulness, along with the abundance and detail of the information provided, make this dictionary an excellent resource for compiling, analyzing, and comparing

English and Vietnamese idioms Thus, it helps to shed light on the cultural similarities and differences between the two languages

Using a combination of analysis and synthesis methods, a systematic compilation of English idioms denoting time was conducted, alongside identifying their equivalents Vietnamese idioms sourced from two authoritative dictionaries Initially, the categorization of English idioms is based on words denoting time, divided into four groups: time period, time points, days of the week, and seasons of the year Idioms from each category were carefully searched from the Oxford English Dictionary, with detailed analyses of their meanings and contextual usage

Following this, Vietnamese equivalents were carefully searched using Professor Nguyen Lan’s Vietnamese Idioms Dictionary Each English idiom was closely matched with a Vietnamese counterpart based on semantic attributes and cultural contexts This comparative approach ensured the accurate conveyance of nuanced meanings in their English counterparts

This methodological framework facilitated an exploration of temporal idioms, highlighting the similarities and distinctions in how time concepts are articulated across English and Vietnamese.

Summary

Chapter 2 is conducted as a guide to English idioms specifically denoting time, analyzed across four categories of words denoting time This chapter presents English idioms concerning time and their equivalent meanings in Vietnamese, drawing from two dictionaries: the 4th edition of “Oxford English Idioms” and the

“Dictionary of Vietnamese Idioms and Proverbs”

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

The synthesis of English idioms denoting time with reference to

Using a combination of analysis and synthesis methods, a systematic compilation is conducted of 102 English idioms denoting time, alongside identifying 111 Vietnamese equivalent idioms sourced from two authoritative dictionaries At the same time, based on the theory of English idioms denoting time discussed in Chapter 1, the authors categorized English idioms denoting time into four groups based on time - related words: time periods, time points, days of the week, and seasons of the year Idioms from each category were meticulously researched in the Oxford English Dictionary, with in - depth analyses of their meanings and how they are used in different contexts Following this, Vietnamese equivalents were carefully searched using Professor Nguyen Lan’s Vietnamese Idioms Dictionary Each English idiom was closely matched with a Vietnamese counterpart based on semantic attributes and cultural contexts This comparative approach ensured the accurate conveyance of nuanced meanings in their English counterparts

3.1.1 English idioms with words about time periods

Words about time periods encompass vocabulary used to describe various temporal segments and durations These words allow speakers to articulate their observations, experiences, and feelings related to time periods with precision and clarity

Words denoting time periods typically include terms associated with “hour,”

“minute,” “day,” “week,” “month,” “time” and others Below is a compiled list of idiomatic expressions paired with their equivalents in Vietnamese

Table 3.1 English idioms with words about time periods

No English Idioms Vietnamese equivalents Meaning

1 1.1 There’s one (or sucker) born every minute

Ngây ngô như chúa Tàu nghe kèn (423)

Used to say that there are many people who are stupid or easy to deceive

1.2 A mile a minute (241) Nhanh như chớp (444) Very quickly

Có một không hai (137) Surpassed by no other

Nước đến chân mới nhảy (479)

At the latest possible moment

2.2 Your finest hour (181) Thơm danh nức tiếng (587) The time of your greatest success

2.3 The small hours (181) Khắc lậu canh tàn (293)

The early hour of morning immediately after midnight

(181) Đi đêm lắm có ngày gặp ma (346)

The time when witches are said to appear, usually twelve o’clock at night

Rõ mồn một (521) Accepted as part of someone’s normal routine or as a matter of course

Trẻ người non dạ (628) The period when you are young and inexperienced

3.3 As clear as day (301) Rõ như ban ngày (521) Very easy to see or understand

3.4 At the end of the day

Cân đi nhắc lại (87) When you consider everything in a situation

3.5 Bad hair day (301) Chớ đi ngày 7, chớ về ngày

A day on which everything seems to go wrong

3.6 Carry the day (301) Qua sông đến bến (503) Be victorious or successful

3.7 Day in, day out (301) Ngày qua, tháng lại (419) Repeatedly over long period of time

Gieo gió, gặt bão (258) The time when past mistakes or misdeeds must

3.9 Don’t give up the day job (302)

Một nghề thì kín, chín nghề thì hở

Một nghề thì sống, đống nghề thì chết (441)

Used for telling someone that you do not think they are very good at something

3.10 Every dog has its day

Sông có khúc, người có lúc (538)

Ai giàu ba họ, ai khó ba đời (9)

Said to emphasize that everyone is successful or happy at some time in their life

Lên voi, xuống chó (339) Be no longer popular, successful or influential

3.12 In all my born days

Vô tiền khoáng hậu (670) Used when you are very surprised at something you have never heard or seen before

3.13 In the cold light of day

Làm người phải đắn phải đo, phải cân nặng nhẹ, phải dò nông sâu (388) Suy đi xét lại (545)

When you have had time to consider situation objectively

3.14 The old days (302) Từ đời nảo đời nào (645) /

3.15 A red letter day (302) Ngày lành, tháng tốt (419) A special, happy, and important day

3.16 Rome wasn’t built in a day (302)

Có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim (134)

Said to emphasize that you cannot expect to do important things in a short period of time

3.17 Save a rainy day (302) Làm khi lành, để dành khi đau Tích cốc phòng cơ (598)

To keep (especially money) until one needs it or in case one may need it

Năm xung, tháng hạn (413) Be in a worse of state than in a past

3.19 Know the time of day

Biết người biết ta (59) To be well – informed about something

Hả lòng, hả dạ (264) Make an otherwise ordinary or dull day pleasingly memorable for someone

3.21 Night and day (220) Vô hồi kỳ trận (669) All the time; continuously

3.22 Pass the time of day

Nói chuyện gẫu (464) Exchange a greeting or casual remarks

3.23 One fine day (127) Ngày một ngày hai (419) At some specified or unknown time

3.24 Any day (87) Đầu sóng ngọn gió (208) Used to express your strong preference for something under any circumstances

Cả thèm chóng chán (556) Càng thắm thì lại càng phai

Someone enjoys a short period of a great

4.2 Like a month to the flame (192)

Mê như điếu đổ (379) Irresistibly attracted to someone or something

Năm thì, mười họa (412) Very unlikely to happen

Thiên niên vạn đại (102) For a very long time

5.2 Full of years (100) Ấm cật no lòng (36) Having lived to a considerable age

Dãi gió dầm mưa (177) Make someone feel or look older

5.4 Sunset years (100) Gần đất xa trời (246) The last year of person’s life

6 6.1 Act your age (4) Đối nhân xử thế (226) Behave in a manner appropriate to your age

(4) Đầu xanh tuổi trẻ (209) Adolescence

6.3 Come of age (4) Đủ lông đủ cánh (230) Reach adult status

6.4 Feel your age (4) Đầu đã hai thứ tóc (207)

Become aware that you are growing older and less energetic

7 7.1 Morning noon and night (242) Đầu dần cuối dậu (207) All of the time, constantly

Bóng nguyệt xế mành (63) The darkest part of night

(242) Đĩ rạc đĩ rài (256) Used euphemistically to refer a prostitute

8.3 Night of the long knives (242) Đè đầu chặt đuôi (204) A treacherous betrayal or ruthless action

8.4 The watches of the night (242)

Tỉnh như sáo (607) A time you can not sleep

9 9.1 In dog’s life (209) Ba chìm, bảy nổi, chín lênh đênh (39)

Unhappy existence full of problems or unfair treatment

9.2 Doing anything for a quiet life (209)

Tránh voi chẳng xấu mặt nào (620)

Make any concession to avoid being disturbed

9.3 Within an inch of your life (185)

Thập tử, nhất sinh (573) Almost to the point the death

9.4 A matter of life and death (209)

Chuông treo chỉ mảnh (125) A matter of vital importance

9.5 Take the life in your hands (209)

Miệng hùm nọc rắn (381) To do something that is very dangerous, especially where you risk death

9.6 Frighten the life out of Sợ hết hồn (542) To frighten someone very much

9.7 That is the life (209) An phận thủ thường (11) That’s an expression of contentment with your present circumstances

9.8 For dear (or your) life

Chết đuối vớ được cọc (106) As if or in order to escape death

Thức khuya, dậy sớm (595) Work late into night

11 11.1 Daylight robbery (88) Đắt như vàng (203) A situation in which you have to pay far too much money for something

11.2 Beat the (living) daylights out of someone (88)

Một cái đấm, lại một cái đạp (387)

11.3 In broad daylight Thanh thiên bạch nhật (566) In the daytime, so that everyone can see

3.1.2 English idioms with words about time points

Words about time points refer to vocabulary typically associated with specific moments in time, such as “weekend,” “past,” “future,” “time,” “yesterday,” and

“tomorrow.” These words are essential for describing particular points in time with precision and clarity This section includes a compilation of idioms featuring words about time points collected during the study

Table 3.2 English idioms with words about time points

Múa rìu qua mắt thợ (400) Used to indicate that you are not foolish or gullible

Quá tam ba bận (504) The third attempt may be successful

Khai sơn phá thạch (292) Innovative and radical by the standards of the time

2.3 Arrow of time (356) Tháng lại, ngày qua (564) From past to future in time considered as physical dimension

Một sớm một chiều (396) Be certain to happen sooner or latter

Trăm bó đuốc cũng vớ được con ếch (620)

Wait quietly for good opportunity

2.6 Play for time (267) Hoãn binh chi kế (276) To delay until you are ready

2.7 Not give someone the time of day

Ai thân thân với, lọ cầu thân ai (10)

To not be friendly to someone and not speak to that person

Tai bay vạ gió (654) Have a bad or unhappy experience

2.9 In the fullness of time (233)

Thiên thời, địa lợi, nhân hòa (582)

After a due length of time has elapsed, eventually 2.10 In good time (233) Bắt ếch mưa rào (62) In due course without haste

2.11 In jig time (233) Giập bã trầu (323) In a very short time

Sớm chẳng vừa, trưa chẳng vội (543)

At a time and rate decided by yourself (dilatory person)

2.13 Mark time (223) Giẫm chân tại chỗ (256) Match on spot without moving forward (of troops)

Ngày xửa ngày xưa (420) Formerly

2.15 No time like the present (233)

Trâu chậm uống nước đục (625)

Encourage someone to take action immediately instead of waiting

Sa cơ lỡ bước (528) Something that is typical of the (bad) way things are now

2.17 Time and tide waits for no man (233)

Thời bất tái lai (587) Tháng năm đi trước, tháng năm chẳng ngược về sau (565)

If you don’t make use of a favorable opportunity, you may never get the same chance again

Thời gian là vàng (540) Said to emphasize that you should not waste time, because you could be using it to earn money

(234) Ăn theo thuở, ở theo thời (33)

Keep abreast of current thinking or development

2.20 A stitch in time save nine (235)

Việc hôm nay chớ để ngày mai (105)

Used to say that it is better to fix a problem when it is small than to wait and let it become a bigger problem

Muộn còn hơn không (403) It’s preferable for something to happen belatedly than not at all

Mất bò mới lo làm chuồng (372)

Too late to be useful

Không hẹn mà gặp, không rắp mà nên (309)

A person or something from your past that you see, hear, meet, etc again in the present

Chớ thấy sóng cả mà ngã tay chèo (122)

One may not accomplish everything today but will have another chance

Nay đây, mai đó (411) Soon over or forgotten

5.3 As if there was no tomorrow (358)

Cố công, cố sức (155) With no regard for the future consequences

(250) Đời đời kiếp kiếp (229) Denoting someone or something that is eternal, enduring

3.1.3 English idioms with words about days of a week

Words related to the days of the week reflect collective experiences, emotions, habits, and events associated with specific days Terms like “Monday,” “Tuesday,”

“Wednesday,” “Thursday,” “Friday,” “Saturday,” and “Sunday” frequently refer to particular actions, emotions, or events within the context of the weekly cycle From exploring English time idioms, the author has synthesized several idioms featuring the words “Sunday,” “Monday,” among others The following compilation showcases these idioms and their equivalents in Vietnamese, highlighting their cultural significance and usage:

Table 3.3 English idioms with words about days of a week

Năm thì, mười họa (412) Very unlikely to happen

1.2 Your Sunday best (341) Quần là áo lượt (509) Your best clothes

1.3 A punch Sunday (342) Thượng cẳng chân hạ cẳng tay (569)

Ba hoa chích chòe (39) Someone who says how an event or problem should have been dealt with by others after it has already been dealt with

3.1.4 English idioms with words about seasons of a year

English idioms with words about seasons of the year are expressions and phrases that metaphorically use terms like “Spring,” “Summer,” “Fall,” and “Winter” to

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University express different meanings and emotions Here are some idioms related to seasons, specifically compiled for this study:

Table 3.4 English idioms with words about seasons of a year

1 1.1 Full of joys of spring

Mừng như mở cờ trong bụng (674)

1.2 A spring chicken (330) Ăn chưa no, lo chưa tới

A young person; usually used in negative contexts to say someone is no longer young

Trời còn rộng, sông còn dài (636)

2 2.1 One swallow doesn’t make a summer (340)

Một cây làm chẳng nên non (341)

Used to say that because one good thing has happened, it is not therefore certain that a situation is going to improve

2.2 Indian summer (340) Công thành danh toại (157) A pleasant period of success or improvement, especially later in somebody’s life

3 3.1 Fall short of the mark

Công dã tràng (157) To fail to reach the standard that you expected or need

3.2 Fall by the wayside (120) Nước đổ lá khoai (480) To fail or be unable to make progress 3.3 Fall on deaf ears (89) Bỏ ngoài tai (62) Be ignored by others

Trèo cao ngã đau (584) You’re too conceited, something will happen make you look foolish

3.5 The scales fall from someone’s eyes (120)

Sáng mắt ra (530) Someone is no longer deceived

4 4.1 The dead of winter (89) Rét như cắt (520)

The coldest part of winter

Analysis of the semantic features of English idioms denoting time with

As discussed about the semantic features of idioms in the previous chapter, the meaning of idioms cannot be deduced from the meanings of individual words The ambiguity of idiom meanings has posed considerable challenges for non - native learners in translating and inferring equivalent meanings from English idioms into Vietnamese The extent of these difficulties depends on whether the idioms’ meanings are obscure or clear This complexity underscores the importance of cultural knowledge and context in mastering idiomatic expressions

When discussing the semantic aspects of English idioms denoting time and their equivalents in Vietnamese, various aspects need to be considered Within the scope of this study, focusing on idioms characterized by semantic opacity and figurative meanings from a list of English idioms denoting time and their equivalents in Vietnamese, the author concentrates on several semantic fields including Advice, Mood, Actions, Time, Personality, Living Conditions, Age

In this part, the author will focus on analyzing a few typical idioms within each category by analyzing in detail the images used in idioms, providing examples to shed light on the meanings of idioms denoting time in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese This focused analysis will help highlight the nuanced semantic relationships and cultural contexts that influence the interpretation and translation of these idioms Besides, it also points out the figurative devices (simile, metaphor, hyperbole, exaggeration) used in each idiom mentioned

Idioms with meanings related to advice are found not only in English but also in Vietnamese E Knowles [18] highlights that idioms often contain advice or observations on human conduct, encapsulated in a memorable form, as in “A stitch in time saves nine.” The figurative meanings of these idioms convey valuable advice They use words indicating time to convey and convey values about time, thereby advising people to appreciate time Thereby, idioms not only bring richness to communication but also have value in education and behavioral orientation

From the synthesis of idioms in the table, the author discovered idioms indicating time in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese that have figurative meanings of advice:

In English idioms: Every dog has its day, Rome wasn’t built in a day, Save a rainy day, Time and tide wait for no man, A stitch in time save nine, In the cold light of day, A bad hair day, Tomorrow is another day

In Vietnamese equivalents: Sông có khúc người có lúc, Có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim, Làm khi lành, để dành khi đau/ Tích cốc, phòng cơ; Thời bất tái lai/ Tháng năm đi trước; tháng năm chẳng ngược về sau, Việc hôm nay chớ để ngày mai, Làm người phải đắn đo, phải cân nặng nhẹ phải dò sông sâu/ Suy đi xét lại, Chớ đi ngày 7 chớ về ngày 3, Chớ thấy sóng cả mà ngã tay chèo

“Every dog has its day”: The idiom is understood to mean that everyone has the opportunity to succeed or gain recognition, even though they may sometimes forget, or underestimate it This idiom emphasizes that even though there are times of failure or being overlooked, in the end, everyone has a chance, and the time will come for them to show their talent and succeed in life Therefore, we advise each person not to be discouraged, disappointed, or give up hope in difficult times We need to be patient and not be discouraged, because eventually there will come a time when you can prove yourself demonstrate your abilities This idiom uses

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University metaphorical rhetoric when using a familiar image in everyday life as “dog” to convey a profound message about life and opportunities

The equivalent idiom in Vietnamese is “Sông có khúc người có lúc” The image

“river” is an inherently simple and familiar image associated with Vietnamese people’s lives, conveying concise messages and advice to the reader

For example: “I know you’re shocked that that dopey kid got a better grade than you, but hey, every dog has its day.” [23]

“Mỗi người đều có thời kì thành công, sông có khúc người có lúc.”

“Time and tide wait for no man”: This idiom emphasizes that time waits for no one, once gone it never comes back Therefore, this idiom is used to advise people not to waste time but to act immediately so as not to miss important opportunities in life This idiom uses metaphorical art when using the concepts “time” and “tide” to express the meaning of the ephemerality of time

In Vietnamese idioms, people use the equivalent expression “Thời bất tái lai,”

“Tháng năm đi trước, tháng năm chẳng ngược về sau.” They describe the unstoppable passage of time and emphasizes the preciousness of youthful moments

For example: “You’re going to end up stuck in the same dead - end career for your whole life, if you’re not careful—time and tide wait for no man” [23]

“Đương trẻ trung phải nỗ lực làm việc, vì nhớ rằng thời bất tái lai” [4]

According to Christine Ammer [24] emphasizes that “Idioms often reflect the mood of a language They convey subtle shades of meaning that go beyond the definitions of individual words.” Moods, or emotional states, are flexibly interwoven into language through idiomatic expressions to reflect people’s psychological reactions to different situations According to psychological and linguistic studies, idioms play an important role in conveying moods by integrating emotions into short expressions or phrases Mood is expressed in English idioms of time and equivalents in Vietnamese that highlight people’s moods and emotions

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University in many different situations Idiomatic expressions indicating time combined with the emotional words “frighten” and “joys” which have figurative meanings about human emotions have created a vivid way of communication

In English idioms: Make someone’s day, Frighten the life out of, Full of joys of spring

In Vietnamese idioms equivalents: Hả lòng, hả dạ; Sợ hết hồn, Mừng như mở cờ trong bụng

Firstly, the English idiom “Frighten the life out of” means to make someone scared out of their wits, or make them feel afraid or worried This idiom is used to express a strong emotional state It is applied in situations that cause someone to have a strong panic attack The phrase “the life out of” emphasizes that someone is so afraid that they lose all life

For example: “ Don’t sneak up on me like that, you frightened the life out of me!” [23]

“ Mẹ tôi sợ hết hồn khi thấy con rắn đuổi từ phía sau.”

In another idiom: “Full of joys of spring” describes the mood of a person who is very happy and vibrant like spring Idioms use the image of spring as a metaphor for figurative meaning Spring is the first season to begin in the new year, the season of growth and life By using this image in combination with the noun “joys” – a word expressing a high level of joyful emotions, to emphasize joy, excitement and joy The image of spring gives readers a feeling of freshness and hope

To express the feeling of joy and happiness, the equivalent Vietnamese idiom is

“Vui như mở cờ trong bụng.” This expression uses the art of comparison, comparing joy to the act of unfurling a flag, helping to create a comparative image, leaving a deep impression of a state of joy, joy, and excitement Furthermore, the idiom that refers to the human part to express joy is the “lòng” (heart) or “dạ” (stomach) Literally, this is the part used for digestion, but Vietnamese people also use it to express emotions such as “ưng bụng” (happy) and “vui lòng” (pleased) This can be considered a unique feature in Vietnamese idioms that not many

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University languages in the world have The belly can contain the spirit of a person In this idiom, the image of the flag is mentioned According to the festival tradition of the Vietnamese people, the image of “hanging the flag” (mở cờ trong bụng) appears on festivals and special events: National Day, and local festivals – where flags are often hung to honor community rituals and beliefs

For example: For example: “I’ve been full of the joys of spring ever since I got engaged!” [24]

“Viên quan sung sướng, vội vàng trở về tâu vua Vua và các triều thần nghe nói mừng như mở cờ trong bụng” [25]

Similarities and differences in semantic features of English idioms

It cannot be denied that the meanings conveyed through idioms in English denoting time and their equivalents in Vietnamese play a crucial role in conveying both literal and figurative meanings across the two languages They not only deepen the understanding of expressions but also enrich cultural insights in both linguistic contexts

Both languages use idioms denoting time in everyday conversations and literature to make language more effectively and meaningful Despite the linguistic and cultural differences between the East and the West influencing how idioms are expressed, there are still commonalities in expressing ideas and concepts through idiomatic expressions by observing and using language

Specifically, there are English idioms denoting time and their Vietnamese equivalents that share similar meanings and vocabulary, such as “As clear as a day” – “Rõ như ban ngày,” “The old days” – “Ngày xưa ngày xửa.”

Secondly, idioms in both English and Vietnamese denoting time and their equivalents often carry metaphorical meanings, as analyzed previously across

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University seven similar domains: Advice, Mood, Actions, Time, Personality, Living conditions, and Age

Thirdly, to clearly convey metaphorical meanings, both English and Vietnamese employ artistic techniques such as personification, similes, and metaphors in idioms Examples include using personification in “Every dog has its day” to convey a profound message about opportunity, fairness, and change Similarly, similes like “Time is money” – “Thời gian là vàng,” “As clear as a day” – “Rõ như ban ngày,” and metaphors like “Like a moth to the flame” – “Mê như điếu đổ” are utilized

Last but not least, the use of metaphorical imagery in idioms denoting time in both languages often involves symbolic and richly meaningful images familiar and resonant to people in both countries For instance, English uses images like “dog” in “In dog’s life,” “tide” in “Time and tide wait for no man,” or “swallow” in

“One swallow doesn’t make a summer.” Meanwhile, Vietnamese often employs imagery deeply rooted in their cultural heritage, such as “nước” in “Nước đến chân mới nhảy,” “sông,” “bến” in “Qua sông đến bến,” or “đất,” “trời” in “Gần đất xa trời,” “chim sáo” in “Tỉnh như sáo,” “cờ” in “Vui như mở cờ trong bụng.”

In essence, idiomatic expressions denoting time in both English and Vietnamese not only serve as linguistic tools but also as cultural mirrors that reflect the values, perceptions, and richness of the respective societies

Due to differences in lifestyle, customs, historical context, and culture between the East and the West, there are notable differences in how idioms denoting time are formed and the ways their meanings are expressed in both languages

Firstly, a distinctive difference lies in the structure of idioms denoting time between English and Vietnamese Vietnamese idioms often consist of four words arranged in parallel structure, which creates a unique and memorable rhythm not typically seen in English idioms These idioms reflect the accumulated wisdom of the Vietnamese community passed down through generations

Examples include “Ngày qua tháng lại,” “Gần đất xa trời,” “Một sớm một chiều,”

“Nay đây mai đó,” “Năm thì mười họa,” “Cố công, cố sức,” “Ngày một ngày hai,” in total 30 idioms This use of four – word structures with rhyme and rhythm enhances memorability and facilitates widespread transmission, contrasting with the structure of English idioms

Secondly, Vietnamese idioms frequently incorporate numbers such as “một,” “ba,”

“năm,” “bảy,” “chín,” “mười,” which English idioms generally do not These numbers in Vietnamese idioms often carry symbolic meanings that emphasize specific characteristics or qualities associated with the idiom’s subject

Thirdly, in terms of the semantic expressions of idioms denoting time, there is a distinct approach between English and Vietnamese English idioms tend to use metaphorical imagery to subtly and delicately convey criticisms or satire In contrast, Vietnamese idioms often use direct language to express criticism or mockery explicitly and straightforwardly

For example, the English idiom “In your salad days” suggests youth and inexperience indirectly, whereas the Vietnamese idiom “Trẻ người non dạ” directly describes the inexperience of young people using explicit terms like “trẻ,” and “non.” Similarly, the English idiom “There’s one (or sucker) born every minute” uses symbolic imagery to imply gullibility or foolishness In contrast, the

Vietnamese idiom “Ngây ngô như chùa Tàu nghe kèn” directly describes someone’s lack of knowledge or naivety with the word “ngây ngô.”

It can be seen that the differences highlight the distinctive cultural values of the East and the West Vietnamese idioms emphasize directness and transparency in communication, reflecting a culture that values honesty and clarity in interpersonal interactions In contrast, Western culture values politeness and subtlety in everyday communication, aiming to promote self - awareness and avoid conflicts

Lastly, in the compilation of semantic fields, it can be observed that “Advice” is a theme prevalent in both English and Vietnamese idioms However, the number of Vietnamese denoting time that implies advice is greater than that of English idioms

Cultural features of English and Vietnamese idioms denoting time

The idioms are a mirror reflecting the mindset, perspectives, and cultural values of each nation Idioms transcend mere linguistic expressions, reflecting profound cultural values and societal norms rooted in a community’s collective experience and history According to scholars T Jantem and N.T.M Linh [34], idioms capture the essence of language, deeply intertwined with the unique cultural heritage of each nation, thereby shaping distinct ethnic identities and playing an indispensable role in defining and preserving the essence of a language Culture plays a pivotal role in shaping idiomatic expressions, encapsulating the unique values, beliefs, and attitudes of different cultural backgrounds

English and Vietnamese idioms denoting time provide a clear illustration of how cultural factors influence these expressions

For instance, the English idiom “Time and tide wait for no man” and its equivalent in Vietnam “Tháng, năm đi trước; tháng, năm chẳng ngược về sau” both convey perspectives on the relentless and unchanging nature of time

The English idiom employs the imagery of tides to illustrate the relentless flow of time that does not wait for anyone, whereas the Vietnamese idiom emphasizes the continuous and irreversible passage of time using units of months and years Both idioms underscore the practical and essential aspects of organizing life effectively This demonstrates that idioms are not mere linguistic constructs but profound expressions of cultural values and viewpoints on time and life

3.4.1 Similarities between English and Vietnamese idioms denoting time in terms of culture

Both English and Vietnamese languages utilize a plethora of idioms denoting time in daily life, especially in intimate contexts While studies on English idioms idioms denoting time and their Vietnamese equivalents are still limited, one can draw similarities based on their cultural contexts:

According to Lakoff and Johnson in [35] , metaphors enrich our understanding of abstract concepts by grounding them in familiar experiences This universal use of metaphor underscores its effectiveness in bridging linguistic and cultural gaps, allowing idioms to effectively communicate complex ideas about time in ways that resonate universally

Firstly, a shared cultural aspect between idioms denoting time in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese is the use of figurative language For instance, the English idiom “A spring chicken” humorously refers to someone young or youthful, often with a touch of irony Although meaning a spring chicken, this idiom serves to describe the youthfulness, vigor, and freshness of a person, usually comparing them to older or more experienced individuals Similarly, the Vietnamese equivalent, “Miệng còn hơi sữa,” does not refer to a body part like the mouth in its literal sense On the contrary, it figuratively conveys a positive trait of readiness or preparedness with resources and money for difficult times

Secondly, a commonality between idioms denoting time in both languages is the use of animal symbols (such as birds, chickens, dogs, and donkeys) or natural elements (like water, and oil) to depict and express abstract aspects not only about time and age but also about human circumstances Both societies highly value these familiar symbols in daily life and draw inspiration from them to describe human experiences For example, the idiom “Every dog has its day” uses the symbol of a dog to convey a profound meaning about time, opportunity, and resilience in humans This symbol represents waiting and hope that despite facing difficulties and challenges, everyone will have an opportunity to succeed Similarly, the Vietnamese idiom “Sông có khúc, người có lúc” also conveys a

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University similar meaning The symbol of a river with its twists and turns and a person with ups and downs in life This idiom shows that everyone has their own time to succeed or reap rewards after effort and waiting

From this perspective, both cultures highly value natural symbols This appreciation is reflected in their practicality and how they are used to describe abstract aspects of life Both English and Vietnamese use symbols such as animals and natural elements to convey values of resilience, hope, and adaptability in all circumstances It is fascinating to realize that language can reflect shared values and perspectives on life, even across vastly different cultures

Lastly, idioms denoting time in both English and Vietnamese cultures embody a set of shared values Both societies prioritize qualities like perseverance, endurance, patience, effort, determination, and a positive optimistic attitude, which are embedded in idioms denoting time For example, the idiom “Save for a rainy day” emphasizes saving and preparing for difficult times, highlighting caution and readiness for challenges in life Conversely, its Vietnamese equivalent “Làm khi lành, để dành khi đau” also emphasizes the positive qualities of individuals who are always ready or prepared with resources and money for tough times

In summary, the similarities between English and Vietnamese idioms denoting time emphasize the appreciation for metaphorical language, figurative expressions, symbolic imagery, and shared values within both societies These idioms not only convey abstract concepts about time but also reflect deeper cultural insights

3.4.2 Differences between English and Vietnamese idioms denoting time in terms of culture

Although there are similarities between idioms denoting time in English and Vietnamese, there are distinct cultural differences that influence their expressions and interpretations These differences reflect the unique historical, social, and cultural contexts of each language For instance, English idioms often emphasize individual independence and autonomy, whereas Vietnamese idioms may underscore communal dependence and familial ties

Hao and Long [36] underscored these stylistic distinctions rooted in how each culture perceives language as a medium of communication English - speaking cultures often celebrate poetic language for its ability to evoke imagery and emotions In contrast, Vietnamese culture tends to prioritize the pragmatic function of language, focusing on clear and direct communication

The idioms denoting time in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese may exhibit similarities, but they are influenced by distinct Eastern and Western cultural values Therefore, the authors observe several prominent differences:

Firstly, vocabulary denoting time in English and Vietnamese can differ due to specific cultural beliefs in each region, namely the cultures of England and Vietnam In his book “The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time,” Hall [37] talked about concepts of time in different cultures, in which he distinguished between “monochronic time" and “polychronic time.” Western cultures often favor “monochronic time,” viewing time as a precious resource that needs to be used effectively, while many Eastern cultures value “polychronic time,” where time is flexible active and influenced by social relationships

Summary

In this chapter, the author delves into analyzing the semantic characteristics of idiomatic expressions in both English and their equivalents in Vietnamese, by dissecting the figurative meanings of these idioms along with the typical literary devices used Idioms denoting time in both languages share metaphorical meanings such as advice, actions, mood, age, time, living conditions, and personality

After analyzing the semantic features of idioms denoting time in both languages, similarities and differences in these semantic characteristics are explored, highlighting aspects of cultural communication as well as distinct traits between English and Vietnamese speakers in idiom usage

The subsequent section of the study identifies similarities and differences in cultural aspects of both languages, contributing to a deeper understanding of

Eastern and Western cultures as well as historical contexts Understanding these cultural expressions helps learners or users of these languages to communicate more effectively with native speakers

CONCLUSION

Recapitulation

As stated in the research, the purpose of this thesis is twofold Firstly, it aims to compile idioms denoting time in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese by referencing two monolingual dictionaries: “The Oxford English Idioms Dictionary” and “Từ điển Thành ngữ và Tục ngữ Việt Nam.” In this objective, the author has compiled 102 idioms denoting time in English and 111 equivalent idioms in Vietnamese Secondly, from the compiled list of idioms, the author identifies the semantic and cultural characteristics of these idioms in both languages Semantically, idioms denoting time in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in this study convey implied and figurative meanings through translational devices such as metaphors and similes Notably, metaphorical expressions are predominantly used as the primary stylistic device in most idioms Additionally, both English and Vietnamese idioms reflect common implications such as actions, age, mood, advice, personality, and living conditions Through this analysis, the author discovers both similarities and differences in the idiomatic expressions, as well as cultural aspects of the English and Vietnamese languages This research provides deeper insights into both languages and cultures Furthermore, the study introduces the researcher to many new idioms in their native language, making this a novel and interesting experience for the thesis author This endeavor not only enhances knowledge of language and culture but also lays the foundation for further in - depth research into other aspects of linguistics and translation Moreover, the research findings can be utilized in teaching English and Vietnamese, as well as in translation work, helping learners and translators better understand the idioms and the cultural contexts behind them Therefore, this research is not only academically significant but also offers practical and cultural values It helps readers and learners gain a comprehensive and profound understanding of the richness and diversity of language and culture in both countries

Implications of the study

This study holds significant value for educators, particularly those involved in language instruction By providing a compilation of idioms denoting time in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese, the research offers practical benefits: Firstly, teachers can utilize the compiled English idioms and their Vietnamese equivalents as reference materials to enhance their teaching resources This enables educators to help students not only understand literal meanings but also grasp figurative interpretations and intriguing cultural nuances in both languages Secondly, integrating these idioms into language lessons allows teachers to create dynamic classrooms through themed activities This approach encourages students to actively explore cultural characteristics of both Eastern and Western cultures

Moreover, the author believes this study will serve as a valuable resource for bilingual education programs, supporting comprehensive language development

In summary, this research equips educators with valuable tools and deep insights to enrich their teaching methodologies, thereby enhancing overall language education practices

This study also holds great significance for learners of idioms The compilation and analysis of idioms denoting time in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese help learners expand their vocabulary, thereby enabling them to communicate more effectively and vividly Combining idioms specific to each language in teaching activities can make the learning process more engaging and enjoyable This can help students develop effective communication skills, thereby enhancing their English proficiency For English major students, the compilation of idioms denoting time in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese serves as a valuable resource both for university students and potentially for future professional applications Although the scope of the topic is centered around

Copies for internal use only in Phenikaa University idioms denoting time, the study aims to contribute to enhancing students' language and cultural competence.

Limitation of the study

Focusing on idioms denoting time and their equivalents in Vietnamese through dictionary comparisons may not fully capture the breadth of idiomatic expressions in both languages Moreover, due to time constraints, certain English idioms denoting time lacked direct equivalents in Vietnamese, posing a challenge in translation This difficulty in translation between English and Vietnamese idioms may influence the comparative analysis to some extent Additionally, relying on selected dictionaries and curated materials for idiom compilation may overlook idiomatic expressions commonly used in everyday language or specific cultural contexts Recognizing these limitations, the author acknowledges the need for future research to delve deeper into these aspects.

Suggestions for future research

In future research on idiomatic expressions in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese, exploration can extend beyond idioms denoting time to encompass diverse topics such as emotions and human behavior Additionally, researchers may consider studying the syntactic features of idioms denoting time and their equivalents in Vietnamese, or delve into a comparative analysis focusing specifically on idioms denoting time in English and Vietnamese These avenues of inquiry promise to deepen our understanding of idiomatic usage across languages, contributing to both linguistic analysis and language teaching methodologies

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Tiêu đề	A Study On English Idioms Denoting Time With Reference To Vietnamese Equivalents
Tác giả	Vu Phuong Thao
Người hướng dẫn	Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy, Ph.D
Trường học	Phenikaa University
Chuyên ngành	English Language
Thể loại	Graduation Paper
Năm xuất bản	2024
Thành phố	Ha Noi

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Số trang	70
Dung lượng	794,93 KB