Chuyên đề thực tập tốt nghiệp: A STUDY OF ESOFT VIETNAM’S DOCUMENTS IN TERMS OF SEMANTIC AND COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION

There are many difficulties in finding out a better way to translate formal and technical documents with full ideas of the writer obtained.Newmark 1981 suggests, “The solution of restric

The organizational structure and values of Esoft Vietnam

Esoft has the biggest office in Hanoi, Vietnam and two other branches inDenmark and Sweden Focusing on the biggest, this research will only explain the organizational structure in Hanoi The office includes BOD, Project Owner andAdvisory Board.There are nine main groups functioning: Customer Service,Technical Development, Production, Product Development, Quality Assurance,Sales, HR&Admin, Finance & Accounting and Technology Esoft Vietnam has

Quach Minh Anh — 11160403 — Business English 58A managers for each branch Besides managers, each group has sub-group managers.

However, the managers for the teams in the company are called Supervisors.

The core values of Esoft comprise:

- We never compromise on QUALITY: We know that you are busy and need to know for a certainty that you can rely 100% on our services and trust the support that we provide We have got your back by ensuring that every single delivery, no matter how big or small, meets or exceeds your expectations Our policy is that we do not finish our work before you are 100% satisfied.

- CREDIBILITY helps you succeed: We want to understand your business, needs, challenges, and opportunities better than anyone else Only by understanding your needs and your business, we can provide you with the tools and solutions that ensure your success.

- OPENNESS builds great partnerships: We approach the market and our customers with an open mindset We listen before we speak We think about your challenges and wishes before we create solutions and services And we open to delivering custom-tailored solutions that perfectly address your individual needs.

We perceive you as our partner, collaborator, and co-inventor.

- INNOVATION strengthens all of us: Innovation is key to the continued success of our employees, our company and, our clients It is fun It keeps us ahead of our game And it is good for business We are committed to promoting, encouraging, and nurturing innovation at all levels of our organization because we know that the best of ideas can sometimes come from the most unlikely places and the quietest voices.

- We CARE about each other: Esoft is a growing company and many of us spend more time at work than with our friends and family We see this as a great responsibility While we acknowledge that there will inevitably be challenges and frustrations, we are committed to creating a company culture and work environment where everyone is treated equally and with respect, with equal opportunities for personal and professional growth We overcome our challenges through dedication, diligence and kindness When we care about each other, we care for our clients even better.

- PASSION is what makes us go the extra mile: We are passionate about what we do It is the fire within us that makes us want to be no Not at all times and tackle every obstacle with a positive outlook It is what makes us go the extra mile for our clients, our colleagues, and under any circumstance.

Quach Minh Anh — 11160403 — Business English 58A

The channels at Esoft Vietnam for internal communication and theirs

The days of a one-size-fits-all channel are gone Some workers are at desk and access email, while others approach to newsletter or social media Due to the increasing workforce at Esoft Vietnam, reaching employees all requires using a wide range of channels and multiple deliveries of the same message Here are the channels being used for international communication at Esoft Vietnam:

Wall Messaging Displays and Banners Screens

Emails Newsletters Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/esoftvietnam.recruitment/

Website: https://esoft.com and : https://who-is-who.esoft.com/

Internal Blogs: http://Jloaphuong.esoft.com and https://ichemgio.esoft.com

However, at Esoft Vietnam, all documents in the company were translated into English or Vietnamese, and the re-check process translation has been done so far However, using unsuitable words, spelling mistakes, inflexible arrangements and grammatical inaccuracy and setting misunderstanding context in documents cannot be completely avoided and need further consideration.

THEORICAL FRAMEWORK so Sen sse 5

The definition of tranSẽafiOTI - ôs1 11 9v ng ngư 5

to develop boarder and deeper based on the opinion of researchers The translation was primarily considered in terms of the difference between free and literal translation, and the disagreement between its fundamental unfeasibility and its utter prerequisite A translator must be either an interpreter or a public speaker An effective translation is fully translated into another language as to be as a clearly apprehended and intensely thought by the native of a country and fits as it is by those who speak the language of original version.

Before, people thought that translation is the substitute of literal material in SL by equivalent textual material in TL Afterward, according to Newmark (1980),

“translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language” Furthermore, translation is also a communication bridge of two languages Obviously, language is various and different from country to country as the sameness cannot occur between two languages Danica Seleskovitch (2009), an excellent interpreter and writer, has said: “Everything said in one language can be expressed in another one - on condition that the two languages belong to cultures that have reached a comparable degree of development’ Literary translation links the tactful connections between cultures and languages and broadens the compassion of humans across borders, according to Professor Rainer Schulte(1980) As a method of communication, people apply translation for multilingual communications which hold at least emerged conspicuously in public sites; for guidelines released by oversea enterprises; for tourist publicity, where it is too regularly produced from the indigenous into the foreign language by natives relating to national pride; for official documents; for reports, papers, articles, correspondence, textbook to transmit facts, advice and recommendations for all field of knowledge As a procedure for learning non-native languages, translation is a two-edged tool: it has the superior objective for representing the learner’s knowledge of the foreign language, either as a form of control or to practice his aptitude so as to increase his competency.

2.2 Translating procedure Nida and Taber (1969/1982) illustrated the translation techniques as follows:

* Analysis of the SL and TL ¢ An in-depth study of ST before making attempts translate it.

* Making adjudications of the semantic and syntactic estimates.

“Constant reevaluation of the attempt made, contrasting it with the existing available translations of the same text done by other translators, and checking the text's communicative effectiveness by asking the target language readers to evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness and studying their reactions.”

Additionally, Loescher (1991) explains translation approach as "a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it." As it is confirmed in the meaning, the belief of perception is significant in classifying strategies which are applied by the learners or translators.

In terms of this, Cohen (1998) declares that "the element of consciousness is what distinguishes strategies from these processes that are not strategic" Besides, Bell (1998) distinguishes between global (those dealing with whole texts) and local (those dealing with text segments) strategies and proves that “this discrepancy results from various kinds of translation setbacks” Venuti (1998) indicates that

“translation strategies involve the basic tasks of choosing the foreign text to be translated and developing a method to translate it He employs the concepts of domesticating and foreignizing to refer to translation strategies.” Jaaskelainen (1999) considers strategy as, "a series of competencies, a set of steps or processes that favor the acquisition, storage, and/or utilization of information." He maintains that “strategies are heuristic and flexible in nature, and their adoption implies a decision influenced by amendments in the translator's objectives.”

The different translation procedures are as the following that Newmark(1988), one of the most popular translation scholars, suggested: e Transference: “It is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure It includes transliteration, which relates to the conversion of different alphabets: for example, Russian (Cyrillic), Greek, Arabic,and so on into English The word, then, becomes a loan word It includes transliteration and is the same as what is called transcription.”

Quach Minh Anh — 11160403 — Business English 58A e Naturalization: “it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL.” e Cultural equivalent: “it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with

TL one.” However, they are not the same. e Functional equivalent: “it requires the use of a cultural-neutral word.” e Descriptive equivalent: “in this procedure, the meaning of the cultural- based translation (CBT) is explained in several words.” e Componential analysis: it means “comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components.” e Synonym: it is a “near TL equivalent”. e Through-translation: it is “the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds It can be called: claque or loan translation.” e Shifts or transpositions: “Transposition, or shift as Catford calls it, reflects the grammatical change that occurs in translation from SL to TL.

According to Newmark, it involves a change in the grammar form SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when as specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, (iv) change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth.” e Modulation: According to Newmark, it happens when “the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the SL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.” e Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator “normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term.” e Compensation: “it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part.” e Paraphrase: in the procedure, the meaning of the words is explained.

The explanation in here is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. e Couplets: “it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures.”

Another admired translation scholar whose work on translation practice is commonly accepted is Mona Baker (1992), pointed out eight strategies for handling non-equivalence at word level. e “Translation by a more general word (superordinate)”: this is “one of the commonest strategies for dealing with many types of non-equivalence, particularly in the area of propositional meaning It works equally well in most, if not all, languages, since the hierarchical structure of semantic fields is not language-specific.” e “Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word”: this is also

“one of the commonest ways to set the equivalence between two or more languages by using a word or phrase to get the general meaning.” e “Translation by cultural substitution”: This strategy involves

“replacing a culture-specific item or expression with a target-language item which does not have the same propositional meaning but is likely to have a similar impact on the target reader.” e “Translation by using a loan word or loan word plus explanation”: this strategy is “particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items, modern concepts, and buzz words Following the loan word with an explanation is very useful when the word in questions repeated several times in the text Once explained the loan word then can be used on its own; the reader can understand it and it is not distracted by further lengthy explanation.” e “Translation by paraphrase using a related word”: this strategy tends to be used “when the concept expressed by the source item is lexicalized in the target language but in a different form, and when the frequency with which a certain form is used in the source text is significantly higher than would be natural in the target language.” e “Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word”: “if the concept expressed by the source item is not lexicalized at all in the target language, the paraphrase strategy can still be used in some contexts Instead of a related word, the paraphrased may be based on modifying the superordinate or simply on unpacking the meaning of the source item, particularly if the item in question semantically complex.” e “Translation by omission”: this strategy may sound rather drastic, but in fact “it does no harm to omit translating a word or expression in some contexts.

If the meaning convey by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the

Quach Minh Anh — 11160403 — Business English 58A development of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, translators can and often do simply omit translating the word or expression in question.” e “Translate by illustration”: this is “a useful option if the word which lacks an equivalent in the target language refers to a physical entity which can be illustrated, particularly if there are restrictions on space and if the text has to remain short, concise, and to the point.”

At the syntactic level, Catford (1965), another well-known translation studies scholar proposes assessing “shifts”, he outlines them as removals from proper correlation in the procedure of translating from the SL to the TL, which are divided into four types: e Structure-shifts, which embrace a grammatical alteration between the formation of the ST and that of the TT. e Class-shifts, when a SL item is decoded with a TL item which belongs to a diverse grammatical class. e Unit-shifts, which engage alterations in order. e Intra-system shifts, which arise when SL and TL holds systems which nearly relate properly as to their structure, but when translation implicates selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.

Catford was disapproved for his linguistic theory of translation One of the most mocking criticisms came from Snell-Hornby (1988), who argued that

Translation methods - - s1 9019 9 HH ng gà 9

language” He refers to the following methods of translation:

Word-for-word translation: “in which the SL word order is preserved,and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.”

- Literal translation: “in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.”

- Faithful translation: “it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.”

- Semantic translation: “which differs from “faithful translation” only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.”

- Adaptation: “which is the freest form of translation and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.”

- Free translation: “it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original.”

- Idiomatic translation: “it reproduces the “message” of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism and idioms where these do not exist in the original.”

- Communicative translation: “it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.”

2.4 What is semantic and communicative translation?

Peter Newmark is a legendary British translation theorist and translation educator He divided translation into “communicative and semantic translation” in his works “Approaches to Translation” which was first printed in 1981, discussed different translation ways to reach the goal of “equivalence”, and provided new ideas and approaches for translation practices.

“Semantic translations reside within its original culture and assist its reader only in communication Semantic translation is likely to be more awkward, more complex, more concentrated, more detailed, and it processes the thought process irrespective of transmitter’s intention Semantic translation is neutral and objective, just to translate naturally It does not require adding, repairing, or reducing It only changes the text force and meaning of SL to TL.”

“Semantic translation requires the translators to replicate the original form from the SL to the TL as much as possible It regards the original words and phrases as sacred, even if there are some ambiguities and errors in the original text.

Semantic translation generally applies to literature, scientific and

Quach Minh Anh — 11160403 — Business English 58A technical literature, and other genres that treat the original language and contents as important as the translated ones.”

Communicative Translation According to his communicative translation theory, “translation is a kind of communication process, and translators should convert the source language (SL) culture into the target language (TL) culture as much as they can During this transplanting process of texts from one culture to another, the translators should try to make the TL readers understand the SL author’s thoughts and make both the TL and SL readers share common ideas about the text.” Varieties that usually use the communicative translation method are news report, textbooks, public announcement, and many other non-literary works.

Communicative translation emphases on the TL readers, attempting to crack or remove any reading or communicative problems and obstacles to complete the communication activity efficiently.

To compare and evaluate the semantic and communicative translation understandably, some English idioms can be taken for extra clarification:

“A burnt child dreads the fire”

(1): Đứa bé bi bỏng thì so lửa (2): Con chim vướng nỏ sợ cành cây cong The same meaning is shown in the two translation Translation (1) is stick to the original words under the semantic translation while translation (2) is totally translated into a Vietnamese idiom, which is communicative translation.

(1): Không vấp ngã, không thành công.

(2): Có công mài sắt, có ngày nên kim.

In this example, again, the translation (2) consider the TL readers’ habit and the TL culture better than the translation (1) However, it does not imply that communicative translation is better than semantic translation To use which approach depends on specific context.

2.5 What is the morale of workers?

Numerous terms from several opinions identify morale The various definition of morale appears in many fields In sports, esprit-de-corps it may require self - confidence of a group, in education it may be the enthusiasm to learn by students, in business, it is connected to the craving to achieve the aims So, it is an overall attitude of an individual or group towards all aspects of their work

Source: Employee Morale (isapatguru.com)

To achieve high levels of employee morale, “organizations must ensure that the physical environment is conducive to organizational needs facilitating interaction and privacy, formality and informality, functionality and cross- disciplinarily Consequently, the physical environment is a tool that can be leveraged both to improve business results” (Mohr, 1996) and employee well- being (Huang, Robertson and Chang, 2004) “Ensuring adequate facilities are provided to employees, is critical to generating greater employee commitment and productivity The provision of inadequate equipment and adverse working conditions has been shown to affect employee commitment and intention to stay with the organization” (Weiss, 1999).

Haynes (2008) explains “the behavioral office environment behavioral components of the office environment that have the greatest impact on office morale In all the work patterns, it was found that interaction was perceived to be the component to have the most positive effect on productivity, and distraction was perceived to have the most negative effect on productivity.”

“Employee’s welfare and social security are important because it frees the employee to work with his utmost efficiency and effectiveness to the organizations task and thus organization’s productivity and efficiency get increased It also plays an important role in reducing absenteeism and employee turnover Social security measures are the part of welfare activities which play important role in rapid industrialization, growth of national economy as they improve employee’s morale by providing sense of security to them against various industrial hazards” (Shelar and Phadatare ,2013).

Usmani (2013) explores the relationship between diversity and customer satisfaction mediated by employee morale “Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling were run to test the relationship and significance of the model The results rejected the mediated

Quach Minh Anh — 11160403 — Business English 58A relationship of diversity and customer satisfaction but showed positive direct association between diversity and employee morale.”

Ngamb (2013) revealed that “there is a relationship between leadership and morale, and those leadership competencies such as communication, fostering trust and team building set a clear direction for the college impact on morale It is recommended that morale surveys should be conducted to obtain the requisite information before developing strategies that relate to employee morale, retention, and performance.”

Zial (2011) concluded is that “teambuilding has long term positive relationship between employee morale and employee retention Team performance, individual contribution, team evaluation and coordination have long term positive relationship between employee morale and employee retention.

Team unity has no significant effect on employee morale and employee retention.”

2.6 Translation vs employees’ morale The way the language structured may affect perceptions The insight of employees or associates will lead their future behaviors For instance, it has been demonstrated that the thoughts of an employee depend on the words the employer will use while assigning him to a task Two different ways to ask the same question to infer two different feelings from the employee’s point of view Moreover, when the language used is not the native language of the employee, it could also result in unwanted responses Feelings of being offended, dominated or even hostile reactions, such as complacency and over-confidence, are examples of these unwanted responses Languages shape the way people feel and think By speaking the mother tongue of co-workers and associates, and by forming the phrases correctly, we will preclude all unexpected reactions from them It will support us to run the business more efficiently

What is the morale Of WOTEK€TS s5 s3 vn nen 11