TT NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM SINH THÁI VÀ GIẢI PHÁP BẢO TỒN LOÀI VOỌC ĐEN MÁ TRẮNG (Trachypithecus francoisi) TẠI TỈNH TUYÊN QUANG

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

LE ANH TUSTUDY ON THE ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND

CONSERVATION SOLUTIONS FOR THE FRANÇOIS'

LANGUR (Trachypithecus francoisi)

IN TUYEN QUANG PROVINCEMajor: Environmental Science

Code: 9.44.03.01

SUMMARY DOCTORAL DISSERTATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

THAI NGUYEN - 2024

The doctoral dissertation was completed at:

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY –

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

Scientific Supervisors: 1 Assoc Prof Dr Le Duc Minh

2 Assoc Prof Dr Le Sy Trung

Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3:

The dissertation was defended in front of the institutional dissertation

evaluation Committee

Meeting at: Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai

Nguyen University

On , day month year 202

Dissertation can be found at:- National Library

- Thai Nguyen Learning Resource Center.- Library of University of Agriculture and Forestry - Thai Nguyen University

THE LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION

1 Human activities affecting the environment of the

Trachypithecus francoisi and solutions in tuyen quang province.TNU Journal of Science and Technology, T.227, S.14 (2022).2 Vegetation structure in Trachypithecus francoisi habitat

(Trachypithecus francoisi Pousargues, 1898) in the protection

forest of Sinh Long, Khuon Ha, and Thuong Lam communes,

Lam Binh and Na Hang district, Tuyen Quang province TheJournal of Agriculture and Rural Development, T90-100,

S.5(2023) 3 Population Status and Conservation of the Largest Population of

the Endangered François’ Langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) in

Vietnam Diversity 2024, 16(5), 301

https://doi.org/10.3390/d16050301

1 The necessity of the topic

Vietnam is country to a rich primate biodiversity, with 27 species andsubspecies, the highest in Southeast Asia However, many species are facingsevere population declines due to habitat loss and hunting, including endemic

species such as the Cat Ba langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus), the Con Sonlong-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), Delacour’s langur (Trachypithecus

delacouri), and the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus).

Notably, Trachypithecus francoisi distributed in northern Vietnam and

southern China, is also at risk of population decline This endangered statusplaces the species on the brink of extinction, particularly as the effects ofclimate change continue to intensify Despite legal protection, the population of

Trachypithecus francoisi continues to dwindle Recent studies in Tuyen Quang

province indicate that the region harbors the largest population in Vietnam, yetassessing exact numbers is challenging due to the species’ mobility and elusivenature Specific research and conservation measures are urgently needed forthis species, especially in Lam Binh, Tuyen Quang, where knowledge about itsecological characteristics and habitat remains limited.

2 Objectives of the study

2.1 General objective

Contribute to the conservation and development of Francois' langur(Trachypithecus francoisi) in Na Hang, Lam Binh, Tuyen Quang province.

2.2 Specific objectives

1) Identify key population structure characteristics of Trachypithecus

francoisi in Na Hang, Lam Binh, and assess population fluctuation within

the study area over the research period.

2) Evaluate ecological factors influencing the population of Trachypithecus

francoisi in the study area

3) Making a predictive habitat suitability map for Trachypithecus francoisi in

Na Hang, Lam Binh

4) Identify threats and propose conservation solution for Trachypithecus

francoisi in Na Hang, Lam Binh.

3 Significance of the study

3.1 Scientific significance

- This research will update and expand the database on the ecology,

biology, population fluctuation, and distribution of Trachypithecus

francoisi in Na Hang and Lam Binh, providing a critical resource for

future research and conservation efforts.- The findings of this dissertation will serve as a reference for ongoing and

future studies on primates in general and Trachypithecus francoisi in particular.

3.2 Practical significance

- The application of this research will contribute to the effectivemanagement of biodiversity conservation activities, providing a scientific basisfor species monitoring programs and the development of long-termconservation plans for the study area.

4 New contributions of the study

- Provided scientific data on the group structure, biology, and ecology of

Trachypithecus francoisi.

- Identified the list of plant species consumed by Trachypithecus francoisi.

- Making a map predicted the habitat of Trachypithecus francoisi based onseven factors influencing its distribution: soil type, forest type, elevation, slope,distance to streams, vegetation cover, distance to human settlements, anddistance to transportation routes.

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

This dissertation delves into eight key aspects related to the research topic,including: Research findings on the biological characteristics of

Trachypithecus francoisi; studies on the ecology, social structure, behavior,

and diet of various langur species, including Trachypithecus francoisi; research

on woody; studies on vegetation on limestone mountains; adverse factorsaffecting the habitat and development of langurs; primate survey methods;studies on the MaxEnt predictive modeling; and characteristics of the studyarea From 2009 to 2011, surveys conducted in northern Vietnam identified

five groups of Trachypithecus francoisi across three locations (Ba Be National

Park, Bac Me Nature Reserve, and Than Xa - Phuong Hoang Nature Reserve),with a total of 26 individuals However, the population of this species isdeclining alarmingly due to hunting, while research on the species remainslimited Existing studies primarily provide an overview of human impacts onhabitat and biodiversity but lack detailed and systematic investigation The

study and conservation of Trachypithecus francoisi require investment in

manpower, time, and rigorous scientific methods GIS and MaxEnt technologyhave been successfully applied to identify suitable habitats for wildlife species,supporting sustainable conservation efforts Research findings on the biological

characteristics and diet of Trachypithecus francoisi worldwide provide the

methodological foundation and biological indicators necessary for furtherresearch These findings serve as crucial input data for the dissertation'sdevelopment of monitoring content and for comparison with the research

results of the dissertation.

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH SUBJECTS, CONTENT, AND

RESEARCH METHODS

2.1 Research subjects and scope of research2.1.1 Research subjects

The primary subject of this dissertation is Trachypithecus francoisi and

their biological characteristics within the study area.

2.1.2 Scope of research

The research is confined to studying the population, distribution, density,

and threats facing Trachypithecus francoisi In terms of the ecologicalcharacteristics of the Trachypithecus francoisi population, the dissertation

delves into various ecological factors, including topography, types of foresthabitats, species composition, dominant plant groups, tree layer composition,and the families/species that serve as food sources for the primates within thestudy area.

2.2 Research period and location2.2.1 Research period

The research was conducted from 2021 to 2023.

2.2.2 Research location

- Field surveys were carried out in Na Hang district and Lam Binh district,Tuyen Quang province

- Interviews and consultations were conducted in three communes that have

significant impacts on the survival of Trachypithecus francoisi: Khuon Ha and

Thuong Lam communes in Lam Binh district, and Sinh Long commune in NaHang district.

2.3 Research content

- Study of specific population characteristics of Trachypithecus francoisi,

such as the number of group, the number of individuals per group,determination of male-to-female ratios, and behavioral patterns.

- Study of specific population characteristics of Trachypithecus francoisi,

such as the number of group, the number of individuals per group,determination of male-to-female ratios, and behavioral patterns.

- Investigation of the ecological characteristics of Trachypithecus francoisi,

including topography, climate, distinctive forest structure types, key plantspecies, and food sources.

- Development of a predictive habitat suitability model for

Trachypithecus francoisi.

- Analysis of factors affecting the population of Trachypithecus francoisi.- Recommendations for conservation measures for Trachypithecus

francoisi.

2.4 Research methods2.4.1 Secondary literature review: This method involves selectively inheriting

and synthesizing relevant documents and research from both domestic andinternational scientists who have studied primates, primate ecology, and

Trachypithecus francoisi to systematize existing information pertinent to the

research topic.

2.4.2 Expert consultation: The identification and classification of flora are

supported and assisted by experts in plant taxonomy.

2.4.3 Participatory rural appraisal (PRA): The survey sample size consists

of 96 households, determined using the Slovin formula The interviewees arerepresentative individuals from different household groups Good, average, andpoor living near the habitat of the langurs Discussions also include localauthorities, forest rangers, and technical staff The interview questionnaires aredesigned with both structured and semistructured questions.

2.4.4 Primate survey method using transect lines: The research employs a

line-transect monitoring method, with 17 transect lines totaling 117.69 km.These transects are designed to cover all areas inhabited by the langurs, withsurveys conducted monthly over 10-12 days, and one comprehensive surveyconducted.

2.4.5 Primate ecological survey method: This method involves identifying

habitat types and forest vegetation using the classification system by Thai VanTrung (1978) Ecological surveys follow the standard plot method, based onhabitat area and Circular 33/2018/TT-BNN&PTNT dated November 16, 2018,regarding forest resource investigation, inventory, and monitoring Thedissertation identified 15 standard sample plots (OTCs) of 20m x 25m (500m²)for investigation.

2.4.6 Threat assessment to Trachypithecus francoisi and their habitat: The

research includes site surveys, interviews, and transect investigations to document

human-induced negative impacts on Trachypithecus francoisi, such as wildlife hunting,

logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, and livestock grazing These impacts are evaluated

as threats to Trachypithecus francoisi in the area

2.4.7 Data processing methods: The research utilizes software such as Excel,

SMART, Maxent, and ArcGIS 10.2 for data entry, information extraction, andcalculations.

2.4.8 Habitat suitability mapping for Trachypithecus francoisi: GIS and

Maxent software are applied to assess habitat suitability for Trachypithecus

francoisi The author uses a method to convert vector maps to raster and then

to ASCII format in ArcGIS to create input data for Maxent, which is used to

build the habitat suitability map for the species These research methods arewidely used, modern techniques currently applied in Vietnam and globally.Several authors have successfully employed these methods in primateecological studies.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Some characteristics of the Francois' langur population in the study area

3.1.1 Population size

Observations from 2018 to 2021 indicate a trend of increasing individualnumbers, with 124 individuals in 2018 (Le Trong Dat, 2018), 126 individualsin 2019 (PRCF Organization), 133 individuals in 2020 (Le Khac Quyet and LeAnh Tu, 2020), and 156 individuals in 2021 Among these, there are 122adults, 23 juveniles, and 11 infants

020406080100120140160180

122

156124126133

Figure 3.2 shows that a total of 156 François' langurs, there are 122 adults,

23 juveniles, and 11 infants (infants were observed throughout the year, withtheir fur color changing from reddish-yellow to black over approximately 4months, and they were most commonly seen between January and July).Among the 122 adults, there are 17 adult males, 34 adult females, and 71 adultswhose sex has not been accurately determined Therefore, the number of males(17 individuals) is smaller than that of females (34 individuals), with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2 The number of adults (122 individuals) exceeds that ofjuveniles (23 individuals), with an adult-to- juveniles ratio of 4.3:1.Additionally, the juveniles-to-infant ratio is 1:2.1.

The number of individuals by sex and age

Figure 3.2 The population size of Trachypithecus francoisi by sex and age class

In the population of 156 Trachypithecus francoisi, the species is divided

into 16 groups and 2 solitary individuals, with the largest groupconsisting of 17 individuals and the smallest group having 1 individual(Table 3.1 in the thesis).

3.1.3 Social structure

The population of Trachypithecus francoisi in Lâm Bình is organized into

the following group types: (1) Group Size 10-17 Individuals: This groupconsists of 1-3 adult males, 4-7 adult females, 2-4 juveniles, and 1-2 infants(Figure 3.4 in the thesis) (2) Group Size 6-10 Individuals: A family unitcomprising one adult male, 1-3 adult females, 0-3 juveniles, and 0-2 infants(Figure 3.5 in the thesis) (3) Group with Multiple Females and Infants: Thisgroup includes 3-4 adult females and 3-4 infants (Figure 3.6 in the thesis) (4)Small Group Size 2-5 Individuals: Consisting entirely of adults, including 1-2males and 2-4 females, with or without 1 infant (Figure 3.7 in the thesis).

Research findings indicate that the social structure of Trachypithecus

francoisi is highly cohesive, with a clear role for the dominant individual.

Foraging activities occur twice daily, in the morning and afternoon, with amidday rest period Peak foraging intensity is observed from early morninguntil around 10:00 AM and from 2:00 PM to 4:30 PM Daily activity patternsvary with the season; during hot seasons, the langurs leave their sleeping sitesearlier, return later, and have longer midday breaks In contrast, during coldseasons, they begin foraging later and return to their sleeping sites earlier Thegroup’s activities are generally quiet, producing only occasional "ẹc, ẹc" and

continuous "oọc, oọc" vocalizations The sounds of Trachypithecus francoisiare very similar to those of Trachypithecus delacouri, Trachypithecus

hatinhensis, and Trachypithecus laotum.

3.1.4 Habitat of Trachypithecus francoisi in Lam Binh.

ArcGIS 10.2 software and confirmed sightings of the species during the studyperiod From this area of 1,372.95 hectares, the core habitat, which accounts

for 75% of the recorded Trachypithecus francoisi sightings, is approximately

750.53 hectares The remaining 622.42 hectares make up the peripheral habitat,accounting for 25% of the sightings (Figure 3.8 and Table 3.2 in the thesis).

3.1.4.2 Habitat use

Across the total distribution area of approximately 1,372.95 hectares andthe core area of approximately 750.53 hectares, 16 groups were identified, eachwith its distinct home range and habitat use patterns Overlap of home rangesbetween neighboring groups is quite common, ranging from 50% to 65%, withsome overlaps reaching 75% to 80% due to feeding, movement, and socialactivities According to Kirkpatrick (2007), the home range overlap amongneighboring groups of Asian leaf monkeys ranges from 0% to 100%.

Comparing with other species of the genus Trachypithecus, T poliocephalusshows a home range overlap of 10% to 24% (Harrison, 1986), T francoisi 1%to 83% (Hu, 2011), and T germaini 60% (Le, T.H, 2019) In this study, thehome range overlap of T francoisi is between 50% and 80% However, the

core areas of different groups do not overlap Additionally, the home range sizeis larger in the dry season than in the rainy season This can be explained bythe fact that during the rainy season, vegetation grows well, making food easierto find, whereas in the dry season, with less foliage and reduced foodavailability, the langurs tend to move horizontally and cover longer distances,leading to a larger overall home range compared to the rainy season.

3.1.5 Activity budget of selected Trachypithecus francoisi

Observations conducted 32 times over a total of 768 hours on four

Trachypithecus francoisi groups (Groups 1, 2, 6, and 7) indicate that these

primates are active from early morning, starting at 5:15 AM during summerand around 6:00 AM in winter However, during heavy rainfall, they may leavetheir roosts later Their daily activities typically conclude in the late afternoon,between 5:30 PM and 6:30 PM The time allocated for various activities suchas moving, feeding, resting, and social interactions varies significantly Figure3.10 illustrates the activity time budget, showing that the monkeys spend morethan half of their daily time resting, followed by over 20% of their time feedingand more than 10% moving Other activities account for less than 10% of theirtotal active time.

5722

9Activity Budget (%)

MovingRestingFeedingOther

Figure 3.3 Activity time budget diagram of Trachypithecus francoisi

Table 3.4 reveals that the activity time budget of Trachypithecus francoisi

is similar to that of other species within the genus, with a significant portion oftime devoted to feeding and resting However, the ratio of time spent on theseactivities varies between species, potentially due to differences in habitat andthe availability of food resources Monkeys may need to allocate more time tofeeding and foraging if food availability is insufficient Conversely, theextended rest periods and limited time spent on movement and social activitiesalign with the genus's digestion process and energy conservation strategy.

Table 3.4 Comparison of activity time budget of langur species

Species

Activity time budget(%)Movin

gResting

Feedin

Trachypithecus francoisi 1257229 This Study

Trachypithecus francoisi 1752238Zhou, 2007

Trachypithecus crepusculus 6224923 Nguyen, H.D,2018

Trachypithecus

Trachypithecus delacouri 4,261,328,26,3Workman, 2010

Trachypithecus poliocephalus 12551914Hendershott, 2017

Trachypithecus germaini 9254521Le, T.H, 2019

Trachypithecus margarita 8263828Tran, 2013

3.2 Ecological characteristics of Trachypithecus francoisi in the study area

3.2.1 Existing vegetation types (habitat types)

The study area encompasses a total natural forest vegetation cover of 8,556.85hectares, which is categorized into five distinct habitat types, each varying inarea and characteristics.

Table 3.5 Habitat Types in the Study Area

on Limestone and Stratified Shale Valleys, Leaved Trees, at an Elevation of 400m-800m AboveSea Level.

Broad-I.A.1.a (2)

Lowland Tropical Evergreen Seasonal Rainforestin Seasonally Waterlogged Stream Valleys,Limestone, and Stratified Shale, Broad-Leaved Trees,at an Elevation of 300m-500m Above Sea Level

IA.2 Tropical and Subtropical Seasonal Evergreen Forests IA.2.a Lowland Tropical or Subtropical Seasonal Evergreen Forests

of 800m to 1200m above sea level.

elevation of 500m to 900m above sea level.

I.A.2.a (3)

Secondary rich tropical evergreen seasonalrainforest with broadleaf trees on high-altitudelimestone mountain summits, at an elevation of1000m to 1300m above sea level (dominant speciesbelong to the Magnoliaceae family).

3.2.2 Basic characteristics of vegetation

The observations conducted across 17 survey transects and 15 representativesample plots (OTCs) covering 5 typical vegetation types revealed the presence of90 families, 194 genera, and 250 plant species These include 31.3% woody plants,27.4% regenerating trees, 29.1% shrubs and herbs, and 12.2% climbers (seeAppendix 06 for the vegetation classification table) The average canopy cover ofwoody plants in the study area is 62.6% (Figure 3.12 of the dissertation).

3.2.3 Basic characteristics of vegetation in different habitat types

3.2.3.1 Habitat 1Forest Structure:Layer 1: This layer includes numerous tree species reaching heights of 20-

30 meters, with emergent trees 80 cm in diameter and a canopy cover of 30% There are 73 trees per hectare, accounting for 5% of the total The most

20-typical tree species in this layer are Allospondias lakonensis, Toona ciliata,

Senna timoriensis, growing alongside Magnolia rostrata, Dracontomelonduperreanum, Canarium bengalensis, Meliosma sp., Morus macroura andBurretiodendron hsienmu Some trees, such as Toona ciliata and Sennatimoriensis, can grow up to 35 meters, standing prominently above Layer 1.

Layer 2: This layer consists of many tree species that grow to heights of

8-19 meters, with diameters ranging from 12-20 cm, and a canopy cover of 50% There are 349 trees per hectare, making up 22% of the total The most

40-common species in this layer are Magnolia rostrata, Magnolia grandis, Senna

timoriensis, Endospermum chinense, Sterculia hymenoeairyx, Litsea sp,

Layer 3: The regeneration in this layer primarily consists of Allospondias

lakonensis, Toona ciliata, Senna timoriensis, and Magnolia rostrata, Pithecellobiumclypearia, Endospermum chinense, Aglaia gigantean, Trema orientalis There are

506 trees per hectare, comprising 32% of the total.

Shrub and Grasses: The shrub layer is relatively poor, with shrubs 3-5

meters tall and a variable cover of 10-40% There are 506 shrubs per hectare,representing 32% of the total The species composition is not rich, with typical

species including Aglaia sp, Archidendron clypearia, Diospyros sp, and Ficus

variolosa Grass are approximately 0.05 to 3 meters tall with a cover up to

80% Common species include: Ficus langkokensis, Alocasia macrorrhiza,

Pterospermum angustifolium, Strobilanthes sp, Tabernamontana sp, Taccasubflabellata, Donax canniformis.

Vines is very sparse, with a cover of less than 1%, including a few

unclassified young trees There are 160 vines per hectare, accounting for 10%

of the total The most common species are: Artabotrys hexapelalus, Calamus

poilanei, Calamus nambariensis, Combretum sp, Derris balansae (Figure 3.14

of the thesis)

Tree species composition

In Habitat 1, there are 24 different tree species and 66 individuals (Appendix5.1 of the thesis) with 66 species Among them, 4 dominant species, accounting forover 5%, are included in the composition formula shown in Table 3.6 of the thesis.

Composition Formula: Habitat 1= 12,9 Mđ + 11,3 Dx + 8 Sg + 7,1 Vtr + 60,7 Lk

Mđ: Pithecellobium clypearia; Dx: Magnolia rostrata; Sg: Sterculia

lanceolata; Vtr: Endospermum chinense; LK: other

3.2.3.2 Habitat 2Forest structure:Layer 1: The timber tree of various tree species, reaching heights of 20-

32.3 meters with trunk diameters of 50-101.3 cm and a canopy cover of 10%.There are 73 trees per hectare, accounting for 5.19% The most common tree

species are Ailanthus triphysa, Allospondias lakonensis, Burretiodendron

hsienmu,Garcinia fagraeoides, which have dominant canopies.

Layer 2: This layer includes smaller trees, standing 7-20 meters tall with a

diameter at breast height of 8-35 cm and a canopy cover of 55% There are 460trees per hectare, making up 32.72% The most prevalent species are

Allospondias lakonensis, Diospyros susarticulata, Sumbaviopsis albicans,Toona ciliate, Gleditsia sinensis, Canarium pimela, Garcinia fagraeoides,Podocarpus neriifolius, Elaeocarpus griffithii, along with associated species like

Eria corneri, Lithocarpus bonnetii, Linociera ramiflora, Rothmannia

daweishanensis, Syzygium formosum, Elaeocarpus griffithii and Magnolia liliifera.

Layer 3: The regeneration layer is relatively poor, consisting of small trees

and shrubs 3-4 meters tall, with a canopy cover of 30% There are 400 trees perhectare, comprising 28.45% The species diversity is limited, including

Atalantia roxburghiana, Miliusa balansae, Pittosporum balansae, Taxuschinensis, Garcinia sp, Nageia fleuryi, Tamarindus indica, The regenerating

trees are young individuals of species from the upper layers.

Shrubs and Grasses: This layer includes small shrubs and grasses,

typically found in well-lit areas, with heights ranging from 0.05-3 meters and acover of 80% There are 320 plants per hectare, making up 22.76% Notable

species in this layer include Taberna montana, Miliusa balansae, Pittosporum

balansae, Ixora cephalophora, Ophiopogon tonkinensis, Atalantiaroxburghiana.

Vines: Woody and herbaceous vines are common in areas where trees have

fallen due to aging or cutting There are 153 climbers per hectare, accountingfor 10.88% Some species can reach lengths of up to 20 meters with a base

diameter of 15-20 cm The most prevalent species are Anamirta cocculus,

Strychnos axillaris, Tetrastigma lanceolarium, Pothos repens, Pericampylusglaucus, Epipremnum pinnatum.(Figure 3.14 in the dissertation)

Tree Composition:

In Habitat 2, there are 33 different tree species with 80 individuals(Appendix 5.2 in the dissertation) Four dominant species, each comprisingover 5%, are included in the composition formula (Table 3.7 in thedissertation).

Composition Formula: Habitat 2= 7,5Nh +7,25Ddx +6,25Thln +5Ngh + 74Lk

Nh: Sumbaviopsis albicans,Ddx: Allospondias lakonensis; Thln: Diospyros

susarticulata; Ngh: Burretiodendron hsienmu; LK: Other

3.2.3.3 Habitat 3 Forest structure:Layer 1: The timber trees surpass canopy are those that have significant

effects on other species and typically appear at the foot, gentle slopes, anddepressions between slopes in undisturbed forests These timber trees surpasscanopy can reach heights of 22-35 meters with a diameter at breast height(DBH) of 50-96 cm There are 80 trees per hectare, accounting for 6% of the

total The most common species include Burretiodendron hsienmu,

Choerospondias axillaris, Garcinia fagraeoides, Toona ciliate, Diospyroschoboensis, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Chukrasia tabularis The canopy

diameter of these trees can reach up to 25 meters, with a canopy density of 15%.

10-Layer 2: his layer consists of trees with heights of 18 meters, DBH of

8-24 cm, and a crown cover of 40% There are 440 trees per hectare, making up

32.98% of the total The most common species include Aglaia sp, Alangium

chinense, Alphonsea tonkinensis, Archidendron clypearia, Artocarpusgomezianus, Artocarpus nitidus, Citrus grandis, Chisocheton cumingianus,Choerospondias axillaris, Chukrasia tabularis, Garcinia fagraeoides, Litseasp, Garcinia oblongifolia, Knema erratica, Toona ciliate, Rothmannia