Tiểu Luận Biochemistry 2.Pdf

 The method of analyzing the functional domain of the OXPHOS pathway is an important tool for understanding the activity of the OXPHOS system and how it relates to health issues.. detec

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP.HCM



TIỂU LUẬN BIOCHEMISTRY 2

Họ & tên: Lâm Gia Nghi

Mã số sinh viên: BTBCIU18097

Mã lớp học phần:

Lớp:

Giảng viên giảng dạy:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I Techniques/methods to detect the abnormality or dysregulation of the

pathway in human diseases 4

1 About oxidative phosphorylation 4

1.1 The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway and its role in cells and the human body 4

1.2 The interest of scientists in studying the abnormalities and dysregulation of the OXPHOS pathway in diseases 4

2 The methods to detect abnormalities and dysregulation of the OXPHOS pathway 4

2.1 The method of analyzing the functional domain of the OXPHOS pathway 5

2.2 The method of analyzing genes 6

2.3 The method of analyzing proteins 8

2.4 The method of evaluating cellular functions and energy 10

II References 12

I Techniques/methods to detect the abnormality or dysregulation of the

pathway in human diseases

1 About oxidative phosphorylation

I.1 The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway and its role

in cells and the human body.

The Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway is the process of producing ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) by using energy released from the oxidation of organic compounds in the cells of the body This process occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria within the cell

In the OXPHOS pathway, NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) molecules produced in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle are transferred to the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and release electrons These electrons move through a series of complexes (I, II, III, and IV) in the ETC, creating a potential electron energy This electron energy is used to pump protons (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane, creating a higher proton concentration outside the inner membrane The concentration of protons creates an electrochemical gradient, and this energy is used by the ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP from ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate (Pi)

The role of the OXPHOS pathway is to provide energy for basic cellular processes, including the conversion and synthesis of organic compounds, ion transport, and driving chemical reactions The OXPHOS process is also related to energy conversion in the body, especially in maintaining body temperature and organ function In addition, pathologies related to the OXPHOS pathway can cause health problems,

including genetic diseases and cardiovascular diseases.

I.2 The interest of scientists in studying the abnormalities and dysregulation of the OXPHOS pathway in diseases.

The OXPHOS pathway is an important cellular process for energy production However, when the OXPHOS pathway is abnormal or dysregulated, it can lead to energy-related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's disease, and depression Therefore, researching abnormalities and dysregulation of the OXPHOS pathway is very important and has attracted the attention of many scientists

Scientists are studying factors that affect the OXPHOS pathway, such as genes, proteins, bacteria, and cells They are also looking for treatment methods for diseases related to abnormalities and dysregulation of the OXPHOS pathway

Recent research has identified factors that can modulate the OXPHOS pathway and improve energy-related diseases For example, certain foods and nutrients have been shown to affect the OXPHOS pathway In addition, treatment methods for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression are also being developed based on new knowledge about the OXPHOS pathway

In summary, abnormalities and dysregulation of the OXPHOS pathway are an important and promising research topic for scientists New findings in this field may provide new methods to treat energy-related diseases and improve the quality of life for humans

2 The methods to detect abnormalities and dysregulation of the OXPHOS pathway.

2.1 The method of analyzing the functional domain of the OXPHOS pathway

The method of analyzing the functional domain of the OXPHOS pathway is a technique that analyzes the activities and functions of molecules and structures related to the OXPHOS system in cells This method uses modern tools and techniques such as proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and cell electrochemistry to measure changes in the functional domain of the OXPHOS

system

The steps of analyzing the functional domain of the OXPHOS pathway include:

a Measuring the activity of electron complexes: Analyzing the activity of electron complexes using spectroscopic or cell electrochemistry methods to determine changes in their activity

b Analyzing protein and gene concentrations: Measuring protein and gene concentrations to detect changes in the functional domain of the OXPHOS system

c Evaluating ATP productivity and oxygen consumption: Measuring ATP productivity and oxygen consumption to determine the efficiency of the OXPHOS system

d Analyzing the ability to metabolize: Analyzing the ability to metabolize using metabolomics to measure changes in intermediate metabolites in the OXPHOS process

e Evaluating interactions between molecules and structures: Using proteomics methods to determine interactions between molecules and structures in the OXPHOS system

 The method of analyzing the functional domain of the OXPHOS pathway

is an important tool for understanding the activity of the OXPHOS system and how it relates to health issues

Advantages and limitations of the functional domain analysis method for

detecting abnormalities and dysregulation of the OXPHOS pathway:

 Advantages:

- Provides information about the activity of components of the OXPHOS pathway: Functional domain analysis allows determination of the function of components of the OXPHOS pathway, such as ATP production systems and oxidative and reductive processes involved in energy generation

- Enables detection of gene and protein mutations: Functional domain analysis can detect gene and protein mutations related to OXPHOS by measuring their activity in the pathway

- Allows assessment of environmental and drug effects: Functional domain analysis allows assessment of the effects of environmental factors and drugs on the activity of the OXPHOS pathway

 Limitations:

- Functional domain analysis requires the use of complex techniques: This method requires the use of complex techniques such as measuring intermediate compound concentrations to determine the activity of components in the OXPHOS pathway

- To obtain accurate results, functional domain analysis must be performed

by experts with experience in this field

- The cost of this method is relatively high, so it is not always widely used

in practice

2.2 The method of analyzing genes

The method of gene analysis is a technique for analyzing changes in DNA related to the OXPHOS pathway It allows for the detection of abnormalities

and regulatory imbalances in the expression of genes encoding proteins

involved in OXPHOS This method can be performed in several ways, including:

a Whole genome sequencing: Analyzing the entire genome sequence to identify variations in genes related to the OXPHOS system This is an expensive and time-consuming method, but it can detect rare or unclear variations

b Gene fragment analysis: Analyzing gene fragments related to the OXPHOS system to identify variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or larger variations such as insertions or deletions This method is faster and cheaper than whole genome sequencing

c Gene expression analysis: Analyzing the level of gene expression to determine regulatory imbalances in the production of proteins related to the OXPHOS system This method can be performed using tools such as microarrays or RNA sequencing to measure the expression levels of genes

 The results of gene analysis can help identify variations in genes related

to OXPHOS, thereby detecting abnormalities and regulatory imbalances in the OXPHOS system Gene analysis also allows researchers to assess the impact of these variations on the activity of the OXPHOS system and provide solutions to improve the health status of cells and the body

The advantages and limitations of the method of analyzing gene function to detect abnormalities and regulate imbalances of the OXPHOS pathway are as follows:

 Advantages:

- The method provides a comprehensive understanding of the genetic factors involved in the OXPHOS pathway, which is essential for developing effective treatments and therapies for related diseases

- It allows for the identification of specific genetic mutations that may cause abnormalities in the OXPHOS pathway, thereby enabling early detection and intervention before the onset of severe symptoms

- The method is highly sensitive and can detect even minor changes in gene expression or activity, providing valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of the pathway

 Limitations:

- The method may be limited by its inability to account for non-genetic factors that may influence the OXPHOS pathway, such as environmental factors or epigenetic modifications

- The interpretation of results may be complicated by the complex interactions between multiple genes and pathways involved in the OXPHOS system

- The method can be costly and time-consuming, requiring extensive sample preparation, sequencing, and analysis

 Overall, while the method of analyzing gene function has its advantages and limitations, it remains an essential tool for investigating the underlying genetic factors contributing to abnormalities and imbalances

in the OXPHOS pathway

2.3 The method of analyzing proteins

The protein analysis method is a technique that allows for the analysis of changes in proteins related to the OXPHOS pathway It enables the detection of

abnormalities and regulatory imbalances in the production of proteins related to

OXPHOS This method can be performed in several ways, including:

a Western blotting: This method allows for the analysis of the level of a specific protein by using a specific antibody for that protein These techniques provide information on the level and size of the protein

b Immunoprecipitation: This method allows for the separation of a specific protein from a protein mixture using a specific antibody Once the protein has been separated, it can be used to analyze the different parameters of that protein in detail

c Mass spectrometry: This method allows for the analysis of the protein composition of a sample by measuring the mass of each individual protein This is a powerful method and widely used in protein and energy metabolism research

 The results of protein analysis can help identify abnormalities and regulatory imbalances in the production of proteins related to the OXPHOS pathway This method also allows researchers to assess the impact of these changes on the activity of the OXPHOS system and provide solutions to improve the health status of cells and the body

The advantages and limitations of the method of protein analysis to detect abnormalities and regulate imbalances of the OXPHOS pathway are as follows:

 Advantages:

- The method provides direct information on the expression and activity

of proteins involved in the OXPHOS pathway, which can help identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions

- It can be used to identify post-translational modifications of proteins, such as phosphorylation or acetylation, which can provide insights into the regulation of the pathway

- The method is highly specific, allowing for the identification of individual protein isoforms and their expression levels

 Limitations:

- The method may be limited by the availability and quality of samples, which can be affected by factors such as sample collection, storage, and processing

- It may be challenging to isolate and quantify specific proteins of interest from complex biological samples, such as tissue or blood

- The interpretation of results can be challenging due to the complexity

of the OXPHOS pathway and the interactions between different proteins and pathways involved

 Overall, while the method of protein analysis has its advantages and limitations, it remains a valuable tool for investigating the expression and activity of proteins involved in the OXPHOS pathway and identifying potential targets for therapeutic interventions

2.4 The method of evaluating cellular functions and energy

Assessing cellular function and energy is a common method to detect

abnormalities and dysregulation in the OXPHOS pathway These assessment methods may include:

a Cell energy measurement: This method measures the energy produced in cells, through measuring changes in ATP and NADH levels Changes in

ATP and NADH levels can indicate changes in OXPHOS pathway function

b Redox ratio measurement: This method evaluates the balance between the oxidation and reduction processes in cells Imbalances may indicate abnormalities in OXPHOS function

c Mitochondrial diameter measurement: This method evaluates the size of mitochondria in cells Changes in size may indicate changes in OXPHOS pathway function

d Mitochondrial protein distribution ratio measurement: This method evaluates the distribution ratio of mitochondrial proteins in cells Changes

in distribution ratio may indicate abnormalities in OXPHOS function

 The results from assessing cellular function and energy can help identify abnormalities and dysregulation in the OXPHOS pathway This assessment also allows researchers to evaluate the impact of these changes on the OXPHOS system and to develop solutions to improve cellular and body health

Advantages and limitations of methods for evaluating cellular and energy functions in detecting abnormalities and regulatory imbalances of the OXPHOS pathway can be summarized as follows:

 Advantages:

- Provides information on cellular and energy metabolism that can reveal changes in the OXPHOS pathway due to disease or genetic mutations

- Can be used to evaluate the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions

on cellular and mitochondrial functions

- Allows for the assessment of various components of mitochondrial function, including oxygen consumption, ATP synthesis, and electron