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IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM ± APPLICATION IN PUNCH PRESS MACHINE
Chuyên ngành: ӻWKXұW&ѫNKt Mã Vӕ: 8520103
L8Ұ19Ă17+Ҥ&6Ӻ
TP +Ӗ&+Ë0,1+, tháng QăP2021
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III NGÀY GIAO NHIӊ09Ө : 10/02/2020
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Trang 57Ï07Ҳ7/8Ұ19Ă17+Ҥ&6Ƭ
Trong nghiêQFӭXQj\W{LJLӟLWKLӋXWәQJTXDQYӅFiFWKjQKWӵXÿҥWÿѭӧFYӟLPi\GұSJLӟLWKLӋXVѫOѭӧFYӅFiFWKjQKWӵXWLӃWNLӋPQăQJOѭӧQJWURQJKӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵF7ӯFiFWKjQKWӵXÿyW{LÿӅ[XҩWPӝWKӋWKӕQJWUX\ӅQÿӝQJWKӫ\WƭQK +67± Hydrostatic Transmission) FyWKӇNLӇPVRiWÿѭӧFWӕFÿӝWUөFFKtQKWKLӃWEӏYjFyNKҧQăQJWLӃWNLӋPQăQJOѭӧQJ+ӋÿӅ[XҩWFyNKҧQăQJӭQJGөQJFKRPi\GұSFѫ
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Trang 6ABSTRACT
In the research introduces basic achievements of punch machine, overview of energy ± saving achievements in hydraulic system A closed ± loop hydraulic energy-saving system (HST ± Hydrostatic Transmission) proposed The proposed system can be control speed and saving energy, its can be apply for punch press machine
The proposed system is modeled, analyzed andsimulation, the test bench is built to validate the effectiveness of system on two main aspects:
- Recovery energy, saving-energy - Speed control
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Hình 1.3 KӃt cҩu máy dұp servo tiêu chuҭn [11]
Các ngKLrQ FӭX >7,8,9,10@ ÿӅ [XҩW NӃW FҩX GQJ ÿӝQJ Fѫ WUӵF WLӃS QKѭ +ình 1.3YұQWӕFWKҩSP{PHQOӟQQKҵPQkQJFDRÿӝFKtQK[iFYjÿiSӭQJ6RYӟLPi\GұSWUX\ӅQWKӕQJErQSKҧLPi\Qj\NK{QJGQJEiQKÿjO\KӧSYjWKҳQJWӯJL~SFKRNӃWFҩXFKҳFFKҳQ1KѭQJKҥQFKӃOӟQQKҩWFӫDPi\Qj\OjYLӋFÿLӅXNKLӇQOӵFGұSYүQFKѭDÿѭӧFQKѭPi\GұSWKӫ\OӵFÿLӅXNKLӇQSURILOHFNJQJEӏKҥQFKӃYjGQJÿӝQJFѫÿѭӧFFKӃWҥRFKX\rQELӋWJLiWKjQKFDR
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Trang 19OjÿLӅXNKLӇQFKtQK[iFYjÿDGҥQJSURILOHOӵFOӟQ+ҥQFKӃ FKtQKOjQăQJVXҩWPi\WKҩS>]
Hình 1.4 Máy dùng nguyên lý servo hydraulic [11]
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Trang 22Hình 2.1b +uQKPLQKK͕DWUrQP̩FKWKͯ\OF
Hình 2.1 Bӕn phҫn chính cӫa hӋ thӕng truyӅQÿӝng thӫy lӵc
&iFSKѭѫQJSKiSFKXQJÿӇJLҧPWәQWKҩWQăQJOѭӧQJ hay WăQJNKҧQăQJ WLӃWNLӋPQăQJOѭӧQJFӫD KӋWKӕQJÿѭӧFWUuQKEj\WURQJ%ҧQJ.1 ĈӇ JLҧPQăQJOѭӧQJ WәQWKҩWFKRPӝWKӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵF thì cK~QJWDFyWKӇ[HP[pWӣQKyPNKtDFҥQKchính là : [HP[pWӣKLӋXTXҧFӫDFiFEӝSKұQFӫDKӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFQKѭYDQPRWRUWKӫ\OӵFFѫFҩXFKҩSKjQK« và ӣPһWNKiFOj GӵDWUrQWKLӃWNӃWәQJWKӇYj KӋWKӕQJÿLӅXNKLӇQ
- &ҧLWKLӋQKLӋXVXҩWÿӝQJFѫ - &KӍKRҥWÿӝQJNKLKӋWKӕQJOjPYLӋF
+ӋWKӕQJ
/ӵDFKӑQcác thành SKҫQ
/ӵDFKӑQFiFWKLӃWEӏ YjNtFKWKѭӟFSKKӧS - 3KҥPYLKLӋXVXҩWWӕLѭX
- %ӝWtFKiS
- 6ӵWѭѫQJWiFOүQQKDX ĈLӅX
NKLӇQ KӋWKӕQJ
- 6ӱGөQJQKLӅXEѫP
- 6ӱGөQJEѫPFҧPELӃQWҧL - 6ӱGөQJEѫPFyKjQKWUuQKWKD\ÿәL
- +ӋWKӕQJYDQÿӝFOұS
- ĈLӅXNKLӇQELrQÿӝYDQ
- 9DQFҧPELӃQ WҧL
- ĈLӅXNKLӇQWKӭFҩS
- LӇPVRiWWKXKӗLQăQJOѭӧQJ
Bҧng 2 1 &iFSKѭѫQJSKiSWLӃt kiӋPQăQJOѭӧng trong hӋ thӕng thӫy lӵc
Ngoài ra,tәQWKҩWQăQJOѭӧQJWURQJKӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFNK{QJFKӍSKөWKXӝFYjRKLӋXTXҧFӫD FiFWKjQKSKҫQPjFzQSKөWKXӝFYjR FiF\rXFҫXYӅ QKLӋPYөYjFҩX
Trang 23KuQKFӫD KӋWKӕQJ'RÿyPӝWKӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFWLӃWNLӋPQăQJOѭӧQJSKҧLÿѭӧFSKiWWULӇQWUrQQKӳQJӭQJGөQJULrQJ ÿӇÿҥWKLӋXTXҧWӕLѭXQKҩW
2.2 &iFWKjQKWӵXQJKLrQFӭXWLӃWNLӋPQăQJOѭӧQJWURQJKӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵF 2.2.1 +Ӌ WKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFGQJYDQWLӃWOѭX
2.2.1.1 HӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFÿLӅXNKLӇQYDQ
Trong KӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFQj\YDQWLӃWOѭX ÿѭӧFVӱGөQJÿӇÿLӅXNKLӇQWӕFÿӝÿӝQJFѫWKӫ\OӵF Hình 2.2 ELӉXGLӉQPӝWKӋWKӕQJÿLӇQKuQK và ELӇXÿӗSKkQWtFh F{QJVXҩWFӫDKӋWKӕQJQj\Ӣÿk\ OѭXOѭӧQJ ÿҫXUDOjNK{QJÿәLYjiSVXҩWFjLÿһWFӫDYDQ[ҧ ÿҧPEҧRP{-PHQ[RҳQFӫDÿӝQJFѫ OjWӕLÿD /ѭXOѭӧQJWKӯDVӁWKRiW TXDYDQ[ҧ QӃXOѭXOѭӧQJ \rXFҫXFӫDÿӝQJFѫTL QKӓKѫQOѭXOѭӧQJ FXQJFҩSqs 1ăQJOѭӧQJ WәQWKҩWTXDYDQOѭXOѭӧQJNKLiSVXҩW\rXFҫXSL QKӓKѫQiSVXҩWFjLÿһW ps = pmax6ѫÿӗFӫDKӋWKӕQJYDQÿLӅXNKLӇQWUX\ӅQWKӕQJÿѭӧFWUuQh bày trong Hình 2.2a GLҧVӱUҵQJKӋWKӕQJKRҥWÿӝQJGѭӟLWҧLSL <ps KRһFTL <qs KRһFFҧKDLJLiWUӏ\rXFҫXÿӅX QKӓKѫQJLiWUӏFXQJFҩS7әQWKҩWQăQJOѭӧQJ TXDYDQ[ҧYjvan OѭXOѭӧQJ OҫQOѭӧWOj qs-qL) ps và qL (ps-pL 5}UjQJWURQJKӋWKӕQJWKuWәQJWKӇ KLӋX VXҩW FӫD KӋ WKӕQJ WKҩS NKL TL KRһF SL WKҩS PһF G KLӋX VXҩW FӫD WҩW Fҧ các WKjQKSKҫQWURQJKӋWKӕQJOjOê tѭӣQJ
+DL JLҧL SKiS ÿѫQ JLҧQ ÿӇ JLҧP WәQ WKҩW QăQJ OѭӧQJ FӫD KӋ WKӕQJ YDQ ÿѭӧFtrình bày trong Hình 2.2b và 2.2FWURQJÿyYDQGzQJFKҧ\UӁKay YDQ[ҧGzQJvà QKLӅXPi\EѫPÿѭӧFVӱGөQJ[12]%ҵQJFiFKVӱGөQJYDQOѭXOѭӧQJiSVXҩWFXQJFҩSÿѭӧFJLҧP[XӕQJSs <pmax 'RÿyWәQWKҩWTXDYDQFNJQJÿѭӧFJLҧPEӟW.KLVӱGөQJQKLӅXPi\EѫPOѭXOѭӧQJÿѭӧFNLӇPVRiWÿӇJLҧPWәQWKҩWTXDYDQ[ҧ
Hình 2.2D+͏YDQWUX\͉QWK͙QJ
Trang 251yLFKXQJWәQWKҩWQăQJOѭӧQJOX{QWӗQWҥLWURQJKӋWKӕQJYDQYuYұ\KLӋXVXҩW FӫD KӋWKӕQJYDQWKѭӡQJWKҩS7X\QKLrQQyYүQÿѭӧFVӱGөQJUӝQJUmLWURQJ QKLӅXKӋWKӕQJPi\GұSYuQy WKѭӡQJFyKLӋXTXҧ FDRYӅF{QJVXҩWFNJQJQKѭFhi phí+ѫQQӳDFKLSKtOjPӝWWLrXFKtUҩWTXDQWUӑQJWURQJ WKLӃWNӃWKӫ\OӵFQrQKӋWKӕQJYDQFKӍÿѭӧFWKD\WKӃEҵQJKӋWKӕQJNKiFkhi YҩQÿӅWLӃWNLӋPQăQJOѭӧQJFӫDKӋWKӕQJPӟL FyWKӇEÿҳSFKLSKtOҳSÿһW FӫDKӋWKӕQJ
2.2.1.2 +ӋWKӕQJYDQFҧPELӃQWҧL -Load Sensing ( LS)
.K{QJJLӕQJQKѭFiF KӋ WKӕQJYDQWUX\ӅQWKӕQJKӋ WKӕQJYDQ FҧP ELӃQWҧLtrong hình 2.2 SKҧQKӗL WҧLFҫQWKLӃW ÿӇNLӇPVRiWQJXӗQFXQJFҩS+ӋWKӕQJWURQJHình 2.3a WKuiSVXҩWQJXӗQ là pL ǻSWKD\ÿәLWKHRWҧLWKD\YuSmax NK{QJÿәLQKѭtrong Hình 2.2a
1ӃXWDVӱ dөQJEѫPEiSQKѭWURQJ+uQKb thì WәQWKҩWQăQJOѭӧQJOj JLҧPÿiQJNӇ7URQJKӋWKӕQJQj\OѭXOѭӧQJFXQJFҩSEҵQJYӟLOѭXOѭӧQJ\rXFҫXQrQ NK{QJFyWKҩWWKRiWTXDYDQ[ҧ7X\QKLrQWURQJKӋWKӕQJ thì áp suҩWFjLÿһWWKѭӡQJÿѭӧFÿһWӣJLiWUӏFDRQKҩWFKRWҧLFөWKӇÿӇWәQWKҩWQăQJOѭӧQJYүQWӗQWҥLWK{QJqua YDQOѭXOѭӧQJ
HӋWKӕQJFҧPELӃn WҧLÿѭӧFWKӇKLӋQWURQJ+uQKc, ӣÿk\iSVXҩWFӫD EѫPEiSÿѭӧF SKҧQKӗLWӯWҧL'RÿyQKӳQJWәQWKҩW quDYDQOѭXOѭӧQJJLҧPÿiQJNӇ +Ӌ WKӕQJFҧPELӃQWҧLUҩW KLӋX TXҧ WURQJFiF ӭQJGөQJWҧLÿѫQ7X\ QKLrQ trong WKӵFWӃWKuFK~QJÿѭӧFVӱWURQJKӋWKӕQJFyQKLӅXWҧLNKiFQKDXvà YҩQÿӅWәQWKҩWQăQJOѭӧQJ YүQ WӗQWҥLÿѭӧFWKӇKLӋQQKѭ trong Hình 2.3G&KLWLӃWYӅ YҩQÿӅKLӋXVXҩWFӫDKӋWKӕQJFҧPELӃQWҧLÿѭӧFQJKLrQFӭXWURQJ>], ӣÿk\ Fѫ FѫFҩXSKҧQKӗLWURQJKӋWKӕQJFҧPELӃQWҧLÿѭӧFWKD\WKӃEҵQJKӋWKӕQJÿLӋQTheo kӃWTXҧFӫDQJKLrQFӭXQj\WKuKLӋXVXҩWYjÿӝPҥQKFӫDKӋWKӕQJÿѭӧFFҧLWKLӋQQKѭQJKLӋX TXҧFӫD KӋWKӕQJNK{QJÿѭӧFFҧLWKLӋQ+ѫQQӳDYLӋFVӱGөQJ ORҥLEѫPFyKjQKWUuQKWKD\ÿәL WKuYҩQÿӅFKLSKtNKiFDRvà nó FyWKӇÿѭӧFWKD\WKӃEҵQJPӝWYDQÿiSӭQJQKDQKYjPӝWEѫPFӕÿӏQK WKuQyYүQFyQKӳQJÿһFWtQKFӫDPӝWEѫPELӃQWKLrQQKѭQJFKtSKtFӫDKӋWKӕQJJLҧP0һFGKӋWKӕQJYDQFҧPELӃQWҧLYӟLEѫP
Trang 26Fy KjQK WUuQKWKD\ÿәL VRYӟLKӋ WKӕQJ YDQ WUX\ӅQWKӕQJWKuYҩQ ÿӅ WәQWKҩWQăQJOѭӧQJJLҧPÿiQJNӇQKѭQJWәQWKҩWTXDYDQWLӃWOѭXYүQFzQ
Hình 2.3 HӋ thӕng cҧm biӃn tҧi Load sensing
Trang 272.2.2 +ӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFNK{QJGQJYDQWLӃWOѭX 2.2.2.1 +ӋWKӕQJÿLӅXNKLӇQEҵQJEѫP
+ӋWKӕQJÿLӅXNKLӇQEҵQJPi\EѫPÿѭӧFÿӏQKQJKƭDOjKӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFWURQJÿyF{QJVXҩWFXӕLFӫDKӋWKӕQJ ÿѭӧFÿLӅXNKLӇQWUӵFWLӃSEӣLEѫPWKӫ\OӵFĈӕLYӟLWҧL TXD\ KӋ WKӕQJ ÿLӅX NKLӇQ EҵQJ EѫP ÿѭӧF ELӃW ÿӃQ QKѭ PӝW KӋ WKӕQJ WUX\ӅQÿӝQJWKӫ\OӵF EDRJӗPKӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFYzQJKӣYjYzQJNtQ QKѭ+ình 2.4ѬXÿLӇPFӫDKӋWKӕQJWUX\ӅQÿӝQJWKӫ\OӵFYzQJKӣVRYӟLKӋWKӕQJWUX\ӅQÿӝQJWKӫ\OӵF vòng kín là NKҧQăQJWҧQQKLӋW ÿѫQJLҧQ0һWNKiFYLӋFVӱGөQJ KӋWKӕQJWUX\ӅQÿӝQJ WKӫ\ OӵF YzQJ NtQ Fy WKӇ JLҧP NtFK WKѭӟF Yj NKӕL OѭӧQJ GҫX Yj WăQJ EăQJWK{QJFӫDKӋWKӕQJ [15] Trong KӋWKӕQJWUX\ӅQÿӝQJWKӫ\OӵFPӝWPi\WKӫ\OӵFFӕÿӏQKYjPӝWPi\WKӫ\OӵFELӃQWKLrQKRһFFҧKDLPi\WKӫ\OӵFELӃQWKLrQ máy móc ÿѭӧFNӃWKӧSYӟLQKDX+uQK FKRWKҩ\FiFÿѭӡQJFRQJWӕFÿӝFӫDÿӝQJFѫWKHRhai WUѭӡQJKӧSÿӝQJFѫFӕÿӏQK- Pi\EѫPELӃQÿәLYjPi\EѫPFӕÿӏQK- ÿӝQJFѫELӃQÿәLFӫDPӝWKӋWKӕQJWUX\ӅQÿӝQJWKӫ\OӵF
Hình 2.4 HӋ thӕng truyӅQÿӝng thӫy lӵc
Trang 28Trong YҩQ ÿӅ ÿLӅXNKLӇQKӋWKӕQJWUX\ӅQÿӝQJWKӫ\OӵFYұQWӕFFӫDÿӝQJFѫWKӫ\OӵFWKѭӡQJOj ÿѭӧFFRLQKѭPӝWELӃQÿLӅXNKLӇQ>16,17]
Hình 2.5 ĈѭӡQJÿһc tính bӝ truyӅn vòng kín
7ӯFiFSKkQWtFKWUrQWDWKҩ\ NK{QJFyWәQWKҩWÿLӅXWLӃWF{QJVXҩWPi\EѫPKRjQWRjQSKKӧSYӟL F{QJVXҩW\rXFҫXFӫDÿӝQJFѫGRÿyKLӋXTXҧFӫDKӋWKӕQJÿLӅXNKLӇQEҵQJPi\EѫPFDRKѫQ VRYӟLKӋWKӕQJYDQ1ӃXWҩWFҧFiFWKjQKSKҫQOjOêWѭӣQJWKuKLӋXVXҩW FӫDKӋWKӕQJOjOêWѭӣQg 7X\QKLrQWUrQWKӵFWӃKLӋXVXҩWFӫDPi\WKӫ\OӵFOX{QQKӓKѫQFK~QJSKөWKXӝFYjRÿLӅXNLӋQWҧL&K~QJWKҩSÿiQJNӇWURQJÿLӅXNLӋQ WҧLFөFEӝ[ҧ\UDNKLYұQWӕFKRһFP{-PHQ[RҳQPRQJPXӕQQKӓKѫQ JLiWUӏOӟQQKҩWFӫDKӋWKӕQJ0ӝWVӕQJKLrQFӭXWKӵFQJKLӋPÿm[iFQKұQFiFÿһFÿLӇP nàyYtGө [18]
2.2.2.2 +ӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFFyNKҧQăQJWKXKӗLQăQJOѭӧQJ
CPS ( constant pressure system) và CPR (common pressure rail ) KRһF ÿLӅXNKLӇQWKӭFҩS OjKDLKӋWKӕQJWKXKӗLQăQJOѭӧQJWKӫ\OӵFQәLWLӃQJ6ѫÿӗYӅ&36và &35 OҫQ OѭӧW ÿѭӧF WKӇ KLӋQ WURQJ +ình 2.6a và 2.6E *LӕQJ QKѭ FiF KӋ WKӕQJÿLӅXNKLӇQEҵQJPi\EѫPNK{QJFyVӵWәQWKҩWTXDYDQWLӃWOѭXWURQJFiFKӋWKӕQJtrên %iQK ÿj Yj Eӝ WtFK áp ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ OjP KӋ WKӕQJ OѭX WUӳ QăQJ OѭӧQJ WURQJCPS và CPR Trong C36PӝWEӝiSQKӓFyWKӇ ÿѭӧFVӱGөQJ> ] ÿӇOѭXWUӳQăQJOѭӧQJYjWiLVӱGөQJWURQJFKXWUuQKVDX+uQK P{WҧEӕQJyFSKҫQWѭKRҥWÿӝQJ
Trang 29FӫDPӝWÿӝQJFѫEѫPWKӫ\OӵF7\WKXӝFYjRÿLӅXNLӋQWҧL ÿѫQYӏWKӭFҩSFyWKӇKRҥW ÿӝQJ QKѭ PӝW Pi\ EѫP KRһF PӝW ÿӝQJ Fѫ WKӫ\ OӵF 9u WKӃ ÿӝQJ QăQJ FӫDEiQKÿjFyWKӇÿѭӧFWKXKӗLQKӡÿӝQJFѫKRҥWÿӝQJQKѭPӝWPi\EѫPWKӫ\OӵF, QăQJOѭӧQJWLrXWKөFӫDKӋWKӕQJÿѭӧFJLҧPWKLӇX'RÿyWURQJFiFKӋWKӕQJQj\ NKҧQăQJ WLӃWNLӋPQăQJOѭӧQJÿҥWÿѭӧFWӯYLӋFWKXKӗLQăQJOѭӧQJYjORҥLEӓWәQWKҩWYDQWLӃWOѭX
Hình 2.6 HӋ thӕng thu hӗLQăQJOѭӧng thӫy lӵc
Hình 2.7 Bӕn góc phҫQWѭKRҥWÿӝng cӫa thiӃt bӏ thӭ cҩp
7URQJ&36EѫPÿӝQJFѫ302 KRҥWÿӝQJQKѭPӝWÿӝQJFѫWKӫ\OӵFWURQJTXitrình KRҥWÿӝQJ YjQKѭPӝWPi\EѫPWKӫ\OӵFWURQJTXiWUuQKWtFKONJ\QăQJOѭӧQJ
Trang 30WURQJFiFEӝWtFKiS&KӭFQăQJEѫPÿӝQJFѫ301 QKѭPӝWPi\EѫPWKӫ\OӵFKRһFÿӝQJFѫW\WKXӝFYjRiSVXҩWps YjWӕFÿӝFӫDQy7URQJ&36 ÿӝQJKӑFFӫDWҧLFyWKӇÿѭӧFSKөFKӗLYjOѭXWUӳGѭӟLGҥQJÿӝQJKӑFFӫDEiQKÿjYj QJѭӧFOҥLCPS ÿѭӧFQJKLrQFӭXWURQJ> ] NӃWTXҧP{SKӓQJFKӍUDUҵQJ cyWKӇJLҧPÿiQJNӇPӭFWLrXWKөQăQJOѭӧQJFӫDWKLӃWEӏEҵQJFiFKiSGөQJ&36
2.3 ӬQJGөQJKӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFFKRPi\GұS FѫNKt
7URQJFiFORҥLPi\GұSFѫNKtGQJEiQKÿjO\KӧSYjWKҳQJWӯYjFѫFҩXÿӇFKX\ӇQÿәLFKX\ӇQÿӝQJTXD\FӫDEiQKÿjWKjQKFKX\ӇQÿӝQJWӏQKWLӃQFӫDFKj\GұSWKuFiFSURILOHFKj\GұSNK{QJÿLӅXNKLӇQÿѭӧFGRYұQWӕFEiQKÿjNK{QJWKD\ÿәLQrQQyFKӍSKKӧSFKRPӝWKRҥWÿӝQJQKҩWÿӏQKQăQJOѭӧQJKDRSKtGRFKXNuKRҥWÿӝQJNK{QJWҧLFӫDEiQKÿjKD\NKLKmPWӕFÿӝEiQKÿjӬQJGөQJ các thành WӵXQJKLrQFӭXYӅWKӫ\OӵFWURQJQJKLrQFӭXQj\FK~QJW{LÿӅ[XҩWPӝWKӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFPjFyWKӇ
ĈLӅXNKLӇQÿѭӧFWӕFÿӝEiQKÿjÿӇWKLӃWEӏFyWKӇWKӵFKLӋQÿѭӧFFiFSURILOHFKj\GұSOLQKKRҥWFKRQKLӅXKRҥWÿӝQJNKiFQKDX
&yWKӇWKXKӗLPӝWSKҫQÿӝQJQăQJKDRSKtFӫDEiQKÿjÿӇWtFKWUӳYjWiLVӱGөQJWURQJFiFFKXNuKRҥWÿӝQJWLӃSWKHR
7URQJQJKLrQFӭXQj\FKӍWұS WUXQJYjRKӋWKӕQJWKӫ\OӵFÿӇÿLӅXNKLӇQYjWKXKӗLÿӝQJQăQJFӫDEiQKÿjQrQEӓTXDFѫFҩXO\KӧSFѫNKtJLӳDEiQKÿjYjFKj\GұSEiQKÿj[HPQKѭOjWҧLWUӑQJWURQJWKӵFWӃ
Trang 31Hình 3.1 6ѫÿӗ hӋ thӕQJÿѭӧFÿӅ xuҩt
+ӋWKӕQJÿѭӧFÿӅ[XҩWFyWKӇKRҥWÿӝQJӣKDLFҩXKuQK WKӫ\OӵFSKkQELӋWÿyOjKӋWUX\ӅQÿӝQJWKӫ\WƭQKÿLӅXNKLӇQVѫFҩS JӑLWҳWOjKӋÿLӅXNKLӇQVѫFҩS