Luận văn thạc sĩ Quản lý xây dựng: Establish and evaluate the database for historic building information modeling (HBIM) for operation management and maintenance of historical relics

INTRODUCTION

Problem Statement

Adopted by UNESCO in 1972, the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage consist of (1) Encouraging international cooperation in the conservation of our world's cultural and natural heritage, (2) Encouraging States Parties to establish management plans and set up reporting systems on the state of conservation of their World Heritage sites, (3) Support States Parties' public awareness-building activities for World Heritage conservation [1] The most noteworthy aspect of the World Heritage Convention of 1972 is that it combines in a single treaty the themes of natural protection and cultural property preservation In

2017, The world has 1,073 heritage sites in 167 countries: 832 cultural, 206 natural, and 35 mixed heritage [2] on UNESCO World Heritage List, in which, Vietnam currently has 8 world heritage sites: 5 cultural heritage, 2 natural heritage, and 1 mixed heritage, along with 6 monuments are completing the profile In 2019, The Department of Cultural Heritage - Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam announced Vietnam tourism overcame challenges and difficulties to receive 18 million international visitors, fulfilling the target set by the Government [3]

Figure 1.1 3D modeling results of the complex archaeological site of the church of

Heritage building information models (HBIM) must grow into a widely used system [5, 6] The advancement of technology over the last several decades has enabled the deployment of new methods of digital information distribution, which has also had a significant impact on the evolution of cultural heritage (CH) dissemination [7] Despite these attempts to preserve the urban legacy of Saudi Arabia, several heritage buildings in the country have been plagued by major difficulties for years due to improper maintenance and operation At the beginning of this year, the municipality commissioned research to support the preliminary design of the preservation plan for the earthquake-damaged church of St Francesco in the hamlet of Arquata del Tronto (Italy) that was struck in 2016 by static and dynamic terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to acquire massively geometric and material information supporting the three- dimensional (3D) and the creation of the Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) [4] (see Fig.1.1)

Figure 1.2 Scan-to-HBIM Saigon Opera House (Source: Port Coast)

Figure 1.3 Digitalization 3D One Pillar Pagoda - Dien Huu Temple of the Ly Dynasty

In Vietnam, Saigon Opera House has for long been a venue for major art programs, national and international levels, which has just been modeled for the promotion of this historic site [8] (see Fig 1.2) Digitalization 3D One Pillar Pagoda - Dien Huu Temple of the Ly Dynasty is a project by SEN Heritage, based on ruins of stone columns of Dam pagoda, epitaphs, and many other archaeological objects, have succeeded in reconstructing the map by C Group [9] (see Fig 1.3) Large-scale projects require efficient and effective construction management models [10]

The IFC format is necessary inside the BIM technique to exchange the information of the model with various applications particular to each engineering and BIM architectural platform The construction of a geometric model to serve as an inventory of cultural assets is a necessary step in the restoration of architectural structures Architecture is culture, an important part of national culture Architectural Heritage serves economic development, but architecture must also participate in raising people's knowledge and cultural awareness of the community, enriching the nation's cultural architectural treasure The national identity and advanced nature of the culture must be permeated not only in cultural and artistic work but also in all material construction and creation activities [11] Nonetheless, one of the most difficult tasks today is to resolve the problem of information management, which is scattered by the many parties participating in the restoration process In terms of minimizing incoherence and duplication of effort, it is necessary to digitize and link the information processing process

Many of the issues that cultural collections, sites, and assets are dealing with are the consequence of long-term neglect or a lack of management and maintenance [12] It is a document in which the relic manager specifies what maintenance and management requirements and guidelines must be followed to guarantee that the same issues do not recur in the future It includes the finance and promotion plans, among other things, to accomplish this goal For cultural buildings, collections, and assets to be cared for in the long term across time, good management and maintenance are essential This involves having the appropriate skills and processes in place to guarantee that they are properly maintained Poor management and upkeep put your legacy in danger, and it may result in greater expenses in the long run [13]

Therefore, the significance of the need to build a database, as a basis, that can meet the minimum requirements of the management board of the monuments in the process of operating and managing the physical facilities system of the historical sites in Ho Chi Minh City and the whole country in general.

Research Objective

Numerous BIM systems are presently utilized by specialists for the modeling, virtual visualization, and administration of architectural heritage's integral and incremental knowledge It is essential to emphasize, however, that the BIM platforms' libraries and tools are geared for the design and construction of new structures with basic, regular, and standardized elements [7, 14] For this reason, the detailed reconstruction and operational maintenance of cultural-historical heritages have revealed some limitations through previous studies, such as the absence of an object library Historical parameters and lack of tools to manage complex, irregular, and uncertain shapes obtained from point clouds [14, 15]

Therefore, the thesis aims to (1) define a set of databases (including LOD and LOI) for building an information model in the process of managing and operating historical monuments, (2) analyze archiving concerns for historical records of operational departments and project management, (3) compare case study with another case in term of Vietnamese traditional house/temple characteristic architecture in the database for heritage O&M, and (4) provide recommendations and solutions on model information for project operations management to improve efficiency for BIM-applied project operation as well as support for monument promotion in the future.

Scope of Study

Information in BIM models does not just relate to its three-dimensional characterization, which is abbreviated as 3D There has been a consensus reached on the definition of the BIM dimensions 4D, 5D, 6D, and 7D of a model following the particular information contents that may be linked with it [16, 17] This study concentrates on identifying the BIM models which could be created with different levels of accuracy During the conversion between the Point cloud and geometrical model, several decisions to achieve a different range of precision, in which Level of Development (LOD) and Level of Information (LOI) The scope of the study is specified into several categories below:

- The data were collected and surveyed at a pilot project in HCMC which is a recognized historical site

- Survey subjects are experienced people in the field of project management and conservation and maintenance of historical monuments such as Heritage Advisor, Architect/ Engineer, Project management, Archeologist, and Others.

Scientific and practical significance

The research topic is to understand the current status and needs of information management of historical sites, research and propose the database of the Facility Management of Historical Building Information Modeling (HBIM-FM) to act as a foundation to collect data from historical sites to build models during the operation of historical sites The database is built on the demand for information about the components and the frequency of using information about the components of the operation management units The management to preserve cultural heritage information and data shows the sense of preserving and cultivating the good traditions of our forefathers, taking that as a source to promote the process of Vietnamese culture is advanced, imbued with national identity On the other hand, research results in the future could enhance the social awareness of people of the whole society about the role, meaning, and value of cultural heritage in general and historical relics, in particular, and accessible to the masses

This study contributes to establishing the frequency and information needs of the relic operators and building a database for the operation and maintenance phase of historical monuments in Vietnam, especially in Ho Chi Minh City As a result, with the database obtained from this study, as well as the reconstruction of the database from the works built many centuries ago, many monuments are in a serious state of deterioration as the restoration of the country's artistic architecture is systematized for timely and accurate inspection The thesis can be used as a reference for building a database to serve the management of historical and cultural relics for other localities.

THEORETICAL BASIC AND RELATED RESEARCH

Definitions and concepts

2.1.1 Definition of Culture Heritage (CH)

According to defined by UNESCO, Heritage is the Cultural Heritage (CH) that we inherit from the past, live in the present, and pass on to future generations [18] CH is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of society inherited from past generations Cultural heritage, however, is not restricted to monuments and collections of artifacts It also includes live manifestations passed down from our forefathers, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social manners, rituals, celebratory events, knowledge, and practices about nature and the universe, and information and methods related to traditional crafts Despite its vulnerability, intangible cultural heritage, also known as a living legacy, plays a vital role in preserving cultural variety [18, 19]

Cultural Heritage can be distinguished in [20]:

• Built Environments such as Buildings, Townscapes, and Archaeological remains

• Natural Environment such as Rural landscapes, Coasts, and shorelines, Agricultural heritage

• Artifacts such as Books & Documents, Objects, Pictures

Cultural heritage conservation refers to steps done to extend the life of cultural heritage while increasing the transmission of its important legacy messages and values The goal of conservation in the realm of cultural property is to conserve the physical and cultural features of the object to guarantee that its worth does not deteriorate and that it outlives our finite period [21] Based on ST21 Conservation-restoration of Cultural Heritage European Cultural Heritage Strategy for the 21st Century, cultural legacy is a rich yet limited and precious resource Authenticity, integrity, and sustainability are essential ideals that guide heritage care and usage today, and they serve as a barometer of how well it is passed on to future generations Together with technical diagnostics, such factors define the necessity for, the nature, and scope of activities and interventions to be carried out by the Conservator-Restorer throughout a spectrum of Preventive Conservation, Remedial Conservation, and Restoration Depending on the state, shape, function, and intended purpose of the cultural heritage asset, each of these reflects a distinct level of intervention In the negotiation of sustainable preservation results, scientific approaches used in the investigation of materials and degradation processes are linked with humanistic considerations about authenticity, value, and relevance

2.1.2 Legal Document Related to Facility Management in Culture Heritage

The majority of notable heritage structures are legally protected, with many of them being owned and/or managed by trusts, public or religious institutions, and museums, among others Some are iconic, while others are considered to be of world heritage significance It is frequently a result of the asset's intrinsic or economic value as well as its museum function that their terms of reference require them to preserve the asset for an extended period The standardization system comprises organizations responsible for standardization activities conducted on national, European as well as international levels in general and Vietnamese in specific European and worldwide standards are produced following the idea of the national delegation, with each country sending a delegation of specialists to represent its point of view throughout the development process The notion of national delegation provides stakeholders with a clear channel to European and worldwide standards while also encouraging industry self-regulatory efforts [22]

Following that, the criteria were divided into separate categories to eliminate repetition and improve the clarity and efficiency of the analysis Below is a list of existing standards according to CEN and BSI standards for the management and operation of historical monuments

No Standard Code Standard Name

CEN EN 16893:2018 Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Specifications for location, construction, and modification of buildings or rooms intended for the storage or use of heritage collections CEN/TC 442 Building information modeling

CEN/TC 346 Conservation of cultural property

CSN EN 16096 Conservation of cultural property - Condition survey and report of built cultural heritage

BS EN 16141:2012 Conservation of cultural heritage — Guidelines for management of environmental conditions — Open storage facilities: definitions and characteristics of collection centers dedicated to the preservation and management of cultural heritage

It was announced in September 2000 that ISO/TC46/SC4 had accepted the CIDOC CRM as a working draft in the field of CH For the first time since 9/12/2006, ISO

21127:2006 has been recognized as an official international standard As of December

2014, ISO21127:2014 was released as the replacement standard There are now criteria and a formal framework for the representation of information used in CH documentation, thanks to the ISO standardization in 2006 Although it was originally designed to help with cataloging and museum documentation, it has recently been used in the BIM context as well, as discussed earlier in this article A tight categorization, on the other hand, conflicts with the uniqueness of the historical architecture and multi-disciplinary study methodologies utilized by those participating in the CH conservation process, therefore there is no absolute proper approach to operate

Up to now, in Vietnam, there have been no sets of standards for architectural heritage management practices issued Legal congress provisions are still implemented according to the Law on Cultural Heritage No 28/2001/QH10 dated June 29, 2001, of the National Assembly, as amended and supplemented by Law No 32/2009/QH12 dated June 18, 2009 [23], promulgated on July 23, 2013, to strengthen the effectiveness of state management and enhance the responsibility of the people in participating in protection and development to promote cultural heritage On December 25, 2018, Decree No 166/2018/ND-CP [24], issued by the Government, stipulated the competence, order, and procedures for formulating, appraising, and approving planning, preservation, and restoration projects restore and restore historical-cultural relics and scenic spots Circular No 15/2019/TT-BVHTTDL [25] dated December 31, 2019, of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism detailing several regulations on preservation, renovation, and restoration of monuments, the repair dossiers urgent, periodical preservation of relics or objects of relic inventory

2.1.3 The situation of Vietnamese Architectural Heritage (VAH)

The architecture of Vietnam is stunning and diverse, and it may be divided into five separate sections: vernacular, Chinese, ethnic, colonial, and Indochina architecture The old monuments in traditional forms that can be seen all around the nation are a source of great pride for the Vietnamese people Wooden houses and layer roofs are common features of traditional Vietnamese architecture Preservation of architectural heritage may not be a hindrance to economic progress, but rather a significant asset to it [26]

“Continuing to build and develop Vietnamese architecture that is modern, sustainable, rich in identity, timely responding to the requirements of cultural development, becoming a spiritual foundation in the process of land renewal, industrialization, and modernization country associated with firmly defending the Fatherland” that is the content of Vietnam's architectural development orientation to

2030, with a vision to 2050, which has just been approved by Deputy Prime Minister

Le Van Thanh in Decision No 1246/QD-TTg dated July 19, 2021 [11] According to statistics of the relic conservation industry [27], in 2020, only architectural monuments (material culture), our whole country currently has more than 41,000 relics (4,000 monuments have been ranked at the national level, of which 112 are special national monuments and 8 World Heritage sites; more than 9,000 monuments ranked at provincial and city level) The highest density of relics is concentrated in 10 provinces in the Hong River Delta region (accounting for 56% of the national monuments and more than 40% of the national monuments) In the heart of Vietnamese cities, there are precious relics such as temples, shrines, old quarters, old quarters, or unique architectural works, typical for the periods of construction and development development of the nation, especially in Hanoi, Hue, Da Lat, Hoi An, and Ho Chi Minh City

Figure 2.2 Nguyen Dynasty Architectural Style (Source: ashui.com)

One of the great values of the temple architecture of Vietnam is the extremely unique architectural system, namely the Nguyen Dynasty whose style of architecture is still until now The layout is the axis from the ecliptic A curved roof must be used on the ends of the building As can be observed in community buildings, the higher the roof is, the larger the house is The margins of the roof have been embellished The roof of the home extends beyond the boundary of the house and its verandah The wall has an evenly-arranged set of columns, and in-between the columns are doors The color of the house is determined by the color of the building materials used in its construction; wooden components are brown in their natural state, but can be painted red or gilded; the walls are painted with white lime; and ordinary tiles are either red, yellow, blue, or have the color of pearls [28]

In terms of space, Hue architecture is created according to traditional Eastern principles and philosophies That philosophy explains that all things are born from a single thing (Tai Chi), but that unity includes two opposing halves that always interact with each other (Dual Doubt) From there, it radiates to the four directions and eight directions (the Four Statues, the Eight Trigrams) to give birth to all species That is why to build a house, the first thing is to determine the central point (the Hue people call it Giap Chuong point) This is the intersection point between the two heart lines (according to the North-South axis and the East-West axis) From this point, people calculate the Tien (front, considered the South), Hau (back, North), Left (left, East), and Huu (right, West) sides The components of the truss set, including columns, trusses, penetrations, tops, and beams are positioned according to this principle [29]

Sustainable cities are described as those that have achieved long-term viability in all elements of their operations, including the economy as well as society, and the environment, to improve the quality of life of their present and future residents One of the most significant goals that must be achieved to achieve such a state is the preservation, restoration, and enhancement of the country's natural, cultural, and historical legacy [30] Hue architecture has a great influence on the architecture of temples in the South, especially in HCMC More than 20 temples in Ho Chi Minh City have been designated as architectural art remnants by the city's authorities This is a kind of traditional Vietnamese building that has enormous cultural and aesthetic assets that must be maintained and brought back into use as soon as possible They must, however, immediately change the management methods of the government as well as the awareness of the local people if they are to contribute to the transformation of Ho Chi Minh City into a sustainable urban area The current state in which they find themselves necessitates an immediate change in the management methods of the government as well as the awareness of the local people

2.1.4 Definition of Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the foundation of digital transformation in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry [31, 32] BIM-based construction networks (BbCNs) have become the typical working unit for implementing BIM in construction projects [33] In addition to increased interest from academics, BIM is gaining momentum in the construction sector The majority of the present research focuses on examining BIM for management, BIM for green building, BIM for infrastructure, and BIM for Facilities Management (FM) There are just a few studies on the examination of global BIM and the complicated links that exist between them The results of Liu et al (2019) offer significant information for academics, practitioners, and policymakers by illustrating the present development in the study area of building information modeling and identifying future research requirements [32]

Figure 2.3 FM-BIM creation for New and Existing buildings [34]

Related studies

Some previous research has focused on the application of BIM for facility and operations management, while other studies have focused on the management of historical monuments domestically and abroad as shown below:

No Author Title Research Method Results

Prabowo, Alenka Temeljotov Salaj and Jardar Lohne (2021) [50]

Urban Heritage Facility Management: A Scoping Review

Using a scoping review approach, this research explores current conversations, what is already known, and what is not from a cross-section study between urban heritage management and urban FM disciplines in academic works of literature This research also seeks to give a better vision and operational standards for maintaining the amenities of historic districts

This review looks at current issues in the academic literature from 2011 to 2020 The goal is to identify gaps in the studied publications to show the difficulties and possibilities in the merged domains by employing the historic urban landscape (HUL) approach recommended by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

Raffaella Bruman, Angelo Giuseppe Landi, Mattia Previtali, Fabio Roncoroni, Chiara Stanga (2021) [51]

Building Archaeology Informative Modeling Turned into 3D Volume Stratigraphy and Extended Reality Time-

This paper describes the case study of the damaged church of St

Francesco in the hamlet of Arquata del Tronto (Italy) that was struck by the earthquake in 2016 The paper proposes a shift from the Geographic Information System (GIS)-based analysis of the materials toward spatial HBIM management from Testerial Laser Scanning (TLS) Building Archaeology is turned into HBIM 3D volume stratigraphy, overcoming the bidimensional (2D) surface mapping, in favor of a 3D understanding of direct and indirect sources

- A common data environment (CDE) has been established to share the accessible 3D volume informative models, as well as the phases of construction across time- lapse documentation that validates related information within the building archaeology informative models, leaving spaces for uncertainty and documenting the relationship established thus far through direct and indirect sources

- The end result is a live digital twin that can be updated in real time, which justifies the expenditures and time requirements of HBIM despite 2D

No Author Title Research Method Results drawings

Joana R Silva, Rita Bento, Ana Paula Falcão, Alexandre

B Goncalves, José Maria Lobo de Carvalho, Daniel Vaz Silva (2021) [52]

Information transfer between two heritage BIMs for reconstruction support and facility management: the case study of the Chalet of the Countess of Edla, Sintra, Portugal

The research used two approaches: the first was a rehabilitation-oriented digital representation, and the second was a centralized resource for building upkeep The various features and qualities of both models are examined in this study, emphasizing the necessity of information transmission from the reconstruction model to the latter, which was surveyed to document the as-built structure

The new pieces were created as simulations of the building to be built and may not always accurately mirror the actual structure utilized on the site In terms of the level of development (LOD), both BIM systems attempted to convey a detailed portrayal of existent elements, with the lowest stage including symbolic placeholders for each graphical representation and the highest stage comprising detailed geometry and associated information

4 Márcia Godinho, BIM as a resource in - Data collecting and processing In this study, a BIM for the

Rita Machete, Madalena Ponte, Ana Paula Falcão,

Goncalves, Rita Bento (2020) [17] heritage management:

National Palace of Sintra, Portugal for heritage building BIM requires the manipulation of vast amounts of data from many sources

- BIM models may be utilized in a variety of ways, including as input or output for structural analysis tools

- The study approach includes an initial data gathering stage, conversion of this geographical data into BIM elements, and export of the BIM geometry to a parametric nonlinear finite element model (FEM) analysis program

National Palace of Sintra, Portugal, allows producing adequate structural models that are used in the seismic vulnerability assessment procedures of finite element models and integration of the results of these structural analyses into the Data base via highly detailed geometric representation based on TLS data acquisition, which is the display of the usefulness of the combined use of legacy BIM 7D's feature store and geometry database capabilities via two-way information interchange with structural analysis software

Alavi and Nuria Forcada Matheu (2019) [34]

BIM LOD for facility management tasks

- Define data sets by specifying Omniclass, COBie, and Spie structural data to include in the BIM model

- Interview experts working in the FM field to evaluate the necessary information for each component, and come up with a customized set of LODs

- Evaluate the custom LOD set with the case study of two real projects

The article determines the reasonable LOD level of BIM components in different sectors in the FM industry

As a result, the author has confirmed that more than 60% of the parameters defined with LOD400 are unnecessary In addition, with the MEP system, more parameters are required than with other systems and it is necessary to indicate the level of development to decentralize the BIM model during the O&M process

BIM for FM Developing information

- Apply both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods at the

The article identifies information common to facility

Amoako, Salam Al- Bizri and Mark Gaterell (2019) [53] requirements to support facilities management systems design stages of the project

- Collection and qualitative analysis of data based on literature reviews, similar standards and case studies, and documents from real projects

FM trainees in the UK forms the foundation for the development of the construction information model transfer process and the project operation system management (FM) systems, which should be included in the construction information model (BIM) to transfer information between BIM and FM systems, and aims to create and defines a process that collects the information needed to be used in the operating system throughout the life of the project

Pedro M Lerones, José Llamas, Jaime Gómez García Bermejo and

A Review of Heritage Building Information Modeling (H-BIM)

Focus on the application of BIM or BIM functions in existing buildings; 36 articles have the term 'H-BIM'; 19 publications do not reference BIM dealing with the 3D

This article provides a survey of the available literature on H-BIM and its successful application in the cultural heritage sector, examining the efficacy considering the utility

Eduardo Zalama (2018) [14] virtual modeling of existing structures Furthermore, 13 documents deal with data capture and processing concerns, while the other nine articles deal with other topics of the many approaches that were created to represent groups of items of interest

Research for Database Apply for Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Facility Management of High- rise Building

- A survey on the frequency of information use and the information demand of the components in the BIM-FM model of the building

- A survey about the level of detail, and the level of development of the elements with medium to high frequency of using the information in the project

- Define the database set (including necessary elements) for the information model of the building in the process of operation management (BIM-FM)

- Provide recommendations and solutions on construction model information during the operation management phase of the project to improve efficiency and save costs for BIM-applied project operations

Historical monument management: a case study is the Temple of Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi City

- Methods of analysis, statistics, and synthesis of different sources of documents written about the monument and the current situation of each stage of management work at Hai Ba Trung temple today;

- Field survey method: Analysis of documents by the author through a direct visit to Hai Ba Trung Temple

The thesis examines and analyzes the current status of management of the relics of Hai Ba Trung temple in Hat Mon commune from 2013 up to now, and proposes solutions to solutions to contribute to improving the efficiency of the management of Hai Ba Trung Temple in the coming time

Application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Operation and Facility Management of High-Rise Buildings

- Research on the selection of survey sample methods to apply

- Research combines data collection methods with one-way and two-way data, namely building a questionnaire and making direct interview contact with the subjects

The thesis has pointed out the difficulties in synchronizing and updating as-built information into operation management software, updating information during operation, or the lack of application of information technology (IT)

No Author Title Research Method Results to be interviewed with the content of the questionnaire

- Creating the mobile application for building operation and facility management

This evaluates the current status of

IT applications in the operation management process and proposes the application process of the BIM-

FM model in the operational management stage

Classification groups of components used in the project operating system

HBIM is defined as a technique for the comprehensive management of cultural heritage, in which the greatest precision digital metric capture and its translation into assimilable models in BIM programs is only one option for the development of a model Depending on the aims of the model, other modeling options with lesser degrees of precision may be suitable for HBIM models focusing on different areas of heritage preservation, such as research, protection, conservation, and dissemination From the combination of previous studies and expert opinions, the author lists the components and components of the Vietnamese traditional relic Depending on the type of historical site, the components are determined differently, in the case of temples and pagodas of the Nguyen Dynasty, the proposed structure is evaluated as follows [57]

Category Element Group Element (1) (2) (3) (4) Selected

Enclosures A2010 Walls for Subgrade Enclosures ✓ ✓ ✓

A4090 Slab-on-Grade Supplementary Components ✓ ✓ ✓

1) B Forum, "Level of Development (LOD) Specification part I & Commentary," 2019

D5010 Electrical Service and Distribution ✓ ✓ Consider

2) H Q Ngô, Learn the history of Vietnamese architecture Construction Publishers, 2008

3) N T T Vy, Architectural Terms of Hue Ruong House World Publishers, 2020

4) GSA P100 Facilities standards for the public buildings service, 2021.

METHODOLOGY

Data Processing

The steps of the research are presented through 4 main phases: (1) Define the problem statement relative to the database of historical heritage and current situation in BIMFM; (2) Processing input data from site collection as well as a draw data from Scan-to-BIM then build an H-BIM model including the component; (3) Database framework establishment through questionnaire survey and testing systems; and last is (4) conclusion and suggestion Each specific research phase includes:

3.1.1 Define the Problem Statement relative to the Database of HBIM for facility and operation management

Despite all these efforts to conserve the global cultural heritage, however, many heritage buildings within Vietnam have suffered from serious problems without being properly maintained and operated for several years These problems can be categorized into three categories: (1) The physical category (moisture, heat and frost, ultraviolet solar radiation, and particulate emissions) (2) The chemical category (acids, alkalis, bird excrement, and flue gases attacking the building materials) (3) The biological category

To establish the research process, the author consults previous research documents related to the topic Consequently, the author gives the initial basic research process to determine the objectives and contributions of the research

Determine the research needs, research objectives, and scope, as well as research duration

- Step 2: Literature Review and Overall Document

In this Step 2, students conduct research on documents related to the issue to be researched, including studies on operation management and applications of HBIM in heritage management Through this step, students identify the current research direction and issues of concern to solve in this research

3.1.2 Process input data from the Scan-to-HBIM process and build an information model of the historic site

Figure 3.2 Scan-to-HBIM Workflows

3D Laser Scanning is the most advanced technology in the world, allowing the reconstruction of space realistically and sharply, helping to store data of ancient architectural works Reconstruction quickly and accurately [58] The general Scan-to- HBIM workflow is shown in Figure 3.2 consisting of three stages from recording data onsite and feasibility study to the HBIM model When surveying approaches are used, it is feasible to properly represent even complicated constructions Firstly, the recording data acquired with photogrammetric methods and/or with active sensors from heritage onsite with the produce is the point cloud collected from several ways such as UAVs, TLS, and Photogrammetry Secondly, the procedure that allows obtaining a parametric model of a structure from point cloud to establish a Database with LOD, LOI through Registration (2.1) and Digitalization Information Data (2.2), as a result, the HBIM model with parameter and level of information to modeling with the tools implemented based on the construction of a parametric object of complex shape starting from the point cloud with the obtained HBIM model, further applications are integrated such as 3D printing, operation management, and maintenance Cultural Heritage (CH) management requires increasingly efficient, simple, and shareable tools, methods, and knowledge, a suitable Scan-to-HBIM process has been developed to transform point clouds into parameterized objects

After receiving input data from the Scan-to-HBIM process, the author processes the data and builds a database for the selected components in the HBIM model, this process is the foundation for evaluating the LOD, and LOI usage of each component in a typical historical site The research process is a generalization of the steps in performing the task in the research to fill research gaps

- Step 1: A survey on the frequency of using the information on the components in a historical monument

After building the survey tables from the reviews of related documents and studies, the author surveys the frequency of using the information on the components in a historical monument The survey consists of two main phases:

• Questionnaire survey 1: Survey the frequency of information use of building components  Review and summarize to collect information to prepare survey table in phase 2

• Questionnaire survey 2: Primary survey with the first participants with the required amount of information for each element in the heritage model setting

- Step 2: Proposing necessary data sets for HBIM-FM

From the survey results obtained, the participants performed data analysis and made comments on the needs and frequency of using the information on historic heritage management in Ho Chi Minh City With the above synthesis, students will synthesize the knowledge and practical experience of implementing HBIM and the information reviewed on the HBIM application to propose a database for the HBIM model in the management phase operations, including:

• The list of components will be included in the HBIM-FM model

• The required level of development of each type of component in this model is to meet the minimum management needs of operational management departments

Because BIM software for sale is no longer developed or appropriate for modeling existing structures, in complicated construction, this software cannot properly capture surface\features as some details Through the BIM Platform, the HBIM model will be created as well as the LOD has been determined to export the component schedule The Figure 3.3 presented the correlation between BIM Platform and O&M from HBIM to the output data for management The HBIM model will be synchronized with the Central Data Environment (CDE) and the heritage information added As a result, the Model Visualization will be presented to the Heritage Managers, Visitors, and Restoration Specialists/Archeologists in the restoration and periodic maintenance of the site.

Data collection

The survey that the participants give in this study is in nature to learn about the entire sample population There are two survey methods commonly used in practice which are summarized in the table below

Table 3.1 Summary of survey methods

A set of objects to be examined contains the characteristics that need to be studied or investigated

A portion or subset of individuals of the target population is selected to represent the population to be surveyed

Characteristics Survey all objects in the population

Survey with a limited number of samples and then deduce the results of the entire sample population

- The obtained survey has the most accurate results;

- Save time and costs due to the small number of samples

- Can expand the research content, and evaluate the most common characteristics in the project

Disadvantages It takes a lot of time and money

The larger the sample size (Population) of the study, the lower the error in the estimates will be, and the more representative the population However, collecting a large sample size will consume a lot of time, effort, and money at all stages of collection, testing, and analysis [59, 60] The choice of sample size, therefore, needs to be considered thoughtfully for everything to be balanced and efficient [61] The size will depend on:

• Required reliability of the data That is, the degree of certainty that the characteristics of the selected sample size should be generalizable to the population feature

• The error that the study can accept That is the precision we require for any estimate made on the sample

• Types of testing and analysis will be performed Some statistical techniques require the sample size to reach a certain threshold for the estimates to be meaningful

• Overall size The study sample will need to occupy a certain proportion of the size of the population

The characteristics of this study are that the survey subjects are all individuals involved in the archeology and construction field, meanwhile, a very large number of surveys, distributed on a large scale and requiring resources such as time, cost as well as human resources, is extremely large The time to carry out this study is limited, and the application of the sample population survey seems impossible Therefore, the author chooses the sample survey method in the research

The sample survey in this research focuses on the archeology and construction fields, therefore, determining the sample size according to the population estimate often requires a large sample size, in which, the researcher has limited time and without financial support, the ability to sample according to the population estimate will be difficult to implement Therefore, researchers often use a sampling formula based on the quantitative method used to analyze the data Two methods that require large sample sizes are usually regression and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) In this research, since the minimum sample size in the structural survey table is extremely large, the determination of the target sample group has a certain limit in determining the value

According to Fellow et al.,2021, [62] two commonly used methods of data collection are presented below Methods of collecting data, generally, may be categorized as either one-way or two-way communications

Table 3.2 Two methods collect data

Method One-way methods Two-way methods

Include postal questionnaires, completely structured interviews, diaries, scrutiny of archives/documents, and observations

Permit feedback and gathering of further data via probing and include semi-structured interviews and participant observation

- Easily synthesize answers according to the researcher's suggestions

- Save time and costs than other methods

- Non-linear data collection methods

- The effectiveness of the answer is high, due to the direct interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee

- No direct interaction with the interviewee

- Expensive in terms of cost and time

Surveyed subjects are architects and engineers who have researched and participated in projects of renovating and renovating monuments as well as participating in the management and operation of other works, which are often difficult to access through public buildings media such as through telephone and face-to-face interviews Therefore, the author chooses the one-way interview method through the survey which will be sent through the media such as email, online surveys, and hardcopy surveys to improve the quality of the survey and the amount of data collected Questionnaires are the most common survey tool, used to collect information from many people, and questionnaires can be combined with a variety of techniques The number of questions depends on the research content [63] Questionnaires are built on psychological principles that are the basis for human behavior, so it is easy to falsify information

After choosing a one-way data collection method, students proceed to identify research objects A research object is a system of things that exist objectively about the research goal to be discovered, the thing that carries the research object

• Objectives of the study: Determining the frequency and demand for information use of the structure in the management and operation of the historical monument

• Research subjects: Individuals who are working in the construction industry and preserving and restoring historical monuments

• Research scope: Historical relic management units in Ho Chi Minh City

• Time: From April 2022 to June 2022

The main purpose of sampling is to ensure that the sample taken will be representative of the entire population to be assessed There are two main sampling methods, probability sampling, and non-probability sampling, both of which are summarized below

• Probability sampling: knowing the probability of the number of subjects participating in the survey, the sampling process uses methods based on probability theory The probability of being sampled is the same for all units in the population Reduce Sample Deviation, Diverse Populations, Precise Sampling this helps to obtain clearly defined data

 Simple random sampling: every unit of the population is chosen at random, by chance The probability of being selected is the same among research subjects

 Cluster sampling: subdividing the population into clusters to represent the population The method is used when a complete list of units in the population is not available

 Systematic random sampling: Numbering the population/starting point in order and selecting samples of the same size, with equal spacing between the samples selected in the population The method used when a predefined range is available is the least time-consuming sampling technique

 Stratified random sampling: dividing the population into small groups that do not overlap according to 1 or several criteria related to the research purpose

In sampling, the subgroups are rearranged and the researcher selects a sample from each group separately

• Non-Probability Sampling: a non-fixed or predetermined selection process that is often based on the researcher's ability to select a sample The probability of all units in the population being sampled is not equal Hypothesis generation, This method helps to return data immediately and build the basis for further research, Exploratory Research, and Budget and time constraints Since survey design is not rigid, it is easier to randomly select respondents and ask them to take a survey or questionnaire

 Voluntary sample: based on the discretion of the researcher These people will consider, consider the purpose of the study along with the understanding of the units of the population themselves to perform sampling

 Convenience sample: based on the accessibility of survey subjects: ease, convenience in implementation, related to subjects without any selection authority, and non-representative

With individuals from heritage management and conservation units as research subjects, there is usually a high degree of information security, so students choose a convenient sampling method The list of interviewees is based on information in the industry and directly contacts the heritage maintenance departments to find survey opportunities

The study method employed in this report is strict qualitative nature [64] The survey questionnaire is designed to assess the level of interest in the elements in the operational phase of the project of the above factors, one of the commonly used forms of measuring abstract concepts The most popular in socio-economic research is the Likert scale which the rating system selected, made use of a numeric scale with a rating of 0-5 [65] Assessing the interest of the interviewees with the development level of the model serving the operational phase for a specific pilot site in each element with LOD scale levels

• LOD 100 Conceptual: Analysis can also additionally arise primarily based totally on the volume, area, and orientation of the overall illustration of the Model Element

• LOD 200 Approximate: Analysis may occur based on the quantities, size, shape, location, and orientation of the general representation of the Model Elements

• LOD 300 Precise: Analysis may occur based on the performance of selected systems of the specific representation of the Model Element

• LOD 350 Assemblies for Coordination: Model Elements are modeled as detailed assemblies that accurately represent specific systems, objects, or assemblies in terms of quantity, size, shape, orientation, and interfaces with other building systems with the detail necessary for cross-trade coordination and construction layout

• LOD 400 Fabrication: Analysis may occur based on the performance of selected systems of the specific Model Elements

FREQUENCY OF USING INFORMATION MODELING ON

Synthesize information about survey subjects

Before conducting the survey, the author made a list of the content of the official survey questions This list is based on the contents of the document review, which includes sections related to the application of HBIM-FM and issues related to the restoration and preservation of historical sites The questions are arranged in the phase 1 survey in Appendix 1 The surveyed subjects are usually engineers and architects in the industry and have long working experience and knowledge of heritage conservation The content of the interviews of the survey panels was summarized with the following main contents:

• General information about the surveyed subjects: Information related to their expertise, information about the types of projects involved, and other information about the respondents who have been or are working

• The information about the frequency of using the information of the structure in the building that the surveyed subjects assessed as frequently appearing for historical relics

• Research scope: Individuals are mainly working and participating in projects in Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh.

General information about the survey

The phase 1 survey was completed in April 2021 and the survey was sent to more than

200 subjects who are architects, engineers, and managers in the field of architecture - construction Then, the author received 74 responses from individuals, of which 69 responses were valid Survey subjects give feedback through Microsoft Office Form Online and paper copies are sent directly to individuals participating in heritage conservation projects and projects as well as individuals involved in management operating management Several reasons cause difficulties in the survey process, leading to a low number of surveys, such as:

• The survey affects the security reasons of restoration projects

• The individuals interviewed are not part of the technical management unit, so it is not possible to cover all the information about the specific monuments and the management of those monuments.

Survey contents

The survey questions include Yes/No questions, single-choice and multiple-choice questions, and Likert scale questions The collected questions are in qualitative and quantitative forms, which are collected and analyzed in the next part of the study The main content of this phase survey includes 5 phases, the content is presented in Appendix

Personal information of interviewees: includes personal information including full name and contact email to verify the information for the following surveys

The main purpose of this section is to evaluate the validity of the surveyed subjects who are working in building operation management units, have experience in the construction industry, and have researched historical sites to improve the accuracy of survey results Questions that determine the role of the respondents, the length of time they have worked in the industry, and the types of projects they have been involved in, determine the correlations between the individuals participating in the survey

Questions C1 and C2 are intended to determine whether survey respondents have an understanding of BIM and historical sites In addition, the questions C3, C4, and C5 to C6 are to find out the current status of management and operation of historical sites and conservation methods synthesized from the surveyed guiding documents; difficulties when applying HBIM of survey subjects to assess in the process of heritage conservation Besides, Questions C7 and C8 determined the potential of integration of HBIM in heritage conservation in the Likert Scale from 1 to 5 as strongly disagree to strongly agree

• Part D: Databases of applying heritage building information modeling for operation management

The information frequency of information used in the operation management process is evaluated in this section, these questions are in the form of a Likert scale Questions were asked to determine the frequency of information usage in operation management, once again reviewing the components with medium to very high frequency of use, to decide on the level of development development of low-frequency components at the LOD level, and further development of the information development survey of medium to high-frequency components

In this part, the author divides into 2 preliminary general assessment methods for the paper survey and the online survey In the online survey, question E1 is listed and asked the surveyor to sort by the level of the most difficult components for the restoration and restoration of the monument from the most difficult to the least difficult, while question E1 in the paper survey is to fill in the blanks The remaining sentences E2 and E3 are all fill-in-the-blank sentences These questions aim to identify the groups of components that the surveyor is interested in for the author's attention for the next steps.

Results

The survey results of sentences B1, B2, and B3 present basic information of survey participants in the field of construction In the statistics for question B1, the majority of survey participants are consulting units (including engineers and architects) accounting for 39.1%, followed by investors and first-time operating management units are 29% and 18.8% respectively Since the units directly involved in the management and operation of the heritage and the conservation and restoration of the monuments are usually consulting and management units of the facility, the number of differences is biased towards the industry groups listed

B1 Role in the architecture project

Figure 4.1 Percentage of Surveyor's role in the architecture project

B2 Time to participate in the design and operation management

Figure 4.2 Percentage of Time to participate in the design and operation management

B3 Type of project in which you have participated in operation management Figure 4.3 Frequency of type project participation in operation management

In the survey results of 2 questions B2 and B3 showing work experience and type of project they participate in, most of them have working experience from 3 to 10 years with a total of 66.7%, then 20.3% the number of survey participants with more than 10 years of experience and the rest 13% with less than 3 years of experience Most of the surveyors have relatively experience working in team leader and senior positions The types of projects that surveyors participate in are fairly evenly distributed from 25 to 42 in typical project types, however, a small number of survey respondents are still less involved in projects of restoring and renovating ancient monuments

4.4.2 Information related to conservation and restoration of relics integrated with current technologies

Through survey results C1 and C2 about experience participating in projects using BIM in modeling and experience in historical research and historical sites The percentage of people with experience in the field accounted for 81.2% and 76.8% for participating in BIM modeling and historical studies respectively Thereby, the number of people with experience in these two separate fields will ensure the reasonableness of answering the following professional-related questions Questions C3, C4, C5, and C6 were compiled based on research documents on the conservation and restoration of monuments, respectively, to assess the level of understanding of the individuals participating in the survey on this field

C2 Are you currently participating in and researching historical monuments Figure 4.4 Percentage of Participate in the Building Information Modeling Projects and historical monuments

C3 The common problems in the management and operation of historical monuments nowadays Figure 4.5 Frequency of the common problems in the management and operation of historical monuments nowadays

C4 The method of restoring the monument in what ways is suitable to the characteristics of the traditional architecture of Vietnam Figure 4.6 Frequency of the method of restoring the monument in what ways is suitable with the characteristics of the traditional architecture of Vietnam

C5 The method of storing information about relics in what ways is suitable to the characteristics of the traditional architecture of Vietnam Figure 4.7 Frequency of method of storing information about relics in what ways is suitable with the characteristics of the traditional architecture of Vietnam

Three survey panels on the methods used in the conservation, archiving, and preservation of monuments and the problems encountered were shown in C3, C4, and C5 One of the outstanding problems in the process of managing and operating historic sites today is the loss of detailed information about historical structures (44) and the change, expansion, and adjustment of the functions of the heritage (39) The accuracy of hand-drawn drawings is not high as well as the lack of drawings, information, and documents related to heritage works are equally important, due to the application of new technologies such as AutoCAD or Revit over the past two decades while the historical works have existed for a long time

The frequency of the method of restoring the monument and storing information about relics are shown in C4 and C5 Partial restoration methods (56) take up a great deal of weight in restoration methods The partial restoration method aims to shed light on hidden features of the architecture, structure, or building history The method of partial restoration gives only one result, which is to remove and release deviations to restore historical sites to their original state, and applies to ruins and ruins when the restoration is necessary structural reinforcement and potentially threatening landslides [70] The method of storing information about relics is mostly in the form of drawings and measurements of a schematic and archaeological nature (45 and 38) All other methods are used to store monument information and the frequencies are still the same The choice of archival form also depends on the objective conditions and the type of work, the methodology in archeology, and the conservation of different countries

C6 What type of information should be handed over?

Figure 4.8 The frequency of the type of information should be handed over

The frequency of the type of information that should be handed over is focusing on As-built Drawing and Technical requirements for anastylosis and consolidation, the other type is higher over 25 In C7 and C8, The integration of Heritage building information modeling (HBIM) and is necessary to build a unified information model for management and operation of the monument plays an important role in the concept, which in higher mean, 4.64 and 4.7, the conservation of historical buildings, made through energy refurbishment or retrofit and restoration works on existing buildings

Table 4.1 Summary table of C7 and C8

C7 The integration of building information modeling (BIM) for the heritage, namely

Heritage building information modeling (HBIM)

C8 In your opinion, it is necessary to build a unified information model for the management and operation of the monument

4.4.3 Frequency of using the information of components in the management and operation of historical monuments

The author uses the Likert scale method and SPSS tool to process the obtained data The single-sample t-test is a statistical hypothesis test used to determine whether an unknown population is meant to be different from a particular value We see the Sig value (2 – tailed) < 5%, so we can reject hypothesis H0 In the case of Sig (2 – tailed) > 5% then we accept the hypothesis The values are shown below.

Shell

Interiors

1) B Forum, "Level of Development (LOD) Specification part I & Commentary," 2019

Services

D5010 Electrical Service and Distribution ✓ ✓ Consider

2) H Q Ngô, Learn the history of Vietnamese architecture Construction Publishers, 2008

3) N T T Vy, Architectural Terms of Hue Ruong House World Publishers, 2020

4) GSA P100 Facilities standards for the public buildings service, 2021

The steps of the research are presented through 4 main phases: (1) Define the problem statement relative to the database of historical heritage and current situation in BIMFM; (2) Processing input data from site collection as well as a draw data from Scan-to-BIM then build an H-BIM model including the component; (3) Database framework establishment through questionnaire survey and testing systems; and last is (4) conclusion and suggestion Each specific research phase includes:

3.1.1 Define the Problem Statement relative to the Database of HBIM for facility and operation management

Despite all these efforts to conserve the global cultural heritage, however, many heritage buildings within Vietnam have suffered from serious problems without being properly maintained and operated for several years These problems can be categorized into three categories: (1) The physical category (moisture, heat and frost, ultraviolet solar radiation, and particulate emissions) (2) The chemical category (acids, alkalis, bird excrement, and flue gases attacking the building materials) (3) The biological category

To establish the research process, the author consults previous research documents related to the topic Consequently, the author gives the initial basic research process to determine the objectives and contributions of the research

Determine the research needs, research objectives, and scope, as well as research duration

- Step 2: Literature Review and Overall Document

In this Step 2, students conduct research on documents related to the issue to be researched, including studies on operation management and applications of HBIM in heritage management Through this step, students identify the current research direction and issues of concern to solve in this research

3.1.2 Process input data from the Scan-to-HBIM process and build an information model of the historic site

Figure 3.2 Scan-to-HBIM Workflows

3D Laser Scanning is the most advanced technology in the world, allowing the reconstruction of space realistically and sharply, helping to store data of ancient architectural works Reconstruction quickly and accurately [58] The general Scan-to- HBIM workflow is shown in Figure 3.2 consisting of three stages from recording data onsite and feasibility study to the HBIM model When surveying approaches are used, it is feasible to properly represent even complicated constructions Firstly, the recording data acquired with photogrammetric methods and/or with active sensors from heritage onsite with the produce is the point cloud collected from several ways such as UAVs, TLS, and Photogrammetry Secondly, the procedure that allows obtaining a parametric model of a structure from point cloud to establish a Database with LOD, LOI through Registration (2.1) and Digitalization Information Data (2.2), as a result, the HBIM model with parameter and level of information to modeling with the tools implemented based on the construction of a parametric object of complex shape starting from the point cloud with the obtained HBIM model, further applications are integrated such as 3D printing, operation management, and maintenance Cultural Heritage (CH) management requires increasingly efficient, simple, and shareable tools, methods, and knowledge, a suitable Scan-to-HBIM process has been developed to transform point clouds into parameterized objects

After receiving input data from the Scan-to-HBIM process, the author processes the data and builds a database for the selected components in the HBIM model, this process is the foundation for evaluating the LOD, and LOI usage of each component in a typical historical site The research process is a generalization of the steps in performing the task in the research to fill research gaps

- Step 1: A survey on the frequency of using the information on the components in a historical monument

After building the survey tables from the reviews of related documents and studies, the author surveys the frequency of using the information on the components in a historical monument The survey consists of two main phases:

• Questionnaire survey 1: Survey the frequency of information use of building components  Review and summarize to collect information to prepare survey table in phase 2

• Questionnaire survey 2: Primary survey with the first participants with the required amount of information for each element in the heritage model setting

- Step 2: Proposing necessary data sets for HBIM-FM

From the survey results obtained, the participants performed data analysis and made comments on the needs and frequency of using the information on historic heritage management in Ho Chi Minh City With the above synthesis, students will synthesize the knowledge and practical experience of implementing HBIM and the information reviewed on the HBIM application to propose a database for the HBIM model in the management phase operations, including:

• The list of components will be included in the HBIM-FM model

• The required level of development of each type of component in this model is to meet the minimum management needs of operational management departments

Because BIM software for sale is no longer developed or appropriate for modeling existing structures, in complicated construction, this software cannot properly capture surface\features as some details Through the BIM Platform, the HBIM model will be created as well as the LOD has been determined to export the component schedule The Figure 3.3 presented the correlation between BIM Platform and O&M from HBIM to the output data for management The HBIM model will be synchronized with the Central Data Environment (CDE) and the heritage information added As a result, the Model Visualization will be presented to the Heritage Managers, Visitors, and Restoration Specialists/Archeologists in the restoration and periodic maintenance of the site