Advantages and disadvantages of indian english

--- Page 1 --- INTRODUCTION Over the decades, English has been widely spoken across t he globe and has established itself as a global language. A language becomes universally spoken when it gains a unique role recognized by all countries (Crystal, 2003). Indian English is deeply rooted in India''''s colonial past that gave birth to this new variety of English. It consists of regional linguistic variants or English dialects spoken primarily in the Indian subcontinent, distinct from both American and British Englishes, the standard forms for every educational institution across the globe. The arrival of the British in the early 17th century and subsequent colonization, which lasted between 1858 and 1947, best explain the emergence of Indian English. The idea of using a shared language elevated English to a more powerful position during colonial period in India. Consequently, the British government introduced English into administration and education to facilitate easier management. Over time, English gradually became more influential in India, culminating in a significant milestone in the year 1947 when it became one of the official languages of India, alongside Hindi. To fully grasp Indian English and its intricacies, it is essential to examine a number of aspects, such as societal and historical influences. This essay will provide a thorough picture of this variety of English by exploring different facets. The first part of the essay will show a clear overview of the root of English in India. It will then explore typical features of Indian English, including phenology, lexis, grammar, and pragmatics. Finally, the essay will delve into both positive and negative aspects of Indian English, leading to a well-rounded conclusion. PART A: THE EMERGENCE OF INDIAN ENGLISH (IE) India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries, including various language families and writing systems. This diversity poses challenges for the country’s growth, but it is considered an essential resource in the years to come (Graddol, 2010). The history of how Indian English developed is deeply intertwined with its colonial history, which began as early as 1579 with the arrival of Thomas Stevens, one of the first Englishman to set foot in India, along with the establishment of British trading posts in various regions of the country. In 1600, the English East India Company''''s royal charter, which granted it a monopoly on trade in the region, further strengthened the position of English in India (Sharma, 2006). Then, English spread through various channels, including the employment of translators and other workers by the East India Company, the recruitment of Indian soldiers for the English army (Sharma, 2006). A major turning point was seen in the 19th century with the institutionalization of English in India. Thomas Macaulay''''s “Minute on Indian Education” in 1835 established English as the medium of instruction in the newly founded British-Indian universities of Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras in 1857 (Ghosh, 1995). English spread through India while resistance to British rule grew from 1835 to 1947. It became the key part of education and administration, even as nationalist movements opposed colonial control (Mahapatra & Sk, 2019). Since gaining independence in 1947, Indian English has continued to develop. The establishment of Pakistan and the resulting linguistic and cultural tensions influenced how English was viewed and used in India (Krishnaraj, 1993). India''''s leading role in producing English publications highlights the importance of the language in the country''''s growth. In 1989, English dailies boasted the highest circulation, with 2.6 million copies, surpassing Hindi dailies, which had a circulation of 2.2 million copies. Yet, integrating English into India''''s education system has not been without difficulties. There are neo-national & narrow chauvinistic trends that have created pockets of resistance against anything seen as a leftover from colonialism (Krishnaraj, 1993). Furthermore, there is still an ongoing debate in Indian universities as to whether English should be taught as a language or as literature (Krishnaraj, 1993). English is beneficial for India in terms of various reasons. Firstly, knowing English is crucial for better job opportunities—especially in business, government, and education (Abilasha & Ilankumaran, 2018). Often regarded as the language of power and prestige, mastering this language opens many doors to professional growth and bright career prospects. (Abilasha & Ilankumaran, 2018). What is more, the proliferation of multinational corporations and the need for communication across India have made English a valuable skill (Abilasha & Ilankumaran, 2018). Today, Indian English is a distinct linguistic variety with its own unique features and regional variations (Rahman et al., 2022). Despite the challenges of language acquisition and the lingering effects of colonialism, English remains vital for uniting people throughout India’s vast society. TYPICAL FEATURES It is true that English serves as an effective means of communication among people of diverse linguistic communities in India. However, the language has evolved and adopted differently, becoming more powerful in the country. As a result, it is no longer regarded as a foreign language. Instead, English is a medium that can be shaped and adapted to suit the context of the country (Pandey & Jha, 2021). Understanding varieties of English in different regions is of much importance for developing a deep appreciation of their contributions and for understanding English has been adapted in different contexts. Indian English is a notable case since there are different aspects of the language, including phonology, syntax, vocabulary, and pragmatics, have been distinct from other English varieties. PHONOLOGY P Sailaja (2009) emphasizes that phenology is the most noticeable factor that sets Indian English apart from other varieties. Sitaram et al. (2018) further highlight that one notable characteristic of Indian English is its unique sounds. This can be easily observed in how Indian speakers place stress when pronouncing English words. Specifically, the tendency to stress the second-to-last syllable is a typical distinction of Indian English compared to other English varieties. Take the word “protestant” as an example. This word is commonly pronounced by Indians as “pro-TEST-ant”. This clearly illustrates that Indian speakers often stress the penultimate syllable, as opposed to the standard pronunciation “PRO-test-ant”. This stress pattern can result from the influence of the native Indian languages, which often use similar stress patterns (Ohala, 1991). Another feature to notice in Indian phenology is how Indian speakers pronounce retroflex consonants. In this case, the tongue curls backward when producing the /t/ and /d/ sounds, leading to the loss of distinction between certain sounds. This results in pronunciations like “dat” instead of “that”, and “tink” for “think.” Additionally, speakers of Indian English often swap the /f/ and /v/ sounds with [p] and [b]. This happens because these specific phonemes are not available in many Indian languages. As a result, phrases such as the use of the term “ispeech” instead of “speech,” and “istation” is used for “station.” In general, the uniqueness of these pronunciations originates from a variety of linguistic backgrounds found in India. With more than a hundred languages, the connection between English and local dialects has led to special phonological features in the Indian English variety (Jain et al., 2023). LEXIS --- Page 2 --- The Indian English lexicon showcases an outstanding level of creativity (P Sailaja, 2009). To put it simply, Indian English presents a distinct and vibrant vocabulary, featured by its language use. This can be observed in the blend of linguistic borrowings, semantic shifts, and hybridizations that collectively shape its evolution (Khubchand, 2020). In fact, the lexicon of Indian English is closely connected with those of its British and American equivalents (BE/AE). However, many words in Indian English convey different meanings compared to their counterparts in British or American English. For example, the meaning of the word “four-twenty” in Indian English is different from that of British English—it means “cheat” or “swindler”. Similarly, the term “lathi charge” denotes “police attack with sticks”, and there is no direct equivalent for this in British English lexicon. Additionally, we can see that a number of words from standard British and American English have been adopted and adapted into Indian English. This demonstrates the dynamic nature of the Indian English variety. For example, the term "lathi charge" is a fusion of the Hindi word "lathi," meaning "stick," and the English word "charge." More than 900 words from different Indian languages have been incorporated into the global English vocabulary. Leuckert et al.(2023) note that a number of words like “shampoo”, “bungalow”, “jungle” and “curry” have their origins in Indian languages and are now part of the global English lexicon. This is the best testament to how different native languages contribute to the evolution of English.Top of Form Bottom of Form GRAMMAR Like other varieties, the grammar of Indian English is no less interesting to consider, since it is assimilated in a different way due to the country’s linguistic pluralism. One example of this is the use of the invariant tag questions, such as “isn’t it?” irrespective of the main clause. The question, “You helped him last night, isn’t it? sounds peculiar in Indian English and is clearly not standard English. This feature is considered to be grammatically incorrect used in terms of grammar in comparison with standard English. Another unique feature of Indian grammar is the way of using the present continuous tense with the preposition “since” to denote continuous actions. People often use the incorrect sentences like, “I am waiting for you since three hours”. These are just two examples of how India speakers adapt English to their linguistic environment(Sinha et al., 2005). Furthermore, the use of the present continuous tense in combination with the stative verbs highlights where incompleteness affects the structure. It is not uncommon to hear people say, “I am having one sister” or “Peter must be understanding this lesson”. The Wh-questions without subject-auxiliary inversion are also very common in Indian English. People often ask, “What you are reading?” among the speakers of this variety. So, one may conclude that inhabitants of India strive not only to fully adapt English but also to align it with the grammar of their native languages. The conjunction “that” after the verb “want” is another specific feature observed in Indian English, based on my experience. PRAGMATICS The study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning in communication, known as pragmatics, is vital value in exploring how Indian English differs from standard English and other varieties. Basically, the uniqueness of Indian English pragmatics lies in its social, cultural, and dialectal influences. A clear example of the distinct pragmatics of Indian English is the use of “yes” to response to a negative question to express agreement with the negative statement. A: Didn’t she meet you yesterday? B: Yes. She didn’t meet me yesterday. Moreover, Indian English is further characterized by the use of a more elaborate and exaggerated style of expression, often featured with many learned terms and a strong sense of formality. While one might see this as “curious” or “different”, it makes sense within the larger cultural norms shaping how people communicate in India. As the renowned Indian author Raja Rao aptly noted, “We cannot write like the English. We should not. We can only write as Indians” (Krishnaraj, 1993). Obviously, the changing nature of the language is often linked to colonization, as people tend to remake it, domesticate, and transform it into something they feel comfortable using. Word count: 1853 PART B: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INDIAN ENGLISH (IE) Indian English stands out as a unique variant of the English language. Like other English varieties, Indian English has piqued the interest of scholars, leading to extensive debate and research. Today, English is the most effective medium of instruction in India, as the language is increasingly spoken across the country. That said, it is impossible to determine how many Indian people are truly fluent in English (Graddol, 2010). English as a lingua franca is of much value to Indians for various reasons, such as communication, collaboration, and global integration. It acts as an important tool to make the life of Indians far easier, as people from diverse linguistic backgrounds can speak the same language and understand each other more easily. Manivannan(2019) asserts that English is a linguistic tool that plays a unifying role across the country. Despite numerous advantages the language offers, there are also some advantages.

Over the decades, English has been widely spoken across the globe and has established itself as a global language A language becomes universally spoken when it gains a unique role recognized by all countries (Crystal, 2003) Indian English is deeply rooted in India's colonial past that gave birth to this new variety

of English

It consists of regional linguistic variants or English dialects spoken primarily in the Indian subcontinent, distinct from both American and British Englishes, the standard forms for every educational institution across the globe The arrival of the British in the early 17th century and subsequent colonization, which lasted between 1858 and 1947, best explain the emergence of Indian English The idea of using a shared language elevated English to a more powerful position during colonial period in India Consequently, the British government introduced English into administration and education to facilitate easier management Over time, English gradually became more influential in India, culminating in a significant milestone in the year 1947 when it became one of the official languages of India, alongside Hindi

To fully grasp Indian English and its intricacies, it is essential to examine a number of aspects, such as societal and historical influences This essay will provide a thorough picture of this variety of English by exploring different facets The first part of the essay will show a clear overview of the root of English in India It will then explore typical features of Indian English, including phenology, lexis, grammar, and pragmatics Finally, the essay will delve into both positive and negative aspects of Indian English, leading

to a well-rounded conclusion

PART A: THE EMERGENCE OF INDIAN ENGLISH (IE)

India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries, including various language families and writing systems This diversity poses challenges for the country’s growth, but it is considered an essential

resource in the years to come (Graddol, 2010) The history of how Indian English developed is deeply intertwined with its colonial history, which began as early as 1579 with the arrival of Thomas Stevens, one of the first Englishman to set foot in India, along with the establishment of British trading posts in various regions of the country

In 1600, the English East India Company's royal charter, which granted it a monopoly on trade in the region, further strengthened the position of English in India (Sharma, 2006) Then, English spread

through various channels, including the employment of translators and other workers by the East India Company, the recruitment of Indian soldiers for the English army (Sharma, 2006) A major turning point was seen in the 19th century with the institutionalization of English in India Thomas Macaulay's “Minute

on Indian Education” in 1835 established English as the medium of instruction in the newly founded British-Indian universities of Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras in 1857 (Ghosh, 1995)

English spread through India while resistance to British rule grew from 1835 to 1947 It became the key part of education and administration, even as nationalist movements opposed colonial control (Mahapatra

& Sk, 2019) Since gaining independence in 1947, Indian English has continued to develop The

establishment of Pakistan and the resulting linguistic and cultural tensions influenced how English was viewed and used in India (Krishnaraj, 1993) India's leading role in producing English publications highlights the importance of the language in the country's growth In 1989, English dailies boasted the highest circulation, with 2.6 million copies, surpassing Hindi dailies, which had a circulation of 2.2 million copies

Yet, integrating English into India's education system has not been without difficulties There are neo-national & narrow chauvinistic trends that have created pockets of resistance against anything seen as a leftover from colonialism (Krishnaraj, 1993) Furthermore, there is still an ongoing debate in Indian universities as to whether English should be taught as a language or as literature (Krishnaraj, 1993)

English is beneficial for India in terms of various reasons Firstly, knowing English is crucial for better job opportunities—especially in business, government, and education (Abilasha & Ilankumaran, 2018) Often regarded as the language of power and prestige, mastering this language opens many doors to professional growth and bright career prospects (Abilasha & Ilankumaran, 2018) What is more, the proliferation of multinational corporations and the need for communication across India have made English a valuable skill (Abilasha & Ilankumaran, 2018) Today, Indian English is a distinct linguistic variety with its own unique features and regional variations (Rahman et al., 2022) Despite the challenges

of language acquisition and the lingering effects of colonialism, English remains vital for uniting people throughout India’s vast society

TYPICAL FEATURES

It is true that English serves as an effective means of communication among people of diverse linguistic communities in India However, the language has evolved and adopted differently, becoming more powerful in the country As a result, it is no longer regarded as a foreign language Instead, English is a medium that can be shaped and adapted to suit the context of the country (Pandey & Jha, 2021)

Understanding varieties of English in different regions is of much importance for developing a deep appreciation of their contributions and for understanding English has been adapted in different contexts Indian English is a notable case since there are different aspects of the language, including phonology, syntax, vocabulary, and pragmatics, have been distinct from other English varieties

PHONOLOGY

P Sailaja (2009) emphasizes that phenology is the most noticeable factor that sets Indian English apart from other varieties Sitaram et al (2018) further highlight that one notable characteristic of Indian English is its unique sounds This can be easily observed in how Indian speakers place stress when pronouncing English words Specifically, the tendency to stress the second-to-last syllable is a typical distinction of Indian English compared to other English varieties Take the word “protestant” as an example This word is commonly pronounced by Indians as “pro-TEST-ant” This clearly illustrates that Indian speakers often stress the penultimate syllable, as opposed to the standard pronunciation “PRO-test-ant” This stress pattern can result from the influence of the native Indian languages, which often use similar stress patterns (Ohala, 1991)

Another feature to notice in Indian phenology is how Indian speakers pronounce retroflex consonants In this case, the tongue curls backward when producing the /t/ and /d/ sounds, leading to the loss of

distinction between certain sounds This results in pronunciations like “dat” instead of “that”, and “tink” for “think.” Additionally, speakers of Indian English often swap the /f/ and /v/ sounds with [p] and [b] This happens because these specific phonemes are not available in many Indian languages As a result, phrases such as the use of the term “ispeech” instead of “speech,” and “istation” is used for “station.”

In general, the uniqueness of these pronunciations originates from a variety of linguistic backgrounds found in India With more than a hundred languages, the connection between English and local dialects has led to special phonological features in the Indian English variety (Jain et al., 2023)

The Indian English lexicon showcases an outstanding level of creativity (P Sailaja, 2009) To put it simply, Indian English presents a distinct and vibrant vocabulary, featured by its language use This can

be observed in the blend of linguistic borrowings, semantic shifts, and hybridizations that collectively shape its evolution (Khubchand, 2020) In fact, the lexicon of Indian English is closely connected with those of its British and American equivalents (BE/AE)

However, many words in Indian English convey different meanings compared to their counterparts in British or American English For example, the meaning of the word “four-twenty” in Indian English is different from that of British English—it means “cheat” or “swindler” Similarly, the term “lathi charge” denotes “police attack with sticks”, and there is no direct equivalent for this in British English lexicon

Additionally, we can see that a number of words from standard British and American English have been adopted and adapted into Indian English This demonstrates the dynamic nature of the Indian English variety For example, the term "lathi charge" is a fusion of the Hindi word "lathi," meaning "stick," and the English word "charge." More than 900 words from different Indian languages have been incorporated into the global English vocabulary Leuckert et al.(2023) note that a number of words like “shampoo”,

“bungalow”, “jungle” and “curry” have their origins in Indian languages and are now part of the global English lexicon This is the best testament to how different native languages contribute to the evolution of English

GRAMMAR

Like other varieties, the grammar of Indian English is no less interesting to consider, since it is

assimilated in a different way due to the country’s linguistic pluralism One example of this is the use of the invariant tag questions, such as “isn’t it?” irrespective of the main clause The question, “You helped him last night, isn’t it? sounds peculiar in Indian English and is clearly not standard English This feature

is considered to be grammatically incorrect used in terms of grammar in comparison with standard English Another unique feature of Indian grammar is the way of using the present continuous tense with the preposition “since” to denote continuous actions People often use the incorrect sentences like, “I am waiting for you since three hours” These are just two examples of how India speakers adapt English to their linguistic environment(Sinha et al., 2005)

Furthermore, the use of the present continuous tense in combination with the stative verbs highlights where incompleteness affects the structure It is not uncommon to hear people say, “I am having one sister” or “Peter must be understanding this lesson” The Wh-questions without subject-auxiliary

inversion are also very common in Indian English People often ask, “What you are reading?” among the speakers of this variety So, one may conclude that inhabitants of India strive not only to fully adapt English but also to align it with the grammar of their native languages The conjunction “that” after the verb “want” is another specific feature observed in Indian English, based on my experience

PRAGMATICS

The study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning in communication, known as

pragmatics, is vital value in exploring how Indian English differs from standard English and other

varieties Basically, the uniqueness of Indian English pragmatics lies in its social, cultural, and dialectal influences

A clear example of the distinct pragmatics of Indian English is the use of “yes” to response to a negative question to express agreement with the negative statement

A: Didn’t she meet you yesterday?

B: Yes She didn’t meet me yesterday.

Moreover, Indian English is further characterized by the use of a more elaborate and exaggerated style of expression, often featured with many learned terms and a strong sense of formality While one might see this as “curious” or “different”, it makes sense within the larger cultural norms shaping how people communicate in India As the renowned Indian author Raja Rao aptly noted, “We cannot write like the English We should not We can only write as Indians” (Krishnaraj, 1993) Obviously, the changing nature of the language is often linked to colonization, as people tend to remake it, domesticate, and transform it into something they feel comfortable using

Word count: 1853

PART B: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INDIAN ENGLISH (IE)

Indian English stands out as a unique variant of the English language Like other English varieties, Indian English has piqued the interest of scholars, leading to extensive debate and research Today, English is the most effective medium of instruction in India, as the language is increasingly spoken across the country

That said, it is impossible to determine how many Indian people are truly fluent in English (Graddol, 2010) English as a lingua franca is of much value to Indians for various reasons, such as communication, collaboration, and global integration It acts as an important tool to make the life of Indians far easier, as people from diverse linguistic backgrounds can speak the same language and understand each other more easily Manivannan(2019) asserts that English is a linguistic tool that plays a unifying role across the country Despite numerous advantages the language offers, there are also some advantages

ADVANTAGES

Many people believe that Indian English, sometimes known as “Indianized English” or simply “Indian English”, is one of the most interesting English varieties to study Consequently, it has received a great deal of attention from scholars This special form of English is associated with the rich cultural, linguistic diversity, as well as language’s interaction within the country There are numerous advantages of Indian English that merit consideration

First of all, Indian English variety really reflects diverse cultural and linguistic heritage of the country It provides people with a general idea of a country that has its own distinctive use of the English language Given that English is a global language, it has evolved into a wide range of English varieties through processes of adoption and adaptation In terms of, Indian English, the incorporation of local idioms, expressions, and linguistic structures reveals invaluable insights into different aspects of the region, including cultural and traditional values

Another notable advantage of the Indian English variety is related to its role in educational settings, as it helps to provide a common medium of instruction across the country, while helping students to be well cognizant of the importance of preserving cultural and linguistic heritage Not only are private schools becoming more popular in India, but government schools are also using English more often to teach their students(Graddol, 2010) This language serves as an effective bridge or a unifying force that enables students to form a strong connection with global knowledge Since the majority of academic materials and learning resources are written in English, it is extremely useful for learners to know the language This not only enhances cognitive development but also promotes cultural sensitivity and inclusivity

In addition, the use of a shared language is of vital importance to a country in terms of facilitating

communication The widespread popularity of a common language like English is considered a powerful

tool for fostering intercultural dialogue and promoting social, economic, and political integration within linguistically diverse regions(Smokotin et al., 2014) Evidently, when the majority of a country with diverse linguistic groups speaks a common language, it facilitates communication and enhances mutual understanding This can be a crucial tool for fostering a more cohesive society

Besides, Indian English is a significant language to spread news This means the language allows people

of diverse linguistic backgrounds to access updated information quickly and accurately Das et al.(2023) emphasize that the use of Indian English in media allows for the integration of regional cultures, modes of expression, and idioms, thereby promoting a deeper understanding and appreciation of linguistic

diversity Indian English media can use the language to pass essential messages and information to the citizens For example, during a disaster, such as natural hazards or pandemics, the citizens can easily access accurate information

DISADVANTAGES

On the flip side, one notable drawback of Indian English is its absence of a standardized form, mainly due

to the influence of various regional languages and dialects Abilasha & Ilankumaran (2018) argue that students often face challenges in using standard language at educational institutions, as they are heavily influenced by and familiar with their own regional languages Balasubramanian (2009) further supports that communication would become more challenging without a standardized form, particularly in

academic and professional settings where clarity and precision are highly prioritized Therefore, the lack

of uniformity in language can undoubtedly cause misunderstandings and communication challenges

Another negative aspect is the influence of Indian English on media and this causes misunderstandings and misinterpretation for global readers since they might not be able to understand regional terms or dialects (Jain et al., 2023) The fact is that the use of the language from the diversity of linguistic

background in the country in media can further complicate this Usually, standard English is a norm and people from different countries will adopt this form of English as a medium for different domains of their countries They use the language for media and therefore if Indian English, a variant of English, is used in the media, this will obviously cause the difficulty of obtaining the formation for international readers

Lastly, English, as a medium of instruction, has gained considerable popularity due to the globalization of knowledge and higher education (Graddol, 2010) However, its varieties also give rise to a number of challenges in the field of English language teaching India, known for its diverse linguistic communities,

is a typical example of this Therefore, educators may find it challenging to develop effective and

appropriate teaching strategies for students, as they come from different linguistic background with unique linguistic characteristics

To sum up, while the benefits of Indian English (IE) in terms of education and media are undeniable, the negative effects of using a non-standard form of a language cannot be overlooked In other words, IE is often considered non-standard, which can limit opportunities for Indians to communicate effectively with those from other parts of the globe

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the essay has provided an insightful perspective about Indian English and its various linguistic aspects Considering India's diverse linguistic communities, Indian English clearly reflects cultural fabrics of the society and its historical complexities It is evident that Indian English variety plays

a major role in contributing to the uniqueness of the English language India, a country with more than

200 years under British colonization, adopts English as an important tool for various reasons Graddol (2010) asserts that English came to be viewed as a practical skill for a better future while eradicating socio-economic issues Although it presents distinctive features that contributes to its identity, Indian English also has drawbacks

However, English, as a lingua franca, plays an essential role in the lives of Indian people as it helps to foster a sense of unity and national identity As Indian continues to progress in a globalized world, it is very likely that this variety will become much more powerful Learning about different English varieties offers people a clear picture of how English has been employed in different linguistic groups, and thereby develops a sense of understanding as well as appreciation for the evolution and adaptation of English across the world

Word count: 1210

Crystal, D (2003) English as a global language (2nd ed.) Cambridge University

Press

Graddol, D (2010) English next India: The future of English in India British Council.

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