Giáo trình tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh: Dành cho bậc đại học hệ không chuyên lý luận chính trị - Mạch Quang Thắng

ly luan chinh tri trong he thong giaodue quoc dan cd tarn quan trong chien lUOc; dong thdi yeucau doi mdi viec hoc tap ly luan chinh tri trong he thonggiao due quoc dan phai tao budc tie

wf®®ie K® GBDDD HHffl(OOTh eho be© dai hoc he khong chuyen ly luan chmh tri)

in hdng

Minh

■■■■■IIIB2/C08408

» NHA XUAT BAN CHiNH TRI QUOC GIA SV THAT

GIAO TRINH

(Danh cho bgc dgl hoc he khong chuyen ly lugn chmh tri)

Bien muc tren xuat ban pham ciia Thur vien Quoc gia Viet Nam

Giao trinh Tu tirong H6 Chi Minh: Danh cho b&c dai hoc hekhong chuyen ly lu&n chmh tri - H : Chmh tri Quoc gia, 2021 -272tr ; 21cm

ISBN 9786045765920

1 Tu tucfng Ho Chi Minh 2 Giao trinh

335.43460711 - dc23

CTL0249p-CIP

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO • • •

BAN CHI DAO BIEN SOAN• •

1 Dong chi Pham Van Linh, Pho Tr ttdng Ban Tuyen giao Trung Udng, TriicingBan chi dao;

2 Dong chi Bui Van Ga, Th# trttcing Bo Giao due va Dao tao,

Pho Triting Ban Chi dao;

3 Dong chi Nguyen Van Phuc, Thii trttdng Bo Giao due va Dao tao, Pho Trifdng Ban ch i dao;

4. Dong chi Le Hai An, Thii trttdng Bo Giao due va Dao tao,

Pho TriMng Ban chi dao;

5 Dong chi Mai Van Chinh, Uy vien Trung Udng Dang,

Pho trttdng Ban To chute Trung ttdng, Thanh vien;

6. Dong chi Nguy&n Trong Nghia, Uy vien Trung ttdng Dang, Pho Chu nhiem Tong cue Chinh tri Quan dpi nhan dan

Viet Nam, Bp Quoc phong, Thanh vien;

7 Dong chi Nguyen Van Thanh, Uy vien Trung ttdng

Dang, Thii trttdng Bp Cong an, Thanh vien;

8 Dong chi Trieu Van Ctfcfrig, Thii trudng Bp Noi vu,

Thanh vien;

9 Dong chi Huynh Quang Hai, Thii trttdng Bp Tai chinh,

Thanh vien;

10 Dong chi Nguyen Tat Giap, Pho Giam doc Hoc vien

Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh, Thanh vien;

11 Dong chi Pham Van Dntc, Pho Chu tich Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam, Thanh vien;

12 Dong chi Nguyen Hong Minh, Tong cue trttdng Tong cue Day nghe, Bp Lao dong, Thttdng binh v& Xa hpi, Thanh vien.

(Theo Quyet dinh so' 165-QD/BTGTW ngay 06/6/2016,

so 1302-QD/BTGTWngay 05/4/2018, so 1861-QD/BTGTW

ngay 04/01/2019 cua Ban Tuyen giao Trung Udng Dang)

HOI DONG BIEN SOAN • •

- GS.TS Mach Quang Thang, Chu tich Hoi dong

- PGS.TS Pham Ngoc Anh

- PGS.TS Nguyen Quoc Bao

- PGS.TS Doan Thi Chin

- PGS.TS Lai Quoc Khanh

- PGS.TS Bui Dinh Phong

- TS Lvfcfrig Van Tam

- PGS.TS Nguyen The Thang

- TS Nguyen Dtfc Thin

- PGS.TS Vu Tinh

LOl nha xuat ban

ThUc hien cac nghi quyet cua Dang ve d6i mdi canban, toan dien giao due va dao tao dap ting yeu cau cuathdi ky cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nude, ngay28/3/2014 Ban Bi thu Trung UOng Dang ban hanh Ket luan

so 94-KL/TW ve viec tiep tuc doi mdi viec hoc tap ly luanchfnh tri trong he thong giao due quoc dan” Ket luan so'94-KL/TW khang dinh, doi mdi viec hoc tap (bao gom canoi dung, chUdng trinh, phUdng phap giang day, xay diingdoi ngu giao vien ) ly luan chinh tri trong he thong giaodue quoc dan cd tarn quan trong chien lUOc; dong thdi yeucau doi mdi viec hoc tap ly luan chinh tri trong he thonggiao due quoc dan phai tao budc tien mdi, cd ket qua, chatlUdng cao hdn, gop phan lam cho chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tutudng Ho Chi Minh va dUdng 16'i, quan diem cua Dang giiivai trd chu dao trong ddi song xa hoi; bao dam the he treViet Nam luon trung thanh vdi muc tieu, ly tudng cuaDang va vdi che do xa hoi chu nghia

Dudi sU chu tri cua Ban Tuyen giao Trung Udng Dang,

Bo Giao due va Dao tao, true tiep la Ban Chi dao biensoan chUdng trinh, giao trinh ly luan chinh tri, trongnhuLng nam qua, viec to chile bien soan bo giao trinh cac

mon ly luan chfnh tri ditdc thrtc hien nghiem tuc, congphu, can trong vdi nguyen t&c can phan dinh ro noi dungcua tijtng doi tiidng hoc, tftng cap hoc, bac hoc, tranh trunglap, dong thdi bao dam tmh lien thong Phitdng cham cuadoi mdi viec hoc tap ly luan chfnh tri la cung vdi doi mdi

ve noi dung phai dong thdi doi mdi phitdng phap giangday va hoc tap theo hiidng sinh dong, mem deo, phu hdpvdi thrtc tien cung nhii doi tiidng hoc tap; tao ditdc sithdng thu va co trach nhiem cho ngiidi day, ngiidi hoc Doivdi sinh vien dai hoc he khong chuyen ly luan chfnh tri,phai xay dtfng cac bai giang chung, tong hdp cac van de

cd ban nhat ve chu nghia Mac - Lenin, trong tam la vechu nghia duy vat bien chdng, chu nghia duy vat lich set,gin vdi tit tiidng Ho Chf Minh va chu triidng, diidng lolcua Dang Sinh vien he chuyen ly luan chfnh tri can hoctap cac kien thde sau rong, day du hdn, phu hdp vdi yeucau dao tao

Trong qua trinh bien soan, tap the cac tac gia da kethfta noi dung cac giao trinh do Hoi dong Trung ifdng chidao bien soan giao trinh quoc gia cac bo mon khoa hocMac - Lenin, tit tiidng Ho Chf Minh va Bo Giao due vaDao tao to chdc bien soan Dong thdi, Ban Chi dao, tap thetac gia da tiep thu cac y kien gop y cua nhieu tap the cungnhit cac nha khoa hoc, giang vien cac tritdng dai hoc trong

ca niidc Cho den nay, ve cd ban bo giao trinh da hoanthanh viec bien soan theo nMng tieu chf de ra Nhamcung cap tai lieu giang day, hoc tap cho giang vien, sinhvien cac tntdng dai hoc theo chitdng trinh mdi, Bo Giao due

va Dao tao phoi hop vdi Nha xuat ban Chfnh tri quoc gia

Su that xuat ban bo giao trinh ly luan chfnh tri danh chobac dai hoc he chuyen va khong chuyen ly luan chfnh tri,gom 5 mon:

- Giao trinh Triet hoc Mac - Lenin

- Giao trinh Kinh te chfnh tri Mac - Lenin

- Giao trinh Chu nghfa xa hoi khoa hoc

- Giao trinh Tif tilting Ho Chi Minh.

- Giao trinh Lich set Dang Cong san Viet Nam.

Mac du da co nhieu co gang trong qua trinh to chutebien soan, tiep thu cac y kien gop y de hoan thien banthao va xuat ban, song do nhieu ly do chu quan va khachquan, bo giao trinh chac chan kho tranh kh6i nhiing hanche, thieu sot, can diidc tiep tuc bo sung, chinh suta va capnhat Rat mong nhan dUOc cac y kien gop y cua ban doc de

bo giao trinh dtfdc hoan thien hdn trong nhutng lan xuatban sau

Thii gop y xin guti ve: Vu Giao due dai hoc, Bo Giaodue va Dao tao, so' 35 Dai Co Viet, Ha Noi; hoac Nha xuatban Chfnh tri quoc gia Set that, so 6/86 Duy Tan, CauGiay, Ha Noi, Email: suthat@nxbctqg.vn

Tran trong gidi thieu bo giao trinh vdi dong dao ban doc

Ha Noi, thang 6 nam 2021

BQ GlAO DUC VA DAO TAONHA XUAT BAN CHINH TRI QUOC GIA SU THAT

Chuang 1

KHAI NIEM, DOI TUONG, PHVONG PHAP

NGHIEN CUV VA Y NGHIA HOC• • TAP

MON TV TVONG HO CHI MINH

2 Ve ky nang: Qua nghien ctiu mon hoc Tut tiidng

Ho Chi Minh, sinh vien biidc dau co diidc til duy va kynang dung dan, phu hdp khi phan tich ca ve mat ly luan

va thiic ti§n cac van de dat ra trong cuoc song

3 Ve ttf tifd?ng: Giup cho sinh vien thay ro hdn vaitro cua Ho Chi Minh doi vdi sii phat trien cua dan toeViet Nam, them tin tudng vao che do chinh tri xa hoichu nghia, tin tudng vao sii lanh dao cua Dang Cong sanViet Nam, gop phan tiep them sctc manh cho sinh vien

ve y chi v& h&nh dong phan dau cho muc tieu, ly ttfdngcua each mang

B NOI DUNG

I- KHAI NIEM TV TVdNG HO CHI MINH

Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thrt XI cua Dang Congsan Viet Nam (nam 2011) neu khai niem “Tii tUdng HoChi Minh” nhii sau:

“Tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh la mot he thong quan diemtoan dien va sau sac ve nhUng van de cd ban cua eachmang Viet Nam, ket qua cua sii van dung va phat triensang tao chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao dieu kien cu the cua

nude ta, ke thuta va phat trien cac gia tri truyen thong totdep cua dan toe, tiep thu tinh hoa van hoa nhan loai; la taisan tinh than vo cung to Idn va quy gia cua Dang va dantoe ta, mai mai soi dutdng cho sii nghiep each mang cuanhan dan ta gianh th^ng Idi”1

Khai niem tren day chi ro noi ham cd ban cua tii tutdng

Ho Chi Minh, cd sd hinh thanh cung nhut y nghia cua tittutdng Ho Chi Minh Cu the:

Mot la, da neu ro ban chat khoa hoc va each mangcung nhut noi dung cd ban cua tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh Do

la he thong quan diem toan dien va sau sac ve nhiing van

de cd ban cua each mangViet Nam, tut do phan anh nhiingvan de co tinh quy luat cua each mang Viet Nam Tuttiidng Ho Chi Minh la he thong quan diem toan dien va sausac ve muc tieu xay dutng mot nutdc Viet Nam hda binh,

1 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: V&n kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan

quocldn thdXI, Nxb Chfnh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2011, tr.88.

thong nhat, doc lap, dan chu va giau manh, gop phanxilng dang vao sii nghiep each mang the gidi De dat muctieu do, con diidng phat trien cua dan toe Viet Nam la doclap dan toe g&n lien vdi chu nghia xa hoi Muc tieu va con

*)diidng nay dung theo ly luan Mac - Lenin; khang dinh vaitro lanh dao cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam va sii quan lycua Nha niidc each mang; xac dinh hie liidng each mang latoan the nhan dan Viet Nam yeu niidc, xay diing conngiidi Viet Nam cd nang hie va pham chat dao dilc eachmang; ket hdp sdc manh dan toe vdi sdc manh cua thdi daitren cd sd quan he quoc te hoa binh, hdp tac, hdu nghicung phat trien; vdi phiidng phap each mang phu hdp

Hai la, da neu len cd sd hinh thanh tii tiidng Hd ChiMinh la chu nghia Mac - Lenin gia tri cd ban nhat trongqua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua tii tiidng Ho ChiMinh; dong thdi tii tiidng Hd Chi Minh con b^t ngudn tdviec Hd Chi Minh tiep thu cac gia tri truyen thong tot depcua dan toe va tinh hoa van hoa• •nhan loai

Ba la, da neu len y nghia cua tii tiidng Hd Chi Minh,khang dinh tii tiidng Hd Chi Minh la tai san tinh than vociing to Idn va quy gia cua Dang va dan toe ta, mai mai soidiidng cho sii nghiep each mang cua nhan dan ta Cungvdi chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tii tiidng Hd Chi Minh la mot

bo phan cau thanh lam nen nen tang tii tiidng va kim chinam cho hanh dong cua Dang va each mang Viet Nam.Khai niem tren la sii ghi nhan qua trinh nhan thdecua Dang Cong san Viet Nam ve tii tiidng Hd Chi Minh

Cu the:

Ngay tiikhi ra ddi, Dang Cong san Viet Nam da thongqua cac van kien hop th&nh Cddng linh chfnh tri d£u tiencua Dang Cttdng linh nay the hien nhdng noi dung rat cdban cua ttf ttfdng Ho Chi Minh ve each mang Viet Nam.

Sau khi Dang ra ddi, tit tiidng Ho Chi Minh trai qua thiX thach va da dtfOc khang dinh lai. Viec nhan thde ve tutiidng Ho Chi Minh doi vdi each mang Viet Nam cung nhdvai tro cua NgUdi doi vdi qua trinh phat trien cua dan toetit sau khi thanh lap Dang la mot qua trinh khong ddngian Da co sii hieu khong dung td Quoc te Cong san va titmot so' ngiidi trong Dang Cong san Dong Diidng, do chiuanh hudng quan diem ta khuynh cua Dai hoi VI Quoc teCong san (nam 1928) tren van de tap hdp hie htdng eachmang d nhdng ntfdc thuoc dia Tuy nhien, thuc te dachdng minh cho sii dung dan cua nhiing quan diem cua

Ho Chi Minh va nhiing ngddi tham gia Hoi nghi thanh lapDang, vi vay ttf tUdng Ho Chi Minh da duoc khang dinhlai Dai hoi II cua Dang (thang 2/1951) neu ro: “Diidng loichinh tri, nen nep lam viec va dao ddc each mang cuaDang ta hien nay la dudng loi, tac phong va dao ddc HoChu tich Toan Dang hay ra sdc hoc tap diidng loi chinhtri, tac phong va dao ddc each mang cua Ho Chu tich; stfhoc tap ay, la dieu kien tien quyet lam cho Dang manh valam cho each mang di mau den thang Idi hoan toan”1

1 Dang C6ng san Viet Nam: VSn kien Dang toan tap, Nxb Chinh

tri quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2001, t.12, tr.9.

Ban Chap hanh Trung UOng Dang ton vinh Ho Chi Minh

la “ Anh hung dan toe vi dai ”. Ngay 2/9/1969, Chu tich

Ho Chi Minh qua ddi, trong Dieu van cua Ban Chaphanh Trung Udng Dang co doan neu ro: “Dan toe ta, nhan

dan ta, non song dat nutdc ta da sinh ra HO CHU TICH,ngutdi anh hung dan toe vi dai, va chinh Ngutdi da lamrang rd dan toe ta, nhan dan ta va non song dat nutdcta”1 Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thut IV cua Dang(thang 12/1976) danh gia: “Th&ng Idi to Idn cua set nghiepchohg My, cutu nutdc cung nhii nhutng trang set ch6i loicua each mang Viet Nam ngot nuta the ky nay mai maigan lien vdi ten tuoi cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh, ngutdisang lap va ren luyen Dang ta, ngutdi khai sinh nen Conghoa Dan chu Viet Nam, ngutdi vun trong khoi dai doanket dan toe va xay dutng hie htdng vu trang each mang, vilanh tu thien tai cua giai cap cong nhan va nhan dan ta,ngutdi anh hung dan toe vi dai, ngutdi chien si Idi lac cuaphong trao cong san va cong nhan quoc te5’1 2 Tiep theo,thang 3/1982, Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thut V cuaDang nhan manh: “Dang phai dac biet coi trong viec tochute hoc tap mot each co he thong tut tutdng, dao dutc, tacphong cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh trong toan Dang”3

1 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang toan tap, Sdd,

t.30, tr.275.

2, 3 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang toan tap, Sdd,

t.37, tr.474.

Dai hoi dai bieu toan qudc lan thvt VI cua Dang (thang12/1986) da de ra dUdng 161 doi mdi toan dien d nude ta,trong do nhan manh: “Dang ta phai n&m viing ban ch£teach mang va khoa hoc cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, kethfra di san quy bau ve til ttfdng va ly luan each mang cuaChu tich Ho Chi Minh”1.

Dai hoi dai bieu toan qudc lan thd VII cua Dang (nam1991) la mot moc Idn khi neu cao tut tiidng Ho Chi Minh.

ThUc te stf nghiep each mang Viet Nam noi chung va cuanhutag nam doi mdi noi rieng da chilng to rang, khongnhftng chu nghia Mac - Lenin, ma tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh datrd thanh yeu to' chi dao lam nen th&ng Idi cho each mangViet Nam Chinh vi the, mot trong nhiing diem mdi cua Daihoi VII la Dang da danh gia dung tarn voc til tudng Ho ChiMinh Dai hoi VH cua Dang khang dinh: “Dang lay chunghia Mac - Lenin va tit tiidng Ho Chi Minh lam nen tangtiX tiidng, kim chi nam cho hanh dong”1 2 Dai hoi cung neu ro:

“Til tudng Ho Chi Minh chinh la ket qua srt van dung sangtao chu nghia Mac - Lenin trong dieu kien cu the cua nUdc ta

va trong thrtc te tU tudng Ho Chi Minh da trd thanh mot taisan tinh than quy bau cua Dang ta va cua ca dan toe”3 Vieckhang dinh lay chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh

1 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang toan t&p, Sdd,

t.43, tr.292.

2, 3 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang toan tdp, Sdd,

t.51, tr.147, 29-30.

lam nen tang tut ttfdng va kim chi nam cho hanh dong cung

da dtfdc ghi nhan trong CiMng linh xay dutng dat nutdc trong

thbi ky qua do len chu nghia xa hoi (Cutdng linh nam 1991),dutdc bo sung, phat trien nam 2011 va trong Hien phap nutdcCong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam nam 1992, sUa doi, bosung nam 2013

Tai Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thut IX (thang4/2001), Dang ta da nhan thutc ve tut titdng Ho Chi Minh

mot each day du hdn: “ Tut titdng Ho Chi Minh la mot hethong quan diem toan dien va sau sac ve nhutng van de cdban cua each mang Viet Nam, la ket qua cua sut van dung

va phat trien sang tao chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao dieukien cu the cua nutdc ta, ke thuta va phat trien cac gia tritruyen thong tot dep cua dan toe, tiep thu tinh hoa vanhoa nhan loai”1 '

Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thut X cua Dang (thang4/2006), khi de cap den tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh, da neu ro:

“Stf nghiep each mang cua Dang va cua nhan dan ta 76nam qua da khang dinh rang, tut tutdng vi dai cua Ngutdicung vdi chu nghia Mac - Lenin mai mai la nen tang tuttutdng, kim chi nam cho hanh dong cua Dang va eachmang Viet Nam, la tai san tinh than vo gia cua Dang vadan toe ta Tut tutdng do da dan dat chung ta tren moi

1 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: kien Dang toan t&p, Sdd,

t.60, tr.130.

ch£ng dutdng xay drtng va phat trien dat nutdc, ngon cdth^ng Idi cua each mang Viet Nam, la sutc manh tap hdp

va doan ket toan dan toe trong stf nghiep each mang cuachiing ta horn nay va mai sau”1

Cac ky Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc tiep sau cua Dangcung luon khang dinh cong lao vi dai cua Ho Chi Minhdoi vdi each mang Viet Nam, khang dinh tut tutdng, daodutc, phong each Ho Chi Minh la nhutng nhan to' khongthe thieu trong tut tutdng va hanh dong cua toan Dang,toan quan, toan dan Viet Nam trong si! nghiep xay drtng

va bao ve To quoc Dai hoi XIII cua Dang (nam 2021)khing dinh quan diem chi dao la: “Kien dinh va vandung phat trien sang tao chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tuttutdng Ho Chi Minh”12

O binh dien quoc te, nhieu dang chinh tri, nhieu chinhphu, nhieu to chute chinh tri - xa hoi, nhieu ca nhan danhgia cao pham chat, nang lute, vai tro cua Ho Chi Minh doivdi qua trinh phat trien cua dan toe Viet Nam cung nhiidoi vdi qua trinh phat trien van minh tien bo cua nhanloai To chute Giao due, Khoa hoc va Van hoa cua Lien hdpquoc (UNESCO), tai khoa hop Dai Hoi dong lan thut 24 dPari, tut ngay 20/10 den ngay 20/11/1987, da ra Nghi quyet

1 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan

quoc lan thvtX, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2006, tr.6-7.

2 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: V&n kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thdXIII, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2021, t.I, tr.109.

so 24C/18.6.5 ve ky niem 100 nam Ngay sinh cua Chu tich

Ho Chi Minh, trong do xac nhan “viec to chdc ky niemngay sinh cac nhan vat tri thiic loi lac va cac danh nhanvan hoa tren pham vi quoc te gop phan thuc hien cac muctieu cua UNESCO va dong gop vao stf hieu biet tren thegidi”, tren cd sd do “Ghi nh&n nam 1990 se danh dau 100nam ky niem Ngay sinh cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh, Anhhung giai phong dan toe va Nha van h6a kiet xuat cuaVietNam”1 / - -/ - •

H- DOI WONG NGHIEN CUV ■

Mon hoc Til tUdng Ho Chi Minh la mot noi dung cuachuyen nganh Ho Chi Minh hoc (nam trong nganh Khoahoc chfnh tri) Doi tiidng nghien ciiu cua mon hoc Tittudng Ho Chi Minh la toan bp nhuLng quan diem cua HoChi Minh the hien trong di san cua Ngttdi Do la he thongquan diem toan dien va sau sic ve nhutng van de cd bancua each mang Viet Nam He thong quan diem do cua HoChi Minh diidc phan anh trong nhiing bai noi, bai viet,trong boat dong each mang va trong cuoc song hang ngaycua Ngtfdi Do la nhiing van de ly luan va thtfc tiin diidc

1 Xem GS.TS Mach Quang Thing, PGS.TS Btii Dinh Phong,

TS Chu Ddc Tinh (Dong chu bien): UNESCO vdi s\l kien ton vinh Chu tich Ho Chi Minh Anh hung giai phong dan toe, Nha van h6a

kiet xuat, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2013, tr.71-72.

rut ra trt cupc dtii boat dong rat phong phu ti ca trong nutdc

va tren the gicfi cua Ho Chf Minh, phan dau cho sut nghiepgiai phong dan toe, giai phong xa hoi, giai phong giai cap,giai phong con nguttii

Doi tutting nghien cutu cua mon hoc Tut ttfting Ho ChfMinh con la qua trinh he thong quan diem cua Ho Chf Minhvan dong trong thutc tien Hay noi each khac, do la qua trinh

‘Then thutc h6a” he thong quan diem cua Ho Chf Minh trongqua trinh phat trien cua dan toe Viet Nam Trong qua trinhhien thutc hoa he thong quan diem cua Ho Chf Minh, eachmang Viet Nam luon van dung va phat trien sang tao hethong quan diem do trong nhiing dieu kien mdi

HI- PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU

1 Cot so? phifotng phap luan cua viec nghien cutu tut ttfetag Ho Chf Minh

Phutting phap luan Ho Chf Minh lay phutting phap luanchu nghia duy vat bien chutng va chu nghia duy vat lich sutMac - Lenin lam cti sti, duttic hinh thanh va phat trien quaqua trinh hoat dong each mang cua Nguttii Phutting phapluan do chi dao cac phutting phap suy nghi va hanh dongtrong dieu kien va hoan canh cu the cua Ho Chf Minhsong va hoat dong each mang nham giai phong dan toe,giai phong xa hoi, giai phong giai cap va cuoi cung di den giaiphong con nguttii Do vay, phutting phap luan nghien cutu

tii tiidng Ho Chi Minh phai phu hdp vdi phiidng phap lu£ncua chinh Ho Chi Minh va cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin.Mot so nguyen tac va quan diem phiidng phap luan trongnghien ciiu tiX tiidng Ho Chi Minh:

a) Thong nhat tinh dang va tinh khoa hoc

Nghien cutu tii tiidng Ho Chi Minh phai ddng trenlap triidng giai cap cong nhan va diing tren quan diemcua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, quan triet Ciidng linh,diidng loi, quan diem cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam denhan thiic va phan tich nhiing quan diem cua Ho ChiMinh Dong thdi, phai bao dam tinh khach quan, khoahoc cua cac luan de neu ra Sii thong nhat chat che giutatinh dang va tinh khoa hoc la mot nguyen tdc rat cd bantrong phiidng phap luan nghien ciiu tii tiidng Ho Chi Minh.Chi tren cd sd thong nhat tinh dang va tinh khoa hoc,ngiidi nghien ciiu mdi hieu rd va hieu sau sac tii tiidng

Ho Chi Minh

b) Thong nhat ly luan va thiic tien

Ho Chi Minh vrta coi trong ly luan, viia coi trong thiictidn, vi thiic tidn khai quat nen ly luan va chinh ly luanlai chi dao thiic tien Ve ly luan, Ngiidi cho rang: “Ly luan

la dem thiic te" trong lich set, trong kinh nghiem, trong caccuoc tranh dau, xem xet, so sanh that ky liidng rd rang,lam thanh ket luan Rdi lai dem no chiing minh vdi thiic

te Do la ly luan chan chinh Ly luan nhii cai kim chi nam,

no chi phiidng hiXdng cho chiing ta trong cong viec thiic te

Khong co ly luan thi lung tung nhtt nhim m^t di”1 HoChi Minh phe binh set chu quan, kem ly lu^in, “mdc phaicai benh khinh ly lu&ri ’2 , “co kinh nghiem ma khong c6 lyluan, cung nhtf mot m£t sang, mot m&t mb”3, “vi kem lyluan, cho nen gap moi viec khong biet xem xet cho ro, cannh^c cho dung, xut tri cho kheo Khong biet nhan ro dieukien hoan canh khach quan, y minh nghi the nao lam the

ay Ket qua thudng that bai”4

Ho Chi Minh chi ro, con ngiidi se m^c phai can benh

“ly luan suong”5 neu khong ap dung vao thtfc te, “du xemdtfdc hang ngan hang van quyen ly luan, neu khong bietdem ra thtfc hanh, thi khac nao mot cai horn dilng sach.Xem nhieu sach de ma Ide, de lam ra ta day, the khongphai la biet ly luan Phai ra sdc thtfc hanh mdi thanhngtfdi biet ly luan Phai dem ly luan ap dung vao cong viec thUc te Ly luan phai dem ra thtfc hanh Thtfc hanhphai nham theo ly luan Ly luan cung nhtf cai ten (hoac

<> z

vien dan) Thtfc hanh cung nhtf cai dfch de ban Co ten makhong b£n, hoac ban lung tung cung nhtf khong co ten”6.Trong nghien ettu, hoc tap ttf ttfdng Ho Chi Minh,khong co stf tuyet doi hoa mat nao giiia ly luan va thtfctien Tham chi, nhin xuyen suot trt tudng Ho Chi Minh thitrong ly luan cua NgiXdi da co thiic ti£n, trong thric tien da

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Ho Chi Minh: Toan t£p, Nxb Chfnh tri quoc gia,

Ha Noi, 2011, t.5, tr.273-274, 274, 275, 274-275.

co ly luan; chi khi muon nghien cotu that sau vdi tot each lamot yeu to chuyen biet thi mdi co the tach rieng ra, nhotngviec tach ra cung chi la tarn thdi, con ve ban chat cua noidung photdng phap luan nay la sot thong nhat bien chotng.

c) Quan diem lich sii - cu the

Cung vdi chu nghia duy v&t bien chotng, can van dungchu nghia duy vat lich sot vao viec nghien cotu tot totdng HoChi Minh Trong van de photdng phap luan nay, can vandung quan diem cua V.I Lenin ve moi quan he bien chotngkhi xem xet sot vat va hien totdng trong moi Hen he lich sotcan ban, xem sU vat, hien totdng do da xuat hien trong lichsot nhot the nao, trai qua nhotng giai doan phat trien chuyeu nao; diing tren quan diem cua sot phat trien do de xemxet hien nay no da trd thanh nhot the nao Neu nim votngquan diem nay, ngotdi nghien cotu tot totdng Ho Chi Minh

se nhan thotc dotdc ban chat tot totdng do mang dam dau ancua qua trinh phat trien lich sot, qua trinh phat trien sangtao, doi mdi

d) Quan diem toan dien va he thong

- '■ ♦ *

-Tot totdng Ho Chi Minh la mot he thong quan diem toandien va sau sac ve nhotng van de cd ban cua each mangViet Nam Khi nghien cotu tot totdng Hd Chi Minh trenbinh dien tong the hay totng bo phan phai luon luon quantriet moi lien he qua lai cua cac yeu to', cac bo phan khacnhau trong sot gin ket tit yeu cua he thong tot totdng do

xung quanh hat nhan cot loi la tut tutdng doc lA/p, til do,dan chu va chu nghia xa hoi Neu tach rdi mot yeu to' nao

do khoi he thong se hieu sai tut tUdng Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh nhin sut vat va hien tutdng trong mottong the van dong vdi nhutng cai chung va ca nhutng cairieng, trong sU van dong cu the cua dieu kien hoan canhnhat dinh nao do va xem xet chung trong xu the chung Vicoi tfnh bao quat la mot nguyen tac tut duy va hanh dong,cho nen Ho Chi Minh xem xet each mang Viet Nam trongquan he tong the vdi each mang the gidi Trong khi nhinbao quat, phutdng phap luan nay con chi ro diem nhan, bophan nao co tinh trong diem de hutdng hanh dong moteach tap trung utu tien vao do Trong diem nay co khikhong chi la trong diem cua ca mot qua trinh dai ma con

la trong diem cua mot giai doan, mot thdi ky Phutdngphap luan nay chi din cho nhutng ngutdi nghien cutu monhoc Tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh giai quyet mot each bienchutng, dung dan cac moi quan he trong tien trinh eachmang Viet Nam ma tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh da the hien,nhut moi quan he rat trong yeu trong each mang Viet Nam

la giuta van de dan toe va van de giai cap qua cac thdi ky;dong thdi, Ho Chi Minh da tim thay cac diem tutdng dong,tut do nhan cac diem tutdng dong, han che cac diem khacbiet trong cac giai cap, tang Idp cua xa hoi Viet Nam detao ra lute lutdng each mang tong hdp dau tranh gianhthang Idi

d) Quan diem ke thda va phat trien

Nghien cutu, hoc tap tii tiidng Ho Chi Minh doi hoikhong chi biet ke thrta, van dung ma con phai biet phattrien sang tao tit tiidng cua Ngiidi trong dieu kien lich setmdi, trong boi canh cu the cua dat midc va quoc te

Ho Chi Minh nhin sii vat va hien tiidng trong mot trangthai luon luon van dong, bien doi khong ngCfng Do la motqua trinh giai phong moi trd liic, trd hie ben ngoai, trd liicben trong, tham chi trd hie nam ngay trong m6i con ngiidi dephat trien ben vflng Phiidng phap luan Ho Chi Minh chothay rang, con ngiidi phai luon luon thfch nghi vdi moihoan canh Muon thfch nghi, phai luon luon tii doi mdi dephat trien Qua trinh phat trien la qua trinh khang dinhcai mdi, phu dinh cai cu; do cung la qua trinh luon luongiai phong, giai phong moi sii rang buoc lac hau de bit kipnhfing cai tien tien, tien bo

2 Mot so * phutatag phap cu the

- Phitcfng phap logic, phttdng phap lich sd va sit ket hdp phttdngphap logic vdi phitcfngphap lich sd.

Phiidng phap logic nghien ertu mot each tong quatnham tim ra diidc ban chat voh co cua sii vat, hien tiidng

va khai quat thanh ly luan Cac sii kien, sii vat va hientiidng deu co moi lien he ban chat, vi the giQa chiing cologic tat yeii, can nhan biet ro Phiidng phap lich srt

nghien cutu sU vat va hien tutdng theo trinh tut thdi gian,qua trinh diln bien di tut phat sinh, phat trien den he quacua no (3 day, phtfdng phap nghien cutu lich sit tut tutdng laeach van dung sat hdp vdi nghien cutu tut tutdng Ho ChiMinh Trong nghien cutu, hoc tap tut tutdng Ho Chi Minhrat can thiet phai ket hdp sut dung mot each chat chephtfdng phap logic va phtfdng phap lich sut.

- PhiiOng phap phan tich van ban ket hop vdi nghien eftu boat dong thiic ti£n cua Ho Chi Minh.

Ho Chi Minh de lai nhutng bai viet, bai noi da dutdc taphdp thanh bo sach toan tap1 Nghien cutu mon hoc Tuttutdng Ho Chi Minh, trtfdc het phai duta vao nhutng tacpham cua Ngutdi Tuy nhien, di san tinh than quy bau cua

Ho Chi Minh de lai cho dan toe Viet Nam khong chi lanhutng tac pham, ma con d toan bo cuoc ddi hoat dong cuaNgutdi, nhutng van de phan anh qua cuoc song hang ngaycua Ngutdi Thtfc tiin chi dao cua Ho Chi Minh ddi vdi eachmang Viet Nam la mot bp phan vo cuing quan trong lamnen he thong quan diem toan dien va sau slic cua tut tutdng

Ho Chi Minh Co nhieu noi dung phan anh tut tutdng HoChi Minh khong d trong van ban ma la d trong chi dao

1 Cho den nay, ve cd ban nhutng v&n han do dutdc t&p hdp trong

bo sach Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap (15 t^p), Sdd; v& con nhieu van ban cua Ho Chi Minh va ve Ho Chi Minh edn lutu trut d nhieu ndi, ca

trong va ngoai ntfdc, dang tiep tuc dutdc situ t£m, nghien cutu.

thutc tien cua chinh ban than Ho Chi Minh; dong thdiphan anh qua boat dong cua cac dong chi, qua hoc trd cuaNgutdi Tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh khong nhutng the hien vaitrd quan trong d thdi ky Ho Chi Minh song, ma ke ca khiNgutdi da qua ddi, tut tutdng do con co vai trd lam nen tangtut tutdng va kim chi nam cho hanh dong cua toan Dang,toan dan phan dau cho muc tieu cua each mang Viet Nam.Tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh khong nhutng can thiet trong hanhtrang cua dan toe Viet Nam d the ky XX ma con tiep tuc divdi dan toe Viet Nam d the ky XXI va cac the ky tiep theo;

khong nhutng gop phan thuc day sut phat trien tien bp, vanminh cua nhan loai trong nhutng thdi ky trutdc day ma con

ca trong tutdng lai

- Phildngphap chuyen nganh, lien nganh.

Ho Chi Minh the hien tut tutdng cua minh thong quanhieu linh vutc nhut chinh tri, triet hoc, kinh te, quan sut,tut tutdng van hoa, v.v Vi vay, trong nghien cutu tut tutdng

Ho Chi Minh, cac phutdng phap chuyen nganh va liennganh can dutdc sut dung de nghien cutu toan bo he thongtut tutdng Ho Chi Minh cung nhut moi tac pham ly luanrieng biet cua Ngutdi

De viec nghien cutu tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh dat dutdc trinh

do khoa hoc ngay mot cao hdn, can ddi mdi va hien dai hoacac phutdng phap nghien cutu cu the tren cd sd khong ngufngphat trien va hoan thien ve ly luan va phutdng phap luan

khoa hoc noi chung Ngoai cac phudng phap neu tren, c^nthiet phai sut dung cac phutdng phap phan tich, tong hop, sosanh, dieu tra xa hoi hoc, v.v Nhutng phutdng phap nghiencutu cu the dutdc set dung can xuat phat tut yeu cau nghiencutu noi dung cu the cua tut tUdng Ho Chi Minh.

IV- Y NGHIA c V a VIEC• • • • HOC TAP MON HOC

TVTVdNG HO CHI MINH

1 G6p phan nang cao nang lute tit duy ly luan

Vdi y nghia cung vdi chu nghia Mac - Lenin lam thanhnen tang tut tutdng va kim chi nam cho hanh dong cuaDang va each mang Viet Nam, tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh lanhuing phutdng hutdng ve ly luan va thutc tien hanh dongcho nhufcng ngutdi Viet Nam yeu nutde Mon hoc Tut tutdng

Ho Chf Minh gop phan trang bi cho sinh vien tri thutckhoa hoc ve he thong quan diem toan dien va sau sac veeach mang Viet Nam; hinh thanh nang hie, phutdng phaplam viec, niem tin, tinh cam each mang; g6p phan cung cdcho sinh vien ve lap trutdng, quan diem each mang trennen tang chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh;kien dinh muc tieu doc lap dan toe va chu nghia xa hoi;tich cUc, chu dong dau tranh phe phan nhutng quandiem sai trai de bao ve sut trong sang cua chu nghia

Mac - Lenin, tU ttfdng Ho Chi Minh, dtfdng Idi, chutracing cua Dang, chfnh sach, phap luat cua Nha nude;biet van dung tii tddng Ho Chi Minh vao giai quyet cac vih

de dat ra trong cuoc song Nang hie tU duy ly luan cua moingUdi la dieu rat can thiet de giai quyet nhutng yeu cau docuoc song dat ra Nang luc do dUdc hinh thanh va phattrien th nhieu nguon, trai qua nhieu giai doan, trong dogiai doan nghien chu d trUdng dai hoc rat quan trong, nogin vdi tuoi tre cua con ngUdi Hdn nha, tri thilc va ky nangcua sinh vien dUdc hinh thanh va phat trien qua nghiencutu mon hoc Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh gop phan bdi dapnang luc ly luan nhim chi din hanh dong de tri thanhmot cong dan co ich cho xa hoi nhu mong muon cuoi cungcua Ho Chi Minh: “Toan Dang toan dan ta doan ket phandau, xay dung mot nude Viet Nam hoa binh, thong nhat,doc lap, dan chu va giau manh, va gop phan xilng dang vao

sU nghiep each mang the gidi”1

2 Giao due va dinh hifotag thtfc hanh dao duto each mang, cung co# niem tin khoa hqc gan lien vdi trau doi tinh cam each mang, hoi difdng long yeu mfdte

Qua nghien cdu mon hoc Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh,ngUdi hoc co dieu kien hieu biet sau sac va toan dien ve

1 Hd Chi Minh: Toan t&p, Sdd, t.15, tr.614.

cuoc ddi va sU nghiep cua Ho Chi Minh, lanh tu cua Dang,ngildi con vi dai cua dan toe Viet Nam, mot chien si kienctfdng dau tranh vi doc lap, hoa binh, hftu nghi, hdp tac vatien bo giUa cac dan toe tren the gidi, trong do dac biet lahoc tap tut tUdng cua NgUdi, hoc tap gUdng sang cua motcon ngUdi suot ddi phung stf To quoc, phuc vu nhan dan.Nghien cctu mon hoc Ttf tudng Ho Chi Minh gop phdnthtfc hanh dao dutc each mang, chong chu nghia ca nhan,song co ich cho xa hoi, yeu va lam nhutng dieu tot, dieuthien, ghet va tranh cai xau, cai ac; nang cao long ttfhao ve dat nude Viet Nam, ve che do xa hoi chu nghia,

ve Ho Chi Minh, ve Dang Cong san Viet Nam

Thong qua viec nghien ciiu mon hoc Ttf ttfdng Ho ChiMinh, sinh vien se nang cao ban linh chinh tri, kien dinh

y thUc va trach nhiem cong dan, thitdng xuyen tu dUdng,ren luyen ban than minh theo tu tudng, dao diic, phongeach Hd Chi Minh, ra setc hoc tap va phan dau donggop thiet thUc va hieu qua cho sU nghiep each mang ma

Hd Chi Minh va nhan dan Viet Nam da lUa chon

3 Xay dtfng, ren luyen phutotag phap va phong each cong tac

Qua nghien cdu mon hoc Tu ttfdng Hd Chi Minh,ngtfdi hoc co dieu kien van dung tot hdn nhfing kien thde

va ky nang da nghien cdu, hoc tap vao viec xay dung

phUdng phap hoc tap, tu dUdng, ren luyen phu hdp vdidieu kien cu the cua ban than NgUdi hoc co the van dungxay dung phong each tu duy, phong each diin dat, phongeach lam viec, phong each ting xU, phong each sinh hoat, v.v.phu hdp vdi hoan canh nhu phUdng cham cua Ho Chi Minh:

Df bat bien, vtng van bien.

Td tudng Ho Chi Minh gop phan tfch cUc trong viecgiao due the he tre tiep tuc hinh thanh va hoan thiennhan each, trd thanh nhfing chien si tien phong trong sUnghiep xay dung va bao ve To quoc Viet Nam xa hoi chunghia, gop phan lam cho dat nude ngay cang dang hoanghdn, to dep hdn nhu khat vong cua Ho Chi Minh va cuamoi ngUdi Viet Nam yeu nude

C CAU HOI ON TAP

1 Qua nhan thilc noi ham khai niem Tu tudng Ho ChiMinh, hay dUa ra nhan xet ve qua trinh nhan thiic cuaDang Cong san Viet Nam ve tu tudng Ho Chi Minh?

2 Phan tfch tarn quan trong cua viec set dung cacphUdng phap nghien cdu mon hoc Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh?

3 Phan tfch gia tri, nghia Tu tUcing Ho Chi Minh?

Chtecmg 2

CO sd, QUA TR1NH HINH THANH

VA PHAT TRIEN TU TUCiNG HO CHI MINH

A MUC TIEU

1 Ve kien thutc: Giup cho sinh vien hieu ro cd sd thiictidn, cd sd ly luan va nhan to" chu quan hinh thanh tiitiidng Ho Chf Minh; hieu ro cac giai doan cd ban trong quatrinh hinh thanh va phat trien tu tiidng Ho Chi Minh

2 Ve ky nang: Giup cho sinh vien tiep can vdiphiidng phap khoa hoc nhan thiic khai quat noi dung, giatri cua tii tiidng Ho Chi Minh tut viec nghien cutu cac cd sdphong phu hinh thanh nen tii tiidng Ho Chi Minh va quatrinh hinh thanh txt tiidng Ho Chf Minh trong boat dong

ly luan va thiic tien cua Ngiidi

3 Ve tii ttfctag: Giup cho sinh vien nhan thiic khoahoc gia tri til tiidng Ho Chf Minh ddi vdi each mang VietNam, tut do co tut tiidng, tinh cam tich ciic trong viec hoctap va lam theo til tiidng, dao dutc, phong each Ho ChfMinh trong thutc te hoc tap va cuoc song hang ngay

B NOI DUNG

I- CO SO HINH THANH W THONG HO CHI MINH

1 Co? sd thifc tien

a) Thitc ti&n Viet Nam cuoi the kyXIX - dau thekyXX

Tut nam 1858, thutc dan Phap b&t dau tien hanh xamlifdc Viet Nam Trieu dinh nha Nguyen lan lutdt ky ket cachiep utdc dau hang, tutng butdc trd thanh tay sai cua thutcdan Phap

Tut nam 1858 den cuoi the ky XIX, cac phong trao daii

X *>

tranh yeu nutdc chong thutc dan Phap xam lutdc lien tuc no

ra 0 mien Nam, co cac cuoc khdi nghia cua Trutdng Dinh,Nguyen Trung Trutc O mien Trung, co cac cuoc khdi nghiacua Tran Tan, Dang Nhut Mai, Phan Dinh Phtmg O mienBac, co cac cuoc khdi nghia cua Nguyen Thien Thuat,Pham Banh va Dinh Cong Trang, Nguyin Quang Bfch,Hoang Hoa Tham, v.v Cac cuoc khdi nghia vu trang dutdingon cd “Can Vutdng” do cac si phu, van than lanh dao cuoicung deu that bai Dieu do chutng to tut tutdng phong kien

to ra 16i thdi trutdc cac nhiem• vu• lich • sut

Sau khi hoan thanh can ban viec « • binh dinh Viet • Nam

ve mat quan stf, thutc dan Phap b£t tay vao khai thacthuoc dia Viet Nam mot each manh me va tutng butdc biennutdc ta tut mot nutdc phong kien thanh nutdc “thuoc dia va

phong kien”1 din tdi sti bien doi ve cd cau giai cap, tingIdp trong xa hoi.

ThUc dan Phap vin duy tri nen kinh te nong nghieplac hau vdi khoang 95% dan so la nong dan; giai cap diachu dude bo sung, cung co', tang cttdng them cac dien chungiidi Phap va ngiidi nude ngoai Ben canh tang Idp thdthu cong, tieu thrtdng, trong xa hoi Viet Nam xuat hiennhUng giai tang mdi, do la giai cap cong nhan, giai cap tiisan va tang Idp tieu ttf san d thanh thi Tit do, ben canhmau thuan cd ban trong xa hoi phong kien la mau thuingida giai cap nong dan vdi dia chu phong kien, xuat hiencac mau thuin mdi: Mau thuin giria giai cap cong nhanViet Nam vdi giai cap tii san, mau thuin giuta toan thenhan dan Viet Nam vdi thtfc dan Phap

- Cung vdi nhUng bien doi tren, den dau the ky XX,trade anh hudng cua cac cuoc van dong cai each, cua eachmang dan chu ttf san d Trung Quo'c va tam gUdng Duy tancua Nhat Ban, d Viet Nam xuat hien cac phong trao yeunude theo khuynh hudng dan chu trt san vdi stf din datcua cac si phu yeu nude co tinh than cai each nhii: Phong

trao Dong Du do Phan Boi Chau khdi xutdng (1905 - 1909);

Phong trao Duy Tan do Phan Chau Trinh phat dong

1 Thuat ngG “ thuoc dia va phong kien” 12i thuat ngd Ho Chi Minh neu trong tac phim Thitdng thvtc chfnh tri; xem Ho Chi Minh:

Toan tap, Sdd, t.8, tr.254.

(1906 - 1908); Phong trao Dong Kinh nghia thuc do LutdngVan Can, Nguyen Quyen va mot so' nhan si khac phatdong (tri thang 3 den thang 11/1907); Phong trao chong di phu, chong situ thue & Trung nam 1908

Cac phong trao yeu nutdc theo khuynh hudng dan chutil san n6i tren deu that bai Nguyen nhan sau xa la giaicap tut san Viet Nam con non yeu Nguyen nhan trite tiep

la cac to chute va ngutdi lanh dao cua cac phong trao chuta

co dutdng loi va phutdng phap each mang dung d&n Tinhth&n yeu nutdc vln sue soi trong long nhan dan Song, cuockhung hoang ve dtfdng loi cutu nude diin ra sau s&c Xuathien cau hoi tut thutc tien dat ra la: Cdu nitdc bang con

dotting nao de co the di den thang loi?

Trong boi canh do, sii ra ddi cua giai cap cong nhan vaphong trao dau tranh cua giai cap cong nhan Viet Nam dalam cho cuoc dau tranh giai phong dan toe d Viet Namxuat hien dau hieu mdi cua mot thdi dai mdi sap ra ddi.Cuoi the ky XIX, d Viet Nam da co cong nhan, nhutngluc do mdi chi la mot hie lutdng it di, khong on dinh Dau the

ky XX, cong nhan phat trien hdn va trd thanh mot giai capngay trade Chien tranh the gidi thut nhat (1914 - 1918)

Cong nhan Viet Nam chiu ba tang ap butc boc lot: thutcdan, tut ban, phong kien Ho sdm vung day dau tranhchong lai gidi chu Tut hinh thutc dau tranh tho sd nhut dotlan trai, bo tron tap the, ho da nhanh chong tien tdi dinhcong, bai cong

“Chi co giai cap cong nhan la dung cam nhat, eachmang nhat, luon luon gan goc dutdng dau vdi bon de quocthiic dan”1 Phong trao cong nhan va cac phong trao yeunutdc Viet Nam dau the ky XX tao dieu kien thuan Idi dechu nghia Mac - Lenin xam nhap, truyen ba vao datnude ta Ho Chi Minh la mot ngutdi da day cong truyen

ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao phong trao cong nhan vaphong trao yeu nutdc Viet Nam, chuan bi ve ly luanchink tri, tut tutdng va to chute, sang lap Dang Cong sanViet Nam, cham dutt sut khung hoang ve dutdng loi eachmang Viet Nam, danh dau butdc hinh thanh cd ban tuttutdng Ho Chi Minh ve each mang Viet Nam Sau do,chinh thutc tien Dang lanh dao Cach mang Thang Tamthanh cong, lanh dao cupc khang chien chong thutc danPhap thang Idi; lanh dao dat nutdc vita xay dutng chunghia xa hoi, vuta khang chien chong My, cutu nutdc lanhan to gop phan bo sung, phat trien tut tutdng Ho ChiMinh tren tat ca cac phutdng dien

b) Thilc tien the gidi cuoi the ky XIX - dau thekyXX

Vao cuoi the ky XIX - dau the ky XX, chu nghia tutban tren the gidi da phat trien tut giai doan tut do canhtranh sang giai doan de quoc chu nghia Mot so nutdc dequoc Anh, Phap, My, Tay Ban Nha, Y, Ddc, Nga, Nhat Ban,

1 Ho Chi Minh: Toan t£p, Sdd, t.12, tr.407.

Bi, Bo Dao Nha, Ha Lan, v.v da chi phoi toan bo tinhhinh the gidi Phan Idn cac nude chau A, chau Phi vakhu vUc My Latinh da trd thanh thuoc dia va phu thuoccua cac ntfdc de quoc.

Tinh hinh do da lam sau s&c them mau thuan von cotrong long chu nghia tu ban, do la mau thuan gifia giaicap tii san vdi giai cap vo san d cac nude til ban; mauthuin gifia cac nude de quoc vdi nhau; mau thuan gifia cacdan toe thuoc dia va phu thuoc vdi chu nghia de quoc.Sang dau the ky XX, nhfing mau thu^n nay ngay cangphat trien gay gat Gianh doc lap cho cac dan toe thuoc diakhong chi la doi hoi cua rieng ho, ma con la mong muonchung cua giai cap vo san quoc te; tinh hinh do da thucday phong trao giai phong dan toe tren the gidi phat trien.Cach mang Thang Mttdi Nga nam 1917 thanh cong lathdng Idi dau tien cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin d mot ntfdcIdn, rong mot phan sau the gidi Cach mang Thang MudiNga da danh do giai cap ttf san va giai cap dia chu phongkien, lap nen mot xa hoi mdi - xa hoi xa hoi chu nghia.Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga md ra mot thdi dai mdi tronglich set loai ngvtdi thdi dai qua do trt chu nghia tU ban lenchu nghia xa hoi tren pham vi toan the gidi, md ra condiidng giai phong cho cac dan toe bi ap bite tren the gidi.Ngay 2/3/1919, Quoc te Cong san ra ddi d Matxcdvatrd thanh Bo tham mrtu, lanh dao phong trao each mang

the gidi Dttdi sii lanh dao cua Lenin, Quoc te Cong sanday manh viec truyen ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin va kinhnghiem Cach mang Thang Miidi Nga ra khdp the gidi,thuc day sii ra ddi va boat dong ngay cang manh me cuacac dang cong san d nhieu niidc.

Cach mang Thang Miidi Nga th£ng Idi, sii ra ddi cuaNha niidc Xdviet, Quoc te Cong san va thiic tidn xay dungchu nghia xa hoi d Lien X6 cung vdi sii phat trien manh

me phong trao cong san, cong nhan va phong trao giaiphong dan toe tren the gidi anh hiidng sau sac tdi Hd ChiMinh tren hanh trinh di ra the gidi tim muc tieu va condiidng cdu niidc

2 Co? so? ly luan

a) Gia tri truyen thong tot dep cua dan toe Viet Nam

Chu nghia yeu niidc la gia tri xuyen suot trong nhutngtruyen thong tot dep cua dan toe Viet Nam Do la donghie, siic manh giup cho dan toe Viet Nam ton tai va viiOtqua moi kho khan trong qua trinh diing niidc va gifi niidc

ma phat trien Chinh chu nghia yeu niidc la nen tang tiitiidng, diem xuat phat va dong liic thuc defy Hd Chi Minh

ra di tim diidng ciiu niidc, va tim thay d chu nghia Mac Lenin con diidng ciiu niidc, ciiu dan

-Ho Chi Minh da chu ke thtra, phat trien tinh thandaii tranh anh dung, bat khuat vi doc lap, til do cua Toquoc, nham bao ve chu quyen quoc gia va sii toan ven

lanh thd cua chu nghia yeu ntfdc Viet Nam Trong

Tuyen ngon doc lap, Ho Chi Minh da trinh trong tuyen bovdi the gidi: “Niicic Viet Nam co quyen hudng til do va doc1&P, va stf thtfc da thanh mot nude ttf do v& doc lap Toanthe dan Viet Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va hie Itfdng,tinh menh va cua cai de giii vhng quyen til do va doc lapay”1 Khong co gi quy hdn doc lap, til do - chan ly Idn cuathdi dai dtfdc Ho Chi Minh khang dinh, dong thdi cungchinh la mot diem cot Idi trong til tUdng Ho Chi Minh

Trong lanh dao nhan dan Viet Nam xay dttng va bao

ve dat nude, Ho Chi Minh het site chu trong ke thrta, phattrien nhflng gia tri truyen thong tot dep cua dan toe VietNam, do la yeu nude gin hen vdi yeu dan, co tinh thandoan ket, nhan ai, khoan dung trong cong dong va hoahieu vdi cac dan toe lan bang; tinh than can cu, dung cam,sang tao, lac quan, vi nghia, thiidng ngtfdi cua dan toeViet Nam Trong tut ttfdng Ho Chi Minh, con ngUdi la vohquy nhat, la nhan to quyet dinh thanh cong cua eachmang; dan la gdc cua nutdc; niidc lay dan lam gdc; gdc coviing cay mdi ben; xay lau thing Idi tren nen nhan dan;doan ket dan toe gin lien vdi doan ket quoc te la motnguyen tic chien hide quyet dinh thang Idi cua each mangViet Nam

1 Ho Chi Minh: Toan t$p, Sdd, t.4, tr.3.

Trong truyen thong dan toe Viet Nam thutdng trutc motniem tut hao ve lich set, tran trong nen van hoa, ngon ngQ,phong tuc, tap quan va nhutng gia tri tot dep khac cua dantoe Do chinh la cd sd hinh thanh nen tut tutdng, pham chatcua nha van hoa kiet xuat Ho Chi Minh vdi chu trutdngvan h6a la muc tieu, dong lute cua each mang; c£n giut gincot each van hoa dan toe, dong thdi tiep thu tinh hoa vanhoa nhan loai, xay dung nen van hoa mdi cua Viet Nam.

Ho Chi Minh chinh la mot bieu tUdng cao dep cua sut tfchhdp tinh hoa van hoa phutdng Dong va phutdng Tay

b) Tinh hoa van hoa nhan loai

- Tinh hoa van hoa phifcingDdng

Tinh hoa van hoa, tut tutdng phutdng Dong ket tinhtrong ba hoc thuyet Idn Nho giao, Phat giao, Lao giao Do

la nhutng hoc thuyet co anh hrtdng sau rong d phutdngDong va d Viet Nam trutdc day

Ve Nho giao, Ho Chi Minh phan tfch: “Tuy Khong Tut

la phong kien va tuy trong hoc thuyet cua Khong Tut conhieu dieu khong dung song nhutng dieu hay trong do thichung ta nen hoc “Chi co nhutng ngutdi each mang chanchfnh mdi thu thai ditdc nhutng dieu hieu biet quy bau cuacac ddi trade de lai” Lenin day chung ta nhut va/

Ho Chi Minh chu y ke thuta va doi mdi tut tutdng dungnhan tri, dutc tri de quan ly xa hoi Ke thuta va phat trien

1 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, t.6, tr.356-357.

quan niem cua Nho giao ve viec xay diIng mot xa hoitiiclng trong do cong bang, bac ai, nhan, nghia, trf, dui^S’tin, liem diidc coi trong de co the di den mot the gidi (fa1dong vdi hoa binh, khong co chien tranh, cac dan toe coquan he hutu nghi va hdp tac Dac biet, Ho Chi Minh chii y

ke thuta, doi mdi, phat trien tinh than trong dao diic ctiaNho giao trong viec tu dutdng, ren luyen dao dutc cua conngiidi, trong cong tac xay diing Dang ve dao ddc

Do'i vdi Phat giao, Ho Chi Minh chu y ke thuta, phattrien tut tutdng th bi, vi tha, yeu thiidng con ngiidi, khuyenkhfch lam viec thien, chong lai dieu ac; de cao quyen binhdang cua con ngiidi va chan ly; khuyen con ngiidi song hoadong, gan bo vdi dat midc cua dao Phat Nhutng quan diemtfch cute do trong triet ly cua dao Phat diidc Ho Chi Minhvan dung sang tao de doan ket dong bao theo dao Phat,doan ket toan dan vi nutdc Viet Nam hoa binh, thong nhat,doc lap, dan chu va giau manh Trong thii guti Hoi Phat tutnam 1947, Ngiidi viet: “Dutc Phat la dai tut dai bi, cutu khocutu nan, muon cutu chiing sinh ra kh6i khd nan, Ngutdiphai hy sinh tranh dau, diet lu ac ma Nay dong bao ta daidoan ket, hy sinh cua cai xiidng mau, khang chien dencung, de danh tan thiic dan phan dong, de cutu quoc dan rakhoi kho nan, de giut quyen thong nhat va doc lap cua Toquoc The la chiing ta lam theo long dai tut dai bi cua DutcPhat Thich Ca, khang chien de duta giohg noi ra khoi cai