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Trang 1 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦY LỢITRUNG TÂMĐÀO TẠO QUỐC TẾ - BỘ MÔNTIẾNGANHMÔN HỌC: VIẾT NÂNG CAO 1UNIT 1: TYPES OF SENTENCESMain points & Unit objectivesKinds of clauses: dependent clause
4/29/2023 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦY LỢI TRUNG TÂM ĐÀO TẠO QUỐC TẾ - BỘ MÔN TIẾNG ANH MÔN HỌC: VIẾT NÂNG CAO 1 UNIT 1: TYPES OF SENTENCES Main points & Unit objectives Kinds of clauses: dependent clauses / independent clauses / noun clauses/adjective clauses… Kinds of sentences: simple / compound / complex… 1 4/29/2023 I KINDS AND FEATURES OF CLAUSES Independent clauses (IC) Dependent Clauses (DC) contain a subject and a verb contain a subject and a verb express a complete thought donot express a complete thought can stand alone as a sentence by itself can not stand alone as a sentence by S+V itself Subordinator + S + V I KINDS AND FEATURES OF CLAUSES What are the subordinators of DC? After Before That When Which Although Even though Though Whenever While As, just as Unless Who How Where Whom As if If Until Wherever Whose As soon as what Whether since Because So that 2 4/29/2023 I KINDS AND FEATURES OF CLAUSES PRACTICE 1: 1 Distinguish IC and DC (Prac 1 – p.3) 2 Complete sentences, using IC or DC (Handout) II KINDS OF SENTENCES Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level (simple sentence) Salt water boils at a higher Sentences Although women in the United temperature than freshwater, so food States could own property, they cooks faster in salt water could not vote until 1920 (compound sent.) (complex sent.) Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920; and after 1920, their vote was legal (compound-complex sent.) 3 4/29/2023 II.1 SIMPLE SENTENCES Features: Have one Independent clause (IC) End with a stop (.) Basic form: S + V Eg: Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level Freshwater boils at 100 degrees and freezes at 0 degrees Celsius Notes: There exist some variations of simple sentences PRACTICE 2: READ THE PARAGRAPHS AND DECIDE WHAT VARIATION EACH SENTENCE BELONGS TO 4 4/29/2023 PRACTICE 3 : WRITE SENTENCES - TOPIC: THE INTERNET II.2 COMPOUND SENTENCES two or more independent clauses joined together end with a stop (.) basic forms: IC, coordinator IC IC; conjunctive adverb, IC IC; IC 5 4/29/2023 NOTES: Coordinators (coordinating conjunctions) For (to add a reason) FAN BOYS And (to add more ideas) Nor But (to add a negative equal idea) Or (to add an alternative possibility) Yet (to add an unexpected or surprising continuation) So (to add an unexpected or surprising continuation) (to add an expected result) • CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS 6 4/29/2023 PRACTICE 4 Ex.3, 4, 5 & 6 (p.5) II.3 COMPLEX SENTENCES Contain one independent clause and one (more) dependent clauses Independent clauses: more important ideas /dependent clause: less important ideas 3 kinds of dependent clauses: noun clause, adjective clause, adverb clauses Examples: Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920 Dependent adverb clause Independent clause Who are not married are called bachelors Dependent Adjective Clause That there is a hole in the ozone layer of Earth’s atmosphere is well known Dependent noun clause 7 4/29/2023 PRACTICE 5 Ex 8, 9, 10 (p.10) IV PARALLELISM What? each item in a list or comparison follows the same grammatical pattern Eg: 1.My English conversation class is made up of Chinese, Spaniards, and some are from Bosnia parallel parallel not parallel 2 My English conversation class is made up of Chinese, Spaniards, and Bosnians parallel parallel parallel Note: 8 4/29/2023 I PARALLELISM What for? 2) clarity 1) economy 4) delight 3) equality I PARALLELISM How to form parallelism? 1 Use parallel structure with elements joined by Coordinators (and, or, but) 2 Use parallel structure with elements joined by Correlative (Paired) Conjunctions 3 Use parallel structure with elements joined by a linking verb or a verb of being 9 4/29/2023 II, SENTENCE PROBLEMS 1 Sentence Fragments: incomplete sentences/ parts of sentences 2 Choppy sentences: too short sentences 3 Stringy sentences too many independent clauses 4 Run-on sentences and comma splies: clauses written with no punctuation or without a coordinating conjunction PRACTICE 1: IDENTIFYING SENTENCE PROBLEMS (P.15- P.21) 10 4/29/2023 NOTES: SUBJUNCTIVE NOUN CLAUSES After certain independent clause verbs and adjectives, you must use the subjunctive form of the verb in the following noun clause Eg 1 The company president urged that the marketing department be more aggressive subjunctive noun clause 2 It is necessary that each salesperson work longer hours subjunctive noun clause 3 She insisted that the company not lose any more customers to its competitors subjunctive noun clause Verbs and Adjectives that require the subjunctive form in the noun clauses: urgency, advisability, necessity, and desirability Verbs Adjectives Advise Insist Request Advisable Mandatory Ask Order Require Desirable Necessary command Prefer Suggest Essential Urgent direct Propose urge Important Vital demand recommend 18 4/29/2023 PRACTICE 3 ON SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES 1 Identifying subjunctive noun clause 2 Arrange words into sentences 2 IF/WHETHER CLAUSE Eg: - The patient wanted to know whether Dr Chen practices acupuncture - The patient wanted to know whether or not Dr Chen practices acupuncture - The patent wanted to know whether Dr Chen practices acupuncture or not - The patient wants to know if Dr Chen practices acupuncture - The patient wants to know if Dr Chen practices acupuncture or not Features: Form from Yes/No questions Introduced by If/whether Whether is more formal than If…or not Use SV statement word order 19 4/29/2023 FORM: Whether/If - clause Subject Verb Whether/If S + V I don’t know whether he comes to class I don’t remember If Jenny goes camping with whether me My mother wants to know my father was late 3 WH- CLAUSES Features: Formed from Wh – question, Subordinators: (Wh-words): where, when, why, what, how…… Use SV statement order Eg: 1 Do you know where he has gone? Wh-clause 2 The reporters asked which company planned to do business in Russia Wh-clause 20