Bài giảng Tiếng Anh nâng cao Kỹ năng Viết 1

Trang 1 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦY LỢITRUNG TÂMĐÀO TẠO QUỐC TẾ - BỘ MÔNTIẾNGANHMÔN HỌC: VIẾT NÂNG CAO 1UNIT 1: TYPES OF SENTENCESMain points & Unit objectivesKinds of clauses: dependent clause

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦY LỢI

Main points & Unit objectives

 Kinds of clauses: dependent clauses / independent clauses / noun clauses/adjective

clauses…

 Kinds of sentences: simple / compound / complex…

I KINDS AND FEATURES OF CLAUSES

 contain a subject and a verb

 express a complete thought

 can stand alone as a sentence by itself

 S + V

 contain a subject and a verb

 donot express a complete thought

 can not stand alone as a sentence by

itself

 Subordinator + S + V

 What are the subordinators of DC?

PRACTICE 1:

1. Distinguish IC and DC (Prac 1 – p.3)

2. Complete sentences, using IC or DC (Handout)

II KINDS OF SENTENCES

Sentences

Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level

(simple sentence).

Salt water boils at a higher

temperature than freshwater, so food

cooks faster in salt water.

(compound sent.)

Although women in the United

States could own property, they

could not vote until 1920.

(complex sent.)

II.1 SIMPLE SENTENCES

Features:

Have one Independent clause (IC)

End with a stop (.)

Basic form: S + V

Eg:

 Freshwaterboilsat 100 degrees Celsius at sea level

 Freshwaterboilsat 100 degrees and freezesat 0 degrees Celsius

Notes: There exist some variations of simple sentences

VARIATION EACH SENTENCE BELONGS TO

II.2 COMPOUND SENTENCES

 two or more independent clauses joined together

 end with a stop (.)

 basic forms:

 IC, coordinator IC

 Coordinators (coordinating conjunctions)

For (to add a reason)

And (to add more ideas)

Nor (to add a negative equal idea)

But (to add an alternative possibility) FAN BOYS

Or (to add an unexpected or surprising continuation)

Yet (to add an unexpected or surprising continuation)

So (to add an expected result)

PRACTICE 4

 Ex.3, 4, 5 & 6 (p.5)

II.3 COMPLEX SENTENCES

Contain one independent clause and one (more) dependent clauses

Independent clauses: more important ideas /dependent clause: less important ideas

3 kinds of dependent clauses: noun clause, adjective clause, adverb clauses

Examples:

Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920.

Dependent adverb clause Independent clause

1.My English conversation class is made up of Chinese, Spaniards, and some are from

Bosnia. parallel parallel not parallel

2 My English conversation class is made up of Chinese, Spaniards, and Bosnians

parallel parallel parallel

Note :

How to form parallelism?

1. Use parallel structure with elements joined by Coordinators (and, or, but)

2. Use parallel structure with elements joined by Correlative (Paired)

Conjunctions

3. Use parallel structure with elements joined by a linking verb or a verb of

being

II, SENTENCE PROBLEMS

1. Sentence Fragments: incomplete sentences/ parts of sentences

2. Choppy sentences: too short sentences

3. Stringy sentences too many independent clauses

4. Run-on sentences and comma splies: clauses written with no punctuation or

without a coordinating conjunction

II WAYS TO CORRECT SENTENCE PROBLEMS

 Examples

Examples:

PRACTICE2: CORRECT SENTENCES (P.15-21)

I DEFINITION

 a dependent noun clause functions as a noun

 is often part of an independent clause, where it can be a subject or an object

That-clause (start with “That”)

PUNCTUATING

1 NEVER use a comma to separate a noun clause from the main clause.

I am sure that the address is correct.

2 If the independent clause is a statement, put a period at the end of the entire sentence If the independent clause is a

question, put a question mark at the end of the entire sentence.

Independent clause Noun Clause

I’m sure that the address is correct.

Are you sure that the address is correct?

What???

 a dependent noun clause that begins with the word that.

 function like a noun

Eg Many people believe that they must work hard to be happy

1 THAT-CLAUSE

Where???

1. After the independent clause verb

2. After certain adjectives

3. After certain nouns

4. At the beginning of a sentence.

1. A comparison of the size of glaciers and icebergs over the past hundred

years reveals that they are shrinking in size

2. Scientists believe _

3. Environmentalists warn

4. People living near seacoasts and on low-lying islands are worried

_

5. The idea is nonsense

6. Our teacher was very proud

NOTES:

1 Position

That-clauses (akward in spoken E.)

 they often rewrite such sentences by putting it at the beginning and moving the noun

clause to the end

Eg

 Better It is certain that Earth is getting warmer.

It (except be or any intransitive verb like seem or appear) is often written in the passive

voice, especially in academic writing

Eg:

1 It is believed that carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming.

2 It was agreed that the meeting would be postponed until next week.

3 It has been proven that the world’s deserts are expanding.

You can also write these sentences in the active voice:

 Many scientists believe that carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming

 The participants agreed that the meeting would be postponed until next week

 Measurements have proven that the world’s deserts are expanding.

NOTES:

2 Special Tenses:

- One of the most common uses of noun clauses in academic writing is to report what someone else has said or written

- This kind of noun clause is called reported speech, indirect speech, or indirect quotation.

 If the main clause verb is simple present, present perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause is in the tense that

expresses the meaning that the main clause intends.

 The prime ministers agree that global warming is a serious world problem.

 They hope that all nations will be responsible for solving this problem.

 Scientists report that atmospheric warming has already begun.

 Measurements have indicated that the average temperature of Earth has risen in the past hundred years.

 Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely responsible.

After certain independent clause verbs and adjectives, you must use the subjunctive form of the verb in the

following noun clause.

Eg.

1 The company president urged that the marketing department be more aggressive.

subjunctive noun clause

2 It is necessary that each salesperson work longer hours.

subjunctive noun clause

3.She insisted that the company not lose any more customers to its competitors.

subjunctive noun clause

 Verbs and Adjectives that require the subjunctive form in the noun clauses:

urgency, advisability, necessity, and desirability

Advise Insist Request Advisable Mandatory

PRACTICE 3ON SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES

1. Identifying subjunctive noun clause

2. Arrange words into sentences

 Eg:

- The patient wanted to know whether Dr Chen practices acupuncture.

- The patient wanted to know whether or not Dr Chen practices

acupuncture.

- The patent wanted to know whether Dr Chen practices acupuncture or

not.

- The patient wants to know if Dr Chen practices acupuncture.

- The patient wants to know if Dr Chen practices acupuncture or not.

FORM:

Whether/If - clause

I don’t know whether he comes to class

I don’t remember If Jenny goes camping with

me

My mother wants to know whether my father was late

 Formed from Wh – question,

 Subordinators: (Wh-words): where, when, why, what, how……

 Use SV statement order

Eg:

1. Do you know where he has gone?

Wh-clause

PRACTICE 4: CHAPTER 2

Classkick

 A dependent clause functions as an adverb

Eg:

She sang loudly  She sang as loudly as we expect

I worked yesterday  I worked when you dropped by my house

She will go where you tell her.

He studies hard so that he can pass the examination.

 tell when, where, why, how, how long, how far, how often, and/or what purpose something happened An

adverb clause can also express a contrast.

 often began with a subordinating conjunction

1. I’ll call you as I arrive at the airport

II KINDS OFADVERB CLAUSES

2 Place clauses (to answer the question ‘where’)

You can go wherever you like.

Most people shop where they get the lowest prices

Anywhere Khanh goes, Minh follows

3 Distance, Frequency, and Manner Clause (answer the question “How far?” / “How often?”

“How?” )

Distance, Frequency, and Manner Subordinators

as + adverb + as: distance Fire had destroyed the trees in the forest as far as the eye could see.

as + adverb + as: frequency 1 do not visit my parents as often as they would like me to.

4 Reason clauses (answers the question “Why?”)

• We didn’t go camping as it rained heavily.

• Europeans are in some ways better environmentalists than North Americans because they are

more used to conserving energy.

5 Result clauses

expresses the effect or consequence of the information in the independent clause.

Result Subordinators

so + adjective/adverb + that Joanna’s cookie business is so successful that she hired three new employees last week.

New orders are coming in so rapidly that she has expanded her production facilities.

such a(n) + noun + that Joanne’s cookies are such a success that she is considering franchising the business.

so much/many + noun + that Running the business takes so much time now that Joanne no longer does the baking herself.

There were so many orders for her holiday cookies that her workers were baking 24 hours a day.

so little/few + noun + that Now Joanne has so little free time that she has not taken a vacation in months.

Her cookies contain so few calories that even people on diets can enjoy them.

PRACTICE 2

Classkick

7 Contrast clauses

 Two types: direct opposition clauses and concession clauses

Direct Opposition Subordinators whereas San Francisco Is cool during the summer, whereas Los Angeles is generally hot.

while While most homes in San Francisco do not have air conditioning, it is a necessity in Los Angeles.

Concession Subordinators

although Although I had studied all night, 1 failed the test.

Adjective Clauses

1. a dependent clause that functions as an adjective

2. modify (gives more information about) a noun or pronoun

3. come right after its antecedent (noun/pronoun)

4. agree in number with its antecedent

Eg

 The first thanksgiving feast in the United States, which took place in 1621,

I DEFINITION

An adjective clause often starts with a relative pronoun or relative adverb:

P RONOUNS :

who, whom, whose, that:

which, whose, that:

A DVERBS :

when, where:

II TYPES OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

 Restrictive (necessary): no commas

The professor who teaches my biology class won a Nobel Prize two years ago.

 Nonrestrictive (unnecessary): commas

Professor Jones, who teaches my biology class, won a Nobel Prize two years ago.

1. relative pronoun as subject

2 Using relative pronoun as object

Eg

The address that he gave me was incorrect.

 Facebook, which is very popular to the Internet users, an American

online social mediaand was founded by Mark Zuckerberg

3 Using possessive adjective clauses starting with Whose (to replace her, his, their or ‘s)

Eg

This is George, whose brother went to school with me.

The teacher whose books we read last week will give a speech soon.

4 Adjective clauses of time and place

(using relative adverbs: where & when)

When Refer to time

Replace then

restrictive I work full time on days when I donot have

classes

Non restrictive I donot work last week, when I had my exam

Where Refer to a place

Replace there

Restrictive She has never returned to the city where she

was born

Non restrictive First City Bank, where I have a checking

account, was robbed last week