Bài giảng tiếng anh chuyên ngành kỹ thuật hoá học

Trang 25 mixture, an element, and a compound?✓A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substance retain their distinct identities.✓An element is a substance that

I- Conversation partice

→ Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes in undergoes

2 Why is chemistry often called the central science?

→ Because a basic knowledge of chemistry isessential for students of biology, physics, geology,ecology, and many other subjects

→ Modern chemistry start in the nineteenth

century

4 Explain the role of technological advances

in chemical studying?

→The technological advances enable scientists to break down substances into ever smaller components and consequently to explain many of their physical and chemical characteristics.

5 What can you tell about the future of chemistry?

→ Chemistry will continue to play a pivotal role inall areas of science and technology

6 Give three major advances have enabled us to prevent and treat diseases?

→They are public health measures, surgery withanesthesia, and the introduction of vaccines andantibiotics

treatment of disease and in the pharmaceutical

industry?

→ Chemist in the pharmaceutical industry areresearching potent drugs with few or no side effects totreat cancer, AIDS, and many other diseases

8 What are the major and potential sources of

energy in the twenty first century?

→ The major and potentials sources of energy arefossil fuels, nuclear fission, and solar energy

research and development in the twenty century have provided us with?

→ The name materials are polymer, ceramic, liquid

crystals, adhesives, and coating

10 What is superconductor?

→Superconductor are material that have no electrical

resistance and can therefore conduct electricity with

11 What is “molecular computing”?

→ Molecular computing is the science of usingindividual molecules to build computer programs

12 Why is chemistry important for agriculture?

→ Chemist can devises way to increase the production of fertilizers that are less harmful to the environment and substances that would selectively kill weeds.

Infectious (/in´fekʃəs/) adj: lây, nhiễm

Infectious diseases: Bệnh nhiễm trùng

VOCABULARY

Medicine (n): dược phẩm

Surgery /'sз:dƷəri/ (n): phẫu thuật

Anesthesia /ˌænəsˈθiʒə/(n): sự gây tê Microbes (n): vi khuẩn, vi trùng

Energy (n): năng lượng

Environment (n): môi trường

By-product (n): sản phẩm phụ

Agriculture (n): nông nghiêp

Fertilizer /'fə:tilaizə/(n): phân bón

VOCABULARY

III- Grammar

II- Conversation pratice

1 Give the definition of matter, a substance, a mixture, an element, and a compound ?

✓Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

✓A substance is a form of matter that have a definite composition and distinct properties.

mixture, an element, and a compound?

✓A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substance retain their distinct identities.

✓An element is a substance that cannot be

separated into simpler substances by chemical means.

1 Give the definition of matter, a substance, a

mixture, an element, and a compound ?

✓A compound is a substance formed when

two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together

Compound: hợp chất Atom: nguyên tử

Molecule: phân tử Composition: thành phần

2 Give an example of a homogeneous mixture

and an example of heterogeneous mixture?

➢When sugar dissolves in water, we obtain ahomogeneous mixture

2 Give an example of a homogeneous mixture and an example of heterogeneous mixture?

➢When sand is mixed with iron powder, weobtain heterogeneous mixture

Mineral: khoáng

Separate (v) : tách, phân chia

between a physical property and a chemical

property ?

heating a block of ice and recording the temperature

at which the ice is converted to water

4 Using examples, explain the difference

between a physical property and a chemical property ?

Block of ice: băng

Record (v): ghi lại

5. How does an intensive property differ from an

extensive property? Which of the followingproperties are intensive and which are extensive?

→ An extensive property depends on the amount

of matter; An intensive property depends on the

type of matter

5. How does an intensive property differ from anextensive property? Which of the following

properties are intensive and which are extensive?

→Mass, length, and volume are extensive

properties Temperature and density are intensive properties.

Extensive (adj): rộng, rộng rãi

Extensive property: đại lượng dung độ

Intensive (adj): chuyên sâu, tập chung

Intensive property: Tính chất cường độ

Volume: thể tích

Density: mật độ

Temperature: nhiệt độ

Length: độ dài Width: rộng Heigh: cao

III- Grammar

I- Conversation partice

→ An atom is the basis unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination

2 Name three subatomic particles and tell something about their characteristics?

→ They are electrons, protons, and neutrons.Electrons are negatively charges particles Protonsare positively charges particles Neutrons are

electrically neutral particles

→ While the protons are confined to the nucleus

on the atoms, the electrons are conceived of as being spread out about the nucleus at some

distance from it.

+ The basic structure of an atom consists of

electrons surrounding a nucleus that contains

protons and neutrons

Structure (n): cấu trúc

Theory (n): học thuyết

Unit (n): đơn vị

Chemical combination: kết hợp hóa học

Indivisible (adj): không phân chia được

Demonstrate (v): chứng minh

Internal (adj): bên trong

Internal structure: bên trong cấu trúc

Particle (n): hạt

Negative (adj): âm

Charged: tích điện

Negatively charged particles : hạt mang điện âm

Positive (adj): dương

Positively charged particles: hạt mang điện dương

Subatomic particle: hạt cơ bản của nguyên tử

Concentrated (adj): tập chung, đậm đặc

VOCABULARY

oppositely: đối diện

perceive (v): nhận thức, nhận biết constitute (v): cấu thành

and mass number?

→ One is the number of protons in the nucleus and the

other is the total number of neutrons and protons

present in the atom's nucleus

5 How can the number of electrons, proton and neutrons in an atom be calculated?

→ The atomic number is the number of protons in

an atom of an element In a neutral atom the number

of protons is equal to the number of electron

5 How can the number of electrons, proton and

neutrons in an atom be calculated?

→ The number of neutrons in an atom is equal tothe difference between the mass number and theatomic number

Atomic number: số nguyên tử

Mass number: số khối

VOCABULARY

6 What do we call atoms of the same elements

with different mass numbers?

→ Isotopes

→ Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are both isotopes of

carbon, one with 6 neutrons and one with 8 neutrons (both with 6 proton)

Isotope: đồng vị

Aggregate(n): tập hợp lại, kết tủa Arrangement (n): sắp xếp, bố trí Rearrangement (n): sự sắp xếp lại Forces: lực

chemical forces: liên kết hóa học chemical bond: liên kết hóa học

8 What is the difference between an atom and a

of a polyatomic molecule containing atoms of the

same element?

→ Molecules containing more than two atoms are called polyatomic molecules

Ex:

10 What is an ion?

→ An ion is a charged species formed from a

neutral atom or molecule when electrons are gained

or lost as the result of a chemical change?

11 Give an example of the each of the following?

2-I- Conversation practice

1 Why is water importance for human being?

Water is an excellent solvent for many ionic compounds, as well as for other substances capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water

2 Why does water possess a high specific heat?

→ The reason is that to raise the temperature of

water (that is, to increase the average kinetic energy

of water molecules), we must first break the many inter-molecular hydrogen bonds

+ Water has high heat capacity due to its lower

molar mass as specific heat is inversely to the mass

of substance, secondly due to its tight hydrogen

bonding it has high heat capacity as compared to many but many substances have higher than water

3 Why can water in the lakes and oceans moderate the climate of the earth?

→ The huge quantities of water that are present

in the lakes and oceans moderate the climate of

the earth by absorbing heat in the summer and

giving off heat in the winter, with only small

changes in the temperature of the body of

water.

Solvent (n): dung môi

Capable (adj): có khả năng

hydrogen bond (n): liên kết hidro

inter-molecular (adj): giữa các phân tử absorb (v): hấp thụ

climate (n): khí hậu

adjacent (adj): liền kề, gần sát

moderate (v): kiểm soát, điều khiển

4 Why does the ice float at the surface of

liquid water?

→ Because the water’s solid form is less dense

than its liquid form.

→ There are two pairs of nonbonding electrons

on the oxygen atom

6 What do you know about other characteristic properties of water?

→ Water is an excellent solvent for many ioniccompounds, as well as for other substances capable offorming hydrogen bonds with water

striking (adj): nổi bật

Floats(n, v): phao, nổi

solid state (n): trạng thái rắn

liquid state (n): trạng thải lỏng

electronic structure (n): cấu trúc electron

two pair of nonbonding electrons: 2 cặp e tự do, ko tham gia liên kết

polar (adj): phân cực

polar molecule: phân tử phân cực

dimentional (adj): không gian

tetrahedrally (adj): tứ diện

thermal expansion:

giãn nở nhiệt

I- Conversation partice

1 Define solute, solvent, and solution by

describing the process of dissolving a solid in a

liquid?

→ The solute is the substance present in a smaller amount, and the solvent is the substance present in a larger amount.

1 Define solute, solvent, and solution by

describing the process of dissolving a solid in a

liquid?

→ A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or

more substance

2 What is the different between a nonelectrolyte

and an electronlyte ?

→ An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity A nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water.

seawater (n): nước biển

aqueous solutions: dung dich nước categories(n): loại

electrolytes: chất điện giải, chất điện ly nonelectrolytes: chất không điện ly conduct electricity: dẫn điện

restriction: sự hạn chế

involved: có tính liên quan

original states: trạng thái ban đầu

component: thành phần

3 How do chemists characterize solutions ?

→ Chemists characterize solutions by their capacity

to dissolve a solute

4 Distinguish an unsaturated solution , a

saturated solution , and a supersaturated

solution ?

→ An unsaturated solution contains less solute

than it has the capacity to dissolve

saturated solution , and a supersaturated

solution ?

→ A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature

5 Distinguish an unsaturated solution , a

saturated solution , and a supersaturated solution ?

→ A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution.

5 How does a crystal differ from a

precipitate ? From which type of solution

does crystallization or precipitation occur?

→ Precipitation made up of small particle, whereas crystals may be lager and well formed The solution is supersaturated

solution.

6 What is colloid ?

→ A colloid is a dispersion of particle of onesubstance throughout a dispersing medium made ofother suntance

7 Define the following concentration terms and

give their units: percent by mass , mole

fraction , molarity, and molality Why is

molarity a convenient concentration unit in

chemistry?

7 Define the following concentration terms and

give their units: percent by mass , mole

fraction , and molarity Why is molarity a

convenient concentration unit in chemistry?

→ The mole fraction of component of a solution,

say, component A, is written XA and is the ratio of the mole of A to the sum of moles of all component (No unit)

7 Define the following concentration terms and

give their units: percent by mass , mole

fraction , and molarity Why is molarity a

convenient concentration unit in chemistry?

→ Molarity was defined as the number of moles of solute on 1 liter of solution Unit of molarity are

mol/l

saturated: bão hòa

unsaturated solution: dung dịch không bão hòa stable: ổn định

crystal: tinh thể

Crystallization: quá trình kết tinh

Precipitation: kết tủa

Colloid: keo

percent by mass: nồng độ phần trăm

mole fraction: số phần mol

molarity: nồng độ mol

VOCABULARY

each of the following species:

, Cl - , Fe 2+ ? d) A solution is made by dissolving 0.304 g of ferrous sulfate in

500 ml water to make the solution What are the percent by

mass, mole fraction, molality, and molarity of ferrous sulfate (density of water is 1 g/ml)?

e) What mass, in the gram of lithium sulfide required to prepare exactly 100 ml of 0.25 M solution of lithium sulfide?

f) A solution has a cesium hydroxide concentration of 1.8 x

10-10 M What is the pH, pOH, and [H+] of this solution?

j) What mass of barium sulfate can be formed when 50 ml of a 0.2 M solution of barium chloride is mixed with 50 ml of a 0.2

M solution potassium sulfate?

:2658Fe; 1735Cl ; 1840Ar

I- Conversation partice

→ The pH of a solution is defined a the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (in mol/L)

2 Why do chemists normally choose to discuss the acidity of a solution in terms of pH rather

than hydrogen ion concentration [H+].

→ Because the concentrations of H+ and OHions in aqueous solution are frequently very small numbers.

-alone, can you conclude that the solution is acidic? If not, what addition information would

you need?

→ This is acidic solution because pH of solution is smaller than 7.

4 Can the pH of a solution be zero or negative?

If so, give examples to illustrate these values?

→ Yes, the pH of a solution can be zero or negative Ex: If [H⁺] = 1 = 10^(-0) then pH = -log [H⁺] = 0

[H⁺] > 1 → pH < 0

dimensionless quantity: số lượng không thứ nguyên gastric juices (n): dịch vị của dạ dày

facilitate (v): tạo điều kiện

digestion: sự tiêu hóa

6 Fill in the word “acidic”, “basic” or “neutral”

for the following solutions:

10 Name the gas that is largely responsible for

the acid rain phenomenon.

→Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is believed to be responsible for high acidity of rainwater

11 List three detrimental effect of acid rain?

7 Briefly discuss two industrial processes that

lead to acid rain?

→ The burning of fossil fuels in industry, in power land and in home accounts for most of the SO2 emitted to the atmosphere which can also acid rain

→ The most direct approach is to remove sulfur from fossil fuels before combustion, but this is technologically difficult to accomplish A

cheaper but less efficient way is to remove SO2

as it is formed For example, in one process

powdered limestone is injected into the power plant boiler or furnace along with coal.

Statues (n): tượng

stone leprosy(n): đá phong

Rainwater : nước mưa

volcanic : núi lửa

eruptions :phun trào

coal : hóa thạch

fossil fuels: nhiên liệu hóa thạch

Troposphere: tầng đối lưu

14 Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide are both polar molecules and their geometry is similar

Why is SO2 not considered a major greenhouse gas?

→ Because sulfur dioxide can dissolve well in water to induce acidic solution

15 What does the term “ greenhouse effect”

mean? What is the criterion for classifying a gas

as a greenhouse gas?

→ Greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat near

Earth’s surface by gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide The gas exits trace gas in Earth’s

atmosphere