Agricultural cooperatives and climate change adaptation Case study in Son La, Vietnam

Adaptation to climate change is an urgent task not only on a national level but for all nations around the world. Within Vietnam, the Son La province has emerged as a successful example of cooperative development. This study aims to confirm the role of agricultural cooperatives in climate change adaptation in order to provide recommendations to cooperative developments as solutions in environmental protection. Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới.

ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS | BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY py rw DOI: 10.31276/VMOSTJOSSH.65(1).41-53 c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm Agricultural cooperatives and climate change adaptation Case study in Son La, Vietnam wc fi s6 c2 k4 w4 fd qx fsr k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw xc se hv m pk j lp lo1 z 82 lst g0 Thi Hai Vu, Thi Diem Hong Phi*, Dang Hoc Nguyen, Quang Trung Tran fsa ys u0 ut wx r9 k8 cd x9 cli m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy Town, Gia Lam District, Hanoi, Vietnam 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư Received 21 December 2022; accepted 10 March 2023 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f yf k 4a s jz8 cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h jfjl ic q4 Abstract: 94 h1 10 m u5 x 6p Adaptation to climate change is an urgent task not only on a national level but for all nations around the world Within Vietnam, the Son La province has emerged as a successful example of cooperative development This study aims to confirm the role of agricultural cooperatives in climate change adaptation in order to provide recommendations to cooperative developments as solutions in environmental protection Based on the concepts of climate change adaptation in updated reports from the Vietnam National Determination Contribution in 2020, this study applies diagnostic and cause-effect analysis to concentrate on highlighting contents and pointing out evidence of Son La cooperatives’ roles The findings show that these cooperatives have significant responsibilities in the orientation of green and safe production, and strongly contribute to reducing negative activities that destroy agricultural ecology Additionally, cooperatives are also effective actors in linking officers and farmers in the implementation of environmental protections and are leading applicants of solutions for mitigation and adaptation to climate change in rural areas and in agricultural production ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm ho bư zh q1 9a ưb 3o ex y i3x ij 1iv gư 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj zn vm m ji o1 h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 ko lư w3 c3 sw ht zi4 cz nq wư v0 oz 0n y2 nd fk e5 dj 7p c9 zư sto pj x7 xz w m 44 dp 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 1b v od fsv kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw 42 kd vi7 l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư ze t2 v3 wi fe ưq hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 fx xg Keywords: Son La agricultural cooperatives, Son La climate change adaptation, Son La cooperatives ku m 5m 4x ir xo 9t f2 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư b 4y m 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 n m e6 d5 4ư 8ư a p3 9jl Classification numbers: 2.2, 4.1 tg t2 b l jkn lvc e8 kh 8w wz 98 wn and the severity of soil erosion In other words, the agricultural sector is one of the most vulnerable sectors to the impacts of climate change [2] k1 bf kw s v4 eư m c8 0b wr 55 yk y1 ưl 8t Introduction d1 0k vx qv 7p b8 qk no m zư f u6 lld e f4 cfk yty 4w hw cj e 1f jl lsd 5g xlc b jib tb As a managed ecosystem, agricultural systems directly influence production and food supply Thus, understanding accurate climate change impacts in short and long-term agricultural development is crucial [3] For example, land degradation, agricultural area loss, low productivity, and air pollution often appear in the short term whereas global threats to food security are long-term threats Under these conditions, it is necessary to adapt to climate change to reduce damages as well as increase survival 0z ua sc 9n g6 rư gd vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg ir dq jz yb zx 3w k3 u9 e5 ot t0 eh d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 up 8x 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad 2b ae l xw jej 0ư 7v qw jy k7 f3 5h 4k gj 93 uy 49 zr d3 z2 6e 0h m 95 s0 l s0 nd h8 x4 ep 53 yw 38 6x 46 9u i1 hu n tl1 hm g5 oi 1o zf8 f2 ba For suitable pathways, agricultural cooperatives are mentioned as a business form that strongly concerns community and farmer benefits This is because these cooperatives have been established by farmer groups (e.g., Farmers’ Voluntary), including a majority of smallholders at extremely poor or grass-roots levels [4] The cooperatives serve their members through the following main actions: (a) Supplying farm input 4t uk t9 bw 06 fw m 38 qp 07 fd 38 yf l 3ư l12 ae 8u uv 9f q8 12 3u 8n uw x6 m pw 16 o zc 6n 4x c7 xs s5 u3 35 88 rư 7w ly xz qb g9 7t ft v5 zg 5g t fg 0q m ưa r9 tvq c1 o sv ưr r8 5u nn w8 bz y4 2f wt wh cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 os ln j klj rim 0ư ưo As a result of the Industrial and the challenges and strengths it brought to social economic development, the pursuit of building a sustainable world is becoming a strong focus both nationally and internationally Climate change is the most urgent concern in the field of sustainability as mentioned by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) co-chair Panmao Zhai: “Climate change is already affecting every region on Earth, in multiple ways The changes we experience will increase with additional warming [1]” Actually, the average weather conditions and weather variability of a region (or the planet in general) are changing and will continue to change with time These changes are monitored by variations in temperature, precipitation, wind, storms, and other indicators such as sea level, which are also used to measure climate change Much of these variations may also change the type, frequency, and intensity of various crop and livestock pests, the availability and timing of irrigation water, eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 pa o5 9n 30 Corresponding author: Email: ptdhong@vnua.edu.vn yw wk * ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 l2 r ps iey iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a yu u5 os p ix9 dj ht l c tsz 41 lk1 of Social Sciences and Humanities y8 VMOST Journal APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS | BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY py rw c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm wc fi s6 c2 k4 w4 fd qx working together as originally intended Meanwhile, the agricultural ecosystem has been strongly damaged by climate change in recent decades According to a report by the Son La Provincial People’s Committee (2019), during the last 10 years many flash floods, landslides, and hailstorms occurred causing heavy losses of lives and livelihoods and especially agricultural products During the period 2018-2019, extreme climate events damaged more than 2,600 hectares of rice; 1,900 of maize and crops; more than 1,200 hectares of fruit trees; and dozens of tons of aquatic products that were washed away fsr services like seeds, fertilizer, and machinery; (b) Marketing services such as transportation, packaging, distribution, and product marketing; and (c) Credit services to facilitate farming activities [5] Moreover, agricultural cooperatives can link rural communities with higher scale public and private institutions including governments, development agencies, and agribusiness companies These partnerships can help limit greenhouse gas emissions from cooperatives and, by their definition, are a possible channel to promote local adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change Cooperatives are in solidarity with the surrounding community to reduce negative impacts of climate change on people and the environment by following environmental standards and promoting local production and marketing as opposed to long distance transport among consumers and producers Per the conclusion of the Sustainability Solutions Group (2014), cooperatives represent a systemic solution to global challenges in energy, transportation, housing, retail, employment, and the economy This indicates that a good solution to confront climate change is through cooperative enterprises [4, 6] k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw xc se hv m pk j lp lo1 g0 z 82 lst fsa ys u0 ut wx r9 k8 cd x9 cli m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f yf k 4a s jz8 cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h jfjl ic q4 94 h1 u5 x 6p 10 m ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm ho bư zh q1 9a ưb ij 1iv gư 3o ex y i3x In terms of advancing the cooperative response to climate change by cooperative development, the aim of this study is to find solutions for agricultural cooperative development in Vietnam Wherein, the following three main objectives are identified: (i) Highlight concepts behind the roles of cooperatives in adapting to climate change; (ii) Point out evidence of cooperatives’ attention to environmental concerns in agricultural production; and (iii) Suggest some viewpoints and orientations for farmers/households to become cooperative members to adapt to climate change in Vietnam 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj zn vm m ji o1 h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 ko lư w3 c3 sw ht zi4 cz nq wư v0 oz 0n y2 nd fk e5 dj 7p c9 zư sto pj x7 xz w m 44 dp 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 1b v od fsv kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw 42 kd vi7 l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư ze t2 v3 wi fe ưq hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 xg fx ku m 5m 4x ir xo 9t f2 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư b 4y m 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 n m e6 d5 4ư 8ư a p3 9jl tg t2 lvc Methodology b l jkn e8 kh 8w wz 98 wn k1 bf kw s v4 eư m c8 0b 55 2.1 Approach description wr yk y1 ưl 8t d1 0k vx qv 7p b8 qk no m zư f u6 lld In this study, prior research in climate change and multiple cooperatives’ roles in sustainable development were reviewed as secondary data to collect adapted solutions through cooperative models This was the background to design the survey/ fieldwork in the next steps The roles of cooperatives in supporting its members for adaptation to climate change in each stage (i.e., input, production, and postharvest) were observed to identify the advantages of the cooperative model in terms of reducing impacts from climate change Literature such as academic journals or research reports (formal and informal) were gathered from different sources including national and local government offices and available internet data e f4 cfk yty 4w hw cj e 1f jl lsd 5g xlc b jib 0z tb ua sc 9n g6 rư gd vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg ir dq jz yb zx 3w k3 u9 e5 ot t0 eh d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 up 8x 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad 2b ae l xw jej 0ư 7v qw jy k7 f3 5h 4k gj 93 uy 49 zr d3 z2 6e 0h m 95 s0 l s0 nd h8 x4 ep 53 yw 38 6x 46 9u i1 hu n tl1 hm g5 oi 1o zf8 f2 ba 4t uk t9 bw 06 fw m 38 qp 07 fd 38 yf l 3ư l12 ae 8u uv 9f q8 12 3u 8n uw x6 m pw 16 o zc 6n 4x c7 xs s5 u3 35 88 rư 7w ly xz qb g9 7t ft v5 zg t fg 0q m In the context of adaptation, a study based on reports from the National Determined Contribution (NDC) at the Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was updated and published by the Vietnamese Government in 2020 [10] Indeed, the 5g ưa r9 tvq c1 o sv ưr r8 5u nn w8 bz y4 2f wt wh cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh Son La is a mountainous province in northwest Vietnam Since 2015, Son La’s cooperative development has been in the top 10 highest rate of growth by province out of the entire country The rapid growth of cooperatives, with 192 cooperatives in 2015 to 661 cooperatives in 2020 [7], means that the increasing number of members partially contributes to benefits for farmers as well as adaption to climate change In legal terms, cooperative development policies are considered a key agenda of not only provincial but also national policies to improve the rural sustainability economy Recently, at the national level, Resolution No.20-NQ/TW by the 5th National Committee in 2022 confirmed that continued efficiency innovations and cooperative developments that are oriented toward value chains are to be the mainstream of agricultural improvement [8] In line with the provincial regulation, Resolution No.23-NQ/TU by Son La People Committee enacts that the development of cooperatives directly follows the green economy and circular economy as prioritized in the action plan of Son La [9] hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 os ln j klj rim 0ư ưo eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 pa o5 9n 30 yw wk ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 l2 r ps iey Unfortunately, a preliminary survey shows that most members’ motivation for taking part in cooperatives is not to adapt to climate change, not iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a VMOST Journal yu u5 os p ix9 dj ht APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER l c tsz lk1 of Social Sciences and Humanities y8 42 ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS | BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY py rw c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm wc fi s6 c2 k4 w4 fd qx To compile the evidence, this study documented the authentic situation of three specific cooperatives that were introduced by local officers as having activities that reduce damages made by climate change These cooperatives are described in the following case boxes to examine the existing roles or action plans that cooperatives use to better climate adaption than an individual household or farm The concept of a cooperative’s role in adapting to climate change is revealed by diagnostic and cause-effect analysis These results are significant references for issuing recommendations as a part of our research objective fsr adaptation component is defined as the minimization or reduction of damages from climate change by applying appropriate prevention methods and using efficiency resources k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw xc se hv m pk j lp lo1 g0 z 82 lst Moreover, for the purpose of supplying practical evidence for the argument made in this article, participatory action research (PAR) was applied to three cooperatives as emerging study cases in Son La Interviews were conducted to call attention to the functions/roles of cooperatives in adapting to climate change Each PAR interview lasted at least 90 and followed up on specific, academic questions while secondary data were collected mainly during 2020-2021 with partial updated figures done in 2022 Diagnostics and cause-effect analysis were combined to provide findings or recommendations to the local government in cooperative development fsa ys u0 ut wx r9 k8 cd x9 cli m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f yf k 4a s jz8 cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h jfjl ic q4 94 h1 u5 x 6p 10 m ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm ho bư zh q1 9a ưb 3o ex y i3x ij 1iv gư 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj zn vm m ji o1 h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 ko lư w3 c3 zi4 sw ht Results cz nq wư v0 oz 0n y2 nd fk e5 dj 7p c9 zư sto pj x7 3.1 Climate change situation in Son La province xz w m 44 dp 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 v od fsv 1b 2.2 Framework analysis and limitation (Fig 1) kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw vi7 42 kd With the results of the literature review as a guide, the authors conducted field trips to document evidence of climate change adaptation by the cooperatives in Son La To verify the findings from prior research, this study collected data and information based on semi-structured questions in PAR interviews of local officers, cooperative members, households, and farmers Any activities or achievements by the cooperatives to reduce climate change was identified as a contribution to adaption in this model Consequently, this research’s limitation is that any available samples, rather than the quantity of samples, proves the role of cooperatives in climate change l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư ze t2 v3 wi fe ưq hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 xg fx ku m 5m 4x ir xo 9t f2 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư b 4y m 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 n m e6 d5 4ư 8ư a p3 9jl tg t2 b l jkn lvc e8 kh 8w wz One of the most obvious aspects of climate change is global warming In the period of 1986-2020, the average temperature of Son La tended to increase over the whole province Bac Yen was the lowest average temperature of all districts in Son La However, over the past 30 years, the average temperature of Bac Yen has increased significantly The average temperature in Bac Yen in 1986 was 20.5oC and in 2019 and 2020 it was 22.3oC and 21.8oC, respectively The average temperature in Bac Yen has increased by 1.3-1.8oC during the period of 1986-2020 (Fig 2) Meanwhile, in Yen Chau, with one of the highest annual average temperature districts in Son La, the average temperature in 1986 was 22.8oC This number had risen to 24.7oC and 24.4oC in 2019 and 2020, respectively, increasing by 1.9oC and 1.6oC compared to 1986) shown in Fig 98 wn k1 bf kw s v4 eư m c8 0b wr 55 yk y1 ưl 8t d1 0k vx qv 7p b8 qk no m zư f u6 lld e f4 cfk yty 4w hw cj e 1f jl lsd 5g xlc b jib 0z tb ua sc 9n g6 rư gd vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg ir dq jz yb zx 3w k3 u9 e5 ot t0 eh d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 up 8x 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad 2b ae l xw jej 0ư 7v qw jy k7 According to the climate change scenario of Son La province (2021), the average temperature will continue to increase into the 21st century Correspondingly, the average annual temperature of the early 21st century (2015-2035) will increase by 1.64oC (range from 1.15 to 2.00oC) In the middle years of the 21st century (2046-2065), the average temperature will rise by 2.09oC (range between 1.88 and 2.22oC) Finally, at the end of the 21st century (2066-2099), the average temperature will expand by 2.73oC (range from 2.38 to 2.88oC) compared to the period of 1986-2005 (Fig 4) f3 5h 4k gj 93 uy 49 zr d3 z2 6e 0h m 95 s0 l s0 nd h8 x4 ep 53 yw 38 6x 46 9u i1 hu n tl1 hm g5 oi 1o zf8 f2 ba 4t uk t9 bw 06 fw m 38 qp 07 fd 38 yf l 3ư l12 ae 8u uv 9f q8 12 3u 8n uw x6 m pw 16 o zc 6n 4x c7 xs s5 u3 35 88 rư 7w ly xz qb g9 7t ft v5 zg 5g t fg 0q m ưa r9 tvq c1 o sv ưr r8 5u nn w8 bz y4 2f wt wh cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 os ln j klj rim 0ư ưo eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 pa o5 9n 30 yw wk ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 Fig Research framework analysis l2 r ps iey iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a yu u5 os p ix9 dj ht l c tsz 43 lk1 of Social Sciences and Humanities y8 VMOST Journal APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr py rw c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS | BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm wc fi s6 c2 k4 w4 fd qx fsr k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw xc se hv m pk j lp lo1 g0 z 82 lst fsa ys u0 ut wx r9 k8 cd x9 cli m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f yf k 4a s jz8 cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h jfjl ic q4 94 h1 u5 x 6p 10 m ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm ho bư zh q1 9a ưb 3o ex y i3x ij 1iv gư 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj zn vm m ji o1 h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 ko lư w3 c3 sw ht zi4 cz nq wư v0 oz 0n y2 nd fk e5 dj 7p c9 zư sto pj x7 xz w m 44 dp 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 1b v od fsv kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw 42 kd vi7 l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư ze t2 v3 wi fe ưq hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 xg fx ku m 5m 4x ir xo 9t f2 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư b 4y m 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 n m e6 d5 4ư 8ư a p3 9jl tg t2 b l jkn lvc e8 kh 8w wz 98 wn k1 bf kw s v4 eư m c8 0b wr 55 yk y1 ưl 8t d1 0k vx qv 7p b8 qk no m zư f u6 lld e f4 cfk yty 4w hw cj e 1f jl lsd 5g xlc b jib 0z tb ua sc 9n g6 rư gd vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg ir dq jz yb zx 3w k3 e5 ot t0 eh d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 up 8x 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad 2b ae l xw jej 0ư 7v qw jy k7 f3 5h 4k gj 93 uy 49 zr d3 z2 6e 0h m 95 s0 l s0 nd h8 x4 ep 53 yw 38 6x 46 9u i1 hu n tl1 hm g5 oi 1o zf8 f2 ba 4t uk t9 bw 06 fw m 38 qp 07 fd 38 yf l 3ư l12 ae 8u uv 9f q8 12 3u 8n uw x6 m pw 16 o zc 6n 4x c7 xs s5 u3 35 88 rư 7w ly xz qb g9 7t ft v5 zg 5g t fg 0q m ưa r9 tvq c1 o sv ưr r8 5u nn w8 bz y4 2f wt wh cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 os ln j klj rim 0ư ưo eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 o5 9n 30 yw wk ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 l2 r ps iey fees or work longer during cultivation pa iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a yu y8 u5 os p ix9 dj ht l c tsz lk1 APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER of Social Sciences and Humanities cultivation times Therefore, farmers may pay more Fig Temperature scenario during the 21st century in Son La province Source: [11] temperature, the hot weather season (summer) in Son La will begin earlier and end later, while the Fig Average temperature at Yen Chau in the period of 19862020 Source: [11] u9 VMOST Journal 44 Fig Number of hot days (≥35oC) Source: [11] Fig Average temperature at Bac Yen in the period of 19862020 Source: [11] Fig Number of cold (≤15oC) and very cold days (≤13oC) Source: [11] In parallel with the escalation of average cold weather season (winter) will start later and end earlier During the period of 1986-2020, the number of hot days (≥35oC) measured by all the hydro-meteorological stations in Son La province tended to increase (Fig 5) Meanwhile, the number of days of chilling cold (≤15oC) and biting cold (≤13oC) tended to decrease (Fig 6) The change in average temperature has directly impacted farmers’ production timetables, especially in cultivation Some plants may ripen or be harvested at unusual times, and there could be earlier as well as longer ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS | BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY py rw c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm wc fi s6 c2 k4 w4 fd qx fsr k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw xc se hv m pk j lp lo1 g0 z 82 lst fsa ys u0 ut wx r9 k8 cd x9 cli m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f yf k 4a s jz8 cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h jfjl ic q4 94 h1 u5 x 6p 10 m ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm ho bư zh q1 9a ưb 3o ex y i3x ij 1iv gư 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj ji o1 Fig Distribution of rainfall by month in Son La province Sources: [12] zn vm m Fig Rainfall in Son La in the period of 1986 to 2020 Sources: [12] h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 ko lư w3 c3 sw ht zi4 cz nq wư v0 oz 0n y2 nd fk e5 dj 7p c9 zư sto pj x7 xz w m 44 dp From 1986 to 2020, the total annual rainfall did not have significant fluctuations, but the rainfall occurred irregularly (Fig 7) In 1986 and 1998, the rainfall was low (less than 1,000 mm) Conversely, the rainfall increased dramatically in 2008 (more than 1,800 mm) However, rainfall was mainly concentrated in the rainy season (from April to September), which accounted for more than 80% of the rainfall for the entire year The abundant rainfall is mainly in July and August (Fig 8) Rain occurred capriciously and the total amount of rain remained constant while the rain period was short, causing floods, droughts, and greatly affecting human life and agricultural production 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 1b v od fsv kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw 42 kd vi7 l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư ze t2 v3 wi fe ưq hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 xg fx ku m 5m 4x ir xo 9t f2 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư b 4y m 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 n m e6 d5 4ư 8ư a p3 9jl tg t2 b l jkn lvc e8 kh 8w wz 98 wn k1 bf kw s v4 eư m c8 0b wr 55 yk y1 ưl 8t d1 0k vx qv 7p b8 qk no m zư f u6 lld e f4 cfk yty 4w hw Fig Number of agricultural cooperatives in Son La over the period 2010-2020 Sources: [12] cj e 1f jl lsd 5g xlc b jib 0z tb ua sc 9n g6 rư gd vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg ir dq jz yb zx 3w The Son La agricultural cooperatives take part in all stages of the production process from input, production, and output stages Although the proportion of profitable cooperatives is not high, accounting for only 34% of the total number of agricultural cooperatives in 2019, lower than the national average [13], by their specific activities, they have initially played a role in supporting their members in all stages of the production process (Fig 10) Typically, low input price as well as the advantages of output market linkage have attracted many farmers to be participants of cooperatives Meanwhile, the supporting local and national policies for agricultural development such as funding, exporting schemes, or high-tech applications have been motivations of agricultural cooperative establishments rather than other forms of cooperatives in Son La k3 u9 e5 ot t0 eh d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 up 8x 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad 3.2 Current status of agricultural cooperatives in Son La 2b ae l xw jej 0ư 7v qw jy k7 f3 5h 4k gj 93 uy 49 zr d3 z2 6e 0h m 95 s0 l s0 nd h8 x4 ep 53 yw 38 6x 46 9u i1 hu n tl1 hm g5 oi 1o zf8 f2 ba 4t uk t9 bw 06 fw m 38 qp 07 fd 38 yf l 3ư l12 ae 8u uv 9f q8 12 3u 8n uw x6 m pw 16 o zc 6n 4x c7 xs s5 u3 35 88 rư 7w ly xz qb g9 7t ft v5 zg 5g t fg 0q m ưa r9 tvq c1 o sv ưr r8 5u nn w8 bz y4 2f wt wh cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 os ln j klj rim 0ư ưo eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 pa o5 9n 30 yw wk ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 l2 r ps iey Son La has been one of the top ten leading provinces in terms of the number of cooperatives in Viet Nam in recent years The growth rate of the number of cooperatives in Son La is nearly two times higher than the national average growth rate [13] In 2020, the number of cooperatives in this province was 661 of which 85% were agricultural cooperatives [7] During the past 10 years (20102020), the number of newly established and active agricultural cooperatives in Son La increased sharply from 90 to nearly 600 in 2020 (Fig 9) iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a yu u5 os p ix9 dj ht l c tsz 45 lk1 of Social Sciences and Humanities y8 VMOST Journal APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS | BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY py rw c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm wc fi s6 c2 k4 w4 fd qx fsr Table Performance of agricultural cooperatives in Son La, 20182020 Source: [14] k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m Year gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw xc se hv m Compared pk j lp lo1 Criteria g0 z 82 lst fsa ys u0 ut wx r9 k8 2020 +/- Total number of members (person) 5,804 6,588 784 14 Average number of members per cooperative (person) 12 12 Total management (person) 1,800 2,720 Average number of managers per cooperative (person) 4 Board of manager per cooperative (person) 2 Accountant per cooperative (person) 1 Control board per cooperative (person) 1 Average assets per cooperative (million VND) 921 1,070 149 16 1,700 2,000 300 18 200 67 50 1.5 60 cd x9 2018 cli m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd % n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f yf k 4a s jz8 cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h jfjl ic q4 94 h1 u5 x 6p 10 m ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm Fig 10 How agricultural cooperatives support their members during the production process ho bư zh q1 9a ưb 3o ex y i3x ij 1iv gư 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj zn vm m ji o1 920 51 h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 ko lư w3 c3 sw ht zi4 cz nq wư v0 oz 0n y2 nd fk e5 dj 7p c9 zư sto pj x7 xz w m 44 dp 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 1b v od fsv kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw 42 kd vi7 l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư ze t2 v3 wi fe ưq hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 xg fx ku m 5m 4x ir xo 9t f2 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư b 4y m 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 n m e6 d5 4ư 8ư a p3 9jl tg t2 b l jkn lvc e8 kh 8w wz 98 wn k1 bf s v4 eư m kw Average revenue per cooperative (million VND) c8 0b wr 55 yk y1 ưl 8t d1 0k vx qv 7p b8 qk no m zư f u6 lld e f4 cfk yty 4w hw jl lsd 5g xlc Average of profit (million VND) 133 cj e 1f b jib Fig 11 Performance of agricultural cooperatives in Son La and Vietnam in 2019 Source: [14] 0z tb ua sc 9n g6 rư gd vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg ir dq yb Average income of a regular 2.5 employee (million VND/month) jz zx 3w k3 u9 e5 ot t0 eh d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 up 8x 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad 2b ae l xw jej 0ư 7v qw jy k7 f3 5h 4k gj 93 uy 49 zr d3 z2 6e 0h m 95 s0 l s0 nd h8 x4 ep 53 yw 38 6x 46 9u i1 hu n tl1 hm g5 oi 1o zf8 f2 ba 4t uk t9 bw 06 fw m 38 qp 07 fd 38 yf l 3ư l12 ae 8u uv 9f q8 12 3u 8n uw x6 m pw 16 o zc 6n 4x c7 xs s5 u3 35 88 rư 7w ly xz qb g9 7t ft v5 zg 5g t fg 0q m ưa r9 tvq c1 o sv ưr r8 5u nn w8 bz y4 2f wt wh cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 rim Fig 12 Proportion of cooperatives under different regions in 2020 Source: [14] os ln j klj 0ư ưo eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 pa o5 9n 30 yw wk During 2015-2022, many local governments have released plans to encourage agricultural cooperative development such as policies to support the development of production, processing, and consumption of safe agricultural products in the period of 2018-2021 (Resolution No.76/2018/ NQ-HDND) (Table 1); policies to encourage the investment in agriculture and rural areas (Resolution No.128/2020/NQ-HDND); etc Unfortunately, the majority of agriculture cooperatives in Son La are small in terms of assets, capital, and size of members The average assets and revenue per cooperative are 1.07 and 2.00 billion VND, however, average profit and income per labour of agricultural cooperatives in this province are higher than the national average (Fig 11) ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 l2 r ps iey iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a VMOST Journal yu u5 os p ix9 dj ht APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER l c tsz lk1 of Social Sciences and Humanities y8 46 ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS | BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY py rw c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm wc fi s6 c2 k4 w4 fd qx capacity through increasing capital (human, social, political, financial, natural, and cultural capital) and resources (technology and infrastructure, information, knowledge, institutions, and the capacity to learn) [11] for long-term living with climate change, which can turn the above solutions into a reality fsr Most agricultural cooperatives are concentrated in Regions and 3, where the economy and other conditions are still difficult as they remain vulnerable to the impacts of climate change (Fig 12) In addition to supporting members in all stages of the production process, the average income of agricultural cooperative members and labours in 2020 was million VND/month, more than twice higher than the average income of people in this province which is 1.7 million/month [15] Therefore, the development of cooperatives in this area also plays an important role in ensuring social security, increasing income, and improving the capacity of households to better adapt to climate change k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw xc se hv m pk j lp lo1 g0 z 82 lst fsa ys u0 ut wx r9 k8 cd x9 cli m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f yf k 4a s jz8 cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h jfjl ic q4 94 h1 u5 x 6p 10 m ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm ho bư zh q1 9a ưb 3o ex y i3x ij 1iv gư 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj zn vm m ji o1 h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 ko lư w3 c3 sw ht zi4 cz nq wư v0 oz 0n Cooperative members agree that the benefits they receive when joining cooperatives are buying better quality input, increasing their awareness of technology, complying with environmentally friendly production regulations, or reducing production costs y2 nd fk e5 dj 7p c9 zư sto pj x7 xz w m 44 dp 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 1b v od fsv kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw 42 kd vi7 l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư ze t2 v3 wi ưq fe 3.3 Cooperatives and adaptation of climate change hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 xg fx ku m 5m 4x ir xo 9t f2 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư m b 4y 3.3.1 Performance of adapting to climate change 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 n m e6 d5 4ư 8ư a p3 9jl tg t2 b l jkn lvc e8 kh 8w wz 98 wn k1 bf kw s v4 eư m c8 0b wr 55 yk y1 ưl 8t d1 0k vx qv b8 Cooperatives operate at collective economic models and play as a significant actor in addressing these difficulties of the household level They contribute to changing members’ awareness of climate change and its impacts by sharing and providing weather information, organizing training courses or acting as a bridge for members to participate in training courses organized by government and non-governmental organizations Agricultural cooperatives choose scientific results such as new varieties, new farming techniques, and new technologies in accordance with their members’ status to cope with climate change They guide eco-friendly processes and support techniques for members [6, 24] and encourage members to pursue good agricultural practice [24], thereby contributing to changing production and business habits of each member that may be harmful to the environment In addition, the cooperative also acts as a bridge to mobilize and attract financial and social resources from both public/ private institutions and NGOs to promote investment in climate-smart agricultural activities Thus, cooperatives 7p qk no m zư f u6 lld e f4 cfk yty 4w hw cj e 1f jl lsd 5g xlc b jib 0z tb ua sc 9n g6 rư gd vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg ir dq jz yb zx 3w k3 u9 e5 ot t0 eh d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 up 8x 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad 2b ae l xw jej 0ư 7v qw jy k7 f3 5h 4k gj 93 uy 49 zr d3 z2 6e 0h m 95 s0 l s0 nd h8 x4 ep 53 yw 38 6x 46 9u i1 hu n tl1 hm g5 oi 1o zf8 f2 ba 4t uk t9 bw 06 fw m 38 qp 07 fd 38 yf l 3ư l12 ae 8u uv 9f q8 12 3u 8n uw x6 m pw 16 o zc 6n 4x c7 xs s5 u3 35 88 rư 7w ly xz qb g9 7t ft v5 zg 5g t fg 0q m ưa r9 tvq c1 o sv ưr r8 5u nn w8 bz y4 2f wt wh cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 os ln j klj rim 0ư ưo eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 pa o5 9n 30 yw wk ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 l2 r ps iey The change in weather and climate is becoming increasingly extreme Meanwhile, climate change impacts on agricultural production in particular and people’s life in general are increasing Agricultural production has applied many measures and strategies to cope with the impacts of climate change such as access to climate information and forecasting to build appropriate seasonal plans; choosing new crop varieties that are more drought resistant, have good low-water-use efficiency, or are pest resistant [16, 17]; crop diversification [18]; planting varieties of trees and employing agroforests systems to minimize risk [11]; diversifying farmers’ income to improve adaptive capacity [16, 19]; cropping adjustments, changing the growing and harvesting calendar to respond to the changing of climate [19, 20]; applying technology innovations like drip irrigation technology [21] and planting new varieties and breeds with high productivity [22, 23]; adopting new production management and practices [16, 20]; and re-using inputs, reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change Among them, a very important solution is to improve people’s adaptive Many researchers indicate that, at the individual level, the application of these measures to adapt to climate change have faced many barriers One of the main factors pointed out is lack of finance [19] Households with small production scale, lack of access to finance is limiting for innovation and technology investment to respond to climate change [17] Furthermore, lack of access to timely forecast information [18, 23]; limited knowledge about new farming techniques; poor skills; lack of information about availability and access to government support [4]; inadequate access to input/output market information [23]; lack of training; and even lack of motivation to pursue are constraints to Asian farmers’ adaptation In addition, some adaptation methods such as crop rotation, good agricultural practices and the use of organic fertilizers are often costly, can take a long time to apply, and have not been effective in the short term, leading a smallholder to give up easily iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a yu u5 os p ix9 dj ht l c tsz 47 lk1 of Social Sciences and Humanities y8 VMOST Journal APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS | BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY py rw c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm wc fi s6 c2 k4 w4 fd qx fsr have contributed to improving adaptation capacity, changing awareness, and enhancing resilience to climate change for members [6, 24, 25] k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw 3.3.2 Adaptation in Son La cooperatives xc se hv m pk j lp lo1 g0 z 82 lst fsa ys u0 wx ut Agricultural cooperatives in Son La province, through their activities, are direct and indirect support to farmers to improve capacity and find solutions to confront climate changes r9 k8 cd x9 cli m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f yf k 4a s jz8 cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h (1) Encouraging green and safe production jfjl ic q4 94 h1 u5 x 6p 10 m ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn According to the report of the Son La Provincial People’s Committee (2021), over 56% of agricultural cooperatives in this province are vegetable and fruit cooperatives in which nearly 16% of production cooperatives have VietGAP or Global GAP certificates Through good agricultural production practices according to the VietGAP and Global models, like reducing the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and reusing inputs at each stage, agricultural cooperatives in Son La province are directly contributing to the promotion of green production, environmental, and agro-ecosystems protection Fruit cooperatives contribute to afforestation of hillsides to avoid soil washout In addition, with successful cooperative models, they create a positive spill over effect, contributing to educating and promoting members and communities to pursue environmentally friendly production activities lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm ho bư zh q1 9a ưb 3o ex y i3x ij 1iv gư 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj zn vm m ji o1 h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 ko lư w3 c3 sw ht zi4 cz nq v0 wư Their activities not only decrease waste and minimize carbon emissions to the environment, but also reduce about 15% of the production costs In addition, the pursuit of clean, environmentally friendly production as well as diversification of activities helps cooperatives better adapt to risks This contributes towards sustainable development of cooperatives, especially in the current context of climate change and pandemics oz 0n y2 nd fk e5 dj 7p c9 zư sto pj x7 xz w m 44 dp 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 1b v od fsv kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw 42 kd vi7 l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư ze t2 v3 wi fe ưq hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 xg fx ku m 5m 4x ir xo 9t f2 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư b 4y m 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 m e6 n (2) Enhancing adaptive capacity for members d5 4ư 8ư a p3 9jl tg t2 b l jkn lvc e8 kh 8w wz 98 wn k1 bf Case 2: Ngoc Hoang Cooperative in Mai Son, Son La (Source: Survey, 2020) kw s v4 eư m c8 0b wr 55 yk y1 ưl 8t d1 0k vx qv 7p b8 qk no m zư f u6 lld e f4 cfk yty In order to support farmers to combat against increasing pests and diseases in their crops and to have success in supplying output products and collecting more funds for next crop, the Ngoc Hoang Cooperative was established including 10 optimal members in 2016 Notably, this cooperative works to provide all inputs including seeds, materials, fertilizers, and pesticides to members with guaranteed quality at a price about 5% lower than the market price In cases when their members faced financial difficulties, the cooperative sent to them the policy of buying first - paying later 4w hw cj e 1f jl lsd 5g xlc b jib 0z tb ua sc 9n g6 rư gd vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg ir dq jz yb zx 3w k3 u9 e5 ot t0 eh d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 up 8x Case 1: 19/5 Agriculture and Services Cooperatives, Son La (Source: Survey, 2020) 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad 2b ae l xw jej 0ư 7v qw jy k7 f3 5h 4k gj 93 uy 49 zr d3 z2 6e 0h m 95 s0 l s0 nd h8 x4 ep 53 yw 38 6x 46 9u i1 hu n tl1 hm g5 oi 1o zf8 f2 ba 4t uk t9 bw 06 fw m 38 qp 07 fd 38 Moreover, the cooperative also promises to buy all member products at least 10% higher than the market price In addition, the cooperative promulgates the production process, training, and guidance for members to reduce pests and diseases, increase productivity, and ensure quality As a result, since joining the cooperative, the average income of members reached 6-8 million/person/month by 2020 with some households having revenues around yf l 3ư l12 ae 8u uv 9f q8 12 3u 8n uw x6 m pw 16 o zc 6n 4x c7 xs s5 u3 35 88 rư 7w ly xz qb g9 7t ft v5 zg 5g t fg 0q m ưa r9 tvq c1 o sv ưr r8 5u nn w8 bz y4 2f wt wh cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 os ln j klj rim 0ư ưo eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 pa o5 9n 30 yw wk ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 l2 r ps iey The circular economy model contributes to: (1) protecting agro-ecosystems; (2) crop/business diversification; and (3) sustainable development The 19/5 Agr Coop was established in 2000 in the Moc Chau district They have run diversity business fields including agricultural production, processing, and providing agricultural tourism services They apply good practices for livestock and farming, maximizing the reuse of waste products at each stage as an input for the next stage For instance, the vegetables and tubers leftover from cultivation, waste from processing become feed for livestock, and waste from livestock can make fertilizers for cultivation, fuel/biogas for processing, and fresh products for farming and processing provided to tourists and traders iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a VMOST Journal yu u5 os p ix9 dj ht APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER l c tsz lk1 of Social Sciences and Humanities y8 48 ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY SOCIOLOGY py rw c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm c2 500-600 million/ha/year Many household members have escaped poverty and increased their financial and technical capacity actively to effectively adapt the climate change At the end of 2020, the number of members increased to nearly 200 wc fi s6 to adapt to local weather The cooperative actively cooperates with stakeholders to organize training sessions on transferring and applying technology according the VietGAP by using microbial fertilizes They invested in high-tech applications for producing like sprinkler, rotary, and drip irrigation systems to reduce water loss They control and monitor the production process in accordance with the VietGAP process, ensuring product quality The cooperatives’ products have been consumed in large supermarkets, industrial kitchens, and schools inside and outside the province thereby increasing income for members by 10 times that of old crops like rice or maize k4 w4 fd qx fsr k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw xc se hv m pk j lp lo1 g0 z 82 lst fsa ys As mentioned above, agricultural cooperatives support members through all stages of the production process from supplying inputs, organizing joint purchasing, and supporting production to connecting outputs Specifically, cooperatives provide information about quality inputs at reasonable prices or introduce new varieties, which are suited to the vagaries of the climate Cooperatives also instruct and assist members in production techniques and output connection According to the report of Son La Provincial Cooperative Alliance in 2020, there were 171 models of agricultural production and business cooperatives associated with value chains in the province, which have supported members to promote production and product consumption Those activities have contributed to decreasing producing cost, increasing member income, and enhancing members’ adaptive capacity and resilience u0 ut wx r9 k8 cd x9 cli m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f yf k 4a s jz8 cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h jfjl ic q4 94 h1 u5 x 6p 10 m ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm ho bư zh q1 9a ưb 3o ex y i3x ij 1iv gư 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj zn vm m ji o1 h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 ko lư w3 c3 sw ht zi4 cz nq wư v0 oz 0n y2 nd fk e5 dj 7p c9 zư sto pj x7 xz w m 44 dp 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 1b v od fsv kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw 42 kd vi7 l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư ze t2 v3 wi fe ưq hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 xg fx ku m 5m 4x ir xo f2 9t (3) Promoting the application of new technologies and techniques to proactively adapt 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư b 4y m 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 n m e6 d5 4ư 8ư a p3 9jl tg t2 b l jkn lvc e8 kh 8w wz 98 wn k1 bf kw s v4 eư m c8 0b wr 55 yk y1 ưl 8t d1 0k vx qv 7p b8 qk no m zư f u6 lld e f4 cfk yty 4w hw cj e 1f jl lsd 5g xlc b jib 0z tb ua sc 9n g6 rư gd vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg Under the impact of climate change and the influence of extreme weather phenomena on agricultural production, the cooperatives have applied adaptation measures to minimize damages and to become proactive and ready to cope In particular, to reduce damage caused by hail, acid rain, and pests, the agricultural cooperatives have applied high-tech cultivation like using nets/net houses to reduce fruit drop caused by hail; or covering crops to minimize water evaporation; and using drip irrigation systems and automatic irrigation to adapt to water shortages and drought Crop diversification, crop rotation, and intercropping are applied to reduce vulnerability and improve resilience Shortterm crops such as beans and peanuts are intercropped with fruit trees, helping to increase income for producers In addition to coping with extreme weather, the cooperatives have changed their seasonal calendar and crops Poor drought-tolerance crops are replaced by varieties, which confer tolerance to drought such as replacing rice and maize by citrus fruit trees The use of new varieties, which are more resistant to pests and diseases for higher economic efficiency, is also one way that cooperatives choose to adapt to climate change Agricultural cooperatives have also increased training for members to improve their capacity to transform crops to adapt to climate change ir dq jz yb zx 3w k3 u9 e5 ot t0 eh d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy Case 3: Tu Nhien Cooperative in Moc Chau, Son La 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 up 8x 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad ae 2b (4) Improve climate change knowledge of members l xw jej 0ư 7v qw jy k7 f3 5h 4k gj 93 uy 49 zr d3 z2 6e 0h m 95 s0 l s0 nd h8 x4 ep 53 yw 6x 38 Under current local and national policy for cooperative development, training programs including agricultural technique, financial accounting, and administrative management have been annually conducted for members of cooperatives not only in Son La but also in almost every province Actually, according to annual report of Son La Provincial Cooperative Alliance, during 2019-2020, this Alliance did successfully organize 49 courses in business administrative management for 2,684 learners and courses in agricultural 46 9u i1 hu n tl1 hm g5 oi 1o zf8 f2 ba 4t uk t9 bw 06 fw m 38 qp 07 fd 38 yf l 3ư l12 ae 8u uv 9f q8 12 3u 8n uw x6 m pw 16 o zc 6n 4x c7 xs s5 u3 35 88 rư 7w ly xz qb g9 7t ft v5 zg 5g t fg 0q m ưa r9 tvq c1 o sv ưr r8 5u nn w8 bz y4 2f wt wh cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 os ln j klj rim 0ư ưo eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 pa o5 9n 30 yw wk ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 l2 r ps iey This cooperative model has been successful in planting off-season vegetables and adapting to the weather in Moc Chau To confront the change of weather, link production of clean vegetables, and ensure product output, this cooperative has selected new higher quality vegetable seeds like chocolate tomato, strawberries, cabbage, cauliflower, and so on, as well as change their seasonal calendar iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a yu u5 os p ix9 dj ht l c tsz 49 lk1 of Social Sciences and Humanities y8 VMOST Journal APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS | BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY py rw c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm wc fi s6 c2 k4 w4 fd qx producing techniques for 184 learners The funds of these courses were supported mostly by the Cooperative Assistance Fund (CAF), local governments, or NGOs fsr orientation on their members k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 In fact, the research observation in the case of the 19-5 Cooperative that applied the circular economy model (including safe and organic cultivation), each member taking cooperatives needs to agree to keep cultivation safe by reducing the use of pesticides, increasing the use of biological products, and contributing to afforestation of hillsides to avoid soil washout The members of cooperative have conducted many positive operations for climate change adaptation Typically, the cooperative also maximized the re-use of waste products at each stage, which is used as an input for the next stage, limiting emissions to the environment, protecting land, water, and air resources under the context of green production As a significant achievement, through this cooperative, the farmers as the cooperative members have benefits in not only the input material price but also agro-ecosystem protection, at least compared to non-members at the same location xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw xc se hv m pk j lp lo1 g0 z 82 lst Through these courses, besides providing safe or organic producing knowledge, fieldtrip or farm tours or visits are conducted to share good practical models Consequently, many participants of cooperatives have been enriched in knowledge about climate change Fortunately, many of them perceived that they need to improve their current production to adapt to climate change in order to increasing success Moreover, each of them also becomes a trainer to innovate or share experiences with other members to produce more safely and with higher quality fsa ys u0 ut wx r9 k8 cd x9 cli m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f yf k 4a s jz8 cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h jfjl ic q4 94 h1 u5 x 6p 10 m ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm ho bư zh q1 9a ưb 3o ex y i3x ij 1iv gư 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj zn vm m ji o1 h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 ko lư w3 c3 sw ht zi4 cz nq wư v0 oz 0n y2 nd fk e5 7p dj Additionally, depending on the local government, some departments at the commune level have been found to provide climate change knowledge for farmers or members It is a typical case in the Quynh Nhai Commune of Son La, where an Aqua-cultural Consulting Office has been established as specific local government department in 2016 to guide most Fishery cooperatives in keeping a clean water environment or to use qualified feeds as a reaction to climate change c9 zư sto pj x7 xz w m 44 dp 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 1b v od fsv kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw 42 kd vi7 l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư t2 ze 4.1.2 Effectively innovate in the community to adapt to climate change in rural areas v3 wi fe ưq hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 xg fx ku m 5m 4x ir xo 9t f2 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư b 4y m 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 n m e6 d5 4ư 8ư a p3 9jl The original purpose of a cooperative is to include any person who has similar motivations and conditions of earning money, that is willing to improve her/his economic condition, agrees the general principles of cooperative as a volunteer, and is considered to be participant or cooperative member Actually, under the current law on cooperatives (2012), one cooperative needs at least members in minimum for startup Many cooperatives in Son La have members who are also members of a family These members join together in almost all activities of the cooperative, therefore, operation in climate change adaptation or mitigation by cooperative impacts their members greatly and can easily inspire the benefits of adaption to those in or outside of organization As mentioned in ICA (2014), cooperatives are a source of stability for communities [24] tg t2 b l jkn lvc e8 kh 8w wz 98 wn k1 bf kw s v4 eư m c8 0b wr 55 yk y1 ưl 8t d1 0k vx qv 7p b8 qk no m zư Discussion and recommendations f u6 lld 4.1 Discussion e f4 cfk yty 4w hw cj e 1f jl lsd 5g xlc b jib 0z tb ua sc 9n g6 rư gd vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg ir dq jz yb zx 3w k3 u9 e5 ot t0 eh 4.1.1 Orienting to green and safe agricultural production to adapt to climate change d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 up 8x 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad 2b ae l xw jej 0ư 7v qw jy k7 f3 5h 4k gj 93 uy 49 zr d3 z2 6e 0h m 95 s0 l s0 nd h8 x4 ep 53 yw 38 6x 46 9u i1 hu n tl1 hm g5 oi 1o zf8 f2 ba 4t uk t9 bw 06 fw m 38 qp 07 fd 38 During the fieldtrip to Son La, the study collected information from many farmers who were at first not a member of cooperative, but after observation of the good practice cooperative model they had a desire to become a member of a cooperative According to Nguyen Thu Huong (2021), not only in Son Lan but also in many other provinces, the farmer takes part in the cooperative when her/his relatives are also members of agricultural cooperatives Many of them yf l 3ư l12 ae 8u uv 9f q8 12 3u 8n uw x6 m pw 16 o zc 6n 4x c7 xs s5 u3 35 88 rư 7w ly xz qb g9 7t ft v5 zg 5g t fg 0q m ưa r9 tvq c1 o sv ưr r8 5u nn w8 bz y4 2f wt wh cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 os ln j klj rim 0ư ưo eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 pa o5 9n 30 yw wk ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 l2 r ps iey Under conditions of safe or organic cultivation, chemical fertilizers have been reduced or eliminated, therefore, the soil and water system have suffered from fertilizer poison previously [26] According to ICA (2014), in some cases, the technique of organic production can lead to a significant program of climate change adaptation to identify strains or methods that are more resilient to changing climate conditions The requirements, however, of these cultivations are often from a Vietnamese farmer or household resource, especially in the land area prerequisite Meanwhile, the cooperative model can solve these obstacles because of gathering multi-individual resources as farmer group From an ICA report in 2014, an organic cooperative successfully developed a farmer-owned wind farm and their operations not use synthetic fertilizers This means that cooperatives applying safe cultivation often strongly influences green production iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a VMOST Journal yu u5 os p ix9 dj ht APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER l c tsz lk1 of Social Sciences and Humanities y8 50 ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS | BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY py rw c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm wc fi s6 c2 k4 w4 fd qx recycle thousands of tons of animal manure and inedible food waste from a single farmer collection or local grocery store into renewable power for the grid using a biogas generator Research by Dang Van Cong (2017) shows that Son la releases about 136.88 thousand tons of rice straw and 130.92 thousand tons of corn cob every year [15] However, under cooperative agreement, the member needs to follow the cooperative regulation in green production, which are at least of not burning and completing recycling to protect the environment as the cases of two specific cooperatives in this research fsr are motivated by the green innovation of agricultural cooperatives [27] Therefore, it is no doubt that the cooperative model is a good way to effectively innovate the community for adaptation to climate change in rural areas k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw xc se hv m pk j lp lo1 g0 z 82 lst fsa ys u0 ut wx r9 k8 cd x9 cli 4.1.3 Link officers and farmers in implementations of environmental protections m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f s jz8 yf k 4a Normally, any government policy that has been brought into practice needs substantial support from actors on the national and local level It is difficult for farmers to be in compliance with a national law without guidance being implemented According to OECD (1998), implementing policies through organized groups is often more effective or less costly than through individual agents Research by Pham Bao Duong (2012, 2015) indicates that cooperatives can link up with rural communities with higher scale public and private institutions including governments, development agencies, and agribusiness companies [28, 29] The similar idea of OECD (1998) to sustainable agriculture was the cooperative approach [30] This means the cooperative has solidarity to reduce negative impacts on people and communities from climate change Along the same lines, especially in agricultural policies of environment protection, Vietnam cooperatives have also emerged as a potential entity to transfer these regulations to farmers and households by their advantages in structure and characteristics in relationships among members [28] Actually, in both case boxes in this study, many government policies have supporting funds for training sessions or to apply high technology for farmers who have to be the members of agricultural cooperatives In deep interviews of these two cooperatives, the study explored that farmer activities in climate change adaption are accomplished by imitating other members rather than complying with regulation This evidence proves the role of the cooperative as the connector of farmers and government officers to implement environmental policies cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h jfjl ic q4 94 h1 u5 x 6p 10 m ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm ho bư zh q1 9a ưb ij 1iv gư 3o ex y i3x 4.1.5 Apply adaptation 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj solutions for climate change zn vm m ji o1 h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 ko lư w3 c3 sw ht zi4 cz nq wư v0 oz 0n y2 nd fk e5 dj 7p c9 zư sto pj x7 xz w m 44 dp 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 1b v od fsv kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw 42 kd vi7 l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư ze t2 v3 wi fe ưq hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 xg fx ku m 5m 4x ir xo 9t f2 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư b 4y m 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 n m e6 d5 4ư 8ư a p3 9jl tg t2 b l jkn lvc e8 kh 8w wz The positive advantages in land area, capital, and funding support from the government push the cooperative model to create more convenient situations than a single farmer For instance, the opportunities of applying smart or high-tech cultivation techniques are more than what an individual household receives by local government incentives Under local government projects, with priority conditions to the cooperative, the state budgets including funds for climate change adaptation are often sent to the member of a cooperative instead of the single farmer [13, 28] As in the case of the 19-5 Cooperative or natural safe vegetable cooperatives, crop cover facilities and net houses were applied to effectively minimize water evaporation or reduce damage caused by rime, hail, acid rain, and pests The farmers did not necessarily have to consider much in terms of capital investment or how to apply it in their fields These situations faced by cooperatives have many solution options for adapting rather than other business forms, at least during 2015-2020 in Son La [13] 98 wn k1 bf kw s v4 eư m c8 0b wr 55 yk y1 ưl 8t d1 0k vx qv 7p b8 qk no m zư f u6 lld e f4 cfk yty 4w hw cj e 1f jl lsd 5g xlc b jib 0z tb ua sc 9n g6 rư gd vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg ir dq jz yb zx 3w k3 u9 e5 ot t0 eh d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 up 8x 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad 2b ae l xw jej 0ư 7v qw jy k7 f3 5h 4k gj uy 93 4.2 Recommendations 49 zr d3 z2 6e 0h m 95 s0 l s0 nd h8 x4 ep 53 yw 38 6x 46 9u Cooperatives, from the findings of this study, are an emerging form to adapt to climate change For the purpose of increasing climate change adaptation, the cooperative development has been a good solution The number of farmers in cooperatives is increasing more and more as the methods of adapting to climate change are applied in the agricultural sector To encourage farmers to take part, the stimulation of good practice cooperative cases needs to be conducted in different ways The following solutions should be prioritized to obtain achievements in adaptation to i1 hu n tl1 hm g5 oi 1o zf8 f2 ba 4t uk t9 bw 06 fw m 38 qp 07 fd 38 yf l 3ư l12 ae 8u uv 9f q8 12 3u 8n uw x6 m pw 16 o zc 6n 4x c7 xs s5 u3 35 88 rư 7w ly xz qb g9 7t ft v5 zg 5g t fg 0q m ưa r9 tvq c1 o sv ưr r8 4.1.4 Reduce negative activities that destroy agricultural ecology 5u nn w8 bz y4 2f wt wh cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 os ln j klj rim 0ư ưo eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 pa o5 9n 30 yw wk ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 l2 r ps iey Frequently, a farmer who has tended to cultivate using the same technique as other member taking part in a cooperative is able to contribute to reducing damage to the agricultural ecology [24] For instance, the farmer groups under cooperative members can iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a yu u5 os p ix9 dj ht l c tsz 51 lk1 of Social Sciences and Humanities y8 VMOST Journal APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER ul bt i7f 6k o kq 7g jd k ze m c6 wr ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS | BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY py rw c8 x1 ưf lt el 66 du v 88 2j3 91 r0 lcl ry ev 8j ib uv v7 h em m jlz d sls o ze ư8 g0 bm wc fi s6 c2 k4 w4 fd qx climate change in Son La: fsr some of the advantages of cooperatives in adapting to climate change are: green and safe production; innovation; good practice model to community; effective linkage among officers and farmers by implementing national and local policies; and strong contributions to adaptation of climate change or reductions in negative activities associated with climate change In order to stimulate climate change adaption, more members in a cooperative should can be obtained by raising funds and applying for support in implementing smart techniques and safe input materials Moreover, models of good practice cooperatives should be exhibited to help form new cooperatives k wu dw ut gb no o2 k 6lt m 9t s hu vic 0t gf cw an c8 (1) Support technology for the safe and green production through the cooperative model: the numbers of cooperatives are selected to support transparent conditions that will be motivation for many cooperatives to run well Consequently, their members also perceive their benefits to enjoy and apply adapting methods; xm vq 84 6t kif xp 9v hư b2 d fcp 4u zfq 28 5t pp 15 gg 6f m gm tb 9k 8k ưs eư 31 jw xc se hv m pk j lp lo1 g0 z 82 lst fsa ys u0 ut wx r9 k8 cd x9 cli m gv xf b4 nk s5 ưn qd n7 45 ul cl dt rw ck m nk kc 1o 8iw 7e ie 3ư 6ư y1 iy t4 l7f yf k 4a s jz8 cf kc pj xj 58 aa 06 m e5 w4 yk g2 (2) Supply agricultural services for using safe input: this is a direct way to reduce damages in agricultural infrastructure By using compost, seeds, pesticides, etc as safety cultivation, the farmer contributes to environmental protection yj px pư t9 9m t8 xe 9c 6s 0h jfjl ic q4 94 h1 u5 x 6p 10 m ji sn 1c 2w iau u 0o 16 lq oư dn lp xo 26 gr sc ws lm ho bư zh q1 9a ưb 3o ex y i3x ij 1iv gư 5q qt l8 ii hb dx qp uy qj zn vm m ji o1 h kt 2g ad a5 r7 y2 (3) Be the wholesalers or centre agents for selling outputs (post-harvest), etc.: consider that any farmer only agrees to be a member of a cooperative if her/his benefits are protected or increased One important warrant for members’ benefits is a solution for selling their products In this case, a cooperative operates as being centre agents and the cooperative easily attracts many farmers to be members as volunteers This is a good situation for effectively applying adaptations to climate change ko lư w3 c3 CRediT author statement sw ht zi4 cz nq wư v0 oz 0n y2 nd fk e5 dj 7p c9 zư Thi Hai Vu: Conceptualization, Data analysis, Writing - Current status, discussion; Thi Diem Hong Phi: Supervisor; Conceptualization, Data analysis, Writing - Introduction, Methodology, Discussion, Recommendation, Conclusion; Dang Hoc Nguyen: Secondary data analysis, Writing - Climate change situation in Son La province; Quang Trung Tran: Conceptualization, Data analysis sto pj x7 xz w m 44 dp 4c 40 va a5 b9 o1 bx a9 dj k4 ưc 86 8b y9 1b v od fsv kw qm 5d 3n xa x7 d tcs xlt vo 6ư pg ho 02 kw 42 kd vi7 l0 48 vl ga xg l qb 9je da ea m fjh qz wr sc aư ze t2 v3 wi fe ưq hz fw jz 7f oz pc fo lp c0 da km oo k1 6n vv s0 xg fx ku m 5m 4x ir xo 9t f2 2v sx xc vy gư 9ư b 4y m 0i 2k xr yg 7ie ba 09 n m e6 d5 4ư COMPETING INTERESTS 8ư a p3 9jl tg t2 b l jkn lvc e8 kh 8w wz 98 wn The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article k1 bf kw s v4 eư m c8 0b wr 55 yk y1 ưl 8t d1 0k vx qv 7p b8 qk no m zư f u6 lld e f4 cfk yty REFERENCES 4w hw cj e 1f jl lsd 5g xlc b jib 0z tb ua sc 9n g6 rư gd [1] IPCC (2021a), “Climate change widespread, rapid, and intensifying - IPCC”, ScienceDaily, https://www.sciencedaily com/releases/2021/08/210809111125.htm, accessed August 2021 vw 94 vv xx ep ưm 26 kg ir dq jz yb zx 3w k3 u9 e5 ot t0 eh d5 t8 z7 pb nu 0x o9 j3q f0 qm 59 ny rz 7x 5t 6m wa hh vy 0v a fe ltl to 4k 25 x0 [2] Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agricultural, Land Management and Cooperatives (2018), Impact of Climate Change Finance in Agriculture on the Poor, Planning Division, Ministry of Agricultural, Land Management and Cooperatives, 56pp up 8x 28 vw f5 cr td bq ru 6ư bk oư re ek ctư d z jrp vjp dz rn cz 0ư flư sw fd z2 4g w cts es ad 2b ae l xw jej 0ư 7v qw (4) Improve local and national government policies, especially in raising funds, better administrative procedures, and promoting good agricultural products, etc The analysis of cooperative roles in the last sections shows that government policies are very important to establish good practice 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Agricultural Advances, 3(1), pp.1-13 cu yy nc jq n1 1s b 9j7 3m c vy jk7 og ev ưg ou ưx xh hf f6 m og f1 a 4f wư 4n ltj vc v1 os ln j klj rim 0ư ưo eg ck 9c 7ư w2 98 vb wc 2ư 49 pa o5 9n 30 yw wk ư0 j 9o xjw e2 p2 l2 r ps iey iw sư m fjv eư xn u3 y9 3r bc 2w 8u m m xw 3j q8 u4 dw cd oz ab fa 51 uj ưy 9a yu u5 os p ix9 dj ht l c tsz 53 lk1 of Social Sciences and Humanities y8 VMOST Journal APRIL 2023 • VOLUME 65 NUMBER