(Luận văn) the impact of technology adoption on employment structures and labor productivity a case study in vietnam manufacturing firms form 2007 to 2013

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS t to ng hi ep VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS w n lo ad ju y th yi pl THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION al n ua ON EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURES AND LABOR PRODUCTIVITY va A CASE STUDY IN VIETNAM MANUFACTURING FIRMS n FROM 2007 TO 2013 ll fu oi m at nh BY z z NGUYEN HUONG NGUYEN k jm ht vb om l.c gm MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS an Lu n va ey t re HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2015 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS t to ng hi ep VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS w n lo ad y th ju THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION yi pl ON EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURES AND LABOR PRODUCTIVITY al FROM 2007 TO 2013 n ua A CASE STUDY IN VIETNAM MANUFACTURING FIRMS n va ll fu m oi A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of at nh MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS z z ht vb By k jm NGUYEN HUONG NGUYEN an Lu PROF.DR NGUYEN TRONG HOAI om l.c gm Academic Supervisor: n va ey t re HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2015 Declaration t to “The thesis entitled “The impact of technology adoption on employment ng hi structures and labor productivity A case study in Vietnam manufacturing firms ep form 2007-2013” is the requirement for the degree of Master of Art in Development Economics to the Vietnam – The Netherland Programme (VNP).” w n lo ad Nguyen Huong Nguyen ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re Acknowledgments t to I have taken efforts in writing this thesis However, it would not have been ng hi possible without the kind support of many people I would like to extend my sincere ep thanks to all of them I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude and thanks to my supervisor, w n Prof.Dr Nguyen Trong Hoai for his invaluable guidance and constant lo ad encouragement which has sustained my efforts at all the stages of this thesis work ju y th Sincere thanks also go to Dr Pham Khanh Nam for his valuable comments and suggestions for my concept note as well as for his enthusiasm of helping me yi pl collecting data It is also my duty to record my gratefulness to all VNP lecturers al ua who have helped and taught me a great deal of useful knowledge n My appreciations go to my classmates who have willingly helped me out va n with their abilities and accompanied with me at VNP during two years I am also fu ll very much thankful to VNP officers and librarian for all their assistances of m oi available lab room, library and study materials nh Finally, I owe a debt of gratitude to my parents for inspiring me and keeping at z me going to this work z k jm ht vb Nguyen Huong Nguyen om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re Abbreviations t to ng hi ep ASEAN : Association of Southeast Asian Nations NBER : The National Bureau of Economic Research OECD : Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development U.S : The United States w : Research and Development n R&D lo : Danish International Development Agency FDI : Foreign Direct Investment ad DANIDA ju y th : State-Owned Enterprises yi SOEs : General Statistics Office CIEM : Central Institute for Economics Management GDP : Gross Domestic Product APO : Asian Productivity Organization HIDS : Human Identification Solutions Conference VRA : Vietnam Rubber Association MIT : Ministry of Industry and Trade pl GSO n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re Abstract t to This study investigates directly the impact of technology adoption on ng hi employment structures and labor productivity in Vietnamese manufacturing firms ep by using the panel data from the Survey of Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing Enterprises (SMEs) from 2007 to 2013 Results show that adopting technologies w n into production positively affects the share of professionals including engineers, lo ad technicians, accountant/economist and other professionals in Vietnamese ju y th manufacturing firms However, applying manually operated machineries and yi operated computers could lead to the decrease in added value per worker while pl other factory equipments seem not to have any effect The study also finds that the al n productivity ua capital-intensive firms hire more nonproduction workers and gain higher labor n va fu ll Keywords: Technology adoption; employment structures; labor productivity; m oi operated personal computer; factory equipment; manufacturing firms at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re Table of contents t to Chapter 1: Introduction .11 ng hi ep 1.1 Problem Statement 11 1.2 Research objectives: 13 Research questions 13 w 1.3 The scope of the study 13 n 1.4 lo The structure of the study .13 ad 1.5 y th Chapter 2: Literature review .15 ju 2.1 Key concepts: .15 yi pl 2.1.1 Technology and technology adoption .15 al ua 2.1.2 Employment structures 16 n 2.1.3 Labor productivity 16 va n 2.2 The relationship between technology adoption and employment structures .17 fu ll 2.3 The relationship between technology adoption and labor productivity .19 m oi 2.4 The relationship between firm characteristics and employment structures .21 at nh 2.5 The relationship between firm characteristics and labor productivity .22 z 2.6 The relationship between capital-labor ratio and labor productivity as well as z vb the correlation of capital-labor ratio and employment structures .22 jm ht 2.7 Conceptual framework: 23 k Chapter 3: Data and Research methodology .24 gm 3.1 Model specification 24 l.c 3.3 Data source 29 om 3.4 Estimate methods .31 an Lu Chapter 4: Technological revolution, employment structures and labor productivity in Vietnam manufacturing firms .32 ey 4.4 Summary of the chapter: 38 t re 4.3 Employee productivity .36 n 4.2 Employment structures .35 va 4.1 Technology innovation 32 Chapter 5: Empirical Results 39 5.1 Descriptive analysis 39 t to 5.2 Empirical results .45 ng 5.2.1 For the sample 45 hi ep 5.2.2 For the specified industries .52 5.3 Summary of the chapter .61 w n Conclusion and policy recommendation .62 lo ad 6.1 Conclusion 62 ju y th 6.2 Policy recommendations 63 6.3 Research limitations 64 yi pl References 65 al n ua Appendix 69 n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re List of tables Table 3.1: Employment structures in SMEs .28 t to ng Table 3.2: Definition of variables .29 hi Table 4.1: Technological content of manufactured exports (%, 2000, 2008) 33 ep Table 4.5: Labor productivity by firm size and location 37 w Table 5.1: List of considered industries 39 n lo Table 5.4: The summary of statistics by mean of each industry .43 ad Table 5.5: The coefficient signs between employment structures and other y th independent variables 46 ju yi Table 5.7: The coefficient signs between the proportion of professional workers and pl ua al other independent variables 49 Table 5.8: The coefficient signs between the proportion of sales and office workers n n va and other independent variables 50 ll fu Table 5.9: The coefficient signs between the labor productivity and other oi m independent variables 52 Table 5.10: The coefficient signs among the employment structures, labor nh at productivity and other independent variables in the manufacture of food .53 z z Table 5.11: The coefficient signs among the employment structures, labor vb productivity and other independent variables in the manufacture of textile .55 ht k jm Table 5.12: The coefficient signs among the employment structures, labor gm productivity and other independent variables in the manufacture of wood and of l.c products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and om plaiting materials .56 Table 5.13: The coefficient signs among the employment structures, labor an Lu productivity and other independent variables in the manufacture of rubber and ey products, except machinery and equipment 59 t re productivity and other independent variables in the manufacture of fabricated metal n Table 5.14: The coefficient signs among the employment structures, labor va plastics products 58 Table 5.15: The coefficient signs among the employment structures, labor productivity and other independent variables in the manufacture of furniture .60 t to ng List of figures hi ep Figure 3.1: The structure of industries considered 30 w Figure 4.1: The proportion of enterprises that obtained a new technology by n lo location and size 34 ad Figure 4.2: Levels of labor productivity per hour worked, 1970-2010 36 y th Figure 5.1: Changing in employment structures form 2007-2013 40 ju yi Figure 5.2: Added value per worker 41 pl Figure 5.3: Numbers of machineries and computer used 42 n ua al n va List of appendix ll fu oi m Appendix 1-Table 4.2: Technology Characteristics (percent) 69 nh Appendix 2-Table 4.3: Worker Composition by Occupation (%) 70 at Appendix 3-Table 4.4: Labor productivity by Sector from 2009-2013 71 z z Appendix 4-Table 5.2: Description of variables .72 vb ht Appendix 5-Table 5.3: Description of variables .74 k jm Appendix 6-Correlation Matrix of variables .76 gm Appendix 7- Harris-Tzavalis unit root test .78 l.c Appendix 8- Testing multicolinearity among variables by using VIF .80 om Appendix 9-Testing multicolinearity among variables without BOTH variable by an Lu using VIF test 82 Appendix 10- List of industries in SMEs 85 n va ey t re 10 Appendix 3-Table 4.4: Labor productivity by Sector from 2009-2013 Sector 2009 2011 2013 15 Food and beverages 13.6 17.6 14.4 20 Wood products 12.1 17.7 15.2 28 Fabricated metal products 15.4 19.5 16.9 36 Furniture 15.4 21.5 15.8 t to ISIC (2 digit) ng hi ep w n lo Note: Only sectors with more than 100 observations per year included Source: CIEM ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re 71 ad ju y th yi pl Industry Manager Professionals Sales and offices Added value Obs 1552 1552 1552 1552 1552 Mean 0.44 0.38 0.01 0.05 41354.67 SD 0.22 0.23 0.05 0.11 105518 Min 0.03 0.01 0 -3320000 1 0.72 1482720 212 212 212 212 212 0.29 0.24 0.02 0.03 53175.8 0.21 0.22 0.05 0.06 60232.79 0.01 0 -6488.29 0.25 0.33 357117.6 484 484 484 484 0.26 0.02 0.02 38898.27 0.05 0.05 39050.32 0 -15050 0.75 0.37 278442.9 296 296 0.06 77831.51 0.09 62565.33 3222.22 n Nonproduction n ua al Appendix 4-Table 5.2: Description of variables n va oi m ll fu Manufacture of food (10) nh Max jm ht vb SD z Manufacture of textiles (13) z Mean at Obs 0.03 Max Obs 484 Mean 0.30 SD 0.19 0.20 Min 0.02 0.00 Max 1 Obs 296 296 296 Mean 0.31 0.18 0.06 SD 0.15 0.13 0.07 Min 0.05 0.01 Max 1 0.36 k Min an va y te re ac th (22) Lu Manufacture of rubber and plastics products om materials (16) l.c manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting wood and cork, except furniture; gm Manufacture of wood and of products of si 405483.9 g e cd 0.73 jg 72 hg ad ju y th yi pl va Industry n ua al (Table 5.2, continued) Nonproduction Manager Professionals Sales and n offices 976 976 976 976 976 Mean 0.36 0.31 0.02 0.03 53655.74 0.22 0.23 0.06 0.07 72579.28 0.04 0.01 0 -186000 1 0.5 0.5 1344625 648 648 648 648 648 0.31 0.01 0.01 45711.73 0.23 0.05 0.05 37149.47 0 -18925 0.6 0.33 362080 4168 4168 4168 0.02 0.03 47819.05 0.08 79545.86 -3320000 0.73 1482720 oi nh SD z jm ht Obs vb Max z Min at except machinery and equipment (25) Obs m ll fu Manufacture of fabricated metal products, Added value 0.34 SD 0.23 Min Max Obs 4168 4168 Mean 0.38 0.32 SD 0.22 0.23 0.05 Min 0 Max 1 0.75 k Mean an Lu va n y te re ac th Soure: Author’s calculate on the data set with Stata software om l.c Total gm Manufacture of furniture (31) si g e cd jg 73 hg ad ju y th yi pl mom pdm both opc fiage size clr male 1552 1552 1552 1552 1552 1552 1552 1552 1552 Mean 0.06 0.03 0.28 0.62 0.50 18.45 7.42 11.52 0.49 0.24 0.18 0.45 0.49 1.71 9.80 17.25 1.52 0.23 0 0 1 6.62 Max 1 1 25 64 212 15.92 Obs 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 Mean 0.25 0.02 z 0.32 0.41 1.25 16.81 17.33 11.64 0.38 SD 0.43 0.15 0.47 0.49 2.54 9.63 24.19 1.47 0.24 Min 0 ht 7.74 Max 1 jm 1 19 61 150 15.38 Manufacture of wood and of Obs 484 484 484 484 484 484 484 484 484 products of wood and cork, Mean 0.21 0.03 0.18 0.70 20.93 15.41 11.23 0.56 except furniture; manufacture SD 0.41 0.17 0.39 0.49 1.77 12.64 35.50 1.61 0.25 of articles of straw and plaiting Min 0 0 4.02 Max 1 1 18 61 500 15.32 Obs 296 296 296 296 296 296 296 296 296 Mean 0.03 0.03 0.45 0.50 2.25 14.72 20.27 12.29 0.60 SD 0.16 0.17 0.50 0.50 6.30 8.53 31.86 1.35 0.19 Min 0 0 7.77 0.11 Max 1 1 101 55 350 16.09 n ht va Industry ua al Appendix 5-Table 5.3: Description of variables Obs n vb k gm 0.58 om l.c an Lu va n y te re plastics products (22) z Manufacture of rubber and at materials (16) nh Manufacture of textiles (13) oi Min m ll SD fu Manufacture of food (10) ac th si g e cd jg 74 hg ad ju y th yi pl ua al (Table 5.3, continued) va n Obs SD equipment (25) Min both opc fiage size clr male 976 976 976 976 976 976 976 976 976 0.01 0.04 0.22 0.73 0.85 16.29 9.95 11.50 0.84 0.12 0.19 0.42 0.45 2.43 10.11 20.20 1.3 0.18 0 0 7.67 0.07 1 30 61 215 15.94 648 648 648 648 648 648 648 648 0.18 0.79 0.40 16.06 8.70 11.21 0.83 0.38 0.41 1.27 7.04 16.10 1.30 0.20 6.73 15 61 222 15.10 4168 4168 4168 4168 4168 4168 0.75 17.51 10.56 11.49 0.64 2.53 9.93 22.58 1.47 0.27 0 4.02 64 500 16.09 1 Obs 648 Mean 0.00 0.03 SD 0.04 0.17 Min 0 Max 1 1 Obs 4168 4168 4168 Mean 0.07 0.03 0.25 SD 0.25 0.18 0.44 0.48 Min 0 0 Max 1 1 at Max jm nh products, except machinery and pdm oi Mean mom m ll fu Manufacture of fabricated metal ht an n Industry z z ht vb Manufacture of furniture (31) k l.c gm om Total 0.65 Lu 101 va n Soure: Author’s calculate on the data set with Stata software y te re ac th si g e cd jg 75 hg Appendix 6-Correlation Matrix of variables t to Sample ng hi ep w mom pdm both opc fiage size clr male n lo ad mom 1.0000 -0.1069 -0.2475 -0.0079 -0.0281 -0.0126 0.0253 0.0113 ju y th both opc fiage size clr male 1.0000 -0.7904 0.0283 -0.0415 -0.0002 0.1885 -0.0170 1.0000 0.0082 -0.0258 0.0293 -0.1184 0.1381 1.0000 -0.0905 0.5244 0.0386 -0.0426 1.0000 -0.1060 0.0615 -0.1033 1.0000 -0.0364 -0.0814 1.0000 0.0545 1.0000 fiage size clr male 1.0000 -0.0744 0.0539 -0.0069 1.0000 0.0403 -0.0170 1.0000 0.1901 1.0000 clr male yi pdm pl al pdm both opc fiage size clr male -0.1163 -0.2347 -0.0333 -0.0438 -0.0450 0.0229 0.0334 1.0000 -0.8036 -0.0251 -0.0146 -0.0433 0.1609 0.0235 both opc n va pdm mom mom 1.0000 n ua Manufacture of food (10) ll fu m 1.0000 -0.0605 0.7318 0.1005 0.0319 oi at nh z z k Manufacture of textile (13) jm ht vb 1.0000 0.0682 0.0243 0.0889 -0.1162 0.0402 both opc fiage size 1.0000 -0.5677 0.1914 -0.1135 0.1296 0.2995 1.0000 0.0171 0.0556 -0.0491 -0.0406 1.0000 -0.1952 0.6138 0.1442 1.0000 -0.1623 -0.0879 1.0000 -0.0479 1.0000 male -0.0718 0.2028 0.0100 -0.0409 -0.0112 -0.0995 0.3273 om l.c gm pdm mom pdm both opc fiage size clr mom 1.0000 -0.1068 -0.1284 -0.0521 -0.0130 -0.0163 -0.0589 an Lu n va ey t re 76 1.0000 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials (16) t to ng hi ep w mom pdm both opc fiage size clr male n lo ad mom 1.0000 -0.0843 -0.2095 0.0975 -0.0273 0.0658 -0.0142 -0.1053 both opc fiage size clr male 1.0000 -0.5523 -0.0019 -0.0716 -0.0549 0.2203 0.1565 1.0000 0.1249 -0.2702 0.1372 0.0967 0.1651 1.0000 -0.2417 0.5013 -0.0473 -0.0655 1.0000 -0.2036 0.0751 -0.2359 1.0000 -0.1689 -0.1024 1.0000 0.1661 1.0000 ju y th pdm yi opc fiage size clr male 1.0000 0.0427 0.1569 0.0201 -0.1267 0.0432 1.0000 -0.0422 0.0608 -0.0078 1.0000 -0.1762 -0.1848 1.0000 0.0770 1.0000 n fu 1.0000 -0.0452 0.3769 -0.1209 -0.1249 ll oi m at nh z -0.8911 -0.0384 -0.1089 0.0004 0.0901 -0.0366 va 1.0000 n -0.1759 0.0275 -0.0266 0.0146 0.0601 0.0316 both ua both opc fiage size clr male pdm al mom pdm mom 1.0000 -0.1589 pl Manufacture of rubber and plastics products (22) z ht vb pdm both opc fiage size 1.0000 -0.8713 0.0325 -0.0506 0.0189 0.1436 0.0331 1.0000 -0.0212 0.0483 -0.0058 -0.1657 0.0013 1.0000 -0.0543 0.6980 0.0026 -0.0949 1.0000 -0.0558 0.1184 -0.0732 1.0000 -0.0252 -0.0879 k clr male om l.c gm an Lu n 1.0000 ey t re 1.0000 -0.0454 va mom pdm both opc fiage size clr male mom 1.0000 -0.1031 -0.3143 -0.0314 -0.0258 -0.0307 0.0405 0.0044 jm Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (25) 77 Manufacture of furniture (31) t to ng hi ep mom pdm both opc fiage size clr male w n lo ad mom 1.0000 -0.0826 -0.3478 -0.0208 0.0076 -0.0366 0.0595 0.0673 pdm both opc fiage size clr male 1.0000 -0.9007 0.0632 0.0602 -0.0073 0.1661 0.0088 1.0000 -0.0492 -0.0624 0.0240 -0.1763 -0.0209 1.0000 -0.1304 0.4814 0.0133 -0.1690 1.0000 -0.1359 0.1769 0.0595 1.0000 -0.0584 -0.2313 1.0000 -0.1025 1.0000 ju y th Appendix 7- Harris-Tzavalis unit root test yi pl ua al Harris-Tzavalis unit-root test for nonproduction n va Number of panels = Number of periods = n 1042 ll fu Ho: Panels contain unit roots Ha: Panels are stationary Asymptotics: N -> Infinity T Fixed oi m at nh AR parameter: Common Panel means: Included Time trend: Not included z p-value -0.2372 -35.5670 z Statistic z 0.0000 k jm ht vb rho Number of panels = Number of periods = 1042 AR parameter: Common Panel means: Included Time trend: Not included Asymptotics: N -> Infinity T Fixed an Lu Ho: Panels contain unit roots Ha: Panels are stationary om l.c gm Harris-Tzavalis unit-root test for manager -0.2298 -35.1579 0.0000 78 ey p-value t re z n va rho Statistic Harris-Tzavalis unit-root test for professionals t to ng hi ep Ho: Panels contain unit roots Ha: Panels are stationary Number of panels = Number of periods = AR parameter: Common Panel means: Included Time trend: Not included Asymptotics: N -> Infinity T Fixed 1042 w Statistic z p-value n lo rho -0.2650 -37.1215 0.0000 ad ju y th yi Harris-Tzavalis unit-root test for salesandoffice pl Ho: Panels contain unit roots Ha: Panels are stationary 1042 Asymptotics: N -> Infinity T Fixed n va ll fu AR parameter: Common Panel means: Included Time trend: Not included n ua al Number of panels = Number of periods = z p-value oi m Statistic -0.2521 -36.3997 0.0000 at nh rho z z jm ht vb Harris-Tzavalis unit-root test for valueadded Number of panels = Number of periods = AR parameter: Common Panel means: Included Time trend: Not included Asymptotics: N -> Infinity T Fixed 1042 -0.3278 -40.6273 0.0000 n p-value va z an Lu Statistic om l.c gm rho k Ho: Panels contain unit roots Ha: Panels are stationary ey t re 79 Appendix 8- Testing multicolinearity among variables by using VIF t to ng hi ep w Variable both pdm mom size opc male clr fiage Mean VIF n lo ad ju y th For sample VIF 1/VIF 4.15 0.241176 3.95 0.252950 1.50 0.668342 1.40 0.713641 1.39 0.719357 1.09 0.920751 1.06 0.941064 1.05 0.953437 1.95 yi pl n ua al Manufacture of food products (10) Variable VIF 1/VIF both 4.20 0.238339 pdm 4.04 0.247649 opc 2.18 0.458269 size 2.18 0.459590 mom 1.49 0.671368 clr 1.08 0.922565 male 1.06 0.941983 fiage 1.01 0.987170 Mean VIF 2.15 n va ll fu oi m at nh z z jm ht vb k Manufacture of textiles (13) Variable VIF 1/VIF pdm 1.88 0.531226 opc 1.76 0.567121 size 1.68 0.596346 both 1.66 0.601329 clr 1.26 0.790953 male 1.17 0.852113 mom 1.07 0.934670 fiage 1.05 0.949340 Mean VIF 1.44 om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re 80 t to ng hi ep w Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials (16) Variable VIF 1/VIF both 2.32 0.431434 pdm 2.11 0.472885 size 1.41 0.706921 opc 1.40 0.715026 fiage 1.35 0.739855 clr 1.26 0.792932 male 1.20 0.835851 mom 1.19 0.839835 Mean VIF 1.53 n lo ad ju y th yi pl al n ua Manufacture of rubber and plastics products (22) 1/VIF 0.098479 0.100943 0.477174 0.818194 0.848647 0.940656 0.950657 0.954824 3.46 n ll fu oi m at nh z z 1/VIF 0.074314 0.081696 0.307120 0.510498 0.511168 0.953879 0.967603 0.971272 4.50 om l.c an Lu n va ey t re VIF 13.46 12.24 3.26 1.96 1.96 1.05 1.03 1.03 gm Variable both pdm mom opc size clr male fiage Mean VIF k Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (25) jm ht vb VIF 10.15 9.91 2.10 1.22 1.18 1.06 1.05 1.05 va Variable both pdm mom size opc clr male fiage Mean VIF 81 Manufacture of furniture (31) t to ng hi ep VIF 111.23 98.73 21.27 1.36 1.33 1.12 1.09 1.06 w Variable both pdm mom size opc male clr fiage Mean VIF n lo ad ju y th 1/VIF 0.008990 0.010129 0.047015 0.733536 0.754277 0.890502 0.914348 0.940961 29.65 yi Appendix 9-Testing multicolinearity among variables without BOTH variable pl by using VIF test n ua al n va For sample 1/VIF 0.714668 0.719903 0.947423 0.948493 0.965613 0.976147 0.984897 1.14 ll oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb VIF 1.40 1.39 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.02 fu Variable size opc pdm clr fiage male mom Mean VIF 1/VIF 0.458357 0.460426 0.923076 0.955430 0.960096 0.978507 0.987170 1.37 om an Lu n va ey t re VIF 2.18 2.17 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.01 l.c Variable opc size clr pdm male mom fiage Mean VIF gm Manufacture of food products (10) 82 Manufacture of textiles (13) t to ng hi ep VIF 1.72 1.67 1.25 1.17 1.16 1.05 1.02 w Variable opc size clr pdm male fiage mom Mean VIF n lo ad 1/VIF 0.580316 0.597600 0.799096 0.858125 0.865228 0.949507 0.983335 1.29 y th ju Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials (16) Variable VIF 1/VIF size 1.40 0.716448 opc 1.39 0.719179 fiage 1.17 0.852164 male 1.15 0.872423 clr 1.11 0.900205 pdm 1.08 0.927255 mom 1.03 0.974053 Mean VIF 1.19 yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z vb 1/VIF 0.822395 0.849272 0.945370 0.947350 0.957446 0.964968 0.978245 1.09 k om l.c gm an Lu n va VIF 1.22 1.18 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.04 1.02 jm Variable size opc clr pdm male mom fiage Mean VIF ht Manufacture of rubber and plastics products (22) ey t re 83 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (25) t to ng hi ep VIF 1.96 1.96 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.02 w Variable opc size clr pdm fiage male mom Mean VIF n lo ad ju y th 1/VIF 0.510565 0.511229 0.957083 0.960308 0.971490 0.980914 0.983710 1.30 yi pl Manufacture of furniture (31) 1/VIF 0.735139 0.754357 0.919968 0.921835 0.942808 0.956533 0.981539 1.14 n ua n va ll fu oi m at nh VIF 1.36 1.33 1.09 1.08 1.06 1.05 1.02 al Variable size opc clr male fiage pdm mom Mean VIF z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va ey t re 84 Appendix 10- List of industries in SMEs t to ng hi ep Number of firms 388 22 53 36 17 Industry Manufacture of food products Manufacture of beverages Manufacture of tobacco products Manufacture of textiles Manufacture of wearing apparel Manufacture of leather and related products Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Manufacture of paper and paper products Printing and reproduction of recorded media Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations Manufacture of rubber and plastics products Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products Manufacture of electrical equipment Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of furniture Other manufacturing Repair and installation of machinery and equipment w n lo 121 ad ju y th 32 30 12 yi pl al n ua 32 n va 74 69 15 ll fu oi m 244 at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm 20 17 162 an Lu n va ey t re 85