Assessment of the adaptive capacity of women and men to climate change a case study in quang ninh district, quang binh province, vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DO THU THUY ASSESSMENT OF THE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF WOMEN AND MEN TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY IN QUANG NINH DISTRICT, QUANG BINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DO THU THUY ASSESSMENT OF THE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF WOMEN AND MEN TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY IN QUANG NINH DISTRICT, QUANG BINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISORS PROF TETSUJI ITO DR DUONG KIM ANH Hanoi, 2023 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published The use of other research results and documents complies with regulations The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis Author of the thesis Do Thu Thuy ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am eternally thankful to my master's program supervisors, Professor Tetsuji ITO and Dr Duong Kim Anh, for their unfailing support and advice Their expertise and patience have been meaningful to me and have been critical to the accomplishment of my thesis I am grateful to authoritites of Tan Ninh and Duy Ninh communes for allowing me to collect data and for all of the resources and assistance they gave I would want to thank Ms Hoa, Ms Tuyen, and Ms Thuong in particular for going above and beyond to assist me with my work I would also want to thank all of my professors for taking part in my thesis committee and offering insightful input and ideas Their ideas and advices were invaluable in shaping my study and this thesis From the bottom of my heart, I also want to thank the lecturers at Vietnam Japan University for the lessons in knowledge and for sharing lessons in life I am deeply thankful to my friends and family for their love and support during this process I could not have finished my adventure without their encouragement and inspiration I would also like to thank my colleagues at Gender and Development Faculty, Vietnam Women's Academy for their help and collaboration during my study I would want to thank my classmates in Master Climate Change and Development program intake in particular for their moral support Finally, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all of the reseach participants in my study Their willingness to share their experiences and insights has been invaluable to my research and has helped to make this thesis a completion Thank you for your time and contribution I am grateful to everyone who has supported me throughout this process Without your help and guidance, this thesis would not have been possible FOREWORD This thesis was written for the Master's program in Climate Change and Development at Vietnam Japan University The topic of this graduate thesis is ―Assessment of the adpative capacity to climate change of women and men: A case study in Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh province, Vietnam‖ This thesis is to study the ability of local people to adapt to climate change, focusing on the social aspect under the gender perspective to find out the gender difference in the ability to adapt to climate change This is an interesting research topic but also challenging when gender research in climate change is an interdisciplinary issue The research was carried out for five months with the efforts of the author and the help of supervisors as well as other individuals and organizations Research on gender in climate change is a difficult topic, therefore, it cannot avoid shortcomings and limitations I am looking forward to receiving comments to improve my Master‘s thesis report For all comments, please send them to email at thuyella.97@gmail.com Sincerely thank you! TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 The necessity of the research 1.2 Analytical framework 1.3 Research objectives and tasks 1.4 Research object and scope of the research 1.4.1 Research object 1.4.2 Scope 1.5 Research questions and hypotheses 1.6 Limitations of this research CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BASIS 2.1 Literature review 2.1.1 Overview of gender issues and climate change 2.1.2 The adaptive capacity of women and men to climate change 2.2 Relevant definitions 11 2.2.1 Climate change 11 2.2.2 Adaptive capacity 12 2.2.3 Gender 13 2.2.4 Gender roles 13 2.3 Theoretical basis 15 2.3.1 Gender - climate change framework 15 2.3.2 Sustainable livelihood framework 17 2.3.3 Social network theory 19 2.4 Relevant documents and policies 20 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 21 3.1 Methods 21 3.1.1 Sampling method 21 3.1.2 Document analysis method 21 3.1.3 Questionnaire survey method 21 3.1.4 In-depth interview 22 3.1.5 Data statistical and analysis 22 3.2 Research indicators 23 3.3 Characteristics of the respondents 28 3.3.1 Characteristics of survey‘s respondents 28 3.3.2 Characteristics of in-depth interview respondents 32 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35 4.1 The status of the adaptive capacity to climate change of women and men and gender differences 35 4.1.1 Awareness of women and men about climate change 35 4.1.2 Access to services and resources when climate change, natural disasters and extreme weather events occur 43 4.1.3 The support that local men and women received to adapt to climate change 46 4.2 Factors affecting the adaptive capacity to climate change of women and men 52 4.2.1 Factors affecting the adaptive capacity of local people to climate change 52 4.2.2 Factors affecting gender differences in the adaptive capacity of women and men to climate change 55 4.3 Recommendations to enhance the adaptive capacity of women and men to climate change 58 4.3.1 Recommendation for local authorities 58 4.3.2 Recommendation to socio-political organizations and others 60 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS 62 REFERENCES 64 Appendix 1: Questionnaire for local people 68 Appendix 2: In-depth interview for local women 83 Appendix 3: In-depth interview for local men 86 Appendix 4: In-depth interview for local authorities 89 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1 Research indicators Table 3.2 General characteristics of survey‘s respondents Table 3.3 Average monthly income of local people Table 3.4 General characteristics of in-depth interview respondents Table 4.1 Access to resources and services when climate change and disasters occur Table 4.2 Organizations and individuals that people receive support when climate change and natural disasters occur Table 4.3 Factors affecting the adaptive capacity to climate change of local people i LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1: Analytical framework of the research……………………………………… Figure 2.1: Gender - climate change framework Figure 2.2: The five capitals considered in the sustainable livelihood approach Figure 3.1: Occupation of local people Figure 3.2: Average monthly income of local people by characteristics Figure 4.1: Channels to get information about climate change Figure 4.2: The limitation of training courses and seminars Figure 4.3: Manifestations of climate change and local natural disasters Figure 4.4: Recovery time for damage caused by climate change and natural disasters Figure 4.5: Support activities that local people received to respond to climate change and natural disaster Figure 4.6: Responding to gender needs for relief and support activities Figure 4.7: The status of women and men received financial aid Figure 4.8: Factors affecting the difference between women and men in the adaptive capacity to climate change ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CC DFID DRR FAO INDCs IPCC ISPONRE MONRE SDGs Climate change Department for International Development Disaster Risk Reduction Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Intended Nationally Determined Contributions The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Sustainable Development Goals iii 10 Mental health ⬜ ⬜ 11 Houses ⬜ ⬜ 12 Land area owned ⬜ ⬜ 13 Agricultural soil quality (salinity, acidity/alum, etc.) ⬜ ⬜ 14 Quality of drinking water ⬜ ⬜ 15 Livestock (cattle, poultry, etc.) ⬜ ⬜ 16 Crops ⬜ ⬜ 17 Air quality ⬜ ⬜ 18 Income, contributions from family members ⬜ ⬜ 19 Savings ⬜ ⬜ 20 Government mechanisms and policies ⬜ ⬜ 21 Support ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ from the government and other agencies/organizations and individuals 22 Other (specify): …………………………………………….………… 31 How would you rate the influence of the following factors on people's ability to adapt to climate change? (1 No effect at all; Very little influence; Little influence; Moderate influence; High influence) No Factors Level 78 Climate change awareness ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Livelihood (job) ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Division of household chores ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Participation in local associations and groups ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Roles in local associations and groups ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Voice and decision-making in the family ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Voice and decision-making in the community ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Household appliances (TV, radio, computer, ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ vehicle, fan, refrigerator, etc.) Physical health ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 10 Mental health ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 11 Houses ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 12 Land area owned ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 13 Agricultural soil quality (salinity, acidity/alum, ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ etc.) 14 Quality of drinking water ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 15 Livestock (cattle, poultry, etc.) ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 16 Crops ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 17 Air quality ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 79 18 Income, contributions from family members ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 19 Savings ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 20 Government mechanisms and policies ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 21 Support ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ from the government and other agencies/organizations and individuals 22 Other (specify): ………………………………………… 32 In your family, who is the decision maker in climate change adaptation actions? ⬜1 Men have more decision-making power ⬜2 Women have more decision-making power ⬜3 Women and men have equal decision-making power 33 In your opinion, is there a difference between women, men and disadvantaged groups (people with disabilities, the elderly, children, etc.) in terms of adaptability to climate change? ⬜ Yes ⬜ No ⬜ Unknown If yes, please point out the difference: 34 In your opinion, what causes the difference between women and men in the ability to adapt to climate change? ⬜1 Opportunity to access information, knowledge, skills ⬜2 Diversity of livelihoods (jobs) 80 ⬜3 Participation in community work, associations/groups ⬜4 The ability to make decisions in the family ⬜5 The ability to make decisions in the community ⬜6 Division of household chores ⬜7 Government support mechanisms and policies ⬜8 Roles of women and men in family, community and society ⬜9 Other (specify) PART PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35 Your recommendations to the local government to increase the ability of the people to respond to climate change and at the local level: 36 Your proposal to socio-political organizations (Vietnam Fatherland Front, Veterans Association, Vietnam Women's Union, Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, Farmers' Union, Union Labor Union) to increase the ability of people and localities to respond to climate change: 81 37 Your suggestions to other organizations and agencies to increase the ability of the people to respond to climate change at the local level: Thank you very much for your cooperation! 82 Appendix 2: In-depth interview for local women IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW GUIDELINE (For local women) Dear Madam! Climate change has caused heavy damage in all aspects of people's lives around the world, including Vietnam Climate change is believed to be increasing with severity and people's ability to adapt to climate change is very important I am conducting research for a Master's thesis with the topic "Assessment of the adaptive capacity of women and men to climate change: A case study of Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh province, Vietnam" Through this research, I want to understand the current situation, but also to delve deeper into the gender difference in adaptability to climate change From there, proposing appropriate and gender-responsive suggestions and solutions to improve the ability of local people to adapt to climate change Please answer the questions below according to your own thoughts I declare that the information obtained is for research purposes only Thank you very much! I GENERAL INFORMATION - Full name - Year of birth - Gender - Hometown/Living place - Education level - Job - Marital/Family status - Access to technological devices - Monthly income II MAIN CONTENT The adaptive capacity of local people to climate change 1.1 Have you heard or known about the terms ―climate change‖, ―disaster‖, ―extreme weather phenomenon‖ yet? If yes, where did you hear or know this information from? 83 (Radio, magazine, Internet, TV, Local news channel, Specialized magazine/Journal of climate change, Workshop/propaganda on climate change, acquaintances share ) 1.2 Have you attended training courses on knowledge and skills on coping with climate change? If yes, how often (number of times) participate? What knowledge and skills the training classes teach? Are the training courses conducted by local authorities or organizations or individuals? In your opinion, are the training courses effective and are there any inappropriate or limited points (in terms of content, form, time, location…)? 1.3 Can you tell us about climate change and current natural disasters in your locality: phenomena that have happened, can happen in the future and cannot happen? 1.4 In the context of climate change and natural disaster risks, how did you prepare before, during and after? 1.5 How long will it take you to recover from the damage caused by climate change? 1.6 When climate change and natural disasters occur, you have access to the following services? + Source of clean water from many places outside the community: + Drainage system and toilet (workable) + Medical services, hospitals and medical facilities + Backup source for lighting (generator, oil lamp, candle) + Food and essentials storage + Grants and loans from domestic and foreign sources + Stable source of income during extreme weather/disaster + Items used in extreme weather/natural disasters (rice cookers, air conditioners, fans, etc.) + Capital to reproduce when affected by extreme weather/natural disasters 1.7 What individuals, agencies/organizations have you received help with to respond to climate change and disaster risks locally? Specifically, what kind of support activities you receive? How would you rate the support activities and relief supplies to meet your needs? 84 1.8 What forms of insurance are you participating in (health insurance, social insurance, life insurance, agricultural insurance…)? Do you think these types of insurance support your adaptation to climate change? 1.9 Do you receive financial support, loans? From which agency, organization or individual? In what adaptation activities you use financial support and family/self resources? 1.10 Could you please tell us what activities/measures are being implemented to respond to climate change, reduce risks in the locality (how to warn, forecast and prevent measures…)? How would you rate the effectiveness of those activities/measures? Factors affecting local people's ability to adapt to climate change 2.1 In your opinion, which factors have positive and negative influences on the ability of local people to adapt to climate change? Please rate the influence of these factors 2.2 In your opinion, who in the family has the right to make decisions in climate change adaptation actions? Who has more rights? 2.3 According to him, there are differences between women, men and disadvantaged groups (people with disabilities, the elderly, children, ethnic minorities ) in terms of awareness and skills in climate change prevention and control climate change or not? If so, please state the difference What you think is the cause of that difference? Some proposals and recommendations to enhance the adaptability to climate change for local people 3.1 What you think women should to enhance their ability to adapt to climate change? 3.2 What should socio-political organizations (Vietnam Fatherland Front, Veterans Association, Vietnam Women's Union, Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, Farmers' Union, Labor Union) to improve human ability to adapt to and combat climate change? 3.3 What activities (gender responsive) should local authorities take to improve people's ability to adapt to and combat climate change? 3.4 What suggestions you have for other organizations and agencies to strengthen people's capacity to respond to climate change at the local level? 85 3.5 What are your recommendations on policies, laws and regulations of the State (with gender mainstreaming) to improve the people's ability to adapt to and cope with climate change? Thank you very much for your cooperation! Appendix 3: In-depth interview for local men IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW GUIDELINE (For local men) Dear Sir! Climate change has caused heavy damage in all aspects of people's lives around the world, including Vietnam Climate change is believed to be increasing with severity and people's ability to adapt to climate change is very important I am conducting research for a Master's thesis with the topic "Assessment of the adaptive capacity of women and men to climate change: A case study of Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh province, Vietnam" Through this research, I want to understand the current situation, but also to delve deeper into the gender difference in adaptability to climate change From there, proposing appropriate and gender-responsive suggestions and solutions to improve the ability of local people to adapt to climate change Please answer the questions below according to your own thoughts I declare that the information obtained is for research purposes only Thank you very much! I GENERAL INFORMATION - Full name - Year of birth - Gender - Hometown/Living place - Education level - Job - Marital/Family status - Access to technological devices 86 - Monthly income II MAIN CONTENT The adaptive capacity of local people to climate change 1.1 Have you heard or known about the terms ―climate change‖, ―disaster‖, ―extreme weather phenomenon‖ yet? If yes, where did you hear or know this information from? (Radio, magazine, Internet, TV, Local news channel, Specialized magazine/Journal of climate change, Workshop/propaganda on climate change, acquaintances share ) 1.2 Have you attended training courses on knowledge and skills on coping with climate change? If yes, how often (number of times) participate? What knowledge and skills the training classes teach? Are the training courses conducted by local authorities or organizations or individuals? In your opinion, are the training courses effective and are there any inappropriate or limited points (in terms of content, form, time, location…)? 1.3 Can you tell us about climate change and current natural disasters in your locality: phenomena that have happened, can happen in the future and cannot happen? 1.4 In the context of climate change and natural disaster risks, how did you prepare before, during and after? 1.5 How long will it take you to recover from the damage caused by climate change? 1.6 When climate change and natural disasters occur, you have access to the following services? + Source of clean water from many places outside the community: + Drainage system and toilet (workable) + Medical services, hospitals and medical facilities + Backup source for lighting (generator, oil lamp, candle) + Food and essentials storage + Grants and loans from domestic and foreign sources + Stable source of income during extreme weather/disaster + Items used in extreme weather/natural disasters (rice cookers, air conditioners, fans, etc.) + Capital to reproduce when affected by extreme weather/natural disasters 87 1.7 What individuals, agencies/organizations have you received help with to respond to climate change and disaster risks locally? Specifically, what kind of support activities you receive? How would you rate the support activities and relief supplies to meet your needs? 1.8 What forms of insurance are you participating in (health insurance, social insurance, life insurance, agricultural insurance…)? Do you think these types of insurance support your adaptation to climate change? 1.9 Do you receive financial support, loans? From which agency, organization or individual? In what adaptation activities you use financial support and family/self resources? 1.10 Could you please tell us what activities/measures are being implemented to respond to climate change, reduce risks in the locality (how to warn, forecast and prevent measures…)? How would you rate the effectiveness of those ac2 Factors affecting local people's ability to adapt to climate changetivities/measures? Factors affecting local people's ability to adapt to climate change 2.1 In your opinion, which factors have positive and negative influences on the ability of local people to adapt to climate change? Please rate the influence of these factors 2.2 In your opinion, who in the family has the right to make decisions in climate change adaptation actions? Who has more rights? 2.3 According to him, there are differences between women, men and disadvantaged groups (people with disabilities, the elderly, children, ethnic minorities ) in terms of awareness and skills in climate change prevention and control climate change or not? If so, please state the difference What you think is the cause of that difference? Some proposals and recommendations to enhance the adaptability to climate change for local people 3.1 What you think men should to enhance their ability to adapt to climate change? 3.2 What should socio-political organizations (Vietnam Fatherland Front, Veterans Association, Vietnam Women's Union, Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, Farmers' Union, Labor Union) to improve human ability to adapt to and combat climate change? 88 3.3 What activities (gender responsive) should local authorities take to improve people's ability to adapt to and combat climate change? 3.4 What suggestions you have for other organizations and agencies to strengthen people's capacity to respond to climate change at the local level? 3.5 What are your recommendations on policies, laws and regulations of the State (with gender mainstreaming) to improve the people's ability to adapt to and cope with climate change? Thank you very much for your cooperation! Appendix 4: In-depth interview for local authorities IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW GUIDELINE (For local authorities) Dear Sir/Madam! Climate change has caused heavy damage in all aspects of people's lives around the world, including Vietnam Climate change is believed to be increasing with severity and people's ability to adapt to climate change is very important I am conducting research for a Master's thesis with the topic "Assessment of the adaptive capacity of women and men to climate change: A case study of Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh province, Vietnam" Through this research, I want to understand the current situation, but also to delve deeper into the gender difference in adaptability to climate change From there, proposing appropriate and gender-responsive suggestions and solutions to improve the ability of local people to adapt to climate change Please answer the questions below according to your own thoughts I declare that the information obtained is for research purposes only Thank you very much! I GENERAL INFORMATION - Full name - Year of birth - Gender 89 - Hometown/Living place - Education level - Job - Marital/Family status - Access to technological devices - Monthly income II MAIN CONTENT The adaptive capacity of local people to climate change 1.1 Could you please tell us about the current state of communication about ―climate change‖, ―natural disaster‖, ―extreme weather phenomenon‖ in the locality? If yes, could you please tell me where to transmit this information? (Radio, magazine, Internet, TV, Local news channel, Specialized magazine/Journal of climate change, Workshop/ propaganda on climate change, acquaintances share ) 1.2 Could you please tell us about the current situation of organizing training courses on knowledge and skills on responding to climate change in the locality? If yes, could you please tell me how often (number of times) the organization? What knowledge and skills the training classes teach? Are the training courses conducted by local authorities or organizations or individuals? In your opinion, are the training courses effective and are there any inappropriate or limited points (in terms of content, format, time, location…)? 1.3 Can you tell us about climate change and current natural disasters in your locality: phenomena that have happened, can happen in the future and cannot happen? 1.4 In the context of climate change and natural disaster risks, how did you prepare before, during and after? 1.5 How long will it take you to recover from the damage caused by climate change? 1.6 When climate change and natural disasters occur, you have access to the following services and to what extent? moderately accessible; fully accessible)? + Source of clean water from many places outside the community: dehydration + Drainage system and toilet (workable) + Medical services, hospitals and medical facilities + Backup source for lighting (generator, oil lamp, candle) 90 + Food and essentials storage + Grants and loans from domestic and foreign sources + Stable source of income during extreme weather/disaster + Items used in extreme weather/natural disasters (rice cookers, air conditioners, fans, etc.) + Capital to reproduce when affected by extreme weather/natural disasters 1.7 What individuals, agencies/organizations have you received help with to respond to climate change and disaster risks locally? Specifically, what kind of support activities you receive? How would you rate the support activities and relief supplies to meet your needs? 1.8 What forms of insurance are you participating in (health insurance, social insurance, life insurance, agricultural insurance…)? Do you think these types of insurance support your adaptation to climate change? 1.9 Do you receive financial support, loans? From which agency, organization or individual? In what adaptation activities you use financial support and family/self resources? 1.10 Could you please tell us what activities/measures are being implemented to respond to climate change, reduce risks in the locality (how to warn, forecast and prevent measures…)? How would you rate the effectiveness of those activities/measures? Factors affecting local people's ability to adapt to climate change 2.1 In your opinion, which factors have positive and negative influences on the ability of local people to adapt to climate change? Please rate the influence of these factors 2.2 In your opinion, who in the family has the right to make decisions in climate change adaptation actions? Who has more rights? 2.3 According to him, there are differences between women, men and disadvantaged groups (people with disabilities, the elderly, children, ethnic minorities ) in terms of awareness and skills in climate change prevention and control climate change or not? If so, please state the difference What you think is the cause of that difference? Some proposals and recommendations to enhance the adaptability to climate change for local people 91 3.1 What you think women and men should to enhance their ability to adapt to climate change? 3.2 What should socio-political organizations (Vietnam Fatherland Front, Veterans Association, Vietnam Women's Union, Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, Farmers' Union, Labor Union) to improve human ability to adapt to and combat climate change? 3.3 What activities (gender responsive) should local authorities take to improve people's ability to adapt to and combat climate change? 3.4 What suggestions you have for other organizations and agencies to strengthen people's capacity to respond to climate change at the local level? 3.5 What are your recommendations on policies, laws and regulations of the State (with gender mainstreaming) to improve the people's ability to adapt to and cope with climate change? Thank you very much for your cooperation! 92