(Luận văn) vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources in island to environmental change a case study in phu quoc island – kien giang province

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT THUYLOI UNIVERSITY lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w va an lu ll u nf VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FRESHWATER oi m RESOURCES IN ISLAND TO ENVIRONMENT CHANGE A CASE STUDY IN PHU QUOC ISLAND – KIEN GIANG PROVINCE z at nh z gm @ l NGUYEN TIEN QUANG m co MSc Thesis on Integrated Water Resources Management an Lu n va May 2015 ac th si MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT THUYLOI UNIVERSITY NGUYEN TIEN QUANG lu an n va REOURCES IN ISLAND TO ENVIRONMENT CHANGE A CASE STUDY IN PHU QUOC ISLAND – KIEN GIANG PROVINCE p ie gh tn to VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FRESHWATER oa nl w d Major: Integrated Water Resources Management va an lu THESIS OF MASTER DEGREE ll u nf oi m z at nh Supervisor (s): Assoc Prof Dr Pham Thi Minh Thu z Assoc Prof Dr Huynh Phu gm @ m co l This reseacrch is done for the partial fulfilment of requirement for Master of Science Degree at Thuy Loi University (This Mater Programme is supported by NICHE – VNM 106 Project) an Lu May 2015 n va ac th si CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement Water is our most precious resource However, in recent years, water has become degraded in both quantity and quality This situation is placing challenges and requires a worldwide effort in the use and sustainable management of water resources The provision of water supply and sanitation has improved living conditions; in addition, the implementation of social justice and educational lu approaches, especially for women and children, are also contributing to the success an of the enactment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) va n The development status of the Island, the isolation characteristic, the tn to distance between neighboring islands, between islands and the mainland, the ie gh change of the environment, climate change, changes in rainfall, etc are the p challenges of water resources management The Island, located in the lower floor of nl w the Southwestern area, is a vulnerable area to climate change and sea level rise oa Furthermore, the island is affected by the early phase of the El Nino and La Ninas d The Island is a key economic zone with typical activities, such as: fishing, oil and lu u nf countries in the region va an gas exploitation, maritime services, tourism as well as it is adjacent to the other ll Especially, Phu Quoc Island is the largest island in the coastal island system m oi in Vietnam The current status of the economic development has created a z at nh significant social pressure on the island regarding both system resources and the environmental management There is no rational planning and efficient use of z @ natural resources, although the extraction (water, oil, gas ) has been carried out for l gm a long time Therefore, freshwater resources in Phu Quoc Island are vitally important, and have a direct impact on daily life, and the development of the island m co The assessment of freshwater resource vulnerability in Vietnam is still very limited, an Lu particularly in the Island A vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources in Phu n va ac th si Quoc Island will be essential to identify potential risks for fresh water resources on the island and to support decision making; Therefore, detecting early threats to gain insight sustainable solutions to the management of freshwater resources on an island, where the exploitation of freshwater resources management is still problematic Understanding the vulnerability of freshwater resources of the Islands, therefore, is important to ensure sustainable water management in the region Uses of water have an intimate relationship with land use and impact on ecosystems dealing with integrated water resource management The integrated water resources lu an management will help to use and to protect natural resources In order to effectively n va implement integrated water resource management, the necessity of understanding Performing a vulnerability assessment of freshwater will highlight gaps in gh tn to and the ability to assess the vulnerability of water resources are highlighted p ie information and identify the most influential factors affecting vulnerability, in addition to raising public awareness The availability of such an evaluation would nl w provide decision-makers with the option to evaluate and modify existing policies d oa and to implement measures to improve the management of water resources an lu Different approaches to vulnerability assessment of water resources and va hydrological systems have been developed for a long time with both advantages and u nf disadvantages One of the most effective responses, vulnerability assessment has ll recently been developed by the United Nations Environment Program and by m oi Packing University This approach is based on the available resources to meet the z at nh production, use, environmental pressures mitigation and capacity development and management It highlights the vulnerability factors such as climate change, z gm @ population growth, economic development, and management, etc of vulnerable freshwater resources Currently, this method is implemented in the Pacific Islands, l m co in West and South Asia, in the Mekong River basin, and in several other river basins in Vietnam However, the vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources an Lu on islands in Vietnam is very limited and this method is still not an application n va ac th si option Hence, this study can be considered as a the first application of this approach assessing freshwater vulnerability on islands in Vietnam 1.2 Objectives and Research questions 1.2.1 Objective of study The main objectives of the study include: - Piloting a method in terms of assessing the freshwater vulnerability in the southwestern area of Vietnams: applied specifically on Phu Quoc – Kien Giang Province; - Assessing vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Island of Phu Quoc – lu Kien Giang and potential agents; an - Providing scientifically-based evidence to support policy development of water va n resources management, to support the decision-making process; Phu Quoc Island ie gh tn to - Proposing measures to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the p 1.2.2 Research questions - What methods and tools are appropriate to assess the vulnerability of w oa nl freshwater resources on the Island? d - Which elements are vulnerable to freshwater resources? an lu - What are the opportunities and challenges regarding to freshwater resources u nf va management in the Island? - What are solutions that should be done to improve the freshwater resources in ll oi m the Island? z at nh 1.3 The Assessment Process Water is essential for life All activities of humans, animals and plants on z earth need water However, freshwater resources are vulnerable and a reliable @ assessment of vulnerability is essential The vulnerability assessment of freshwater gm l resources, newly developed by UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and m co by Peking University is the methodology of the thesis Firstly, relevant data in the study area are collected, including: relevant documents such as natural conditions, an Lu hydrology, environment, geology, etc The statistical analysis results are collected n va ac th si directly from the local agencies The data processing is necessary to investigate additional fieldwork and to update the latest data content research serving as the current status and characteristics of water resources on the island and the control system influence of the current vulnerability of freshwater resources This study will provide an overview of the evaluation method to assess the vulnerability of water resources; the preferred method will be the approach developed by UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and Packing University The evaluation of data will serve an analytical framework DPSIR (Driver, pressure, state, impact and response) to analyze quantitative and qualitative features, and a description of the lu an vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island Then, an integrated vulnerability n va index (VI) is calculated based on possible vulnerable parameters; the results will proposal for solutions to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Phu gh tn to assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island, followed by a p ie Quoc Island nl w 1.4 Structure of the thesis This report is divided into six chapters The first chapter introduces the oa research to answer three main questions: Why is a vulnerability assessment is d important? How can we assess the vulnerability of the island? And, what are the lu va an main objectives of a vulnerability assessment in this study? u nf The chapter two reviews several studies about the concept of vulnerability, ll vulnerability assessment methods and some previous researches relate to study area m oi The chapter three presents an overview of freshwater resources, which z at nh describe the geographical context of natural, socio-economics, freshwater resources Especially, we focus on the present status and the challenges dealing with the z gm @ management of fresh water resources in the island This chapter also discusses the importance of the influence of climate change and the pressures of environmental m co l change to freshwater resources on the island Chapter four identifies methods to assess the vulnerability of freshwater an Lu resources, summarizes the specific assessment method of UNEP, including, such as: n va ac th si methods, diagnosis of issues, and DPSIR analytical framework to understand the vulnerability index (VI) Data used in the thesis Chapter five is an important chapter of the report This chapter continues to assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island of Phu Quoc – Kien Giang Province These assessments determine the importance and the interrelationship of social-economics, the environment, climate, geographical factors and management resources with vulnerable island freshwater resources The study of assessment indicators and injury parameters such as water stress, development pressure, the insecurity of the ecosystem and management challenges, lu an is necessary to calculate the vulnerability index In addition, this chapter will n va provide proposed measures to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on Chapter six: Finally, the last chapter concludes the findings of this thesis, gh tn to the Island p ie discusses the limitations of this work and provides an outlook by giving d oa nl w recommendation for future areas of research ll u nf va an lu oi m z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REWIEW 2.1 Concepts of vulnerability The concepts of vulnerability have been changed over time According to Jörn Birkmann (2006) statistics, the current literature encompass more than 25 different definitions, concepts and methods to systematize vulnerability (for example, Chambers, 1989; Bohle, 2001; Wisner et al., 2004; Downing et al., 2006; UN/ISDR, 2004; Pelling, 2003; Luers, 2005; Green, 2004; UN-Habitat, 2003; Schneiderbauer and Ehrlich, 2004; van Dillen, 2004; Turner et al., 2003; Cardona, lu 2004b) According to Downing (2006), the vulnerability includes the expression, an sensitivity and resilience of the system to combat the dangers posed by the effects of va n the agent Researchers in the field of natural sciences often focus on the concept of tn to risk, while researchers in the field of social sciences often refer to the term ie gh vulnerability Concept of vulnerability is the social scientists associated with the p group of socioeconomic factors and the community's ability to cope with natural nl w disasters, but scientists about climate usually consider the concept of vulnerability climate related d oa as a function of the likelihood of occurrence and the potential impact of weather and lu va an According to Jörn Birkmann (2006) statistics, one of the best-known u nf definitions were formulated by the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ll (UN/ISDR), which defines vulnerability as: m oi - The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental of hazards (UN/ISDR, 2004) z at nh factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact z @ - In contrast, the United National Development Programme (UNDP) defines l gm vulnerability as: a human condition or process resulting from physical, social, economic and environmental factors, which determine the likelihood and scale of m co damage from the impact of a given hazard (UNDP, 2004: 11) an Lu n va ac th si Develop policies of integrated water resources management will require a comprehensive knowledge, the understanding of the vulnerability of water resources is a key element for this purpose Vulnerability is a term used to describe a weakness or flaw exists in the system, the sensitivity of the system with a threat or a particular disadvantage, and/or challenges systems faced when dealing with the threat In view of water resource management, the vulnerability can be defined as the characteristic weaknesses and flaws of the system of water resources makes it difficult to respond to changing economic and social and the environment Thus, the vulnerability can look through (i) the pressure of the water resources in the study lu an area; and (ii) the ability of ecosystems and society in the fight against the agents n va acting on the healthy function of water resource systems Water, "blood" of natural ecosystems, have a role indispensable for almost gh tn to 2.2 Vulnerability assessment p ie all functions of ecosystems Water is also one of the important resources needed to support the socioeconomic development of human The result of the excessive nl w population growth, rapid economic development, mismanaged of water resources, d oa leading to dwindling water resources Therefore, sustainable water resources an lu management has become a priority concern of many national agendas va Vulnerability assessment is a process of investigation and analysis to assess u nf the sensitivity of the system before the potential threat, and to identify the main ll challenges for the system in reducing or minimize the risks associated with, the m oi negative consequences of the opposition activists Assessment of water resources z at nh will be calculated based on the water balance between water supply and water demand, system policies and ownership to support the conservation and management z gm @ of water resources, as well as regime change hydrology under the impact of climate change and other environmental factors Besides, It needs to consider the risks that l m co may occur from the surrounding areas can affect water resources The vulnerability assessment can be used to orient the rational use of water an Lu resources through the provision of a priority plan for upgrades, adjusted operating n va ac th si procedures, and/or change the policies to reduce risks and vulnerabilities to achieve the most efficient use Vulnerability assessment will provide the basic framework for the development of options to reduce the risks and costs involved In fact, every problem is identified, vulnerability assessment to delimit the main control factor; estimate the pressure; understand the current situation and development trend; impact analysis; and determine the response to deal with vulnerability of water resources systems 2.3 Previous studies in study area Phu Quoc Island is the largest island in the system of the coastal islands of lu Vietnam Phu Quoc Island in the Gulf of Thailand, the Southwestern of Vietnam an The studies related to the Island's water resources are very limited The coastal va n islands Southwestern systems have a very important position on national security gh tn to and economic development Some typical projects in the Phu Quoc Island area are: - In 2006, Dr Dao Manh Tien and Dr Pham Van Thanh to implement the ie p project "Investigation assesses the current state of the marine environment of Phu nl w Quoc Island from - 20m" The results were evaluated of marine resources Phu oa Quoc island, the environmental status of sediments and seawater d - Dr Dao Manh Tien (2008) to implement the project "Investigation of lu u nf 1/100,000" rate va an environmental geology and geohazards coast of Phu Quoc - Ha Tien ll - Within the scope of Phu Quoc Island and especially the National Park, this m oi area has had plenty of the study of biological diversity The survey results synthetic, z at nh fauna and flora of the area by the Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning II performed (1996, 2002) This is the basis of the results are to assess, comment on z gm @ diversity and biological resources of Phu Quoc National Park - NAWAPI - National Center for Water Resources Planning and l Investigation (2010), Project “Water Resources Planning on the Phu Quoc Island” m co Planning is approved as the basis for the management agency of water resources an Lu n va ac th si 84 seasonal variations in water resources on the Island can be significantly stressed over the dry season Ecological Insecurity parameter (ES = 0,245) is lower Because, the abundant water resources of the Island, combined with the limited industrial development on the Island is sufficient to provide mixing and dilution of currently wastewaters discharge However, with the development of the Island, the parameters are very vulnerable The lack of minimum infrastructure to treat waste water and solid waste from domestic and fish processing sources, leading to serious pollutions (for lu an instance, in Vung Bau and Cua Can) This will affect ecosystems, forest protection, the n va quality of human life would not be guaranteed With IWRM Capacity (MC = 0,642) is tn to assessed by three parameters Includes: Conflict management capacity parameter gh (MCi), Improved sanitation inaccessibility parameter (MCs), Water Use Efficiency p ie Parameter (MCe) These parameters are large, it represents the IWRM capacity is a w major problem on the Phu Quoc Island oa nl On the Island there isn't perform sharing, allocation of water resources In the d future, when the demand for water will increase raises the contradiction, conflicts Therefore, it is necessary to study in order to solve the problem sharing, allocation of water resources between sectors, between the upstream and downstream of the river Moreover, the uneven distribution of rainfall between the months of the year and change of terrain on the Island will lead to water scarcity during dry season.Due to rapid expansion of tourist activities on the Island also causes increased water demand With the poor on human resources for water resources management will lead to the bad management results In addition, the sea water level rise, saltwater instruction, changing on frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as storm will all pressure oi lm ul nf va an lu z at nh z m co l gm @ Phu Quoc„s water resource and its management In order to obtain sustainable development for Phu Quoc island, first of all we need to improve the water resource management system This thesis have completed the objectives In addition, this thesis will be documents to help vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources to other areas in Vietnam an Lu n va ac th si 85 Improved water use efficiencies and delivery of integrated water resources management are essential important on the Island Long term strategy to address this weakness are fundamental to develop sustainable capacity in the region There are conflicts of Integrated Water Resources Management The management overlaps caused many difficulties so should have an intermediary organization to link the Ministries on Water Resources Management To solve the problem thoroughly in the water management of Phu Quoc Island, the first shift is lu needed from institutions and policies for water management from the government The an n va tn to solution can be established Vietnam Water Agency To reduce the vulnerability of the Island, need to be encouraged to develop policies to reduce stress and develop a long-term strategic plan, focusing on capacity p ie gh management of water resources and the use of structural measures Utility reform associated with cost-recovery and improved efficiency and aligned with infrastructure investment, mainstreaming IWRM and infrastructure maintenance would enable countries to maximize development nl w management and d oa opportunities associated with water resources and better meet basic human rights an lu In addition, propose solution as: Strengthening measures to planted, keeping the watershed forest - Carrying out of mining license, use of water resources and wastewater ul nf va - oi lm discharge into water sources; strengthening inspection and examination in the management of exploitation activities, water use and wastewater discharge z at nh - Enhancing professional staff, managers of water resources, environmental protection z Promulgated documents specifying the legal protection of water resources and gm @ - the environment have specific characteristics, incentives to apply for Phu Quoc m co - l Island Drought is the urgent problem of Phu Quoc island, most of the area produced a an Lu water shortage during the dry season n va ac th si 86 - Initially, upgrading Duong Dong reservoir in accordance with the approved plans Construction and commissioning reservoirs have been Prime Minister for approval:  Duong Dong reservoir  Suoi Lon reservoir  Rach Ca reservoir  Cua Can reservoir lu an - Construction of weirs (temporary dams) to increase water storage capacity in n va the downriver of the river Construction of water supply systems of the reservoir, reservoir operation - Improving the efficiency of water use: Apply the solution reduces the amount p ie gh tn to connection between the reservoir was built Elaborate operation of the w of channel seepage, leakage works, ponds and river In addition to common oa nl application of micro irrigation to conserve water and enhance the solution water use regression in each system d an lu 6.2 Recommendations nf va Good management must be based on planning Good planning, the management oi lm ul will be good Water Resources Planning on the Phu Quoc Island is performed by NAWAPI (2009) However, Decision 633/ QD-TTg May 11, 2010 by the Prime z at nh Minister on the overall planning of the construction of Phu Quoc Island in 2030 Therefore, the calculation results, plans on water resources Phu Quoc require additional z adjustments before the competent authorities approved the plan to suit the target, @ gm driven socio economic development on the Island Vulnerability assessment is a l support tool the decision-making process; management water resources Therefore, assessment of vulnerability m co there should be regularly assessment and update data of the area to serve the an Lu  Results can be used for water resources planning of Phu Quoc Island n va ac th si 87  Structural measures for short term and long time sustainable water resources management  Management water resources need to be paid more attention  There should be regularly assessment and update data of the area to serve the assessment of vulnerability  Data collection of more detail for the Island regional; develop vulnerability map lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w oi lm ul nf va an lu z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si 88 REFERENCES Birkmann, J (2006) Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards – Towards Disaster Resilient Societies, UNU-Press, New York, Tokyo Decision in 3-2 -2009 18/2009/QDTTg Prime Minister's Approval approved master plan of socioeconomic development of coastal areas Vietnam Gulf of Thailand to 2020 lu an Decision No 80/2013 / QD-TTg dated 12/27/2013 of the Prime Minister has issued a va number of mechanisms and policies for specific development of Phu Quoc n tn to Island the construction of Phu Quoc Island in 2030 p ie gh Decision 633/ QD-TTg May 11, 2010 by the Prime Minister on the overall planning of w Downing, T., J Aerts, J Soussan, S Bharwani, C Ionescu, J Hinkel, R Klein, L oa nl Mata, N Matin, S Moss, D Purkey and G Ziervogel (2006) „„Integrating d Social Vulnerability into Water Management‟‟,Climate Change(in preparation) lu an Gleick, P H 1996 Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic nf va needs Water International 21: 83-92 oi lm ul Kaly, U.L., Pratt, C & Mitchell, J (2005) Building Resilience in SIDS: The Environmental Vulnerability Index Final Report SOPAC, UNEP z at nh Lawrence, P., J Meigh and C Sullivan (2002) The Water Poverty Index: an International Comparison Keele Economics Research Papers 1352- 8955 z Keele University, Staffordshire, UK @ gm Mohammad Waheed Ibrahimzada, Devesh Sharma (2012), Vulnerability assessment of m co Environmental Sciences Volume 3, No 2, 2012 l water resources in Amu Darya river basin, Afghanistan, International Journal of sustainability serving Report on basic research an Lu Mai Trong Nhuan (2005) Research, assess the vulnerability of coastal zone n va ac th si 89 Meigh, J R., A A McKenzie and K J Sene (2004) A grid based approach to water scarcity estimates for eastern and southern Africa Water Resources Management 13: 85-115 NAWAPI - National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation (2010), Project “Water Resources Planning on Phu Quoc Island” Notification No 425 / TB-OG December 25, 2012: Summary of Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung of the preliminary conference to implement the decision No lu an 178/2004 / QD - TTG October 5, 2014 n va Statistical Yearbook of Kien Giang Province in 2012 tn to Trinh Minh Ngoc and other (2013) Vulnerability assessment of water resources Technology 29, No 1S (2013) 126-133 p ie gh systems in Nhue Day basin, VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and w Trinh Minh Ngoc (2011) Vulnerability Assessment of Water Resources Systems in oa nl Thach Han basin, VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology 27, No 1S (2011) 176-181 d Assessment of Freshwater Resources to Environmental Change United nf va an lu UNEP-Peking University (2009) Methodologies Guidelines for Vulnerability oi lm ul Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi http://geodata.rrcap.unep.org/ all_reports/05_Methodology.pdf z at nh UNEP (2012) Freshwater under Threat: Pacific Islands, Vulnerability Assessment of Freshwater Resources to Environmental Change, United Nations Environment z Programme, Bangkok Available at: http://www.unep.org/publication @ gm UNEP (2011) Assessment of Freshwater Resources Vulnerability To Environmental m co Region Available at: http://www.unep.org/ l and Climate Change: Implication for Shared Water Resources in West Asia an Lu n va ac th si 90 UNEP (2009) Freshwater under Threat: South East Asia, Vulnerability Assessment of Freshwater Resources to Environmental Change Available at: http://www.unep.org/ VAW - Vietnam Acadeny for Water resources (2010) Project “ Research, evaluate the potential exploitation of surface water sources serving water supply on Phu Quoc island” Wildlife at Risk (WAR) University of Agirculture and Forestry – Ho Chi Minh City lu an (UAF) (2006), Ecotourism Development Strategy of The Phu Quoc National n va Park, Kien Giang Province p ie gh tn to d oa nl w oi lm ul nf va an lu z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Objectives and Research questions lu an 1.2.1 Objective of study va 1.2.2 Research questions n 1.4 Structure of the thesis .4 ie gh tn to 1.3 The Assessment Process .3 p CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REWIEW .6 nl w 2.1 Concepts of vulnerability .6 d oa 2.2 Vulnerability assessment an lu 2.3 Previous studies in study area 2.4 Overview of assessment methods va oi lm ul nf CHAPTER 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 12 3.1 Geography and Socioeconomics 12 z at nh 3.1.1 Geography and Biodiversity .12 3.1.2 Socio-economics 23 z 3.2 Freshwater Resources 28 @ l gm 3.2.1 Water Resources 28 3.2.2 Current status of exploitation and use of water resources 31 m co 3.3 Challenges of water resources .35 an Lu 3.3.1 Drought 35 n va ac th si 3.3.2 Inundation, flood 36 3.3.3 Pollution 36 3.3.4 Saltwater intrusion 36 3.3.5 Climate Change .36 3.3.6 Rapid population growth .37 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND DATA USED .39 lu 4.1 Approach 39 an n va 4.2 Diagnosis of Issues .40 4.3 The analytical framework 41 gh tn to 4.4 Vulnerability Index and Parameterization 43 p ie 4.4.1 Resource stresses (RS) 44 w 4.4.2 Development Pressures (DP) 45 oa nl 4.4.3 Ecological Insecurity (ES) 46 d 4.4.4 Management Challenges (MC) 47 lu va an 4.4.5 Vulnerability Inde (VI) 49 4.5 Data used .53 ul nf CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 55 oi lm 5.1 DPSIR analysis on Phu Quoc Island 55 z at nh 5.2 Resources Stresses (RS)……………………………………………………………………… 61 5.3 Development Pressures (DP) 62 z @ 5.4 Ecological Insecurities (ES) 64 gm l 5.5 Management Challenges (MC) 66 m co 5.6 Vulnerability Index (VI) 70 an Lu 5.7 Vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources .72 5.8 Proposed solutions .75 n va ac th si 8.1 Policy solution 77 5.8.2 Technical solution 80 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 83 6.1 Conclusions 83 6.2 Recommendations 86 REFERENCES 88 lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w oi lm ul nf va an lu z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Location of Phu Quoc Island on satellite images 12 Figure 3.2: Total annual rainfall in Phu Quoc station (1985 – 2011) 17 Figure 3.3: Hmax, Hmin in Phu Quoc island 17 lu an Figure 3.4: Tidal amplitude in Phu Quoc island 18 va Figure 3.5: Map of River Network on Phu Quoc island 21 n tn to Figue 3.6: The coastal fish market 24 gh Figure 3.7: Administrative maps of Phu Quoc island 25 p ie Figure 3.8: Works classification of the exploitation and use of water resources 31 w Figure 3.9: Current exploitation and use of water on Phu Quoc Island 32 oa nl Figure 4.1: Assessment components and indicators 41 d Figue 4.2: DPSIR analysis of water management 43 lu an Figue 5.1: Water management of Ministries 67 nf va Figue 5.2: Percentage of the weighted parameters for Vulnerability Index 73 oi lm ul Figue 5.3: Share of the percentage of the weighted categories to the final Vulnerability Index for the study area…………………………………………………… …………73 z at nh Figue 5.4: The organizational structure of Vietnam Water Agency 78 z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Distribution by altitude and degree slope 13 Table 3.2: Temperature characteristics (0C) at Phu Quoc Station (1984-2011) 15 lu Table 3.3: Average humidity by months – year (%) 15 an Table 3.4 Lowest humidity by months – year (%) 16 va n Table 3.5: Characteristics of rain in Phu Quoc 16 gh tn to Table 3.6 Distribution of Phu Quoc forest ecosystem 22 Table 3.7: Rainfall distributions 28 ie p Table 3.8: Characteristics of the average monthly flow in some places 30 nl w Table 3.9 : Reserve potential underground water 30 oa Table 3.10: Synthesis using water of the sectors in 2007 34 d Table 3.11: Demand using water resources on Phu Quoc island 34 lu va an Table 3.12: Summary of highlighted issues in water resources 37 ul nf Table 4.1: Integrated Water Resources Management Capacity Criteria 51 oi lm Table 4.2: Guidance on island freshwater vulnerability 52 Table 4.3 Data used for research 54 z at nh Table 5.1: Some of Driving forces (D) 56 Table 5.2: Pressure on water resources (P) 57 z gm @ Table 5.3: Group indicates status, state of water resources (S) 58 Table 5.4: Impacts can occur on the Island (I) 59 l Table 5.5 Group directive indicates the response (R) 59 m co Table 5.6: Water resources stress on Phu Quoc Island 61 an Lu Table 5.7: Population of the Island is supplied with the clean water 63 n va ac th si Table 5.8: Water Development Pressures on Phu Quoc Island 63 Table 5.9: Water Development Pressures on Phu Quoc Island 65 Table 5.9: Rate of households using hygienic toilet 68 Table 5.10: The population with access to a sanitation in the Island 69 Table 5.11: Water Use Efficiency Parameter on Phu Quoc Island 70 Table 5.12: Management Challenges on Phu Quoc Island 70 Table 5.13: Weight given for each parameter in the calculation 70 lu an of the vulnerability index (VI) 70 n va Table 5.14: T h e calculation of the vulnerability index (VI) 71 p ie gh tn to Table 5.15: Summary of Vulnerability Parameters of Phu Quoc Island 72 d oa nl w oi lm ul nf va an lu z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS lu an n va Access to Improved Source of Drinking Water CV Coefficient of Variation DP Development Pressures DPSIR Driver, Pressure, Status, Impact, Response EH Ecological Health ENSO El nino Southern Oscillation ES Ecological Insecurities tn to AISDW Gross Domestic Product GEO Global Environment Outlook (UnEP) p ie gh GDP Integrated Water Resources Management Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development oa MC nl MARD w IWRM Management challenges d Millennium Development Goals MOC Ministry of Construction MOIT Ministry of Industry and Trade MOH Ministry of Health MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NAWAPI National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation RS Resource Stresses SOPAC The South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission UNEP United nations Environment Programme VAW Vietnam Acadeny for Water resources VI Vulnerability index VNWA Vietnam Water Agency oi lm ul nf va an lu MDG z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w oi lm ul nf va an lu z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si