(Luận văn thạc sĩ) cyberbullying among young adults during covid 19 pandemic a case study on vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGO THU TRANG CYBERBULLYING AMONG YOUNG ADULTS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: h A CASE STUDY ON VIETNAM MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGO THU TRANG CYBERBULLYING AMONG YOUNG ADULTS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A CASE STUDY ON VIETNAM h MAJOR: GLOBAL LEADERSHIP CODE: 8310210.01QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Prof Dr YASUSHI KATSUMA Dr NGUYEN THI HUE Hanoi, 2022 STATEMENT OF COMMITMENT With personal honor, I guarantee that this study’s result is my own and it does not violate the Regulation on prevention of plagiarism in academic and scientific research activities at Vietnam Japan University (Issued together with Decision No 700/QĐ-ĐHVN dated 30/09/2021 by Rector of Vietnam Japan University) This study is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the master’s degree in Global Leadership Signature Ngo Thu Trang h Date: September - 2022 ABSTRACT This research aims to study the reality of young people's awareness of cyberbullying At the same time, examine the perceptions of Vietnamese young adults about cyberbullying mitigation programs promoted by the Vietnamese government and International Organizations during a sensitive time of the COVID-19 pandemic The study will focus on university students between 18 and 24 years old, with the highest number of social media users This study will use documentary analysis to understand the reality of cyberbullying programs promoted by the Vietnamese government and international organizations/NGOs The cyberbullying awareness level of university students will be examined and collected through a mixed method This study involved 207 undergraduate students at universities in Vietnam Research results show that during the COVID-19 pandemic, Vietnam approved the first National Program on online child safety for the period 2021-2025 So far, the program has achieved its goals in preparation, such as implementing some products and tools, such as the Vietnam Cybersecurity emergency Response Teams/Coordination Center h (CERT/CC), Code of conduct on social networks, 111 - National Child Helpline, and so on At the same time, international organizations/NGOs operating in Vietnam have also implemented programs to raise awareness of young people about cyberbullying The results after surveying 207 students show that young people in Vietnam are basically aware of the characteristics of cyberbullying However, more than 50 percent of them are unaware of the programs and tools to mitigate cyberbullying promoted by the Vietnamese government and UNICEF during the COVID-19 pandemic In-depth interviews with five students showed that almost all of them agreed that UNICEF's awareness program was informative and easy to understand However, it needs further promotion in order to reach more young people Key words: Cyberbullying, Young Adults, awareness, mitigate cyberbullying, university students, Vietnam, Covid-19 pandemic ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My research would not be complete without the cooperation and guidance of so many people I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to those who have always accompanied and supported me during my study and thesis work First and foremost, I am deeply grateful to my supervisors, Prof Yasushi KATSUMA and Dr Nguyen Thi Hue, for their invaluable advice, continuous support, and patience during my Master's study Their immense knowledge and plentiful experience have encouraged me continually throughout my academic research and daily life I would like to thank Dr JungHyun Jasmine Ryu for her valuable advice, patience, and comments throughout my thesis have helped me better orient my research I would also like to extend my deepest gratitude to all the lecturers and members of the Global Leadership program for their encouragement, patience, and time to support me tremendously academically and spiritually I am deeply indebted to h Prof Pham Hong Tung and Prof Kazuo KURODA has always given me valuable advice during classes to help me to have the knowledge base to carry out my thesis Special thanks to Ms Nguyen Thi Thu Trang and Ms Ngo Thien My, our program assistant, who is incredibly responsive and has always silently accompanied me in the process of writing the thesis I had the great pleasure of working with all my friends in the Global Leadership program Their kindness and support made my time at Vietnam Japan University memorable Finally, I would also like to thank my family for always accompanying and encouraging me from behind, giving me a lot of motivation and confidence to complete the thesis My thanks go to all the people who have supported me through the research process directly or indirectly TABLE OF CONTENTS h TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………… i LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………… ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………… iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………… ……………………… CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………4 2.1 Bullying and Cyberbullying.………………………………………………… 2.2 Types of Cyberbullying……………………………………………………… 2.3 Reasons and impact of cyberbullying………………………………………… 2.4 Cyberbullying awareness……………………………………………………… 2.5 Mitigate cyberbullying………………………………………………………… 2.6 Cyberbullying during the COVID-19 pandemic…………………………… 10 2.7 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………… 11 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY……………… 12 3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………………12 3.1.1 Operationalization……………………………………………………….12 3.1.2 Research objectives and significance of the study…………………… 14 3.1.2.1 Research objectives……………………………………………… 14 3.1.2.2 Significance of the study………………………………………… 14 3.1.3 Research questions………………………………………………………14 3.1.4 Analytical framework………………………………………………… 15 3.1.5 Expected findings……………………………………………………… 16 3.2 Methodology………………………………………………………………… 16 3.2.1 Case study……………………………………………………………….16 3.2.2 Participants…………………………………………………………… 17 3.2.3 Document analysis method design…………………………………… 19 3.2.4 Mixed-methods design………………………………………………… 21 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………….23 4.1 Descriptive analysis………………………………………………………… 23 4.1.1 Respondents’ demographics…………………………………………… 23 4.1.2 Respondents' social media usage habits……………………………… 24 4.2 Cyberbullying mitigation Programs………………………………………… 27 4.3 Cyberbullying awareness of young adults…………………………………… 41 4.4 Young adults awareness of cyberbullying mitigate programs……………… 49 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………… 58 5.1 Implication…………………………………………………………………… 58 5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….58 5.3 Recommendation…………………………………………………………… 59 5.4 Limitation and future research……………………………………………… 60 APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………… 66 Appendix A: Survey form in Vietnamese………………………………………… 66 Appendix B: Survey form in English……………………………………………… 72 Appendix C: Interview guide in Vietnamese………………………………………78 Appendix D: Interview guide in English………………………………………… 80 h LIST OF TABLES Tables Page Table 2.1 Detailed information about types of cyberbullying compiled by the author Table 3.1 Analytical framework created by the author……………………………… 15 Table 3.2 Total number of participating samples…………………………………… 19 Table 3.3 Questionnaire framework………………………………………………… 22 Table 4.1 Overview of the main content of documents related to cyber bullying mitigate programs.…………………………………………………………………… 28 Table 4.2 Overview of Programs to mitigate cyberbullying during the COVID-19 pandemic compiled by the author.……………………………………………………30 Table 4.3 Overview of the legal framework in Vietnam on cyber bullying.…………37 Table 4.4 Describe people who are vulnerable to becoming victims of cyber bullying.……………………………………………………………………… 45 Table 4.5 The relationship between Awareness cyberbullying and Gender………….47 Table 4.6 Comparison table of before and after awareness of interviewees about the cyberbullying awareness campaign promoted by UNICEF………………………… 55 h i LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page Figure 2.1 Types of cyberbullying (Kumar, A., Sachdeva, N., 2019) Figure 3.1 Describullyiption of the target population of the study by the author……18 Figure 3.2 The process of searching and identifying documents was created by the author based on the document selection description framework of Chan et al (2021)20 Figure 4.1 Gender…………………………………………………………………… 23 Figure 4.2 Age group……………………………………………………………… 24 Figure 4.3 Academic year…………………………………………………………… 24 Figure 4.4 The most used social media platform per day…………………………… 25 Figure 4.5 Time spent on social media per day…………………………………… 26 Figure 4.6 Social media usage has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic…… 26 Figure 4.7 Descriptive Statistics for Cyberbullying Awareness Of Vietnam Young Adults (N=207) 44 Figure 4.8 Experience being bullied or witness cyberbullying during the COVID-19 pandemic…………………………………………………………………………… 48 h Figure 4.9 Places where young people often get information about cyber bullying 50 Figure 4.10 Level of understanding of young adults regarding the Vietnamese Government's “Program to protect and support children to interact in the cyber environment healthily and creatively in the 2021-2025 period” 51 Figure 4.11 Level of understanding of young adults regarding Vietnam's National Child Helpline……………………………………………………………………… 52 Figure 4.12 Level of understanding of young adults regarding "Vietnam Network for Child Online Protection (VN-COP) (https://vn-cop.vn/)" 53 Figure 4.13 Level of understanding of young adults regarding the campaign "Cyberbullying: What is it and how to stop it: 10 things teens want to know about cyberbullying" promoted by UNICEF……………………………………………… 54 Figure 4.14 Suggest the best way to prevent cyberbullying on social media……… 57 ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CB DCB ICB ICT COVID-19 Cyberbullying Direct Cyberbullying Indirect Cyberbullying Information and Communications Technology Coronavirus disease 2019 h ii Vui lòng chọn lựa chọn bạn Nhấp vào nút “Đồng ý” nếu: - Bạn đọc thông tin - Bạn tự nguyện đồng ý tham gia khảo sát - Bạn từ 18 tuổi trở lên A Đồng ý B Không đồng ý Vui lòng chọn tuổi bạn A 18 B 19 C 20 D 21 E 22 F 23 G 24 H 25 tuổi trở lên Giới tính bạn gì? A Nam B Nữ h Bạn sinh viên đại học năm mấy? A Sinh viên năm B Sinh viên năm hai C Sinh viên năm thứ ba D Sinh viên năm cuối Nền tảng truyền thông xã hội bạn sử dụng nhiều ngày (chọn tất tảng phù hợp) A Không chơi mạng xã hội B Facebook C Instagram D Twitter E Tiktok F YouTube G Khác Thời gian bạn dành cho mạng xã hội ngày A Không chơi mạng xã hội B Dưới C 2–3 D 4–5 E Hơn Việc sử dụng mạng xã hội bạn tăng lên đại dịch COVID-19 A Hồn tồn khơng đồng ý B Không đồng ý 67 C Trung lập D Đồng ý E Hoàn toàn đồng ý Quan điểm bạn bắt nạt trực tuyến thông qua nhận định sau: Hoàn toàn không đồng ý Không đồng ý Trung lập Đồng ý Hồn tồn đồng ý Thanh thiếu niên cố tình thực hành vi ác ý, lặp lặp lại có chủ đích, gây nguy hại cho người khác, cách sử dụng công nghệ thông tin truyền thông môi trường ảo Bắt nạt mạng thực người lớn Những kẻ bắt nạt có nhiều khả nam giới nữ giới h 10 Trẻ em có khả tiếp xúc với hành vi đe dọa trực tuyến 11 Bắt nạt trực tuyến thực hành vi đe dọa thông qua phương tiện truyền thông Internet (chat room, nhắn tin, email, v.v.) điện thoại 12 Bắt nạt trực tuyến làm tổn hại danh tiếng người khác cách phát tán tin đồn thất thiệt 13 Những kẻ bắt nạt chia sẻ thông tin cá nhân hình ảnh người mà họ muốn làm tổn thương 14 Những kẻ bắt nạt sử dụng thông tin cá nhân hình ảnh người mà họ muốn làm hại để tống tiền 68 15 Những kẻ bắt nạt chiếm lấy mật tài khoản người làm hỏng mối quan hệ chủ sở hữu tài khoản với người khác 16 Những kẻ bắt nạt tập hợp với người dùng khác môi trường ảo để buộc người bị loại khỏi nhóm rời khỏi môi trường 17 Bắt nạt mạng gia tăng đại dịch COVID-19 18 Bạn có bị bắt nạt hay chứng kiến hành vi bắt nạt trực tuyến đại dịch COVID-19 không? A Rồi, B Chưa trải qua C Không h 19 Bạn thường tiếp cận thông tin Bắt nạt trực tuyến đâu? (chọn tất phương án phù hợp) A Kênh thơng tin thức phủ Việt Nam (ví dụ: truyền hình báo chí) B Các chương trình chiến dịch Tổ chức Quốc tế / Tổ chức Phi Chính phủ (ví dụ: UNICEF, v.v.) C Mạng xã hội (ví dụ: Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, v.v.) D Trường học E Giáo viên F Bạn bè G Gia đình H Khác 20 Bạn biết đến chương trình hay chiến dịch nhằm giảm thiểu bắt nạt trực tuyến phủ Việt Nam qua kênh nào? (chọn tất phương án phù hợp) A Truyền hình B Báo chí C Mạng xã hội (Ví dụ: Facebook, Youtube, twitter, v.v.) D Trường học E Giáo viên F Bạn bè G Gia đình 21 Mức độ hiểu biết bạn “Chương trình bảo vệ hỗ trợ trẻ em tương tác 69 lành mạnh, sáng tạo môi trường mạng giai đoạn 2021-2025.” Chính phủ Việt Nam? A Chưa nghe đến B Tơi nghe nói khơng hiểu C Hiểu biết mục tiêu chung chương trình D Hiểu rõ ràng chương trình 22 Tổng đài điện thoại Quốc gia Bảo vệ Trẻ em gì? A 111 B 112 C 113 D 114 E 115 F Tôi 23 Mức độ hiểu biết bạn “Mạng lưới ứng cứu, bảo vệ trẻ em môi trường mạng VN-COP (https://vn-cop.vn/)” Chính phủ Việt Nam thực hiện? A Chưa nghe đến B Tôi nghe nói trang web khơng hiểu C Hiểu biết mục đích trang web D Hiểu rõ ràng trang web h 24 Bạn biết đến chương trình chiến dịch UNICEF giảm thiểu bắt nạt mạng qua kênh nào? (chọn tất phương án phù hợp) A Truyền hình B Báo chí C Website UNICEF D Mạng xã hội (Ví dụ: Facebook, Youtube, twitter, v.v.) E Trường học F Giáo viên G Bạn bè H Gia đình 25 Mức độ hiểu biết bạn chiến dịch "Bắt nạt trực tuyến làm để ngăn chặn nó: 10 điều thiếu niên cần biết bắt nạt trực tuyến." UNICEF thúc đẩy thực hiện? A Chưa nghe đến B Tôi nghe nói khơng hiểu C Hiểu biết chiến dịch D Hiểu rõ ràng chiến dịch 26 Bạn đánh giá hiệu chương trình UNICEF thúc đẩy việc nâng cao nhận thức giới trẻ nạn bắt nạt mạng? A Rất tốt B Tốt C Bình thường 70 D Khơng tốt E Kém 27 Bạn nghĩ cách tốt để ngăn chặn đe dọa trực tuyến mạng xã hội gì? (chỉ chọn tối đa phương án bạn cho tốt nhất) A Dịch vụ tư vấn cộng đồng, nơi mà nạn nhân nhận trợ giúp (ví dụ: đường dây nóng Helpline) B Các nhà cung cấp dịch vụ chịu trách nhiệm nhiều thơng tin trực tuyến (Ví dụ: sách bảo vệ người dùng Facebook) C Xây dựng thực thi pháp luật bắt nạt mạng D Các chương trình hay chiến dịch nâng cao nhận thức, chống lại bắt nạt mạng (Ví dụ: chiến dịch #CreateKindness, chiến dịch #stopcyberbullying, etc) E Báo cáo với Cơ quan công an/ Nhà trường/ Gia đình (những nơi thân cận bảo vệ nạn nhân) F Tự thân lên tiếng đối mặt với hành vi bắt nạt Nếu bạn quan tâm tới vấn đề bắt nạt mạng sẵn sàng cung cấp thêm nhiều thông tin trải nghiệm thân vấn đề này, để lại email Tôi chủ động liên hệ bạn để vấn sâu (không bắt buộc) -Hết! h 71 Appendix B: Survey form in English Survey on the awareness of Vixietnamese young adults about cyberbullying during the COVID-19 pandemic Dear Sir/Madam, My name is Ngo Thu Trang I am a master's student in the Global Leadership program at Vietnam Japan University I am currently undertaking a research project as part of my master's studies under the supervision of Professor KATSUMA Yasushi from Waseda University and Dr Nguyen Thi Hue from the Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences This research project aims to study the reality of young people's awareness of cyberbullying At the same time, examine the perceptions of Vietnamese young adults about cyberbullying mitigation programs promoted by the Vietnamese government and International Organizations during a sensitive time of the COVID-19 pandemic I would like to invite you to participate in this research project This would involve you completing a short online questionnaire with about 27 multiple-choice questions Your answers will only require simple clicks with no typing necessary h It is expected that the questionnaire will take about 15 minutes to complete If you consent to participate, your responses will be kept confidential The information provided will be used solely for this research project No person other than my supervisors and I will have access to the information you provide Participation in this study is voluntary Upon completion of the research, all questionnaires will be securely stored Your responses are valuable because it helps us learn more about the reality of young people's awareness to serve as a basis to support the Government, International Organizations, and Schools to have effective policies in protecting young people from cyberbullying If you have any questions or need more information, please contact or email me at the following address: thutrangng3@gmail.com or 20117043@st.vju.ac.vn We greatly value your cooperation Thank you for your time and consideration! 72 Please select your choice below Clicking on the “Agree” button indicates that - You have read the above information - You voluntarily agree to participate - You are 18 years of age or older A Agree B Disagree 1.Please select your age A 18 B 19 C 20 D 21 E 22 F 23 G 24 H 25 & over What is your gender? A Male B Female h What year are you in university? A Freshman B Sophomore C Junior/ Third-year student D Senior/ Final year students The most used social media platform per day (select all that apply) A Does not play social media B Facebook C Instagram D Twitter E Tiktok F YouTube G Others Time spent on social media per day A Does not play social media B Less than h C 2–3 h D 4–5 h E More than 6h Your social media usage increased during the COVID-19 pandemic A Strongly disagree B Disagree C Neutral 73 D Agree E Strongly agree Your perspective on cyberbullying through the following statements: Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree Cyberbullying is done by only adults Cyberbullies are more likely to be men than women 10 Children have a low possibility of being exposed to cyberbullying behavior 11 Cyberbully uses threatening behavior via communication media over the Internet (chat rooms, instant messaging,email, etc.) or telephone 12 Cyberbully would damage the reputation of others by distributing gossip and rumors 13 Cyberbullies share the private information, images, and photos of the people that they want to hurt 14 Cyberbullies use the private information, images, and photos of the people that they want to harm for blackmailing h Students are deliberately exposed to repeated and intentional malicious behavior that causes harm to others,by the use of information and communication technologies in the virtual environments 74 15 Cyberbullies seize the password of a person’s account and damage the account owner’s relations with others 16 Cyberbullies gather with other users in a virtual environment to force a person to be excluded from the group or leave the environment 17 Cyberbullying increased during the COVID-19 pandemic 18 Have you been bullied or witnessed cyberbullying during the COVID-19 pandemic? A Yes, I used to B Never experienced C I am not sure h 19 Where you get information about cyberbullying? (select all that apply) A Official information channel from the Vietnamese government (eg: television or press) B Programs and campaigns of International Organizations/Non-Governmental Organizations (eg: UNICEF, etc) C Social networks (eg: Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, etc) D Schools E Teacher F Friend G Family H Others 20 Through which channels did you know about the Vietnamese government's programs on mitigating cyberbullying? (select all that apply) A Television B Newspapers C Social Networks (Example: Facebook, Youtube, twitter, etc) D Schools E Teacher F Friend G Family 21 What is your level of understanding about the Vietnamese Government's “Program to protect and support children to interact in the cyber environment healthily and creatively in the 2021-2025 period”? A Never heard of B I've heard of it but don't understand 75 C Basic understanding of the program's general objective D Clearly understood about this program 22 What is Vietnam's National Child Helpline? A 111 B 112 C 113 D 114 E 115 F I not know 23 What is your level of understanding about "Vietnam Network for Child Online Protection (VN-COP) (https://vn-cop.vn/)"? A Never heard of B I've heard of it but don't understand C Basic understanding of the purpose of this website D Clearly understood about this website h 24 Through which channels did you know about UNICEF programs or campaigns on mitigating cyberbullying? (select all that apply) A Television B Newspapers C UNICEF website D Social Networks (Example: Facebook, Youtube, twitter, etc) E Schools F Teacher G Friend H Family 25 What is your level of understanding about the campaign "Cyberbullying: What is it and how to stop it: 10 things teens want to know about cyberbullying" promoted by UNICEF? A Never heard of B I've heard of it but don't understand C Basic understanding of this campaign D Clearly understood of this campaign 26 How would you rate the effectiveness of programs promoted by UNICEF in raising awareness among young people about cyberbullying? A Excellent B Above Average C Average D Below Average E Very Poor 27 What would you suggest is the best way to prevent cyberbullying on social media? (select only up to options you think are best) 76 A Community counseling services, where victims can get help (Example: Helpline) B Service providers take more responsibility for online information (Example: Facebook's user protection policy) C Developing and enforcing laws on cyberbullying D Programs or campaigns to raise awareness of cyberbullying (Example: #CreateKindness campaign, #stopcyberbullying campaign, etc.) E Report to the Police/School/ Family (close places can protect the victim) F Speak up for yourself and face bullying behavior If you are concerned about cyberbullying and are willing to provide more information and your own experience with it, please leave an email below I will actively contact you for an in-depth interview (optional) -END! h 77 Appendix C: Interview guide in Vietnamese Hướng dẫn vấn thực trạng nhận thức thiếu niên Việt Nam tượng bắt nạt trực tuyến thời điểm đại dịch COVID-19 ID người vấn: Ngày vấn: Hình thức vấn: Tệp ghi âm: Thông tin người vấn: Người Họ Tên: vấn Giới tính: Tuổi: Trường: h Chuyên ngành: Câu hỏi vấn: Thói quen sử dụng mạng xã hội Bạn sử dụng tảng mạng xã hội nào? Mạng xã hội bạn sử dụng nhiều nhất? Bạn sử dụng mạng xã hội ngày bao lâu? Sử dụng liên tục hay chia nhỏ thời gian? Bạn có sử dụng mạng xã hội nhiều thời gian lockdown đại dịch COVID-19 không? Được sử dụng cho mục đích gì? Nhận thức Bắt nạt trực tuyến Theo bạn, bắt nạt mạng gì? (hãy định nghĩa bắt nạt mạng theo quan điểm bạn) Bạn chứng kiến người xung quanh bị bắt nạt mạng chưa? Bạn thường làm chứng kiến cảnh bắt nạt mạng? (Vui lịng mơ tả xảy ra) Theo bạn, kiểu người dễ trở thành nạn nhân bắt nạt mạng? (Giới tính, tuổi tác? Những người 78 trẻ bị bắt nạt mạng không? Tại sao?) Bạn nghĩ bắt nạt mạng có gia tăng thời điểm đại dịch COVID-19 không? Nhận thức đánh giá chương trình giảm thiểu bắt nạt trực tuyến Bạn tiếp cận hay biết đến thông tin bắt nạt mạng qua kênh nào? Bạn có biết đến chương trình “Chương trình bảo vệ hỗ trợ trẻ em tương tác lành mạnh, sáng tạo mơi trường mạng giai đoạn 2021-2025.” phủ Việt Nam khơng? (Nếu chưa cung cấp thơng tin) 10 Sau nắm rõ công cụ giải pháp nhằm bảo vệ trẻ em khỏi bắt nạt mạng phủ Việt Nam cung cấp, cơng cụ có giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách thức báo cáo trường hợp bắt nạt mạng khơng? Bạn có sẵn sàng báo cáo hành vi bắt nạt mạng thông qua cơng cụ khơng? Vì sao? 11 Bạn có biết đến chiến dịch "Bắt nạt trực tuyến làm để ngăn chặn nó: 10 điều thiếu niên cần biết bắt nạt trực tuyến." UNICEF thúc đẩy thực nhằm nâng cao nhận thức giới trẻ bắt nạt mạng không? (Nếu chưa cung cấp thơng tin) h 12 Sau đọc thông tin UNICEF cung cấp từ chiến dịch, thơng tin có giúp cao nhận thức bạn bắt nạt mạng không? So sánh trước biết đến thông tin sau đọc nó, hiểu biết bạn thay đổi nào? 13 Bạn nghĩ có trách nhiệm cao việc bảo vệ người trẻ tuổi khỏi bị đe dọa mạng? 14 Bạn nghĩ giải pháp giúp hạn chế bắt nạt mạng? 15 Có nên xây dựng áp dụng luật pháp để giải vấn đề bắt nạt mạng không? Mức độ pháp lý đủ để ngăn chặn kẻ bắt nạt? (3 mức: cảnh cáo, phạt tiền trách nhiệm hình sự) Hết! 79 Appendix D: Interview guide in English Interview guide on the awareness of Vixietnamese young adults about cyberbullying during the COVID-19 pandemic Interview ID: Date: Type of interview: Record file: Interviewee information: Interviewee Name: Gender: Age: Name of university: h Major: Interview questions: Habits of using social networks What social networking platforms you currently use? Which social network are you using the most? How long you use social media every day? Continuous use or split time? Has your social media usage increased during the COVID-19 pandemic? What is the purpose of your use of social media? Cyberbully- In your opinion, what is cyberbullying? (Please define ing cyberbullying from your point of view) Awareness Have you ever witnessed people around you being bullied online? What you usually when you catch sight of cyberbullying? (Please describe what happened) In your opinion, what types of people are more likely to become victims of cyberbullying? 80 (Gender, age? Are young people vulnerable to cyberbullying? Why?) Do you think cyberbullying has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic? Awareness and assessment of cyberbullyi ng mitigation programs Through what channels did you access or know information about cyberbullying? Did you know the program “Program to protect and support children to interact in the cyber environment healthily and creatively in the 2021-2025 period” of the Vietnamese government? (If not, I will provide information) 10 After reading the documents about the solution tools to protect children from cyberbullying provided by the Vietnamese government, these tools help you better understand how to report cases of cyberbullying? Are you willing to report cyberbullying through these tools? Why? h 11 Did you know the campaign "Cyberbullying: What is it and how to stop it: 10 things teens want to know about cyberbullying" promoted by UNICEF to raise awareness among young people about cyberbullying? (If not, I will provide information) 12 After reading the information provided by UNICEF from the campaign, did this information help increase your awareness of cyberbullying? (Comparing before knowing this information and after reading it, how has your understanding changed?) 13 Whom you think should be the most responsible for protecting young people from cyberbullying? 14 What solutions you think will help limit cyberbullying? 15 Should legislation be developed and applied to tackle cyberbullying? What level of legislation is enough to deter bullies? (3 levels: warning, fine and criminal liability) END! 81