Aims of the studyThe aims of the study: - To investigate the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese proverbs and idioms denoting human characteristics through images
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
In today's globalized world, the importance of the English language is increasingly evident, particularly in Vietnam, where learning English has become a primary focus for students However, many face challenges, especially when it comes to understanding idioms and proverbs, which are unique to each culture yet often share common themes Mastering these idiomatic expressions enriches language skills and enhances communication, especially with native speakers Unfortunately, Vietnamese learners often study English without a deep understanding of its cultural nuances, leading to misunderstandings and ineffective communication Each language embodies distinct cultural values, beliefs, and social norms, making idioms and proverbs vital for grasping the essence of a language Their figurative nature adds depth and vibrancy to conversations, highlighting the necessity of using them appropriately in context As language and culture are intertwined, recognizing the cultural elements in communication and language education is essential for effective interaction.
The author, with a long-standing interest in idioms and proverbs, has chosen to explore this topic for their thesis Given the constraints of time and knowledge, the focus is narrowed to a specific area: a contrastive analysis of animal-related proverbs and idioms in English and their Vietnamese equivalents.
This article aims to provide an overview of proverbs and idioms, with a specific focus on a contrastive analysis of animal-related expressions in English and Vietnamese The author hopes to assist learners in overcoming challenges associated with understanding English proverbs and idioms.
Aims of the study
The aims of the study:
- To investigate the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese proverbs and idioms denoting human characteristics through images of animals
- To provide some suggestions for the teaching and learning of the English proverbs and idioms relating to animals.
Research questions
- What are the similarities and differences of English and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs about human characteristics through the images of animals?
- What are suggestions for the teaching and learning of English proverbs and idioms relating to animals?
Scope of the study
Proverbs and idioms play a significant role in both English and Vietnamese languages Due to the extensive nature of these expressions, a comprehensive study is challenging Therefore, this article will specifically focus on select proverbs and idioms that relate to animals.
This study explores the cultural, customary, and religious differences in English and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs that depict human traits through animal imagery.
This research compiles commonly used English and Vietnamese proverbs and idioms related to animals, sourced from various dictionaries and books However, it may not encompass all such expressions, focusing instead on those that are widely recognized.
Methods of the study
Gathering resources from various sources such as the internet, reference books, dictionaries, and publications on languages, idioms, proverbs, and metaphors in both English and Vietnamese is essential for understanding idiomatic expressions This comprehensive collection includes materials from magazines, newspapers, and other relevant literature that explore the nuances of idioms and proverbs.
‘animals’ is taken into consideration
- Comparative analysis to point out similarities and differences between English proverbs and idioms related to animals and Vietnamese ones.
Design of the study
The study begins with acknowledgment, abstract, declaration, table of content
The main body of the study is divided into 4 chapters:
Including the rationale, aims of the study, methods of the study, scope of the study, research questions, and design of the study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
An overview of idiom
Vietnamese idioms, as defined by Hoang Phe (1988), are fixed expressions whose meanings cannot be understood solely through the individual words that compose them Nguyen Thien Giap (1975) describes idioms as identifiers that convey specific concepts through particular images and symbols Nguyen Dinh Hung (2007) notes that these idioms often consist of incomplete grammatical structures, typically appearing as words or phrases rather than full sentences They primarily serve a figurative purpose rather than an educational one, as illustrated by the idiom "mặt hoa da phấn," which evokes the image of a beautiful woman without imparting any ethical lessons or critiques.
Vietnamese idioms, often found in proverbs, folk songs, and literature, are formed from incomplete words that require a sentence for full meaning For instance, the idiom “công dã tràng” is meaningful only when used in context, such as in the sentences “đúng là công dã tràng” or “chuyện anh làm chỉ là công dã tràng.” Instead of conveying ideas literally, these idioms enhance speech, making it more expressive and humorous For example, to describe someone who works inconsistently, one might say, “hắn ta đi làm bữa đực bữa cái.”
Idioms are concise expressions rooted in historical stories, folk tales, or classic references, allowing listeners to grasp the speaker's intent quickly Many Vietnamese idioms are derived from Chinese origins, yet they have been skillfully adapted to reflect Vietnamese culture and communication styles For instance, this transformation showcases the unique linguistic blend that characterizes Vietnamese idiomatic expressions.
“huynh đệ thủ túc”, in Vietnamese, we have this equivalence “anh em như thể tay chân”
According to Cambridge Dictionary: “an idiom is a group of words in a fixed order that have a particular meaning that is different from the meanings of each word on its own”
An idiom consists of a group of words that convey a meaning distinct from the individual meanings of each word when considered separately As noted by Seidl and McMordie (1988, p 12), the arrangement of these words can often appear unusual, illogical, or even grammatically incorrect.
Words often appear in groups, known as expressions, with idioms being a prevalent form of these expressions According to Wright (2000), idioms possess their own grammatical structure, and many idiomatic phrases are fixed, meaning they cannot be altered.
Two heads are better than one
The phrase "at sixes and sevens" describes a state of confusion or disarray By altering the tense and pronouns, we can express this sentiment in various forms, such as "I am at sixes and sevens," "She is at sixes and sevens," or "We are all at sixes and sevens." This flexibility allows for a broader application of the expression in different contexts.
An idiom, as defined by Wright (2000, p.7), is a fixed expression recognized by native speakers, meaning that it cannot be created arbitrarily Additionally, idioms employ language in a metaphorical and non-literal manner.
Tin is up to his eyes in work now
At the meeting, I felt a bit out of my depth
I was over the moon when I heard she’d had twins
It broke my mother’s heart to see her home burnt to the ground
Being "up to your eyes" indicates a state of being extremely busy When someone is "out of their depth," it suggests they are in a situation they cannot fully understand or manage Feeling "over the moon" signifies immense joy about a particular event or situation Conversely, if something "breaks your heart," it reflects deep sadness or sorrow.
In these examples, it is clear that the idiom is a whole expression This is the traditional view of idioms
Idiom regularly has a stronger meaning than non-idiomatic phrases For instance,
The phrase "look daggers at someone" conveys a stronger sentiment than simply looking angrily at someone, despite their similar meanings This idiom often reflects the user's specific attitude, which can range from disapproval and irritation to humor and admiration.
Idioms play a crucial role in everyday English, as they are frequently encountered in speaking, reading, and listening Their metaphorical meanings often take precedence over literal interpretations, making it essential to understand both to fully grasp their usage Additionally, learning idioms adds a fun and engaging element to language acquisition, enhancing the richness of communication and making it more memorable Ultimately, incorporating idioms into our language skills not only makes our English sound more natural but also enriches our overall learning experience.
The idiom is characterized by a variety of features, but they can be divided into two categories: semantic and syntactic peculiarities
In terms of semantic peculiarities, Jackson and Amvela (2000, p 67) indicate that idiom has “ambiguity”, which means that idiom may have either a literal or idiomatic meaning For example,
The phrase "beat a dead horse" can refer both to literally striking a deceased animal and to wasting time on a matter that has already been resolved Similarly, "to sit on the fence" has a literal meaning of physically sitting on a fence, but idiomatically it signifies indecision or reluctance to take a stance on an issue, as seen with a politician avoiding a clear opinion on tax matters Once readers or listeners recognize an expression as an idiom, they tend to disregard its literal interpretation and focus on its figurative meaning, aided by the context in which the idiom is used, which helps clarify any potential ambiguity.
Another noticeable semantic feature of the idiom is affirmed by Cruse (1986, p.37):
“although an idiom consists of more than one word, it displays to some extent the sort of internal cohesion that we expect of single a word
An idiom can be defined as a lexical complex that maintains semantic simplicity, which contributes to its lexical integrity This semantic coherence imposes various syntactic constraints on idioms, highlighting their grammatical uniqueness.
The first constraints are on replacements or substitutions Fernando (c.1996, pp 43-
45) shows that an idiom may be varied in terms of number and tense (inflectional changes) or the replacement of one structure word like an article by another or by zero He gives some examples:
“ He smelt a rat and he kept mum” (past tense, past time)
( The Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English 1983)
“ Everybody smells a rat in a doctored obituary, even the window”
Most idioms function as indivisible units, meaning their components cannot be altered For instance, some idioms do not allow pluralization, such as "kick the bucket" or "smell a rat," while others do not permit singularization, like "twiddle one’s thumbs" or "raining cats and dogs." Additionally, replacing specific words within idioms with synonyms is often not permissible; for example, in the phrase "we look forward to meeting you," substituting "look" with "see" or "watch" results in a non-idiomatic expression Similarly, in "wash one’s dirty linen in public," 'linen' cannot be exchanged for 'socks,' and 'thought' cannot be replaced by 'idea' in the idiom "have second thoughts."
Idiom also resists re-ordering of its parts We consider “ John kicked the bucket” In the literal sense, this expression has a passive variant, “ The bucket was kicked by
The idiomatic expression "kicked the bucket" means "died," but it cannot be used in a passive form Additionally, variations in word order, such as "The short and the long of it" or "What Peter pulled was his sister’s leg," are not permissible.
An overview of proverb
A proverb is a succinct expression that conveys a general truth or piece of advice, and while various definitions exist, there is no universally accepted one that encompasses all its facets Researchers from both Vietnam and abroad have provided diverse interpretations of proverbs, highlighting their cultural significance and linguistic nuances.
Lord John Russell (c.1850) observed poetically that a “proverb is the wit of one, and the wisdom of many”( quoted by Wolfgang Mieder, 1993, p 25) But giving the word
“proverb” the sort of definition theorists need has proven to be a difficult task, and although scholars often quote
Archer Taylor argues that creating a scientific definition of a proverb is challenging and may not justify the effort, stating, “An incommunicable quality tells us this sentence is proverbial and that one is not.” This suggests that no definition can definitively categorize a sentence as a proverb Despite this complexity, many scholars have sought to outline the key characteristics of proverbs.
According to Wolfgang Mieder (1993), a proverb is defined as a concise and widely recognized expression that conveys wisdom, truth, morals, and traditional beliefs in a metaphorical and easily memorable manner, passed down through generations.
Proverbs are a form of traditional literature that encapsulate the collective experiences and wisdom of a community into short, memorable, and rhyming phrases These concise sayings are designed to be easily communicated and remembered, making them a valuable tool for conveying important life lessons and cultural values.
In "Tục ngữ Việt Nam", when referring to the meaning of proverbs, Chu Xuan Dien
(1975, p 197) wrote: "A proverb usually has two meanings: literal and figurative" This is a concept that many people agree with
Hoang Tien Tuu (1999, p.132) He said: “Some proverbs have only one meaning.” Example:
Khoai ưa lạ, mạ ưa quen Một búi cỏ, một giỏ phân
Proverbs are a significant aspect of language, often rich in multiple meanings and high quality They can be categorized into two main types: simple proverbs, which convey a literal meaning, and polymorphic proverbs, which possess various interpretations.
Mưa tháng bảy gãy cành trám Dao thử trầu héo, kéo thử lụa sô
Although the above definitions are different in some ways, they still have similarities: a saying expressing a truth, moral instruction, or giving advice
According to the website ReadWriteThink proverb have some following features such as:
Proverbs are passed down through time with little change in form
Proverbs often carry metaphorical meanings that help us understand their deeper significance For example, "a stitch in time saves nine" emphasizes the importance of addressing small problems before they escalate, while "don’t count your chickens before they’ve hatched" warns against relying on uncertain outcomes Additionally, "don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater" advises against discarding valuable things along with the undesirable Despite the changing contexts, these proverbs remain relevant, illustrating timeless wisdom in everyday decision-making.
Proverbs often make use of grammatical and rhetorical devices that help make them memorable, including alliteration, rhyme, parallel structure, repetition of keywords or phrases, and strong imagery
Norrick (1985) categorizes proverbs from the Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs into five types based on their figurative language: synecdoche, metaphoric, metonymic, hyperbolic, and paradoxical He emphasizes that figurative proverbs convey meanings that differ significantly from their literal interpretations Each type showcases unique characteristics, such as synecdoche proverbs, which relate the macrocosm to the microcosm, and metaphoric proverbs, where the meaning transforms through interaction with other elements Metonymic proverbs rely on associations, while hyperbolic proverbs amplify messages beyond necessity Lastly, paradoxical proverbs present contradictions, often leading to deeper interpretations.
The proverbs in which the literal reading and standard proverbial interpretation or SPI “ stand in a relation of macrocosm to microcosm” These include examples such as:
The early bird catches the worm
( Emphasizes the importance of starting something early to maximize the potential outcome)
Make hay while the sun shines
(To take advantage of favorable conditions, to make the most of an opportunity when it is available)
In these proverbs, the literal meaning is quite different from the figurative meaning
Metaphoric proverbs transform nouns into symbolic representations through their interaction with other elements, or they embody specific characteristics For instance, the proverb "Favor will as surely perish as life" illustrates the first type, while "Fair play is a jewel" exemplifies the second, highlighting the intrinsic value of fairness.
Metonymic proverbs establish a connection between a literal term and its intended meaning For instance, the proverb "who has a fair wife needs more than two eyes" uses "eyes" to represent "sight," highlighting the complexities of perception in relationships.
Hyperbole is recognized as a significant rhetorical figure, akin to synecdoche, metaphor, and metonymy, as noted by Norrick It serves as a form of amplification, expressing more than what is strictly necessary A prime example of hyperbole can be found in the proverb "faint heart never won fair lady," where the inclusion of the word "never" exemplifies its exaggerated nature.
Paradoxical proverbs are those that contain contradictions or interpretations that lead to logical inconsistencies These proverbs often have a “second interpretation” that adds depth to their meaning For instance, the saying “fair is not fair, but that which pleases” presents a clear logical contradiction in its first clause Similarly, the proverb “a man’s house is heaven and hell as well” exemplifies this paradoxical nature, illustrating the complexities of human experience.
An overview of animals
The definition of animals on the website Wikipedia is as follows:
Animals, or Metazoa, are multicellular eukaryotic organisms belonging to the biological kingdom Animalia They predominantly consume organic material, breathe oxygen, exhibit movement, reproduce sexually, and develop from a hollow sphere of cells known as the blastula during embryonic stages Currently, over 1.5 million animal species have been identified, with approximately 1 million of these being insects, although estimates suggest that the total number of species may exceed this figure.
7 million animal species in total They have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs The scientific study of animals is known as zoology
Humans utilize various animal species for food, materials, companionship, and labor, including transport Dogs and birds of prey have historically been employed in hunting, while many terrestrial and aquatic animals have been hunted for sport Additionally, nonhuman animals have been depicted in art since ancient times and hold significant roles in mythology and religion.
According to the website Wikipedia, animals have some features as:
Animals are distinct from other living organisms due to their eukaryotic and multicellular nature Unlike plants and algae that generate their own nutrients, animals are heterotrophic, relying on organic material for sustenance and digesting it internally Most animals respire aerobically, and they exhibit motility at least during part of their life cycle, although some, like sponges and barnacles, become sessile later on A key feature of animal development is the blastula stage, which enables the differentiation of cells into specialized tissues and organs.
Proverb versus idiom
Vu Ngoc Phan (2000, p 39) defines proverbs as complete expressions that convey ideas related to experience, morality, justice, or criticism Both idioms and proverbs share significant similarities, which is why they are often studied together They are both ready-made expressions, products of human thought and culture, traditionally passed down orally through generations and integrated into daily life Additionally, idioms and proverbs consist of fixed expressions with unchangeable components, meaning their meanings cannot be derived from individual words but must be interpreted as a whole Any alterations to their components can lead to nonsensical interpretations, particularly in their metaphorical contexts Furthermore, both idioms and proverbs often employ metaphorical language, making it challenging to ascertain their meanings through standard dictionary definitions; instead, their meanings must be understood metaphorically.
While both share similarities, they possess unique characteristics that set them apart The most notable difference is their grammatical structures An idiom functions as a phrase within a sentence, making it comparable to individual words.
Proverbs and idioms serve different functions in language, with proverbs being well-known phrases that express judgments, general truths, or advice They fulfill three main literary functions: perceptive, aesthetic, and educational For instance, the proverb "Money makes the mare go" critiques the negative influence of money, highlighting its power in society while educating listeners about its potential downsides In contrast, idioms, such as "to eat like a horse," lack the capacity to convey judgments or educational lessons, focusing solely on aesthetic expression without imparting deeper knowledge or insights.
In short, besides their common things, the idiom is distinguished from a proverb by its structures and functions.
Relationship between language and culture
Language is a unique creation of humanity that sets us apart from other species and primarily serves as a tool for communication It exists within a social context, highlighting the interconnectedness of human beings The profound relationship between language and culture is evident, as language plays a crucial role in preserving and expressing cultural identity Variations in language reflect diverse ideas and beliefs within different cultures, and this intricate connection begins from the moment of birth.
The term 'culture' is commonly used in everyday life, yet it remains difficult to define, with no consensus among scholars, philosophers, or the general public about its precise meaning Despite a century of exploration, anthropologists in the early 1990s still could not reach an agreement on the nature of culture.
Culture can be understood through three key elements: values, norms, and artifacts Values represent the ideas that individuals consider important in life and serve as guiding principles for the culture Norms are the expectations regarding behavior in various situations, with each culture employing different methods, known as sanctions, to enforce these norms; those that are formally enforced are regarded as laws Artifacts, or material culture, emerge from the values and norms of a culture, reflecting its beliefs and practices.
“No culture is good or bad, just different!” And there is a famous quote from
Mahatma Gandhi stated, "No culture can live if it attempts to be exclusive," highlighting the importance of cultural inclusivity Nguyen Quang (1998, p 3) reinforces this by suggesting that it's unwise to overly focus on cultural differences or similarities Claiming "We are all alike; we’re all human" overlooks the unique contributions of diverse cultures to personal growth, while insisting "We’re so different that we must stay separate" fosters harmful divisions by ignoring our shared humanity.
Culture is a collective heritage that belongs to everyone, not to any individual According to Nguyen Quang (1998, p 3) in "Intercultural Communication," culture encompasses a shared background shaped by factors such as nationality, ethnicity, and religion, which are influenced by common language, communication styles, customs, beliefs, attitudes, and values.
The language of a community serves as a vital expression of its culture, as highlighted by Goodenough's assertion that the relationship between language and culture is akin to a part-to-whole connection Various communication modalities, including verbal, gestural, and written forms, contribute to the formation and shaping of culture Kramsch (1998) further elucidates the link between language and culture by identifying three key functions of language: expressing, embodying, and symbolizing cultural reality.
Culture significantly shapes language usage, serving as the ultimate determinant of meaning The interpretation of linguistic expressions is deeply rooted in the cultural context surrounding them.
In summary, the connection between language and culture is significant, making cultural knowledge essential for effective language learning, particularly at advanced levels Therefore, integrating cultural education with language instruction is crucial, even though it may extend the learning process and present additional challenges in teaching and learning languages.
THE STUDY
Comparison between English and Vietnamese proverbs and idioms through cultural
Culture emerges from the interplay between people and their natural environment The significant cultural differences across societies stem from variations in their natural (climate and geography) and social (economic) conditions Throughout history, cultures can be broadly categorized into two main types: agricultural culture and nomadic culture.
Southeast Asia and South China feature hot, humid habitats characterized by monsoons and extensive rainfall, which nourish long rivers and fertile plains ideal for agriculture This environment facilitated a shift from a hunter-gatherer existence to a settled agricultural lifestyle, marking a significant transformation in human habitation and culture.
Buffaloes and cows are essential livestock for Vietnamese farmers, serving as vital sources of meat, milk, and transportation These animals hold significant cultural importance, often featured in proverbs and idioms, symbolizing wealth and status For many peasant families, buffaloes and cows represent their most valuable assets, reflecting their crucial role in agricultural life.
Con trâu là đầu cơ nghiệp
(the buffalo is close and important to the farmer's life)
Con trâu đi trước, cái cày đi sau
(refers to the material of the farmer)
Mất bò mới lo làm chuồng
(it was too late to regret it when it happened, it was too late to save it) Ăn cơm thịt bò lo ngay ngáy, ăn cơm cáy thì ngáy o o
In Vietnamese culture, the buffalo symbolizes the admirable qualities of farmers, embodying traits such as diligence and hard work, as expressed in the saying "working like a buffalo." This imagery also reflects their resilience and strength, with phrases like "strong as a buffalo" and "not afraid of hardship," highlighting their willingness to endure challenges Furthermore, the buffalo's supportive nature is illustrated in the saying "a fat buffalo helps a lean one," emphasizing the importance of community and cooperation among farmers.
Traditionally, men prioritized three key milestones: purchasing a buffalo, getting married, and constructing a house The act of buying a buffalo before marriage highlights its significant role in one's life, symbolizing stability and prosperity.
The importance of a buffalo is also mentioned many times in Vietnamese idiom as in :
Làm ruộng phải có trâu, làm giàu phải có vợ (buffalo is important to agriculture like women's role in one’s family)
Even the way a man chooses his life partner is also likened to that of a person when he chooses his buffalo:
Mua trâu xem vó, lấy vợ xem nòi
(when buying a buffalo, take close look at its legs, when choosing a wife, consider her family race)
The buffalo, while symbolizing strength and resilience, also carries negative connotations, often representing individuals enduring significant hardships or being perceived as foolish and ignorant Phrases like "làm thân trâu ngựa" reflect the struggles faced, while "đàn gảy tai trâu" suggests a lack of understanding Additionally, the buffalo's unattractive appearance, described as "béo như trâu trương," further contributes to its unflattering associations.
In conclusion, cow, buffalo are closely linked with Vietnamese lives, with the culture of rice water
Agriculture in Vietnam, particularly rice and water farming, heavily relies on natural phenomena such as weather patterns and environmental conditions This dependence fosters a lifestyle that respects and harmonizes with nature, often leading communities to honor natural elements as deities in hopes of favorable weather Traditional housing designs reflect this reverence, showcasing a low-profile approach that emphasizes humility and a cautious relationship with the environment Consequently, many Vietnamese proverbs and idioms illustrate the deep connections between living beings and the fluctuations of weather, highlighting the cultural significance of these observations.
Chớp đông nhay nháy gà gáy thì mưa
( the lightning on the east side means it's gonna rain hard)
Tháng bảy kiến bò chỉ lo lại lụt
( ants come out more in July, often with floods coming in)
Ráng mỡ gà có nhà thì giữ
( as the sky turns yellow like chicken fat, a rainstorm is near) Ếch kêu uôm uôm, ao chuôm đầy nước
The frequent croaking of frogs often signals impending heavy rain, highlighting the Vietnamese people's deep connection and attentiveness to environmental changes.
Different nations have unique perspectives on community, individuality, and their contributions to culture and personality In Vietnam, a small country often facing foreign hostility, the philosophy of solidarity is deeply ingrained This emphasis on unity is reflected in the rich collection of Vietnamese idioms and proverbs that highlight national solidarity and mutual support.
Ngựa chạy cùng bầy chim, thể hiện sự gắn kết trong cộng đồng Một con ngựa đau, cả đoàn bỏ cỏ, cho thấy tầm quan trọng của sự đoàn kết Con chim khôn, cả đàn cùng khôn; con chim dại, cả đàn cùng dại, nhấn mạnh rằng trí tuệ và sự khôn ngoan có thể lan tỏa trong tập thể.
The Vietnamese have always valued the spirit of Solidarity, from the past to the present Therefore, animal metaphors have also appeared in idioms and proverbs
The habitat in Northwest Europe and Northern China features a cold climate with dry conditions, resulting in expansive grasslands where plant growth is challenging After an extended period of hunter-gatherer existence, the inhabitants of these cold regions transitioned to a nomadic lifestyle centered around herd breeding These nomadic groups, organized into tribes, often had adult men who wielded power through warfare to assert territorial control Notably, a nomadic hunting culture emerged swiftly in the southern Levant between 8,500 and 6,500 years ago.
Historically, England's economy relied heavily on sheep breeding for wool, milk, and meat, making sheep the most popular livestock among the English This significance is reflected in numerous proverbs and idioms, although attitudes toward sheep vary While lamb is viewed as a mild animal, it does not hold high respect in English culture.
( hiền như một chú cừu)
Like a lamb to the slaughter ( như cừu non đến lò mổ)
( hiền như cừu) Sheep is also considered as the animal of healthy life as in:
“To go to bed with the lamb and rise with the lark bring me really good health”
Waking up early and going to bed early contribute significantly to good health The phrases "lamb" and "mutton" serve as metaphors for older individuals, particularly women, who attempt to dress in a style more suitable for younger people, encapsulated in the idiom "Mutton dressed up as lamb." This expression parallels the Vietnamese saying "cưa sừng làm nghé," highlighting the cultural commentary on age and appearance.
The term "black sheep of the family" refers to an individual whose actions cause embarrassment or shame to their relatives Similarly, the proverb "there is a black sheep in every flock" highlights the idea that every group may have a member who stands out negatively due to their behavior.
In Vietnamese culture, while buffaloes hold significant importance, horses are vital to nomadic lifestyles as primary means of transportation This cultural relevance is reflected in various English idioms and proverbs that incorporate the imagery of horses, each conveying distinct meanings.
(to wait, to be patient)
(a candidate who is little known to the general public)
Straight from the horse`s mouth
Put the cart before the horse
(to do things in the wrong order)
Animal epithet in English-Vietnamese idioms and proverbs
3.2.1 The same symbolism and expression of animals in English and in Vietnamese
A comparative analysis of the cultural meanings of animals in Vietnamese and English reveals notable similarities Both cultures share a common understanding of animal instincts and behaviors, leading to analogous associations For instance, the cultural significance attributed to animals like the fox, monkey, pig, and wolf is strikingly similar in both Vietnamese and English contexts.
Wolves are often depicted in culture as greedy, ferocious, and wicked creatures that bully smaller and weaker animals This portrayal is consistent in both Vietnamese and English, where idioms and proverbs use the wolf as a symbol of wickedness and cunning behavior, reflecting its negative role in society.
In English, there is a proverb: "Wolf in sheep's clothing" means that a person with a pleasant and friendly appearance that hides the fact that they are evil
In Vietnamese thinking, there are idioms and proverbs such as:
Lòng lang dạ sói Tránh kẻ gian gặp sói già Bán hùm buôn sói
The fox can be used to describe someone cunning, deceitful, lying in both Vietnamese and English Referring to cunning, the English used to say:
The Vietnamese also use the image of the fox in the idioms and proverbs as:
Khôn như cáo Đồ cáo già Cáo mượn oai hùm Cáo đội lốt cọp
In both Vietnamese and English idioms, the portrayal of pigs often carries a negative connotation, reflecting human flaws such as obesity, gluttony, and foolishness This symbolism highlights societal attitudes towards these characteristics, using the image of a pig to critique undesirable behaviors.
Béo như lợn As fat as a pig Ăn như lợn Eat like a pig/Make a pig of oneself Ngu như lợn As stupid as a pig
Despite being an animal of significant economic value, pigs are often viewed unfavorably in nomadic cultures like the English, which primarily rely on herbivorous livestock such as cows, horses, and sheep According to Tran Ngoc Them (2004), pigs are less suited for nomadic lifestyles due to their feeding habits and mobility challenges In contrast, the Vietnamese culture appreciates pigs as gentle and valuable animals, leading to the proverb, “If you want to be rich, raise sows; if you want to be poor, raise pigeons.”
Both Vietnamese and Western cultures share similar perceptions of monkeys, often viewing them as inferior creatures This shared attitude is reflected in various proverbs and idioms, particularly in British culture, which frequently depict monkeys in a negative light.
(being able to move as swiftly and easily as a monkey)
Monkey job/ Monkey see monkey do
(behavior that is not acceptable or is dishonest)
More fun than a barrel of monkey
The crowd's enthusiasm resembles a troupe of monkeys, eagerly mimicking human behavior with exaggerated, often ridiculous gestures This amusing spectacle, however, reveals a less flattering side, as the monkey's antics can serve as a vehicle for scorn, slander, and even racism, highlighting the absurdity of our own imitative tendencies.
In folk language, the monkey is used by Vietnamese into rhetorical measures to express attitudes, emotions, and behaviors:
Làm trò khỉ Khỉ bắt trước Cha hươu mẹ khỉ Khỉ chê khỉ đỏ đít Dạy khỉ leo cây
A detailed examination of English and Vietnamese proverbs and idioms reveals striking similarities in the use of animal imagery, including their forms and underlying messages.
3.2.2 The different symbolism but same expression of animals in English and in
Vietnamese and English idioms often utilize similar animal imagery, yet cultural differences lead to distinct expressions and perceptions While Vietnamese idioms frequently feature animals like buffaloes, dogs, and birds, Western cultures tend to favor animals associated with hunting and nomadic lifestyles, such as sheep and horses, as well as those from marine environments This contrast highlights the preference for fields and forests in Vietnamese culture compared to the more diverse animal associations found in Western idioms.
The cultural symbolic meanings of animal-related words vary across languages, yet there are notable similarities when comparing Vietnamese and English A prime example of this is the symbolic comparison between tigers and lions, which highlights how both cultures perceive these majestic animals.
The lion, regarded as the "King of Beasts," symbolizes courage, nobility, and regal dignity, embodying the essence of domination Its association with kingship and theocracy highlights its significance in British royalty and across various European nations, representing ambition and supremacy.
The British had idioms indicating qualities like a lion:
(vương giả như một con sư tử)
(dũng cảm như một con sư tử)
(oai nghiêm như một con sư tử)
(hung dữ như sư tử)
In Vietnamese culture, the tiger represents martial arts and military strength, often referred to as "Hổ tướng" or "mãnh hổ." This powerful symbol is frequently used in the names of military units, weapons, and war tools Additionally, the tiger embodies majesty, strength, and noble qualities in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, while also reflecting ferocity and cruelty.
Dữ như hổ Ác như hùm Mạnh như hổ
Hổ phụ sinh hổ tử Hùm chết để da, người ta chết để tiếng
Another image often associated with lions in English idioms and proverbs is dangerous, difficult, or reckless actions such as:
(a dangerous or threatening place or situation)
To meet a lion in one's path/ A lion in the path (imaginary obstacle, feigned danger)
(to confront risk or danger head on) Vietnamese people also have sentences about tigers such as:
Sa vào miệng cọp Chui vào hang hùm
Vuốt râu hùm Xỉa răng cọp
The historical relationship between buffaloes in Vietnam and horses in Britain highlights the cultural significance of these animals as essential companions for farmers, contributing to agricultural productivity Both cultures attribute rich symbolic meanings to these animals, evident in their language, showcasing the deep-rooted connections between society and agriculture.
In Western countries, horses are primarily seen as freight animals, while cows are raised for meat and milk Horses enjoy more opportunities to demonstrate their strength compared to cows In England, they symbolize strength, a strong work ethic, and the pride of their owners.
As strong as a horse Eat like a horse
Vietnam, an agricultural nation, is deeply rooted in a rich farming culture where the buffalo serves as a vital agricultural tool This animal symbolizes strength and diligence, reflecting the values and traditions of Vietnamese society.
Khỏe như trâu Con trâu là đầu cơ nghiệp Làm như trâu điên
The similarities in the perception of animals between Vietnamese and English speakers ensure that the differences in proverbs and idioms do not hinder comprehension.
Similarities and differences of English-Vietnamese idioms and proverbs about human
3.3.1 Similarities between English-Vietnamese idioms and proverbs
3.3.1.1 Similarities between English-Vietnamese idioms
Vietnamese idioms that depict human traits through animal imagery share similarities with English idioms; however, only a limited number have equivalent meanings and structures For instance, while both languages utilize animal metaphors to convey character traits, the nuances and specific expressions often differ significantly.
Tinh ranh như khỉ Nhát như thỏ đế Đa nghi như mèo Chậm như sên Tham ăn như lợn Nhanh như sóc
Based on animal traits such as monkey cunning, rabbit shyness, cat skepticism, slug sluggishness, pig gluttony, and squirrel agility to compare with human personalities
Both English and Vietnamese idioms highlight distinct characteristics of animals that can be related to human traits However, there is often a lack of direct equivalence in the animal imagery used in idioms between the two languages, reflecting the cultural differences that influence their usage These cultural variations significantly shape how animals are represented in idiomatic expressions.
Vietnamese idioms reflecting human characteristics through animal imagery share similarities with English idioms, as noted by Nguyen Luc and Luong Van Dang (1993) These idioms can be categorized into two types Most Vietnamese idioms follow a fixed phrase pattern, making alterations nearly impossible without losing their meaning However, similar to English idioms, some Vietnamese idioms allow for variations, as long as the essential meaning remains intact.
Vietnamese idioms can be rearranged or modified, such as changing "lòng chim dạ cá" to "lòng cá dạ chim" or omitting the word "như" in comparisons like "gan (như) cóc tía" and "ngu như (hơn) bò." Similar to English idioms, these Vietnamese expressions possess a complete structure with subject, verb, and object; however, they function as clauses within complex sentences rather than as standalone sentences Examples of such idioms include various comparative phrases that enrich the Vietnamese language.
Quạ đội lốt công Chuột chù lại có xạ hương
Cà cuống chết đến đít còn cay Ngựa non háu đá
3.3.1.2 Similarities between English-Vietnamese proverbs
Both Vietnamese and English proverbs utilize animal imagery to convey human characteristics, often incorporating idioms For instance, the English proverb "Birds of a feather flock together" features the idiom "bird of a feather," while "to meet a lion in one’s path" includes the idiom "a lion in the path." Similarly, in Vietnamese, the proverb "bắt cá hai tay, ăn mày có lúc" contains the idiom "bắt cá hai tay," and "dã tràng xe cát biển đông nhọc nhằn mà chẳng nên công cán gì" incorporates the idiom "dã tràng xe cát biển đông."
Nguyen Dinh Hung (2007, p 13) highlights the existence of numerous Vietnamese and English proverbs that depict human traits through animal imagery These proverbs share similarities in thought, perception, method, and expression between the two cultures, while also reflecting the unique characteristics of each ethnic group.
Con giun xéo lắm cũng quằn Even a worm will turn
Thả con săn sắt, bắt con cá rô Throw a sprat to catch a herring Chó cậy gần nhà A dog is valiant at his own door
Gà cậy gần chuồng A cock is valiant on his own dunghill 3.3.2 Differences between English-Vietnamese idioms and proverbs
3.3.2.1 Differences between English-Vietnamese idioms
Vietnamese idioms, as noted by Nguyen Luc and Luong Van Dang (1993, p.16), differ from English idioms in their structural composition A significant characteristic of many Vietnamese idioms, particularly those derived from animals, is their symmetrical two-part structure that conveys human traits.
Chó gio và mèo mù thường được nhắc đến trong những câu chuyện dân gian, biểu thị cho sự khéo léo và tinh ranh Mèo đàng và chó điếm thể hiện sự khác biệt trong tính cách của các loài vật Hình ảnh buộc cổ mèo và treo cổ chó mang ý nghĩa về sự trừng phạt và kiểm soát Câu nói bới đầu cá và vạch đầu tôm ám chỉ đến việc tìm kiếm điều gì đó nhỏ bé nhưng quý giá Đầu trâu và mặt ngựa là những biểu tượng thể hiện sức mạnh và sự kiêu hãnh Cuối cùng, cóc đi guốc và khỉ đeo hoa gợi nhớ đến sự hài hước và sự khác biệt trong thế giới động vật.
Some of them have rhymes, mainly interior rhyme such as: Được voi đòi tiên Mèo mả gà đồng Cõng rắn cắn gà nhà Bút sa gà chết
Có cá mòi đòi cá chiên
Vietnamese idioms about human characteristics often employ hyperbole, setting them apart from their English counterparts This exaggeration enhances their figurative meanings, as seen in phrases like "Ăn chó cả lông," "Chó có váy lĩnh," "Ăn mắm mút giòi," and "Giết gà dùng dao mổ trâu." These vivid expressions illustrate the unique syntactic features of Vietnamese idioms.
3.3.2.2 Differences between English-Vietnamese proverbs
Nguyen Dinh Hung (2007, p 15) highlights a key distinction between English and Vietnamese proverbs, emphasizing how both languages utilize animal imagery in their metaphors to express similar ideas, perceptions, and critiques.
Birds of a feather flock together Ngưu tầm ngưu, mã tầm mã Every bird loves to hear himself sing Mèo khen mèo dài đuôi
Addressing problems only after they occur, such as securing a stable after a horse has been stolen, highlights the importance of proactive measures Similarly, one unhealthy sheep can negatively impact the entire flock, illustrating how a single issue can disrupt the whole These sayings emphasize the need for vigilance and preventive actions to maintain overall well-being and prevent larger problems from arising.
English and Vietnamese proverbs convey similar meanings but utilize distinct animal imagery, reflecting the cultural differences between the two countries The variations in animal representations in their proverbs highlight the unique cultural contexts and values inherent in each language.
CONCLUSION
Summary of the study
Research has reaffirmed the strong connection between language and culture, highlighting that idioms and proverbs serve as significant symbolic units that reflect the conventional values of a society Understanding these idiomatic expressions poses challenges not only for foreigners but also for native speakers Effectively learning a foreign language becomes easier when one grasps the cultural nuances of that country, while acquiring the language also deepens our appreciation of its cultural life.
English idioms and proverbs are fascinating yet challenging to study This article focuses on exploring English idioms and proverbs related to human characteristics through animal imagery, while also comparing them with their Vietnamese counterparts These expressions are not only linguistic products but also serve as vital tools for social communication Additionally, English and Vietnamese proverbs and idioms highlight the distinct cultural identities of their respective countries.
Limitation of the study
During the process of this research, the author takes some problems there
Lack of resources, which means there are not enough of them That is the reason why some data is missing and not collected and included in the project
The lengthy process of developing a thesis often leads to unavoidable mistakes and limitations in both ideas and structure Additionally, it is essential to consider aspects beyond just the study's scope.
Suggestions for further study
The study has been completed with the great effort of the author, although mistakes may not be avoided There are some topics for future research:
- A study on idiomatic expressions containing words denoting weather in English and Vietnamese from cultural perspective
- An investigation into english and vietnamese idioms containing the words of possession
- English and Vietnamese idioms: From traditional to cognitive view
In summary, despite its limitations, this study was conducted with the support of teachers and through individual effort Constructive feedback and critiques are welcomed to enhance the research further.
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