A contrastive analysis of the exclamation in english and vietnamese

Trang 1 HUNG YEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES --- GRADUATION PAPER FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EXCLAMATION IN ENGLISH

HUNG YEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES - GRADUATION PAPER FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EXCLAMATION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (SO SÁNH ĐỐI CHIẾU CÂU CẢM THÁN TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Bich Van, MA Student: Hoang Van Son Student number: 11317128 Hung Yen – 2021 HUNG YEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES - GRADUATION PAPER FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EXCLAMATION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (SO SÁNH ĐỐI CHIẾU CÂU CẢM THÁN TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) Student: Hoang Van Son Student number: 11317128 Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Bich Van, MA Hung Yen – 2021 i DECLARATION I certify that the thesis entitled: “A contrastive analysis of the exclamation in English and Vietnamese” is the result of my work, except otherwise acknowledged and this thesis or any part of the same has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution Hai Duong June 2021 Signature Hoang Van Son ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A completed study will not be performed without any help Therefore, I would like to sincerely thank everyone for their support and motivation during this study, especially my instructor Ms Nguyen Thi Bich Van Her dedicated support and constant advice helped me complete my graduation thesis I want to express my gratitude to all lectures at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, for providing me with precious knowledge from their practical classes during my study at the university I want to thank all my family members and friends who have always encouraged me for a long time Finally, I am very grateful for any comments from readers who are interested in this research I could not have completed this paper without their great help iii ABSTRACT The primary purposes of the research were found out: the knowledge of the exclamations, the problems when learning the exclamations, comparing exclamation sentences in English and Vietnamese, and reducing difficulties in teaching and learning English exclamations To achieve the above–mentioned objectives, the author used the descriptive, quantitative methods and collected material from the internet, reference books, illustrated for the above mentioned by analysis, and compared the exclamations in English and Vietnamese The research reveals that many people want to learn English exclamation, but they face many difficulties The study has proposed some techniques to study exclamations effectively It is hoped that this thesis will help many people in learning English and understanding the exclamations TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study 1.2 The aims of the research 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of study 1.5 Methods of the study 1.6 Structure of the study CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 An overview of contrastive analysis 2.2 Micro-linguistics contrastive analysis vs macro-linguistics contrastive analysis 2.3 Definitions of sentences 2.3.1 Definitions of sentences in English 2.3.2 Definitions of sentences in Vietnamese 2.4 Definitions of exclamations 2.4.1 Definitions of exclamations in English 2.4.2 Definitions of exclamations in Vietnamese 10 2.5 Identifications of exclamations 12 2.6 Classifications 13 2.6.1 In English 13 2.6.1.1 Prototypical exclamations 13 2.6.1.2 Exclamations with “So” and “Such” 15 2.6.1.3 Exclamations with “that” – clause 16 2.6.1.4 DPs used as exclamations 16 2.6.1.5 Exclamatory questions 17 2.6.1.6 Some other forms of exclamation 17 2.6.2 In Vietnamese 18 2.6.2.1 Exclamations without content - direct exclamation 18 2.6.2.2 Exclamations without content - indirect exclamation 19 2.6.2.3 Exclamations with content - direct exclamation 20 2.6.2.4 Exclamations with content - indirect exclamation 21 2.7 The problems in studying exclamations 21 2.7.1 Abuse of exclamation sentences, exclamation marks in posts 22 2.7.2 Exclamations vs Imperatives 22 2.7.3 Cases when exclamations are not used 23 CHAPTER III THE STUDY 3.1 25 The problems in studying the exclamations 25 3.1.1 Abuse of exclamations 25 3.1.2 Confusions of exclamations and imperatives 26 3.1.3 Cases when exclamations are not used 29 3.2 The similarities and differences between the exclamations in English and Vietnamese 30 3.2.1 The similarities between the exclamations in English and Vietnamese 30 3.2.1.1 Exclamatory structures formed by interjections 30 3.2.1.2 Exclamatory questions 31 3.2.1.3 Exclamations with no modal verbs 33 3.2.2 The differences between the exclamations in English and Vietnamese 33 3.3 The suggestions for learning exclamation sentences 36 CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION 37 4.1 Summary of the study 37 4.2 Limitations of the study 37 4.3 Suggestions for further studies 38 REFERENCES 39 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study Today, English has become a popular language, a common language globally and has become an essential factor in the country's development English is not only an effective means of communication but also its progressive effects in many aspects of life, it helps us to access new knowledge, culture, technology Therefore, learning English is getting more and more critical to non-native nations of English The use of English is more prevalent in Vietnam Also, it has a stable ground in the Vietnamese education system English is taught from primary education to tertiary education Like many other universities, English in Hung Yen University of Technology and Education is necessary for students in study and life From my observation, students often use exclamation sentences in English and Vietnamese at random, and they often use them a lot in everyday speaking and writing Moreover, the use of exclamation statements helps the speaker and writer express their feelings However, sometimes the listeners or readers get stuck in understanding one another The situation mentioned above has urged the researcher to study exclamations to show the similarities and differences in English and Vietnamese At the same time, he also wants to point out the problem in learning and using exclamations This is why the research entitled: "A contrastive analysis of the exclamation in English and Vietnamese" was conducted I hope that my research will help students understand exclamations as well as learning English in general 1.2 The aims of the research This study was conducted to find out the similarities and differences of exclamation sentences in English and Vietnamese and make recommendations for teaching, learning and using exclamations in the target language 1.3 Research questions What are the similarities and differences between exclamations in English and Vietnamese? What are the suggestions for teachers and students in teaching and learning exclamations? 1.4 Scope of study Because of my knowledge, documents, and time limitation, the dissertation "A contrastive analysis of exclamation in English and Vietnamese" cannot study the similarities and differences of exclamations in English and Vietnamese in all aspects Therefore, this research only focuses on the comparison in terms of semantics All results of this study will be based on collected materials 1.5 Methods of the study To collect the data for research, the author uses both descriptive and quantitative methods The documents were taken from books, magazines, newspapers, the internet and previous studies Besides, he also used comparative analysis to find out the similarities and differences of exclamations in English and Vietnamese 1.6 Structure of the study Chapter I: The introduction presents some background to the research questions pursued in the study This part indicates the rationale for choosing the topic and gives the aims, research questions, and scope of the study and the methods of the study Chapter II: Literature review - This chapter reviews the theoretical background and focuses on general definitions and types They are the views, opinions, previous studies collected from books, newspapers, Internet Chapter III is the “The study” part In this section, the author presents the difficult problems encountered when learning exclamation sentences Then, He analyzes and compares the similarities and differences of exclamation sentences in English and Vietnamese And finally, he gives some suggestions for learning exclamation sentences Chapter IV is the study "Conclusion" that summarizes the study's main points, the limitations of the study, and some suggestions for further research 26 For example, instead of “Make sure you finish this by tomorrow morning!” try “It’s crucial that you finish this before tomorrow morning’s deadline.” Instead of relying on exclamation points to convey your urgency or excitement, use more vivid vocabulary In short, you should use the exclamation point sparingly, use only an exclamation point if needed 3.1.2 Confusions of exclamations and imperatives “Hey! Stop playing tricks on me!” “Get out of my way!” The first sentence is an exclamation sentence, which expresses the speaker's feelings about the complaint The second sentence is a command, it represents an order that requires the listener to comply Both sentences end with an exclamation point If students not understand and distinguish these two types of sentences, they will easily be confused According Literature II Education Publishing House in Vietnam, “Câu cầu khiến câu có từ cầu khiến như: hãy, đừng, chớ, đi, thôi, nào, hay ngữ điệu cầu khiến; dùng để lệnh, yêu cầu, đề nghị, khuyên bảo, Khi viết câu cầu khiến thường kết thúc dấu chấm than, ý cầu khiến không nhấn mạnh kết thúc dấu chấm” It mean that imperative sentences are sentences with imperative words such as: hãy, đừng, chớ, đi, thôi, nào, or imperative intonation; used to command, request, suggest, advise, When writing imperative sentences usually end with an exclamation point, but when the imperative is not emphasized, it can end with a period Whereas, “Câu cảm thán câu có từ ngữ cảm thán như: ôi, than ôi, ơi, chao (ôi), trời ơi; thay, biết bao, xiết bao, biết chừng nào… dùng để bộc lộ trực tiếp cảm xúc người nói (người viết); xuất chủ yếu ngơn ngữ nói ngày hay ngơn ngữ văn chương Khi viết, câu cảm thán thường kết thúc dấu chấm than” It mean that exclamation sentence is a sentence with exclamatory words such as: ôi, than ôi, ơi, chao (ôi), trời ơi; 27 thay, biết bao, xiết bao, biết chừng nào,… is used to directly express the feelings of the speaker (writer); appear mainly in everyday spoken language or literary language When writing, exclamation sentences often end with an exclamation point With these observations, we can see that an imperative sentence is a sentence that gives a direct command, whereas an exclamatory sentence is a sentence that conveys strong emotion or excitement It is the crucial difference between imperative and exclamatory sentences For example: “Westley: Give us the gate key Yellin: I have no gate key Inigo Montoya: Fezzik, tear his arms off Yellin: Oh, you mean this gate key.” (The Princess Bride - William Gold) In the first line, the character “Westley” has requested but without using appeals Finally, in the third line, the character has given an order to break “Yellin’s” arms “And there she lullèd me asleep, And there I dream’d – ah! woe betide! The latest dream I ever dream’d On the cold hill’s side.” (La Belle Dame Sans Merci - John Keats) This poem expresses the medieval romantic setting of a cave, where a woman lulls a knight to sleep and he begins to dream Furthermore, as in the two examples above, while imperative sentences can end with exclamation marks or full stops, exclamatory sentences always end with exclamation marks 28 Another notable difference between imperative and exclamatory sentences is that the subject is always the listener or audience in an imperative sentence In addition, the subject of an imperative sentence is always you (second person pronoun), whereas the exclamatory sentences can have various subjects Moreover, imperative sentences always give commands, while exclamatory sentences convey an exclamation For example: Imperative sentences: “Put your shoes away.” “Come here, check these documents, and give me your opinion.” “Put it down now!” Exclamations sentences: “Happy birthday, Amy!” “What a cute puppy!” “John's gift was so amazing!” In short, exclamation and imperative sentences are distinguished as follow: Imperative sentences Definition Function Punctuation Exclamatory sentences A sentence that gives a direct A sentence that conveys command strong emotion or excitement Give a command Presents an exclamation Imperative sentences can end Exclamatory sentences with exclamation marks or usually end with exclamation full stops marks 29 Subject Subject is always the second person pronoun “you” May have various subject 3.1.3 Cases when exclamations are not used With languages in minutes, contracts, applications exclamation cannot be used because it is not suitable for accuracy, objectivity and seriousness For a simple example, if you want to be professional and make sure your message is clear at work mail, you shouldn't use exclamation sentences Because of: - It's inefficient The punctuation at the end of a sentence doesn't have to be complicated Instead, you only use dots or commas, you will save a lot of time handling other tasks You'll help other people be more efficient, too By not using exclamation points often, you allow them to focus on the message rather than wonder about your tone - Reader/listener need to know when you mean it Unlike average narration, it simply describes the speaker's facts, but the listener needs to understand what you mean when using that exclamation with the exclamation In such an environment, the use of exclamation is inappropriate - Affecting psychology Silly as it sounds, fretting over punctuation can be an emotional burden, both on yourself and your reader It doesn't have to be this way If you use exclamation points only when you're exclaiming something, you won't need to worry as much about how you're coming across in email You have plenty of real things to worry about, so relieve yourself of this needless anxiety Besides, D Johnson (1983-1991, 149) advised that the exclamation point should not be used with a true period - one that ends a sentence - but it can be used with a point indicating an abbreviation: “She insists on being addressed as Mrs.!” It can also be used with points of 30 ellipsis, which are not true periods Moreover, the exclamation point should not be used with the comma This causes a problem when the exclamation point ends a quotation and the sentence continues 3.2 The similarities and differences between the exclamations in English and Vietnamese 3.2.1 The similarities between the exclamations in English and Vietnamese 3.2.1.1 Exclamatory structures formed by interjections In general, exclamations in English and Vietnamese express strong emotions such as excitement, anger, joy, humor, or sadness In addition, exclamation sentences often end with an exclamation point (!) In other words, an exclamation is mainly used to express the direct feelings of the speaker (or writer) of the complaint or compliment Admittedly, the syntax of each language is different and in terms of syntactic features, but English and Vietnamese share a few similarities In both English and Vietnamese, interjections themselves can be exclamations used to express sudden surprise, pleasure, annoyance… Under the structural features of exclamations in the two languages, interjections are considered an independent sentence followed by an exclamation mark though sometimes, it is replaced by a complete stop At this moment, it is the form of interjections functioning as exclamations Interjections Expressing surprise Expressing pain Expressing annoyance English Vietnamese Ah!, Dear!, Oh!, Well!, God Ôi trời!, Ồ!, A!, Ơ!, Ai chà Heavens!, Eh!… chà!, Ái chà! Oh!, Oo!, Ouch!, Ow!… Ôi!, A!, Ái!, Ui da! Damn!, Bloody hell!, Sh!, Khốn nạn!, Mẹ kiếp!, Bỏ Fuck!… mẹ!, Giời ơi! 31 Expressing grief or pity Expressing pleasure/joy Alas!, Good Grief!, Than ôi!, Khốn khổ!, Hỡi ôi!, Oh,dear… Thật khổ!, Khổ quá! Ooh!, Oh la la!, Oh my god! Wow!, Oh!, … Ôi!, Ôi chà!, Chà!, Oà! Expressing resignation Oh, humm, yah,… Ờ!, Ừ!, Ừm!, À! Expressing enquiry How…, eh? Ơ!, Ô hay!, Hử, Hả! Expressing hesitation Eh, yah,… Ừm!, À!… For examples: “My god! I could hit you Did you never think that some women may not only say it but feel it?” “God heavens! I’m nervous.” “Ô hay, bà tưởng đùa!” “Than ôi! Sắc nước hương trời! Tiếc cho đâu lạc loài đến đây!” (Truyện Kiều – Nguyễn Du, 1065) From the examples above, “My God”, “Good heavens”, “Ơ hay” and “Than ơi!” are interjections whose roles in exclamations are to increase the degree of feelings and attitude of the speaker to different referents or situations 3.2.1.2 Exclamatory questions Some sentences resemble questions in their structures but they are used as exclamations Although the ways to create exclamatory sentences in the forms of questions in the two languages are different, the ways to use them are pretty similar Once using an exclamatory question, no answer is awaited but to express the extreme emotions and feelings in particular circumstances 32 +) Operation + (not) + Subject + Verb / Adjective? Vietnamese has the same kind of questions functioning as exclamations compared with that in English And the combinations of the following elements usually form exclamatory questions in Vietnamese +) “Biết” + Wh-question For example: “Biết mẹ lại với con?” “Buồn trông nước sa Hoa trôi man mác biết đâu?” (Truyện Kiều – Nguyễn Du) No doubt, in many languages, especially in English and Vietnamese, exclamations have many shared characteristics when they are exclamatory questions And the following examples will prove this opinion Language Exclamatory question Question English “Has she grown?” “Has she grown?” Bao nghỉ Bao nghỉ đây? đây? Vietnamese From the table above, there are no differences in the structure of the examples even when they are exclamations which are exclamatory questions, or definitely questions What reveals differences here is the intonation or the facial expressions or whatever of such a kind If we only base on the examples without paying attention to the context or intonation, or clues such as eye–contact, body language…, the demand of the successful conversation is indeed not met 33 3.2.1.3 Exclamations with no modal verbs When studying exclamations in daily conversations, no modal verbs are appearing in both English and Vietnamese Therefore, instead of using modal verbs, people can use base forms as the main verbs in the sentence For example: "Khama runs so fast! "How dexterous!" -> “Khama chạy nhanh thế!” -> “Khéo tay thật!” Concerning the second example, “How dexterous he is!” can be shortened as in “How dexterous!” as “Khéo tay thật!”; and “Anh ta khéo tay thật!” remarkably can be changed as “Anh ta thật khéo tay!” by adding “là” matching with “thật” to make the value of emphatic features in that sentence Remarkably, there are no modal verbs in such cases There are no modal verbs in exclamations, and the tense-aspect in exclamations is not paid much attention to That is because the exclamations are uttered when the speaker’s feelings are powerful and they want to express how delighted, surprised, or sad… they feel to the entities or events at the time of speaking so that the tense-aspect here in English exclamations as well as in Vietnamese ones seem to be a little bit neglected 3.2.2 The differences between the exclamations in English and Vietnamese Syntax of each language is different from one another, therefore the exclamatory structures of the two languages are distinguished, too From the following listed structures of exclamations in English and Vietnamese, exclamations in the two languages are in many forms with particular characteristics and often express the speaker’s strong feelings English + Exclamations formed with Vietnamese + “How” + Exclamations formed with “What” Exclamations formed with particles + Exclamations formed with adverbs 34 Exclamations formed with “so” + + repetitive structure“X X” and “such” + Exclamations formed with Exclamatory questions: + Exclamatory questions: - Operation + (not) + Subject + Adverb - Operation + (not) + Subject + Adjective - Biết + Wh – question - Đâu + Clause - Clause + / a / Through the above structures, there is no one-to-one equivalent among them While in English wh-elements are mainly used in many exclamations, the Vietnamese use particles and adverbs instead And, one of the considerable differences stays on the repetitive structure The Vietnamese often use this structure, even in formal situations or informal ones, but there are no equivalents of repetitive structures in English The table below will show many distinguished differences of exclamations under the syntactic consideration in English and Vietnamese Exclamatory elements What How So English Exclamations Vietnamese equivalents What a nice shirt you have Bạn có áo sơ mi đẹp thế! got! You have such a nice shirt! How sweetly she sings! We drank so much beer today! Chị hát hay làm sao! She sings so sweetly! Hôm uống nhiều bia đấy! Today we have drunk so much beer! 35 Such She has such a nice cat! Chị có mèo dễ thương thế! She has a cat so nice! Exclamatory Bạn thật may mắn! Aren’t you lucky? How lucky you are! Questions That – exclamatory clauses DPs as exclamations That he should have left Lẽ khơng nên hắn! without me! I shouldn’t have gone with him! Họ lời ông thế! The way they obey him! How obeyed they are to him! In addition, we consider the following examples: “How beautiful the flowers she bought!” ~ “Những hoa cô mua đẹp làm sao!” “How white her skin is!” ~ “Làn da chị trắng thật!” “What a cute boy (he is)!” ~ “Cậu bé kháu khỉnh làm sao!” The above examples show that the exclamatory elements in English always appear at the beginning of any utterances and these contrasts with the exclamatory structure in Vietnamese in which the exclamatory elements are positioned at the end of utterances In addition, because of the classifications of different languages, adverbs in English are not going together with adjectives as in Vietnamese It seems that adverbs are used to make the exclamatory function more emphatic for that sentence, which is why the Vietnamese make the best use of this form in their daily conversations In short, languages are different in terms of lexicology and syntax, and exclamations stay the same Differences in focus are the ones of exclamation structures in many dimensions Firstly, while wh-elements in English are mainly used in almost every exclamation, Vietnamese use particles and adverbs instead Secondly, English requires subject-verb 36 agreement, grammatical concord to gain much attention Hence, the order of words and position of exclamation elements are not as flexible as Vietnamese 3.3 The suggestions for learning exclamation sentences A common problem when learning exclamatory sentences is confusing exclamation and imperative sentences First, we must know and understand the definition of exclamation and imperative sentences, to distinguish and recognize these two types of sentences When studying, you need to understand the formulas and sentence types of exclamation sentences, especially exclamation sentences with "what" and "how" (This part I mentioned in chapter II) Exclamation sentences are used a lot both in literature as well as in everyday life To determine your exclamation, you must consider the situation where the speaker (or writer) is trying to express his or her feelings If the speaker (or writer) is simply telling a story, listing, giving information, or asking you to something in a casual tone, those are narrations or commands In literature, you need to carefully read entire sentences, even paragraphs, to avoid misunderstanding or misidentifying sentence types In everyday life, to determine the type of sentence, it is necessary to see the situation and the feelings and expressions of the speaker And finally, you need to have a rich vocabulary and practice speaking and writing exclamations every day to use and recognize exclamations more easily 37 CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION This chapter will summarize the significant findings, limitations of the study and some suggestions for further research 4.1 Summary of the study To reach what the author aims her study at, the study is divided into four chapters with their purpose In chapter I, the researcher showed the rationale, main aims, scope and methods, and study design Chapter II, the literature review, gives theoretical background from previous researchers, the internet, books In chapter IIII, the researcher explains learning exclamations confusing between exclamations and imperative sentences, abuse of exclamation In addition, researchers also offer exclamation types and some examples are given in some contexts in the literary works and daily life Then, the similarities and differences of semantics between the two languages are presented In general, exclamations in English and Vietnamese express strong emotions such as excitement, anger, joy, humor, or sadness Exclamation sentences often end with an exclamation point (!) Compared to English, the way to form exclamations in Vietnamese is somewhat similar However, there are not as many exclamations as in English, from declarative, interrogatives or imperatives in Vietnamese We can easily recognize the exclamation sentence through words like: “ôi, ơi, chao (ôi), trời ơi; thay, biết bao, xiết bao, biết chừng nào,” Lastly, the best ways are given out for learning exclamations 4.2 Limitations of the study Two limitations need to be acknowledged and addressed regarding the present study The first thing has to with the limits of knowledge material It is not a study covering the English and Vietnamese exclamations in terms of pragmatics, lexicology or uses perfectly so 38 far Thus, some uses of exclamations are studied and pointed out Due to time constraints, many untouched exclamations are only studies in terms of semantics 4.3 Suggestions for further studies Some further problems that the researcher should continue to study could be enumerated as follows: - Distinguish the exclamations and the imperative sentences - Study on metaphor in English and Vietnamese - Study on simile in English and Vietnamese - Contrastive analysis between metaphor and metonymy - A contrastive analysis of imperative sentences in English and Vietnamese 39 REFERENCES Vietnamese: Diệp Quang Ban (1996), ngữ pháp tiếng việt, tr 107 Hoàng Dân (2017), tiếng việt cho nhà, nxb niên Cao Xuân Hạo (2001), ngữ pháp chức tiếng việt Bùi Mai Hương (2009), câu quan hệ có từ “là” tiếng việt, luận văn thạc sĩ ngôn ngữ học Bùi Thị Thanh Mai (2015), exclamations in english and vietnamese - a contrastive analysis - so sánh đối chiếu câu cảm thán tiếng anh tiếng việt, m.a thesis linguistics - college of foreign languages, vietnam national university, hanoi Nguyễn Thị Hồng Ngọc (2004), câu cảm thán, luận án tiến sĩ ngữ văn Hoàng Phê (1998), từ điển tiếng việt, nxb khoa học xã hội Phan Thanh Bảo Trân (2016), phương thức biểu thị ý nghĩa cảm thán tiếng việt tiếng khmer, luận án tiến sĩ ngữ văn Greelane.com - Tài nguyên Giáo dục Lớn Thế giới, giới thiệu câu cảm thán [online] Available at: https://www.greelane.com/vi/nh%C3%A2nv%C4%83n/anh/what-is-an-exclamatory-sentence-1690686 10 NXB Giáo dục Việt Nam (2011), sách giáo khoa ngữ văn tập 11 Viện Ngôn Ngữ Học (2003), từ điển tiếng việt, nxb đà nẵng 40 English: 12 Beijer Fabian (2001) syntax and pragmatics of exclamations and other expressive / emotional utterances 13 Edward D Johnson (1983-1991), the handbook of good english revised and updated, pp.149 14 Elena Castroviejo Miró (7, 2008), deconstructing exclamations, catalan journal of linguistics, pp 41 15 McArthur, Tom (ed) (1992) the oxford companion to the english language 16 Philip Cowell (2017), what overusing exclamation marks says about you [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20170301-what-overusingexclamation-marks-says-about-you 17 Cambridge dictionary [online] Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/ 18 EXCLAMATION, meaning by Emma - a teacher, TESOL-certified [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzpfiO6lyA&ab_channel=LearnEnglishwit hEmma%5BengVid%5D 19 Exclamation with “such” and “so” in the Multimedia – English [online] Available at: https://multimedia-english.com/grammar/so-such-exclamations-11 20 GrammarWord, parts of sentence [online] Available at: https://grammarword.com/parts-of-sentence 21 Oxford Learner’s Dictionary [online] Available at: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ 22 Studygroom (2020), macro and micro linguistics [online] Available at: https://studygroom.com/macro-and-micro-linguistics/ 23 Ukessays (2015), contrastive analysis [online] Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/languages/contrastive-analysis.php