(Luận văn) a contrastive analysis of friendship related idioms in english and vietnamese

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI KIM CHUNG lu an n va gh tn to A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF FRIENDSHIP - p ie RELATED IDIOMS IN ENGLISH AND d oa nl w VIETNAMESE an lu Field : English Linguistics nf va Code : 8220201 z at nh oi lm ul Supervisor: TRUONG VAN DINH, Ph.D z m co l gm @ an Lu BINH DINH – 2021 n va ac th si BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN NGUYỄN THỊ KIM CHUNG lu an n va ie gh tn to p PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU THÀNH NGỮ BIỂU THỊ w d oa nl TÌNH BẠN TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT : Ngôn Ngữ Anh Mã số : 8220201 nf va an lu Chuyên ngành z at nh oi lm ul z @ m co l gm Người hướng dẫn: TS TRƯƠNG VĂN ĐỊNH an Lu n va ac th si BINH DINH – 2021 lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify that the present thesis “A contrastive analysis of friendship related idioms in English and Vietnamese” is entirely the result of my own work This paper has not been submitted for any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution lu an n va Binh Dinh, 2021 tn to p ie gh Nguyễn Thị Kim Chung d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all people who contributed in some way to the work described in this thesis First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Truong Van Dinh, who has helped me throughout my thesis with his valuable advice, encouragement and generous insightful comments and suggestions Without him, my thesis would not have been completed lu an I am also grateful to all the lecturers of courses for their scholarly va knowledge and experience n to gh tn I would also like to thank my dear friends, who supported me a lot during the time I take part in this course p ie w Last but not least, I would like to express my special thanks to my oa nl family, who have given me their help and encouragement throughout my d course and the study of my thesis nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si iii ABSTRACT This research focused on English and Vietnamese idioms for friendship Under the light of contrastive analysis, the author discover the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms of friendship based on their syntactic and semantic features The data used for analysis in this study were primarily gathered from dictionaries, books, magazines, and other sources It is concluded from an analysis of forms of idioms of friendship in lu English and Vietnamese that idioms are extremely important in an n va communication Idioms are metaphorical expressions of ideas They add more skillfully a person uses idioms in his conversations, the more gh tn to vibrancy and richness to the speakers' speeches This is the reason why the p ie effectively he can establish his communicative relationship The thesis w findings illustrate some implications for teachers and English learners from oa nl the use of linguistic features of idioms related to friendship in English, with a d focus on the meanings of English idioms of friendship and a comparative lu an analysis with Vietnamese ones Hopefully, the study will assist students and z at nh oi lm ul vice versa nf va teachers in avoiding difficulties in translating idioms into Vietnamese and z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii LIST OF TABLES ix lu LIST OF CHARTS x an CHAPTER INTRODUCTION va n 1.1 Rationale gh tn to 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.2.1 Aims ie p 1.2.2 Objectives nl w 1.3 Research questions d oa 1.4 Scope of the study an lu 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Organization of the study nf va CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL lm ul BACKROUND z at nh oi 2.1 Literature review 2.2 Idioms z 2.2.1 Definition of idiom @ gm 2.2.2 Idioms denoting friendship 12 l 2.3 Features of English Idioms 13 m co 2.3.1 Syntactic features 13 an Lu 2.3.2 Semantic features 18 2.4 Features of Vietnamese idioms 19 n va ac th si v 2.4.1 Syntactic features 19 2.4.2 Semantic features 22 2.5 Distinction between idioms and proverbs 23 2.5.1 Definition of proverbs 23 2.5.2 Distinction between idioms and proverbs 24 2.6 Culture and the Relationship between Language and Culture 24 2.6.1 Culture 24 2.6.2 Relationship between language and culture 26 CHAPTER METHODS AND PROCEDURES 29 lu an 3.1 Research methods 29 va n 3.2 Data collection 30 tn to 3.3 Data analysis 30 ie gh 3.4 Validity and Reliability 30 p CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 32 nl w 4.1 Syntactic and semantic features of idioms denoting friendship in oa English 32 d 4.1.1 Syntactic features 32 lu nf va an 4.1.2 Semantic features 38 4.2 Syntactic and semantic features of idioms denoting friendship in lm ul Vietnamese 42 z at nh oi 4.2.1 Syntactic features 43 4.2.2 Semantic features 46 4.3 Similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic features of z gm @ idioms in English and Vietnamese 49 4.3.1 Similarities 49 l m co 4.3.2 Differences 50 4.4 Similarities and differences in the use of idioms in English and an Lu Vietnamese 57 n va ac th si vi 4.4.1 Similarities 57 4.4.2 Differences 57 4.5 Friendship idioms in practical 57 4.5.1 In teaching 58 4.5.2 In daily life 59 4.5.3 In studying 59 4.5.4 Summary 61 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 63 5.1 Concluding remarks 63 lu an 5.2 Limitations of the study 64 va n 5.3 Recommendations for further study 64 tn to REFERENCES 66 p ie gh APPENDIX d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS lu an : adjective Adj.P : Adjective phrase Adv : adverb EIDF : English idioms denoting friendship e.g : example IDF : Idioms denoting friendship NP : noun phrase Prep : preposition n va Adj gh tn to : prepositional phrase : subject : verb d oa nl V w S p ie Prep.P : Vietnamese idioms denoting friendship VP : verb phrase nf va an lu VNIDF z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si 61 communicating with foreigners In general, it is indispensable for learners to have the cultural background knowledge to help them have a better understanding of idioms Secondly, because the learners have not been familiar with idioms' types, features, and usages in the English language, there should be a list of compulsory courses for undergraduate level in idioms and their functions in spoken and written contexts Learners should use idioms in practising different communicative skills and choose appropriate idioms in specific lu contexts Also, learners have attempted to rely on their first language to find an n va out the meanings of unfamiliar idioms by looking for similar expressions in gh tn to their first language Thirdly, students should be offered the context to enhance the p ie interpretation of idioms denoting friendship Learning EIDF in a meaningful w context is more effective than learning isolated items through memorization oa nl and drilling Besides, learners should employ knowledge about history, d culture and customs related to the idioms in the process of dealing with lu nf va an English idioms denoting friendship In other words, learners should realize the usefulness and necessity of learning and applying idioms and English idioms friendship lm ul denoting Using English idioms denoting friendship in 4.5.4 Summary z at nh oi communication inspires confidence in students and language users z In short, the conclusions of this chapter are as follows Firstly, some @ gm phrasal structures of IDF in English and Vietnamese are analyzed to draw co l some typical idioms in terms of syntax in the two languages Secondly, a m statistical summary of syntactic features of English and Vietnamese IDF has an Lu been shown Thirdly, this chapter also illustrates semantic fields of friendship n va ac th si 62 in both languages, which are also handled to help us understand the meaning transfer of natural language like idioms Furthermore, the similarities and differences of IDF in English and Vietnamese have been proposed to provide an overall understanding of idioms in two languages Lastly, some possible implications are also suggested for teachers and learners to help them teach and learn English idioms in general and idioms denoting friendship in particular better and more effectively lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si 63 CHAPTER CONCLUSION In this chapter, the author presents a brief review of what has been studied Then, the limitations of the study and some suggestions for further studies will also be mentioned 5.1 Concluding remarks The study focuses on the fundamental ideas and various perspectives on the structural and semantic characteristics of the Vietnamese and English idioms on friendship in order to identify similarities and differences in both lu an languages va n In terms of syntactic, both English and Vietnamese idioms on friendship gh tn to can be constructed by phrase structures, including noun, verb, and adjective phrases However, English idioms on friendship have some particular ie p structures and vice versa Firstly, English idioms have their prepositional nl w phrase structures and sentence structures, which are not present in d oa Vietnamese idioms Secondly, VNIDF has parallel structures that not an lu belong to EIDF nf va In terms of semantic, the English and Vietnamese IDF have the same lm ul four types of meaning: affection, solidarity and ties, loyalty, and sharing and understanding Nevertheless, there are some distinctions between English and z at nh oi Vietnamese Some English idioms about friendship have agreement and conflict, forgiveness, choice, happiness, and indifference VNIDF, on the z gm @ other hand, has betrayal meanings Interestingly, some English idioms have Vietnamese equivalents, l m co demonstrating that English and Vietnamese speakers see the world in different ways However, the images chosen to refer to the same subject an Lu differ in the two languages We can tell the difference between idioms based n va ac th si 64 on their structure and meaning As a result, people can learn more about the lives and cultures of English and Vietnamese speakers To summarize, the research accomplished the following objectives: determining the syntactic and semantic characteristics of idioms related to friendship in English and Vietnamese and finding out the similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic features of friendship idioms in English and Vietnamese The study's overall goal was to discover IDF's syntactic and semantic features in English and Vietnamese The study presents and lu resolves two research questions about the similarities and differences in an n va syntactic and semantic characteristics of idioms related to friendship in tn to English and Vietnamese ie gh 5.2 Limitations of the study p The thesis investigates syntactic features and semantic features of English and Vietnamese idioms denoting friendship Although the author has nl w oa made the best research efforts, it is obvious that there are some unavoidable d limitations Firstly, the study focuses on the syntactic and semantic features lu nf va an rather than idioms' cultural and pragmatic features denoting friendship Moreover, under the constraint of ability, the researcher was able to lm ul compare idioms under some criteria, which may not be adequate for a z at nh oi thorough understanding of cross-cultural similarities and differences Due to the limitation of time and reference materials and the constraints faced by the z researcher, the research comes to an end However, the author hopes that the @ gm serious work had well served the research questions to contribute to the rich m 5.3 Recommendations for further study co l collection of other previous studies in the same area an Lu This research focuses only on studying idioms' semantic and syntactic n va ac th si 65 features denoting friendship in English and Vietnamese Therefore, there will be some topics left for further research:  An investigation into cultural features of English and Vietnamese idioms denoting friendship  An investigation into the pragmatic features of English and Vietnamese idioms denoting friendship lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si 66 REFERENCES English: Ammer, C (2003) The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Baker, M (1992) In other words: A coursebook on translation London and New York: Routledge Bell, R T (1974a) Translation and translating: theory and practice lu Bell, R T (1974b) Translation and translating: theory and practice an London: Longman Group, Print n va Contemporary Publishing Group, Inc gh tn to Broukal, M (1994) Idioms for everyday uses National textbook company/ p ie Cacciari, Cristina, & Tabossi, P (1988) Comprehension of Idioms Journal w of Memory and Language, 668–683 oa nl Carter, R (1985) Vocabulary: Applied Linguistics Perspectives (2nd edin) d London and New York: Routledge an lu Chang, C (2006) Idiomatic expressions in English: a textual analysis nf va lm ul Cowie, A P., & Mackin, R (1983) Oxford dictionary of current idiomatic English (English Id, Vol 2) London: Oxford University Press z at nh oi Cristina Cacciari, & Patrizia Tabossi (1988) Comprehension of Idioms Journal of Memory and Language, 668–683 z gm @ Cruse (1987) Idioms in terms of syntax and semantics m co University Press l Culicover, P., & Jackendoff, R (2005) Simpler syntax Oxford, UK: Oxford AgencyWashington D.C.20547 an Lu Dean, C (1994) Illustrated American Idioms United State Information n va ac th si 67 Domıngueza, P J C., & Nerlich, B (2002) False friends: their origin and semantics in some selected languages Everaert, M., Linden, E.-J van der, Schreuder, R., & Schenk, A (1995) Idioms: Structural and Psychological Perspectives Fellbaum, C (2007) 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(2012) An investigation into English and Vietnamese idioms containing words denoting mental M.A Thesis in the English language, University of Da Nang Yule, G (2015) Grammar for advanced level Vietnamese: Cù Đình Tú (1997) Phong cách học đặc điểm tu từ tiếng Việt Nhà xuất Đà Nẵng lu an Diệp Quang Ban (1998) Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt va n Diệp Quang Ban (2002) Ngữ pháp Việt Nam gh tn to Đái Xuân Ninh (1978) Hoạt động từ tiếng Việt NXB KHXH, Hà Nội p ie Hồ Lê (2003) Vấn đề cấu tạo từ tiếng việt đại nl w Lã Thành (1988) Tữ điển thành ngữ Anh - Việt d oa Lương Văn Đang (1978) Thành ngữ Tiếng Việt NXB KHXH, Hà Nội an lu Nguyễn Đình Hùng (2002) Tuyển tập thành ngữ, tục ngữ, ca dao Việt Nam - nf va Anh thông dụng NXB Hồ Chí Minh Ngơn ngữ (3) z at nh oi lm ul Nguyễn Đức Dân (1986) Ngữ nghĩa thành ngữ tục ngữ, vận dụng Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1975) Về khái niệm thành ngữ tiếng Việt Ngôn ngữ (3) Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1985) Từ vựng học tiếng Việt NXB Đại Học Trung z gm @ học chuyên nghiệp m co NXB Thanh Hóa l Nguyễn Trung Dũng (1997) Thành ngữ Anh-Việt - The Oxford Dictionaries an Lu Nguyễn Văn Tu (1978) Từ vốn từ tiếng việt đại n va ac th si AP.1 APPENDIX English lu an n va 21 To get on swimmingly (3) To be on the same page (4) 22 Make friends (1) A shoulder to cry on (6) 23 To know someone inside out (3) Birds of a feather (3) 24 To make strange bedfellows (1) Bosom friends (1) 25 To move in the same circles (4) Fair-weather friend (2) 26 To look out for you (4) Featherd friends (2) 27 Speak the same language (6) gh tn to A friend at court (2) 28 Two peas in a pod (6) p ie Friend-zone (1) 29 Stab someone in the back (6) w Close-knit (4) 30 Lose your touch (4) oa nl 10 Friends in high places (2) 31 To be closefisted (4) d 11 Strike up a friendship (4) an lu 32 Side by side (6) 13 As thick as thieves (4) 33 Man’s best friend (2) nf va 12 Get on like a house on fire (2) 15 The more merrier (6) 35 New one in, old one out (6) 36 Share sb’s sorrow and mirth (6) z 16 Build bridges (6) 34 Cross someone’s path (6) z at nh oi lm ul 14 To be joined at the hip (3) @ 37 Open one’s heart to sb (3) 18 To hit it off (1) 38 Friendship is the wine of life (1) 19 To get on famously (3) 39 With open arms (3) 20 To clear the air (3) 40 Behind someone’s back stab (2) m co l gm 17 To bury the hatchet (3) an Lu n va ac th si AP.2 lu an n va 56 A man is known by his friend (6) 42 A friend in need is a friend 57 Friendship is love with indeed (1) understanding (1) 43 A friend of Dorothy (1) 58 Hold someone at arm’s length (3) 44 Friend or foe (3) 59 Keep someone at arm’s length (3) 45 Be in the same boat (3) 60 Stick to one’s last (6) 46 A good friend is like a like 61 A friend at hand is better than a four-leaf clover (1) relative at s distance (1) 47 45 Lend your money and lose 62 Strangers are just friends waiting your friend (4) to happen (1) tn to 41 Read somebody like a book (6) 63 Make your enemy your friend (6) ie gh 48 Bosom buddy (2) 64 A friend to all is a friend to p 49 Be slow in choosing a friend but slower in changing him (6) none (6) nl w 65 To see eye to eye with d oa 50 Fast friends (2) an lu someone (4) 66 Flexible friend (2) 52 Count your age by friends, not 67 The sparrow near a school sings years (3) the primer (6) nf va 51 Friends are thieves of time (1) z at nh oi lm ul 53 Friendship that flames goes out 68 False friends are worse than open in a flash (4) enemies (4) z 69 Slow in choosing a friend but souls (6) slower in changing him (3) 55 A friend’s eye is a good 70 Short reckonings make long mirror (1) friends (1) m co l gm @ 54 A sweet friendship refreshes the an Lu n va ac th si AP.3 Vietnamese lu an 22 Quý vàng (6) Chọn bạn mà chơi (7) 23 Dốc bầu tâm (6) Tứ hải giai huynh đệ (7) 24 Như mơi với (7) Có chung tiếng nói (6) 25 Như hình với bóng (7) Có nới cũ (7) 26 Cho vay bạn (6) Giàu đổi bạn, sang đổi bạn (6) 27 Làm bạn bạn (7) Giàu bạn, sang vợ (6) 28 Học thầy khơng tày học bạn (7) Trọng tình trọng nghĩa (6) 29 Chia sẻ bùi (6) Ăn chọn nơi, chơi chọn bạn (7) 30 Giống hai giọt nước (6) n va Bạn nối khố (7) tn to gh 31 Một ngựa đau tàu bỏ cỏ (7) 10 Chim bay có bạn (7) p ie 32 Tình bạn mối duyên trời cho (5) w 11 Kết thù thành bạn (6) 33 Vàng tìm vàng làm bạn (6) oa nl 12 Qua cầu rút ván (6) 34 Quân sư quạt mo (6) d 13 Sống chết có (5) lu an 35 Bạn bè nghĩa tương tri (6) 14 Bớt thù thêm bạn (5) nf va 15 Cạn tình cạn nghĩa (5) 36 Chọn bạn mà chơi, chọn nơi mà 17 Ân đoạn nghĩa tuyệt (5) z at nh oi lm ul 16 Cùng hội thuyền (6) (6) 37 Bạn bè xấu khiến ta khôn (6) 38 Thân cắn đau (5) z 39 Ở chọn nơi, chơi chọn bạn (7) 19 Kề vai sát cánh (7) 40 Càng đông vui (6) 20 Dĩ hịa vi q (6) 41 Có có lại toại lịng (5) 21 Thêm bạn bớt thù (5) 42 Có chúng, có bạn (7) m co l gm @ 18 Chín bỏ làm mười (6) an Lu n va ac th si AP.4 lu an n va 57 Bn có bạn, bán có phường (8) 44 Thay lòng đổi (6) 58 Kẻ thù kẻ thù bạn (6) 45 Sống chết có (6) 59 Ăn mâm, nằm chiếu (7) 46 Trong hoạn nạn rõ bạn 60 Gần mực thời đen, gần đèn thời chân tình (6) sáng (7) 47 Đã bạn, mãi bạn (6) 61 Tình bạn nghĩa tương thân (5) 48 Vạch áo cho người xem lưng (5) 62 Gá nghĩa anh em (7) 49 Thân hóa lờn (7) 63 Xem bạn biết nết người (6) 50 Tình bạn dễ đến dễ (6) 64 Thương chấy cắn đôi (5) 51 Tin bạn vợ (6) 65 Ngưu tầm ngưu, mã tầm mã (7) tn to 43 Tham vàng bỏ nghĩa (5) 52 Đồng cam cộng khổ (6) ie gh 66 Thân bằng, cố hữu (7) p 53 Trong hoạn nạn biết bạn 67 Bán anh em xa mua láng giềng gần (7) nl w tốt (6) 68 Trong khốn khó biết bạn d oa 54 Làm ơn nên oán, làm bạn thiệt tốt (6) an lu (7) 69 Lắm kẻ yêu nhiều người tương cầu (6) ghét (6) nf va 55 Đồng tương ứng, đồng khí lm ul 70 Đi bn có bạn, bán thua bạn ly (7) (7) z at nh oi 56 Thua trời vạn không z @ l gm (1) Angus Stevenson Oxford Dictionary of English (2) Christine Ammer (1997) Dictionary of Idioms m an Lu (4) Jennifer Seidl & W McMordie English Idioms co (3) Judith Siefring Oxford Dictionary of Idioms n va ac th si AP.5 (5) Le Thi Hong (2011) English and Vietnamese idioms of comparison Ho Chi Minh University of Education (6) Nguyen Dinh Hung (2002) Tuyển tập thành ngữ, tục ngữ, ca dao Việt –Anh thông dụng (7) Nguyễn Lân (2014) Từ điển thành ngữ, tục ngữ Việt Nam NXB Văn Học lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si